Ly} TEACH YOURSELF A A a a Bi aa | ae La Ss yr )™ Fr; % ri,” ,, ™ ,|] TEACH YOURSEL .RABIC R. Smart his is a complete course in written and spoken Arabic. you have never learned Arabic before, or if your rabic needs brushing up, Teach Yourself Arabic is for uw. Teach Yourself Arabic is unique. Jack Smart explains erything clearly along the way and gives you plenty of ‘portunities to practice what you have learned. The aded structure means that you can work at your own \ce, arranging your learning to suit your needs. The urse contains: A detailed introduction to the Arabic script and al pronunciation ia Units introducing and explain constructions of Arabic 1g the basic Further units of dialogues, reading passages, notes on gulture and more functions of Arabic ction on Arabic numerals a F $1595 = ee rig-renowned as the authoritative source for | Wii 1 f guided learning —with more than 30 milion | IR i t o¥rgosuales7sy | SE FOR BEGINNERS tudes over 200 titles in the fields of languages, fs, hobbies, sports, and other leisure activities, vies sold worldwide—the Teach Yourself series 1SBN 0-8442- 3751-5 mee = &TEACH YOURSELF BOOKS ARABICARABIC J. R. Smart TEACH YOURSELF BOOKSTo my Mother and Father Long-renowned as the authoritative source for self-guided learning - with more than 30 million copies sold worldwide ~ the Teach Yourself series includes over 200 titles in the fields of languages, crafts, hobbies, sports, and other leisure activities. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Smart, J. R. Arabic. — (Teach yourself books) 1, Arabic language. — Grammar Title 492'.782421 P6307 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 92-80895 Rifst published in UK 1986 by Hodder Headline Plc, 338 Euston Road, London ‘NW13BH Anist Published in US 1992 by NTC Publishing Group, 4255 West Touhy Avenue, Lincolnwood (Chicago), llinois 60646 ~ 1975 U.S.A. Copyright © 1986 J. R. Smart 2,UK: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval svater, ission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such lrences, (for Aen ei sgbroduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London Wit arie, in US: Al rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, Punteancal, Photocopying, or otherwise, without prior permission of NTC Publishing Group. Typeset in Malta by interprint. Printed in Great Britain by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading, Berkshire. First published 1986 Reissued 1992 {mpression number 20 19 18 17 Year 1999 1998 1997 1996 Contents (A reference guide to the structure of the course and the grammatical content of the units) Introduction : The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 26 Ol translation system. Nouns and adjectives. Definites and indefnitesAdjectival phrases. Numerals 1 to 10. Word. shape Chai’. 35 Unit 2 ; -mark tional sentences. Proper nouns. Pronouns. Question-marl trends Oneletter words, Additional adjectives in equational sen- tences. Word shape C'aaC?iC>, 42 Unit 3 ; Gender and sex. The feminine ending. Plurals’ of inanimates. Agreement of words. Prepositions. ‘There is’ and ‘There are’. Word shape maC'C?uuC?, Unit 4 : ves with 49 Demonstratives. Singular demonstratives. Demonstratives. with nouns. Adjectives with demonstrative-noun phrases. ‘This is a. and ‘This is the...” type sentences. Word shape maC'C?aC>. Telling the time. Unit 5 oo 58 Possessive constructions. Pronoun suffixes. The feminine ending in Possessives. Simple possessives. Adjectives with possessive con- structions. Indefinite possessives. Demonstratives with possessives. Word shape C'uC?uuC>, Unit 6 67 Root consonants and word shapes. The three-consonant root. Roots, word shapes and meaning. Notation of the roots. Phonetic nature of the roots. Analysis of word shapes. Using a dictionary.vi Arabic Unit 7 The Arabic verb. The past tense. Subject pronouns. Word order and agreement. Agreement of verbs coming after their subjects. The verb with pronoun suffixes. Particles used with the past tense. Words beginning with vowels. Unit 8 The verb ‘was/were’. The accusative marker. Simple ‘X was/were Y’ sentences. The negative verb laysa — ‘is/are not’. ‘X became Y" sentences. Equational sentences with "inna. kaan with other verbs —‘He had done... Word shapes muC'aC?C7iC?, muC'aC?C?aC* and taC!CHiC?. Unit 9 Plurals; general principles. The internal plural. The external (suf- fix) plural: masculine and feminine. Agteement of adjectives in the plural, Plural personal pronouns. Plural of the demonstratives. Dual nouns and adjectives. Dual verbs and pronouns. Word shape C!aC?C?aaC?. Unit 10 Formation and translation of the present tense. kaan with the present tense. The future. Variations of the present tense. Negative articles governing the present tense. Prepositions with the pro- noun suffixes. Word shape C!uC?aC*aa’. Unit 11 The Muslim festivals. The Islamic calendar. Question words. How to say ‘to have’. Thematic sentences. Unit 12 The oil age, Forming adjectives from nouns. Comparative and superlative adjectives. Use of comparatives and superlatives. Adverbs. Unit 13 The Islamic conquests. Relative clauses. Relative pronouns. ‘Some’, ‘all, ‘cach’ and ‘every’. Numerals 11 to 99. Unit 14 Arab social structure. Irregular nouns. Conjunctions. ‘Still’ and ‘almost’, Unit 15 At the airport. Greetings and modes of address. Giving orders. Irregular imperatives. Negative commands — ‘Don't...!'. Vocative Particles. 74 85 96 lik 124 138 150 167 180 Contents Unit 16 ‘Arabic literature. The passive of the verb. Rules for forming the passive. Unit 17 ‘Abu Nuwas and Harun al-Rashid. Conditional sentences ~ ‘If X, then Y’. Masculine plurals and duals in possessive constructions. Unit 18 Tourism in Egypt. Adjectives of colour and physical defect. Exhortative verbs. ‘Appendices 1 The Arabic Verb Table 1: Prefixes and suffixes 238 Table 2: Verb stems, participles and verbal nouns deriving from sound roots 240 Table 3: The doubled verb 245 Table 4: First-weak verbs 248 Table 5: Hollow verbs 25/ Table 6: Third-weak verbs (third radical waaw) 254 Table 7: Third-weak verbs (third radical yaa’) 256 Table 8: Third-weak verbs (third radical waaw of yaa’ with i- characteristic) 258 Table 9: Third-weak verbs: derived forms 260 2 The Arabic Numerals 3 Internal Plural Shapes 4 Hints for Further Study Key to the Exercises Arabic — English Vocabulary vii ey 209 ee ay 7 236 262 266 270 272 299Acknowledgments I should like to acknowledge with gratitude the help and en- couragement over the years of all my teachers, colleagues and friends who have contributed indirectly to the writing of this book. In particular I should like to thank the Professor and staff of the Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of Exeter, especially Dr R. el-Enany who spent many patient hours in discussion, made innumerable valuable suggestions and checked all the Arabic texts. My special thanks are also due to my wife Frances and daughters Mairi and Kirsty for their unfailing support and encouragement while this book was being written. JRS Introduction The Arabic taught in this book is the written and officially spoken means of communication between over 100 million Arabs of some twenty nations stretching from the Atlantic coast of North Africa in the west to the Sultanate of Oman in the east and from Syria in the north to Sudan in the south. It has existed without major change since the seventh century ap and the continuous literary output of this long period is one of the greatest achievements of civilised man. This is a self-teaching book, not an Arabic grammar in the traditional sense, and the aim throughout has been to bring the student up to the standard where he or she will be able to read a newspaper with the aid of a dictionary and converse with educated Arabs in the literary language which serves as a lingua franca between Arabs from different countries. To make this task easier, some liberties have been taken with traditional Arabic grammar which may alarm the purists, both Arab and European. As you will soon be learning, Arabic is written in a so-called ‘defective’ script. This means (among other things) that the short vowels are not written. Now many of the grammatical endings of the noun and the verb are, in fact, short vowels and consequently do not appear in print. Knowing what they are is, therefore, an academic exercise for, being absent, they cannot contribute to the meaning. Feeling that Arabic is difficult enough for the beginner without his being asked to learn unnecessary rules and facts, 1 have ruthlessly pruned all such grammatical paraphernalia from the text of this book and mentioned them only in passing in footnotes. Once the basic structures of the language have been learned from this book, the full grammatical apparatus can easily be tacked on by the student with academic leanings. Reference to two excellent traditional grammars is given in the hints for further study in Appendix Four.2° Arabic How to use this book You will find that the Units in this book vary considerably in length. This is because the material has been arranged logically, each unit up to Unit 10 dealing with a specific compartment of Arabic grammar and sentence construction. By the end of Unit 10, all the basic constructions of the language have been taught, and Units 11 to 18 fill in the gaps by means of illustrative texts dealing with various aspects of Arab life, new grammatical points being picked out in analyses and special sections. Vocabulary is kept to a minimum in the earlier lessons, and there is much Tepetition of words in the exercises. Note that these exercises have been in- troduced at specific points within the units, and they should be done as and when instructed. Do not attempt to get through a whole unit at a time; rather, read the material and do the exercises for each section, then review the whole unit when you have finished. This is a self-teaching course, and it is essential that each unit is thoroughly mastered before you go on to the next. Although full cross-references are given, nothing is repeated. Your plan of study should go something like this: ‘The Arabic Script and Pronunciation This introduces the Arabic script, which is much simpler than it first looks. Obviously you will have to learn this thoroughly before proceeding, and many practice exercises are given. Pronunciation is dealt with, but of course this is much easier to pick up if you have access to a native speaker. If you can get hold of one, listen to him and ignore the written instructions which are at best a poor substitute for the teal thing. Units 1-10 These are all structured in the same way: First, there is a set of sentences and/or phrases which illustrate the i le unit. Reference is made back to these in the grammar section, which should be read very carefully along with these examples, and the exercises completed as they occur. There is a key to the exercises at the end of the book, and you should check each of your exercises on completion and try to find out where you Introduction 3 i his is up to you tuations within the texts). What you do about t situations vieind that you will eventually have to read unvowelled (beara). If you can read the vowelled vocabularies and en neat the sound of the words, so much the better. to eine vowels of words you do not know in the text and gradually we ou learn the words. rself away from them as y« Ir weit oy units, transliterations of the texts are given in the Key at the end of the book. it is assumed that you its 11-18 These are set out differently, as it via a frm grasp ofthe basic structures of the language, Each a its begins with 3 followed by a li its begins with a text, | t oe cebutary. The next sestion is a literal translation of the text into LLr—~—r—C Arabic word for word as fasas possible. You are asked as an exercise to convert this into ve mal idiomatic English, and a version is given in the Key. "Minor grammatical points occurring in the ens are then Picked i rte oO nalysis, and special sections are devot at oc important features. Some information about Arab life and society are given in the Background to Text sections. i it hich would have i The appendices deal with matter wh aie archaea within the units, or ee ee aoe i icuous example is ed inductively. The most conspicuous exai aa I have found that most Sena ae 7 f i i then have rest of Arabic grammar in the first hall, | v This is obviously not mucl hole of the second half to the verb. aie very restrictive on the choice of texts, so here the oe nee been relegated to separate tables, each with ts own set of expla ing the two > tory notes. The basic rules for forming a oie given within the units, and the ne ee aaa er — ’ yy new type of verb encountered should be loo! ; s (references are given), and time devoted to learning the con. jugations by heart as you go along. — i Stier topics covered in the appendices are the numerals which are difficult to use correctly, and the internal plural and its pa common patterns. There is also a section recommending tionaries and books for further study.The Arabic Script and Pronunciation Basic characteristics 1 Arabic, whether handwritten, typed or printed, is cursive, ie. the letters (with certain exceptions noted below) are joined to each other by means of ligatures. There is no equivalent in Arabic of the separate, independent letters used in European type-faces. There are no capital letters, and punctuation presents no difficulties as the conventions have been borrowed from European sources. 2. The script is written from right to left, and consequently books and magazines begin on what looks like the back page. The numerals, on the other hand, are written from left to right, in the same way as European numerals (which are derived in varying forms from the Arabic signs). 3. In learning the script, it would be very helpful to appreciate the underlying principle that each letter has what we shall call a nucleus form, i. an essential basic stem. This nucleus form is a concept useful only in learning the script, as in practice it only occurs in the case of six specific letters which by convention do not join to the letter which follows them. The rest of the letters always appear with one or more of the following features: (@) a ligature joining them to the preceding and/or following letter () if at the end of a word, a final ‘flourish’. This is best illustrated by an example, for which we shall take the letter which has the sound of English s in ‘sit’: Nucleus form ww With both preceding and following ligatures ow With one ligature and final flourish Separate (after a non-joining letter) Cpu From the above it should be obvious that the basic part of the ‘ter, the nucleus which represents the sound ‘s’, is the basic three- Pronged formu, so the ligatures and final flourish are extraneous. le6 Arabic It is quite easy to draw a parallel with European handwriting: Nucleus form d With both ligatures With one ligature and final flourish The only difference is that in the European system the nucleus forms occur quite freely in print and typescript, while in Arabic they do not, as even type-face is only an adaptation of the handwritten form and still cursive. 4° With the exception of the first letter alif, all the Arabic letters are consonants. Alif and the vowels (which are not considered as letters of the alphabet) are discussed separately on pp. 13-15 and 18 The Arabic alphabet is given in its traditional order, which should eventually be learned so that dictionaries may be consulted. Alphabet table Note that transliterations are English letters, combinations of letters or special signs used to represent Arabic sounds for learners. These are fully discussed in the section on pronunciation on pages 9-12. To simplify the table, a separate form is given for each letter, showing the final flourish, if any. This may, when required, be joined to a preceding letter with the same ligature which is used on the nucleus form. Arabic Separate Nucleus form ‘Transliteration name form showing both ligatures aif | i (See page 18) — : baa’ ace) b We taa’ ao an t thaa’ 4) th jiim ee i Had’ a H The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 7 Nucleus form showing both ligatures an —— —t aa jy ‘Transliteration kh d dh a o DH8 Arabic Arabic Separate Nucleus form ‘Transliteration name form showing both ligatures nuun ye a a 2 hag + h * if waaw w > —— yaad’ —5— st y (hamza) gy (See page 18) 0 Notes to alphabet table: 1 The letters marked with an asterisk (*) do not, by convention, join to the letter which follows them. 2 The letters :ayn, ghayn and haa’ present some difficulty is isolating a nucleus form. In the former two (which are identical given is medial, ie. for use in the middle of a word. 3 In material printed in North Africa, you will sometimes find the Jaa’ with one dot below, and the qaaf with one dot above. 4 The separate/final form of the yaa’ can be written with or without the two dots (see Page 21). As in any cursive writing system, slight variations in the ligatures and the position of the letters relative to the line of script occur in various type-faces and even more so in handwriting. None of these should present any difficulty, but the following standard combina- tion of laam and alif, which is always used, should be learned: Separate _ Joined (to preceding letter only) The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 9 Pronunciation of the consonants "ic consonants are very difficult for Europeans to eee ois Sai is essential to attempt accurate pronunciation, Prperwise you will be unable to distinguish between words whose Giference in meaning depends, for instance, ‘om the disinewes sretcon H and hy D and @ ee. Obviously os in al languages, the pea hang ro dois enuf isang native speaker. If his ‘onunciation varies from the instructions given below, as it may Well do, depending on which part of the Arab world he comes from, adopt his system and imitate his sounds. The ear, in this case, is much more useful than the eye. : " Some reference has been made in the following notes to English dialects and the more familiar European languages. This is done in the hope that you might find it easier to get hold of a Scotsman or a Spaniard than a Lebanese or a Libyan! Group One ; The following are pronounced more or less as in English: eb AG J! S ¥ (es) et ut sh (shoe) cm ci ort on od Sok 3 w (was) Group Two ‘These occur in English, but care must be taken: thas in ‘think, ‘through’, ete. (not as in “this, ‘these’, 5 dhas the English th in ‘the’, ‘that’, ‘then’. The dh transliteration has been used to distinguish this sound from the preceding One (th), This is important in Arabic. 5.88 in 'sip’, ‘pass’, ete. ~ not the z-sound of s in ‘these’, ‘pins’, ‘Teds’ and so on. * his the ordinary English h-sound in ‘house’, ‘behind’. In English this sound often disappears ‘vehicle’ ‘vehement’, but in Arabic it must always be sounded, even in such positions as sahm (sah-m), shibh (shib-h),10 Arabic Group Three These occur in English dialects, and in other European languages, c kh is the sound at the end of Scottish ‘loch’ and German ‘doch’, and also occurs in Dutch, Spanish and Russian. The Arabic version is a strong rasping sound, produced by closing the back of the tongue against the palate as in pronouncing the letter k, then forcing the breath through the constriction, 2 Fis the sound in Spanish ‘pero’, Italian ‘parlare’, and the r of Scottish dialects. It is produced by applying the tip of the tongue to the gum ridge behind the upper front teeth and expelling air to cause it to flap or trill rapidly. This should be a Pronounced trill, not like the sound in the standard English Pronunciation of ‘furrow’. (Not to be confused with the French r pronounced at the back of the palate.) & sh The only European language with an approximation of this sound is Dutch (‘morgen’, ‘negen’). It is vaguely similar to the French (Parisian) r, but with more of a scrape than a trill It is produced by pronouncing the kh described above and activating the vocal chords (say ‘Ah’ at the same time). Group Four These sounds do not occur in other familiar languages. +2 «b. & S,D,T and DH form a group in that they are articulated more or less like their ‘regular’ equivalents (ue 62 6 c3s, d, t and dh) but with different acoustic conditions obtaining inside the mouth cavity. Pronounce the four regular sounds and you will find that the tip of your tongue will touch in the region of the upper front teeth/gum. Now pronounce the sounds again and at the same time depress the middle of the tongue. This has the effect of | creating a larger space between the tongue and the roof of the mouth and gives the sound produced a distinctive ‘hollow’ charac. teristic, which also affects the surrounding vowels. It is difficult to find a parallel in English, but the difference between ‘Sam’ and ‘psalm’ (standard English pronunciation) gives a clue. Tense the tongue muscles in pronouncing ‘psalm and you are nearly there. Now pronounce the a-vowel of ‘psalm’ before and after each of the four letters, saying aSa, aDa, aTa and aDHa, keeping the tongue tense, and thal’s as near as we can Bet to describing it in print. The effort expended in depressing The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 11 ic of the tongue means that these four consonants are ree more forcefully, hence they are often known as ‘emphatics’. Oa not normally grouped with the above four dental t ronounced against the teeth) consonants, q has a somewhat Similar acoustic effect. First forget any connection ae English q or qu. The q is merely a handy spare symbol, and the sound is pronounced by closing the back of the tongue on the palate, like k, but much further back, and then releasing it to produce a click. The nearest sound we have is c in standard English ‘calm’. Pronounce ‘calm’ over and over again, trying to force the point at which tongue meets palate further bacl into the throat. The mouth should be well open, again causing an open-vowel effect like that described above. 7 - H is probably the most difficult sound of all, and it must distinguished from the ordinary A-sound. It is Pronounced very deep down in the throat, and if you try a very deep an forceful sigh, with mouth wide open, and at the same time try to constrict your throat in the region of the Adam's apple, you should achieve an approximation. The tongue is slightly ten- sed and its tip tucked down behind the bottom teeth. This contributes to the effect. : o also difficult. The only English non-technical description which can be applied to it is ‘a violent, tense glottal stop’ (a glottal stop being the sound a Cockney or a Glaswegian substitutes for the rt in ‘bottle’). The breath passage is blocked deep down in the throat by constricting the muscles near the Adam’s apple, then suddenly opened under pressure and with the vocal chords in action (give a grunt). The only time English speakers use these muscles is in vomiting, so if the action brings back unhappy memories, you have probably got it right. (Note that the ordinary glottal stop also occurs in Arabic as a different sign: see page 18.) That concludes the rather difficult range of Arabic consonant founds. These are very difficult to put down on paper without resort to phonetic terminology, and even more difficult to recreate following a written description, so the aid of a native speaker is ‘valuable. Accurate pronunciation of Arabic is very important, as “ertain of the consonants form correlative pairs b-H, d-D, etc. Thesimilarity in print, of course, only occurs in transliteration, and the Arabic characters for these pairs are not in the least similar, nor are the sounds to an Arab. Failure to distinguish between these sounds can be very misleading, as illustrated by the following pairs of words: 12. Arabic p® Fahim understanding mi faHm coal, charcoal sv29 darb path, track 4,8 Darb a blow, striking Arabs know their language is difficult to pronounce, and will be highly delighted if you make the effort and achieve even a modest success. Note that the letter alif and the hamza will be dealt with later (see page 18). Doubled consonants 1\ is a feature of the Arabic language that consonants are some- times doubled to effect a change in meaning. Obviously this meg be reflected by the pronunciation, otherwise the altered significance {(isoto’ (Giovanni). The special orthographic sign for doubling a EXERCISE 0.1 Transliterate the following series of Arabic conso- nants (without vowels): TA OR lb ge tas gy — Bin pi BR gh — oS ee ~ 4 — bee = Ch ee oe ee TE es ay = Sle — UK BH ype See ey oe TB ie = KH Sas ge, SS } The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 13 2 gdh Sted ae — phy — py — oh = Bo bn ge . eae ite the following consonant series in joined paEese tas Crworletier transliterations have been underlined to avoid confusion) ; top — DbT = dhl - dhn— mktb- rmy- sqT- b:D- ee eres eee ene byrm — wrwr - rTn Sy - tightf— ktbn- Hij— khif— rjz—- 1DD- Di: - khnfs— a roe mzgh — zmrd — ghly ~ thwr — shbb — qlql - THn — a bnfsj — twt— Hrmn— thwb~ fndq ~ nzk - Srm— mrD — h— jhnm~ mHll- Dma- DHbr - jriyr- Dnq— akbwt — zmkh — shmkh — HDrmwt ~ nin: — brghth The vowels and vowel signs is important feature of Arabic that the meaning of words eee a Targe extent on the consonants and the long vowels, while the short vowels play a secondary role. Hence the language shows only the consonants and long vowels in the script, a indicates the short vowels and some other features by nee orthographic signs placed above and below the consonants. So fundamental is this feature that the short vowels are not marked at all, except in the Koran, some difficult older texts and children’s school books. This is one of the most difficult aspects of the language, but one has to get used to it ‘There is no point in learning to read vowelled texts and then having the vowels sudden- ly taken away. The policy of this book has therefore been to sive the vowelling of words in the vocabularies, but in the sentences oa texts to give no more information than an Arab printer would. = reader is at liberty to pencil in his own vowel signs, but is advi to learn the sounds of words so that he can recognise them on sight Without the vowel signs. . Fortunately, the ‘Arabic vowel system is very simple. ae they vary somewhat in different phonetic environments, only three14 Arabic forncls are recognised, each occurring in long or short forms. The orthographic system for writing vowels is as follom. Short vowels Gris indicated by placing a short oblique stroke above the letter. (This sign is called facta by the Arabs) Thus wo CS kataba eU laka (Arabic miniature waaw (like a comma) placed above the letter (Arabic name Dammay: & ¢ mu {8.8 short oblique stroke like the fata, but placed below the letter (Arabic name kasra); gli & bihi (See also page 17) Long vowels The long vowel equivalents are expressed by using the same signs in combination with the letters alif, waaw and yaa’ respectively written into the word. Thus, to make all the vowels in the above examples long, we would write SY taakaa UES kaataabaa J tm mau iii te, ith Note that when the letters waaw and yaa’ are preceded by an a- Loneh they Keep their full consonantal valuce vt w and y, for example: bayt (like English ‘bite’) O53 dawn (like English ‘down’) (For the sign* see next section.) The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 15 without a following vowel a . eta has no following vowel, it is marked with a small Mite above, called a sukuum XS maktab ut nafs In this book sukuun has not normally been written on letters at the in end of words. Pronunciation of the vowels istinetion between long and short vowels is very important Peranion anes ridiculous) changes in meaning can esr vowels are not given their correct length. So keep long, long a oe owels are usually pronounced much as in English ‘man’, ‘ban’, extended accordingly for the long variety which does not occur in English. Before or after the letters §, D, T, DH, gh,q and sometimes kh, r and | the a-vowel takes on a character somewha like the vowel in standard English ‘calm’, far’ — again adjusted for ee u-vowel is very like the English ‘put’ and the long u- vowel resembles ‘plume’. They are never pronounced as in ‘cut’ or ”. The short i is as in ‘stick’, long i as in ‘marine’, “Teens and i-vowels also vary in proximity to the consonants listed above, but perhaps not quite so obviously as the a-vowel. In Practice you will find that if you get the consonant tight, the vowel Will also be correctly shaped. : In certain foreign words, the vowels written -uu and ii are Pronounced more like o in ‘more’ in the first case, and a in ‘fate’ in the second. This is not usually important, but when it needs to be Pointed out, the transliterations used will be -ee and -00, for example: sikriteer secretary banTaloon trousers EXERCISE 03 Transliterate and read aloud the following words: ~ Oe ie et ee Ue i 55 he AG os 3 ~t ~A~ BhbaTal — ut on the final nakhl— minbar— busi — laciba ~ raqam — Husi EXERCISE 06 Pronounce before the baaTin — Jamiil - kaamil haarib— miithaag— hilaal — Daabi ghuraab— gindiil ~ fii~ yugiim ~ Safiir — fi] — letters of words.) Husiba — rub; Bharz ~ |; habaTa ~ shibshib — bashar— fils — Tal sahm ~ makr — 18S aw and ay.) baTa — Pronounce the following Words and writ in Arabic characters. (Note that the sukuun — n Hajar— nagada~ Hanbal - laqab ~ bagar — rakiba _ Tursh — ghazi — ihe following words and write them out HaAtabic. (Note that the signe fu the short vowels may be ‘lengthening letters’ alif. wane Put in before the diphthon omitted and yaa’, but should be ~ SaHiih — Jawaab — tiH — salaam — mal ayd ~ quyuud— Saaruukh — talkhiiS — jaaz — bahluul diik — khur ~ mawj— Tum. fe them out '0-Vowel sign ~ may The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 17 ing sign shadda ubling sign s eee of pronouncing doubled consonants correctly was Toe etl om page 12, and the ign uaed toe feature is discs Taem shi Tor sheaae, without the three dots) written Oe oe tne letter. oo fa US dalla _ : it ign is followed by an i- letter marked with this sign is followed by a te anes ae is to place the kasra (the i-vowel sign) See ee meee below the letter. Thus: 0 eo "15° gabbit op nazail E07 Read aloud and transliterate the following words (ERCIS 1 s illustrating the doubling sign ae a — oi — 36 iS oye et is i “we bt a 5 4 og &, F--G_bH os _ we istently in Arabic ely, the shadda is not marked consis Arabi eee which, for authenticity, has been adopted in this book. Nonation i jectives were marked by 1 1 Arabic indefinite nouns and adjectives we d canes called by the Arabs tanwiin and translated into English as ‘nunation’ (rom Arabic muun n). This i ee “ise Of final u- and ivowels simply by doubling the ; Gor jabatun io aatamin These endings are no longer used in ordinary printed Fomclioee will concern us little. However, on words, ending in an seta ae only was the vowel sign doubled, but an extra alif was ai to be end of the word, and this is retained in Print, so has to Feognised and reproduced: C& kitaaban C3 farasan18 Arabic ‘The practice today is to omit the doubled vowel sign, but t0 keep the ali. The pronunciation of the ending as is also retained ; in many words. Note that this alif is not written after words which have the feminine ending and some other suffixes. This feature wijy be pointed out as it occurs. EXERCISE 08 Read aloud and transliterate the following words, (These are words which Tetain in pronunciation the Classical ~aq, ending of the indefinite accusative.) — bs ee ee oe fe ge ke — by The letter alif It should be noted that the first letter of the alphabet, alif, has no sound of its own. Its main uses in Arabic orthography are: 1 Asa lengthening sign for the a-vowel (see page 14), 2 Asa carrier letter for the hamza (see Pp. 19-20). It also has one or two other minor functions, such as in writing the araanding discussed on page 17, but appears most often in the above two roles. The glottal stop — hamza By some accident of history, the glottal stop ~ which is a mean- ingful sound in Arabic — has come down tose, not asa letter of the Alphabet, but as an orthographic sign, ‘The Arabs call this sign hamea and it is usually written over one of the ‘cartier’ letters alif, Hikes, Of Yaa’. Ut can take any of the three vowels, long or short, just like any consonant. Pronunciation ‘Absolutely awful, Hamza should not be confused with the much Stronger sound :ayn (see page 11), The Arabic Seript and Pronunciation 19 i ic @ ‘hen it occurs ‘ransliteration by the apostrophe (’), except w! : area's See au where i ottaettea alee ere at the begi ae veg. saa, ghinaa’, but intikhaab). re Cea recognises two types of hamza, which it calls the Classics ; ‘joining hamza’ “Cutting” in this context ‘cutting, hamzt ca taaaries of hamza is always pronounced, ea as iyeans that it is Fequently elded (omitted in pro an ie In an attempt at simplification, the joining hamza has Frere rn gr ares Practal importance in saree Reabie pronounced without ‘the old case endings. The Eepies kane a cored alee poe where it ors In tnodetn printed Arabic, hanza is rarely shown when it occurs at ‘ beginning of'a word, but to aid the learner, suc hamca, when they i a aan we . een for a oe it eee bee ve flowing bast principles and to learn by observing the spling of words the ents and vocabularies, You vill probably find thi i t to learn it thoroughly now; rather, fog oa ie reat ge oa 1 At the beginning of a word, hamza is always written on an alif carrier, no matter which of the three vowels it takes: t . sol caHmad at uriid When it takes an i-vowel, it is written below the alif: (15) ikraam . fora Soi , ich can only occur The sign which indicates a ‘joining’ hamza (whic! ly occur at the beginning of a word) is called a waSla and is written like this: ae! {his 8 included here only for completeness, and will nt be used in this book. It is never printed in modern Arabic texts. 2 Im the middle of a word, hamza is almost Se ea One of the three carrier letters alif, waaw or yaa’. Which one is u:i 20 Arabic depends on the vowels preceding and following the hamza, ang af {ues are complicated (a common souree of spelling errors among Arabs themselves). The best way is to team by observation, prt here are a few examples: Jt stat oy mu'nin oo nasi Note that when the yaa’ is used as a carrier for the hamza in the middle of a word, it loses its two dots. a short vowel, 5 ar — — es The sign madda The sign madda, which is still Very often shown in print, is used When either of the following two combinations of hamzas and 2- Vowels occur in a word: 1a’ (hamza ~ short a— hamza), e.g. UT for “a'thaar 2 ‘aa (hamza followed by long a), e.g. OF} for qur’aan Normal Pronunciation in both Cases is “aa (‘aathaar, qur’aan). The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 21 010 Read aloud and transliterate these words with the RCISE 0. Bn madda: ; our — oles — GST — OW — ol — OT ob dur i lings Special spell , m to the impression you may have gained over the ast few ee be spelling is, within its own system, fairly phonetic. the case of the vast majority of words, if you can say them, you B seal them. However, there are a few irregularities and speci can 5 - conventions. ; : ; 1. The long a-vowel at the end of many words is written with a ‘yaa’ instead of an alif, for example: Zé mana DS ramaa i i i ion of printing final yaa’s in id confusion, there is a convention of pr a ers without the two dots (see examples above), but with the dots when the sound is -it: ¢ @ = This convention is by no means universally adopted throughout the Arab world, but has been used in this book as far as possible to assist the learner. baytii i i ds, and can Note that the above spelling occurs only in certain wor: only occur when the aa sound is inal. If any suffix is added to such Words, the spelling reverts to the normal alif: (A mamnaa-hum GG} ramaa4 RERCISE 011 Read aloud and transliterate the following exercise, being careful to distinguish between -aa’s and -ii's: 7 oe — fg oy — 8 pd22. Arabic bh SH De = a? at ee Ee SI 2 The most usual feminine ending in Arabic is, in pronunciation, -a. Again for historical reasons, this is written with a special hybrid letter which has the body of a haa’ (final form 4), and the two dots’ above borrowed from the letter taa’ (). The whole letter is ignored in pronunciation, only the preceding a-vowel being pro. nounced except in specific grammatical contexts where the ending is pronounced -at. This will be explained in the grammar lessons, 25 madrasa jC sayyaara Notes: (a) As in the case of the final long aa discussed above, the hybrid feminine ending letter can only occur finally. If any suffix is added, the ending is spelled with an ordinary taa’: (SE sayyaaratckum (6) In modern Arabic it is not uncommon to find the two dots of this letter omitted. Printers seem especially reluctant to put them ‘on masculine proper names which happen, for linguistic reasons, to have the feminine ending, for example: «db Tulba (254 madrasat-naa dae junna EXERCISE 0.12 Read out and transliterate these words with the feminine ending. (Note that the vowel sign before the feminine ending can be missed out, because it is always ‘a’) The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 23 e Arabic verb end in a long u-vowel, and this i th id in a long v-ve tis Certain parts oO” ft with a following alif. This alif has no effect > conventionally written Wt xin is omitted if any suffix is added: ‘on the pro! eo _ % ote agS katabuu-haa they Ve katabuu they wr ee aa ynunciation, ds, the archaic practice of expressing the 4 In a number of Wor, Tniniature alif placed above the letter is f a-vowel by means o| preserved, for example: (i bandhaa oo) raHmaan of course, does not appear In unvowelled texts, nor should the prackce ‘be extended to other words. EXERCISE 0.13 Transliterate these examples of the superscript alif: Laf— oh — 2 — dik a itten with an unpro- 5 The male proper name, Amr :amr is writ : nounced final waaw, thus 9/6 to distinguish it from the consonan- tally identical name Umar, Omar (umar j#). Writing words which consist of only one Arabic letter Quite a few Arabic words consist of only one Arabic consonant and a short vowel (bi, la, ka, etc,). These are never written alone, but must be joined to the following word, for example: Wi+rajul is written J} When such words must be given separately (as happens in gram- mar books such as this) the convention used has been to use the hyphen in transcription (li-, ka-, etc.) and to use the initial form of the letter in Arabic with an extended ligature, thus S « 4.| 7 24° Arabic Stressed syllables When an Arabic word has more than one syllable, one of th must be stressed or accented in pronunciation, exactly ay i English. Fortunately many Arabic words have only one clo, syllable with a long vowel (evC), and if this is pronounced with ity correct length, you will find that the stress falls naturally (ang correctly) on this syllable: 5 kariim However, by no means all words fall into this convenient ot Sl réakib = Lats mumadsabs and in a self-teaching book such as this, some guidance must given. If you have access to a live teacher, ignore the rest of thi section and learn by ear. Otherwise, you will have to learn to analyse consonant-vowe series in words, and will undoubtedly find this easier to do in transliteration. The two series which we must learn to recognise ar. long vowels followed by a consonant (shorthand wvC) and shor vowel followed by two successive consonants (ie. without a vowel between them — vCC). Remember that doubled consonants count as two single ones. The procedure is as follows: 1 Transliterate the word. 2 tacked on to the beginning (see page 23), and also the definite article al- (see page 29). 3° Starting at the end of the word, look for either of the series wC or vCC mentioned above, and the first one will be the stressed syllable. Here are some examples: SK yaktub ole Himaar U4 Hib yugirrib Joe jardal Gee yastaHiqg Spe Sanaadiiqg ist cake, yuna HHI (Beware of single Arabic consonants which happen to be trans- literated by two English letters. These obviously count as only one.) Eliminate any single-consonant words which may have been §. - The Arabic Script and Pronunciation 25 .s no such series in the word, then the stress will fall on 1 there i the first syllable: ajul CX Hikimat \j.j> darasuu > Fal - ee iS) kélima lS kérihaa mai Note that this system is designed for the analysis of literary ote in this book (ie. without the Classical case Anbic tt ae for a nee there are certain exceptions, endings). 1! Forms VII and VIII of the verb (where the first for xa to be ignored to make it work), and pronoun suffixes syllable fMhy single-consonant words (which in these cases have to preceded ©, However, itis hoped that it will be generally useful for a io taught student until he gains a feel for the language. i the svhe aid of a native speaker is enlisted, it may be found that he in of his own dialect. Egyptians, for , ne ae ane tendency to stress the penultimate syllable where the TENS given above indicate otherwise. This will do no harm as long as you are consistent in which method you follow. EXERCISE 014 Transliterate the following words, identify and mark the accented syllable — oil — ee — et — il — pet — nt — oe . ae. — aS — jh — gi — beh — the — i — alle 4 1 — aps — gilt — 63 — ye —Unit One Text and translations Transliteration and literal translation bayt kabiir house big(-one) rajul Tawiil man tall-one) al-bayt al-kabiir the-house the-big(-one) ar-rajul aT-Tawiil the-man the-tall(-one) bayt kabiir waasi: house big(-one) spacious-one) ar-rajul aT-Tawiil an-naHiif the-man the-tall(-one) the-thin (-one) Miomatic Arabic Translation AS oy y A big house. he dey y ASS Cop | The big house, 7. all Jett The tall man. CaS cy 0 A big spacious house. oct fb sll fo f The tall thin man, Unit One 27 but are either unnecessary or would distort the sense in Ae gen iNNolecambae eeae i this unit ae Ean ithe hyphen where ith ithe necessary or desiral 3 Tne me sake of curity to translate one Aree word by more torn ee elish word, for example big(-one), rall(-one), etc. The ey efalasfimalt hn ae usted word what Dapiet eies/ar ro! ee ammcne en not , led so that you can follow the Arabic OS ete ancco order and s0 learn by study and See afer oan nee a Idiomatic translations are oren either with the unit or in the key to the exercises at the end of sive the book. Vocabulary in this lurals of Arabic Ithough not used in this unit, the pl Nouns ane very varied and difficult, and the best way to learn them isto memorize them along with their singulars. In the vocabularies they are given in brackets after the singular. I) Ese OG boy (SEK) EK desk, office (bey Sie window 2) 5 man (FS took (18h) SE door Capel 2 manager (oth) Ls airport Adjectives Bb omg, tat 5 8 short big; old (of people) small; young (of people)28 Arabic pS busy aps thin ee spacious st) far, distant Gb useful , uP wide aes famous a5 clean Nouns and adjectives It will be a great help in learning Arabic if you can come to look on nouns and adjectives as virtually the same thing. Nouns are the names of objects, living beings or ideas (house, man, justice) and adjectives are usually defined as words which describe nouns (good, bad, big, small) In English — although not very frequently — adjectives can be used as nouns, as in the sentence ‘The wicked shall be punished’. More commonly, however, the helping word ‘one’ is used: ‘Which book do you want? ‘The green one’. Arabic grammar will be made much easier for you if you can get into the habit of always thinking of Arabic adjectives as implying this -one, thus effectively equating themselves with nouns. For instance, in Arabic our answer to the question above would be simply ‘The green’. Definites and indefinites The question of whether a noun/adjective in a particular context is definite or indefinite is of great importance in Arabic. Indefinites do not refer to any specific object or person. In English the indefinite article a or an is usually used, for example: ‘A cat ran across the road’, ‘A lady phoned this morning’. We do not specify any particular cat or lady in these sentences. Definites specify the particular, and are of three different types: (a) Words preceded by the definite article the. ‘The cat’, ‘the lady’ in the above sentences would indicate a particular cat or lady known to both the speaker and the listener. (6) Proper nouns (written in English with a capital). These are the one specific person. Definites in Arabic Here we deal with Unit One 29 of specific people or places (e.g. Margaret, Mr Smith, ames Kuwait, Germany) she, etc., which again obviously refer Pronouns such a8 I, YOu ot. er egory also includes the de- onstrative pronouns this, these, etc. (see Unit 4). m Indefinites in Arabic te indefinite article equivalent to English ‘a’ or ‘an’ in There i phrases | and 2 in the text at the beginning of the Arabic, ©2- unit: =,» means a house eS — ‘means a big one (thing) — dep means a man (hye means a tall one (person) nouns preceded by the definite article. Proper d pronouns will be discussed later. nowt’ pfinite article in Arabic is JI (al-) and is always attached to the word it qualifies. Ifimmediately preceded by a word ending in a Vowel, the a of al is omitted in pronunciation, but the alif is retained in writing. ‘Written Pronounced ce! al-bayt after a preceding consonant cel L-bayt after a preceding vowel The definite article is always written J\, but there is a convention of pronunciation which must be observed when the word to which it is attached begins with one of the following consonants:30 Arabic In these cases, the | of the article is omitted in pronunciation, ang the following letter clearly doubled. Thus: Written Pronounced esl ar-rajul after a preceding consonant esl r-rajul after a preceding vowel Unit One 31 Phrase/sentence construction Indefinite noun with adjective hhrases 1 and 2 in the text on page 26. Here an indefinite a ieollowed by an indefinite adjective and parallels the English construction Do not be careless about pronouncing this doubled consonant, as the meaning may be affected. The easiest way to remember which letters show this feature is to pronounce them and note the position of the tip of your tongue while doing so. You will find that it is always in the region of the front teeth/upper gum ~ which is where the letter I is pronounced = which is why the assimilation occurs. No other Arabic con- sonant is pronounced in this area. The Arabs call these the Sun Letters, because the Arabic word for sun, shams, begins with one of them, shiin. The rest of the letters, which do not assimilate, are called the Moon Letters (Arabic gamar moon, beginning with the non-assimilating q). EXERCISE 11 A. Pronounce the following aloud, transliterate and check against the key to the exercises. eel 6 tbh & cl Yogi Y SM VS ail 4 th A SV ell 9 B In transliteration, add the definite article to the following words, Pronounce and check your answers. ceo bh t or ae y ae Nel 4 vo ae AN yh Indefinite Noun Indefinite Adjective (@) house (@) bigh-one) There is nothing complicated about this. Arabic has no equiva- lent of a/an, and the English word order adjective —~ noun becomes noun —» adjective, as it does in many languages (e.g. French vin blanc). Again, try to think of the adjective as implying a noun, a member of the class of things described by the adjective. Compare the English construction ‘He’s bought a house, a big one’. Note that the reverse order — adjective followed by noun — is not Possible in Arabic. EXERCISE 1.2 Translate into Arabic: 4 4 busy man, 2A small book. 3. A wide door. tall boy. 5A long street. 6 A clean window. A distant airport. § A famous man. 9 A spacious office. young manager.32 Arabic Definite noun with adjective Examine phrases 3 and 4. This construction is identical to the Previous one, except that both noun and adjective have the definite article. This type of phrase is equivalent to English: ‘The-Noun The-Adjective SI ced the-big(-one) the-house Again there are only two rules to remember: (a) Word order is noun first, adjective second; (6) Both must have the definite article. Compare English ‘The officer, the handsome one, danced with het all night’. EXERCISE 13 Change your answers to Exercise 1.2 into definite phrases following the model: A busy man —+ The busy man Additional adjectives Examine phrases 5 and 6. In Arabic, additional adjectives are simply added after the first one with no punctuation or joininé word. If the noun is definite, all adjectives are definite and must carry the definite article. EXERCISE 14 Transliterate and then translate into English: BE Ca wi SCS y Cols aS ole) sate Iyite bey f eotl fp sll igh Sb fob Olt 4 asl 2S ou e Unit One 33 sammary ed in the two types of noun/adjective phrase The prac te uit simple and can be summarised as follows: descr | ss () Adie ere with noun in definition. ° dy both phrase types thoroughly and make sure you can study i istinguish between them. dis Numerals . / Arabic numerals, which will be used in the exercises. fees that they are written from left to right, in the opposite direction to the script. Examples: WN 26 Ya 39 Vs 60 WY 172 LOA 458 Numerals 1 to 10: pronunciation , The grammar of the Arabic numbers is somewhat complicated and will be dealt with later. Here arc the forms which the Arabs usually use in speech: waallid oly ithmayn cl thalaatha 33 arba:a an! Khamsa igs34 Arabic Word shape As will be explained in detail in Unit 6, most Arabic words are bujj; up around a three-consonant root which contains the nucleus of Unit Two Text and translations meaning, and it is important to get used to recognising the shapes bi BS SY of words - that is, how the long and short vowels are arranged al-bayt kabiit The house is bi around the root consonants. This is helpful both in understandin, the-house (is 4) big(-one) louse Is big. grammar and in learning to read unvowelled texts. Examples of the -rajul Tawiil cbs Jest ¥ most common shapes are given in the first ten units. theman (is a) tallt-one) The man is tall muHammad naHiif as te ¥ is a) thin(- Muhammad is thin. ‘Schematic Arabic example English sound-alike ‘Muhammad (is a) thin(-one) os ei a ana mariiD var 2s I (am an) ill(-one) ; Tam ill. hal al-kitaab naafi: £ at tS po [2 the-book (is a) useful{-one) Is the book useful? In the schematic, C represents any consonant, and the vowels are Floats gal given as they occur. This is a very common pattern for adjectives in achuwa mashghuul * a . Arabic. Pick out examples from the vocabulary for this unit. Pf he (is a) busy{-one) is he busy? Vocabulary ‘Nouns (Sb hy Hb sudem (IS) IE dog (SE OHS) FE ruler of a | country) (GS) GSES box, trunk — (Ope) Pee plate, dish (3) OY§3 cupboard Cbs) x merchant, shopkeeper a Ce «Ip (Ge) GE museum ADS secretary (ophb3y EY official, employee 3536 Arabic Adjectives ole just, honest de& beautiful, handsome absent ol present heavy 20 empty Names (male) & Salim pe Omar et Rashid Other words A Equational sentences Re-examine the phrases given in Unit 1 and you will find that % have dealt with two types of noun/adjective combination: (Personal pronouns are given on page 39) Grammar and sentence construction clever fat near full light Se broken a>! Ahmad ox John 555 Robert Unit Two 37 efnie +tndefite which gives the meaning ‘An X Y" (eg. big Inde howe) Definite which gives the meaning “The X Y" (eg. the big De! house) oe We now turn to a third possibility: Definite + Indefinite sults in what is called an equational sentence, the term oesmably borrowed from algebra, X=. Definite Noun Indefinite Adjective x = = x is Y So in other words, when we say in Arabic ‘something is some- thing’ (or use other parts of the English verb ‘to be’, such as am, are, etc.), we do not use a verb at all, but simply state a definite concept followed by an indefinite one. (This idea is not unique to Arabic, but happens elsewhere, for instance in Russian and Hebrew. In the authorised version of the Bible, italics are used to indicate words which are not present in the original Hebrew, e.g. Gen. XXVII, 11: ‘Esau my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth man’,) The first part of such sentences is called the subject (ie. what or who you are talking about) and the second part the predicate (the information you are giving about the subject). The only rule is that the subject must be definite and the predicate indefinite. ‘The-Noun a) (a) big(-one) = the-house The house is big.Unit Two 39 38 Arabic EXERCISE 21 : A. Translate into Arabic. also refer to specific persons and are therefore definite. 1 The box is heavy. 2. The plate is broken. 3. The ruler is just. 4 The clerk is busy. 5. The dog is f 6 The merchant is absent. 7 The museum is near. 8 The secretary is here (presen 9 The cupboard is roomy. 10 The student is clever. B Translate the following noun/adjective phrases into Engl then change them into equational sentences like those above: FA Jey A thin man—~ A Jo-J\ (The man is thin j ‘The singular personal pronouns in Arabic should now be learn- Jet Ghul y come GL gg They are: der oe Pl SEI iit Gye 4 Jalal atl cal anta you (m) Proper nouns Cal anti you (f) These are the names of people or places (see page 28), written ia ye huwa he English with a capital letter. Since they refer to specific persons ot ; places, they are by nature definite, and thus may be used as the go hiya she subjects of equational sentences without further ado, e.g. sentence} ‘on page 35: oa a (2) The final alif of tl is there to distinguish it from other Name oe similarly spelled words. Pronounce it short, and accent the : : first syllable, Cra ae ©) The male and female forms of you are identical in unvowelled (a) thin(-one)=Muhammad Riiting. The context usually makes it clear which is intended. Muhammad is thin. (Since ~ as in French — all Arabic words are either masculine or feminine, English it must be translated he or she as required. BERCIsE 23 T, : ; : ranslate bic: EXERCISE 22 Translate into Arabic: ame 1 He is thin. 1 Omar is handsome. 2 Ahmad isn’t here (is abset!* 3 You are fat eee 3. Salim is fat. 4 Robert is young (small). You are ill : 5 Rashid is clever. 6 John is honest. _40 Arabic Question-mark words Arabic has two words which are used in written Arabic onl, indicate that what follows is a question. Since the fact thar question is being asked has already been indicated by prefixing on4 of these words, the word order of the sentence does not change, buy remains in the form of a statement. Study sentences 5 and 6 g, page 35 carefully. 7 £ GE GUS Jo Is the book useful? Delete the question-mark word Js and you are left with ou tS The book is useful. The same applies to { in sentence 6. Both (Js and { serve exactly the same purpose. A good, genera rule is tO use Js before words with the definite article, and | before pronouns and proper names without the article. Note also the following section on one-letter words. The question mark ¢ , al though technically redundant, is usually used in modern Arabic. { One-letter words Remember that Arabic words which consist of only one letter of the alphabet, plus a short vowel, must not be written alone, but always attached to the following word (see page 23). Note the question-mark word | in sentence 6, and also the very common ) meaning and: Aly JeJ! The man and the boy. EXERCISE 24 Translate the following questions, then provide neg: ative answers on the pattern: Is the man old? No, he is young. ne pod FaS Sod 1 Is the cupboard 2 Is Muhammad 3. Is the museum full? present? far? 4 Is the box 5. Is the street 6 Is the boy light? long? tall? 7 Is the office 8 Is Salim thin? 9 Is the driver small? present? 10 Is he old? Unit Two 41 . jectives in equational sentences ; a additional adieet re atleast one and in such a series of adjectives. eo the general practice is not to use a joining word: Ar " ad sb desl The man is tall and thin. word shape Arabic example English sound-alike oe ‘varnish’ English sound-alikes are of course only approximate. In standard English pronunciation, the r in ‘varnish’ effectively leng- thens the vowel, cf. ‘vanish’,) This type of word is technically the active participle of a verb, ie. the noun/adjective which refers to someone or something which is carrying out the action of the verb. Adjectivally, we have in English ‘a going concern’, ‘a moving performance’. For nouns, English usually uses the suffix -er, or a variant of it — e.g. painter (a painting person), actor (an acting person). We have already had two Arabic examples, i and gly , which really mean ‘being useful/spacious’. Pick out ¢xamples from the vocabulary and pronounce them aloud so that you get used to the sound of Arabic.Unit Three 43 Unit Three Text and translations socialism cyyg ite 6 uy (DL) LK library, bookshop vag writing on madrasa jayyida te vt ee A i Oe (SNe!) CHI sister a A good schog Po) ait) hand (6 al-bint al-jamiila At cos! ed ee sun Gh a the-girl the-beautiful(-one) The beaut _ wr 7 (Bit) Gye marker ash-shams Haarra be ae war) “ . 25, delegate the-sun (is a) hot(-one) The sun is i a) e yo project (Or) 3 buyuut kabiira IS ye § round (0) (oly yb table houses big(-ones) Big houses, | ph a oo - al-kitaab :ala r-raff Cyl de GUSH 4g Ct ek ir (OL) Hy town, city the-book (is) on the-shelf The book is on the she, | ‘e (el) Ebr large mosaue as-sikriteera fi l-maktab SY GIS 4 (we) a masa Cc 2 the-secretary (is) in the-office The secretary is in the ote hunaaka zaa‘ir fi -ghurfa BA Gf Ske y there (is a) visitor in the-room There is a visitor in the room. ' eee Vocabulary Adjectives | Ae goad Shot, burning Nouns “ . Ogee mad by pleased (OY EGS secretary Q(t) CL girl a : oe CaP wounded, injured yi closed $y) US tailor (PB) shely : a Arye oe TH open eed diny O15) visitor (ory), L530 school (33) 8 room (SL) iE word _ 3 in ce on op fri BH above, on top of *The abbreviations CL-aat andy-wan represent the suffixes which are added oa Oy above, on these words to form the plural, e.g. (the feminine singular suffix # Oe ee oe her with dropped), and dsb. (Ser pp. 101-2) Ke near, with chez’ Ge together wi 4244 Arabic Gender and sex Gender means whether a word which refers to a non-living obj or an abstract concept, is regarded in the grammar of a language masculine or feminine. Sex means what it says, the sex — male or female ~ of a humay being or a higher animal (ie. one whose sex is normally distin, guished, for example bull/cow, etc). ‘As English speakers, we are not used to dealing with grammat, cal genders since our system is completely logical: males ar masculine, females are feminine, and inanimates and abstracts ay neuter. In any case, English words, except for the pronouns, do not in general change their shapes or endings according to whether they refer to a male or a female. However, most of us will know that in French, for example, every word has to be masculine or feminine, and Arabic follows the | same system. All nouns/adjectives are he or she: there is no it. It is important from the outset that you understand the distine- tion between sex and gender. An Arabic word referring to a male will always be masculine, and a word referring to a female wil always be feminine regardless of any grammatical endings ot trappings it may have. Words referring to inanimates generally show their grammatical gender in the following way: Masculines No ending Feminines The ending 6 The ferninine ending Refer to phrases 1 and 2, also page 22. ‘The feminine ending used on the vast majority of Arabic words the hybrid letter § which (a) is always preceded by an a-vowel. a (b) is ignored in pronunciation except in special cases which will described later. Effectively, therefore, the Arabic feminine ending is -a, th as in Italian and Spanish. e sam | Unit Three 45 It is found in two main situations: pistingushing males from females in words referring to human if imals, for example: nPsome animals, for example: beings a ee Male Female Abts tailoress Bye manageress US dog US bitch B In words referring to inanimates which are grammatically feminine, for example: car £5151 socialism Note that sometimes pairs of words occur, one with and one without the feminine ending, and with different meanings: tS book S&S office, desk AS writing iS. library, bookshop Exceptions The rule given about sex of human beings on page 44 takes care of such comparative rarities as: 44: Caliph, historical head of the Islamic community (always aoe and the common words for females which dispense with the ending: 4 ats. ¢! mother <4 sister i There are, however, quite a few endingless words which are ‘minine by convention, for example: ue sun o> war Shand Gy» market Such words, fering and others showing rarer feminine endings, are mark- ‘minine in the vocabularies.46 Arabic Plurals of inanimates It is as well to try to get used to the bizarre fact that in plurals of inanimates are regarded as feminine singulars. Stu agreement in phrase 4 on page 42: Arabig IY the Feminine Singular Adjective Plural Noun Inanimate iS on Agreement of words Obviously there is no point in having a masculine/feminine gender distinction if you don’t use it. The Arabic system is much like the French: Masculine noun takes masculine adjective. Feminine noun takes feminine adjective. This also applies to equational sentences such as sentence 3 on page 42: Tle aN! the sun (f noun) is hot. EXERCISE 3.1 A Combine the following nouns and adjectives to form definite phrases on the pattern: gS 6 dey Eg SI Rejall The big school Look out for plurals. ere ¥ yada « GeV Gb ysl +t ely ue re ot Uyie BY sy ee OA dee aes Vv dec dylb Ve dbiar § B_ Read your answers aloud, then translate them into English. Unit Three 47 te them as indefinite phrases: pS’ Les-le A big school. c Rewn 52S inal! The school is Rewrite them as equational senten p Re big. jitions ' ereoaeins are, as their name suggests, words which tell you the Prepositions tf something, in either space ot time: In the house, siti OF ae “at school, On Saturday. Many sentences can be Under Sy using prepositional phrases (such as the above English cramples) as the predicate. ‘Study carefully sentences 5 an / ciation Some of these prepositions end in long Note one gin and cfe on (for the special spelling of this final -v0' e 21). : Tong 2 ee vnounced short when followed by the definite anise (which of course loses its a-vowel according to the rule given apace 29) This is one of the reasons why it is so important to pronounce doubled consonants clearly, The only diferenee between PN) esala rraff ‘On the shel? and >, sala raff ‘On a shelf’ is the doubled r. EXERCISE 32. Translate into English: Wes Y PMG att £ WN oe deoh ala 3 58 LHly yall A Spi GUI ye yl Je grea cg ele all gS iS gs pall ke Gyatll 2 of “There is’ and ‘There are? When the subject of a sentence such as those we have been iU4ying is indefinite, we tend to use the prefix ‘there is/there are’ in aitl'sh: The Arabic construction is exactly parallel, using the word there, and of course omitting the verb is/are as usual. Look at “entence 7 on page 42.48 Arabic There (isa) visitor in hunaaka raa'ir fi Bp J sls She the-room T-ghurfa Another possible way of expressing the same thing is to re the subject/predicate order of the sentence: vere In the-room (isa) visitor fi I-ghurfa zaa'ir Jb tall d EXERCISE 33 Translate into Arabic: There is a book on the desk. There are large houses in the town. There is a bookshop in the market. The new car is in the street. The student is from the school. Bans Word shape Schematic Arabic example ‘Sound-alike maCCuuC or) ‘mad foo!’ Note that the ma- here is a standard prefix. No other letter can be substituted for the m. This is the passive participle of the verb, expressing a5 # noun/adjective something to which the action of the verb has beet done. The Atabic example comes from the root k-t-b, which has. 3 we know, to do with writing. oS therefore means ‘written’ ( an adjective) or ‘something which has been written’, ie. a letteh document, etc. The connection with the action of a verb is not always so on spot, but note the examples we have had (J y4« occupied, buss’ 2x famous) and pick out the new ones from the vocabulaty- : Unit Four ‘ext and translations ancha Fgalam warhaadhihi Jewaraga apse thing) therpen and-this (-thing) the-paper dhaalik al-walad wa-tilka -bint that(-person) the-boy and-that (person) the-girl haadha -muwaDHDHaf abjadiid thisl-person) the-employee the new (-one) haadhihi I-kutub thagiila these(-things) the-books (are) heavy(-ones) tikka L-karaasii maksuura those(-things) the-chairs (are) broken(-ones) tikka nukta qadiima that(-thing) (is a) joke (an) old(-one) haadha huwa -muwaDHDHaf aljadiid 'hi-person) he (is) the-employee the-new(-one) Hyp olny gla This pen and this paper. cad as, at US That boy and that girl aad bl ie This new employee. Us Soin £ These books are heavy. iy Se gS! Ui 0 Those chairs are broken. eG ES That is an old joke. sat GB, p ley This is the new employee. 49Unit Four St 50 Arabic Vocabulary how many? Nouns (p51) eb pen, pencit (OL) 5) sheet of paper (cK) joe ae oe ; ) «che Cm factory onstratives (SDL hour, clock, watch — (Laity alas half demonstrate is to show or to indicate, therefore demonstratives sath tt * 7 To denis which indicate the particular person or object you are (Ll) CE third (ee © quarter ikung about. The demonstratives in English are this, that, these 2 = 1 Silitose They can be either adjectives with a following noun, ‘This (She) fle worker (d5t%) IZA house, dwelting ike is good’, of pronouns with no following nouns, and meaning llnty Gplbecs 7 os I really ‘this thing’ or ‘this person’: Cots) Cee councit (2 OF] announcement : ‘This is good’ i.e. This object, cake or whatever it may be is wd) 24 J ol & ood, i CBR) tA newspaper (OL) tae magazine 500% That’s my brother over there’ ie. That person ..., and so on. (OL) i slb aeroplane (pba) 4% source In Arabic, the demonstratives always function as pronouns, never ae. as adjectives, and it will be a great help if you always think of them (Gbté) taki, area, zone (OL) ici printing house as implying a person or a thing. locity 5 5 t Ont!) iat tree (ols) ele water Singular demonstratives ok 7 7 +s f a (ke) er cinema ( (2) 6. gonernmen in the singular these are: (SL) his minisery (uily (73 department, section Adjectives . de new ps important AgSer diligent, hard working ee z “ ‘or the i + pb cultural 7 ei LB © spelling of the long a-vowel in three of these, see page — e final a-v a i Leh daily eG moder /owel of iia is usually pronounced short. - Demonstratives wi 5) main, principal 4 1 St tives with nouns s- general MY Phrases 1-3 on page 49, Oo Noted i nh 2 special ONS lazy, idle above, the Arabic demonstrative is always a pronoun,Unit Four 51 50 Arabic Vocabulary words Omer how many? ‘Nouns y eon oe a — (>) bi pen, pencit (OL) B55 sheet of paper (CS) ES joke (Ghat) Eli factory tratives (UL how, clock, watch — (Sail) alas haf demonstrate is to show or t0 indicate, therefore demonstratives 7° 7 ; To demons which indicate the particular person or object you are (eth oF third (edly 65 quarter , me Rerabout. The demonstraives in English are this, that, these oD ws | {ait ose. They can be either adjectives with a following noun, ‘This (Je) fle worker (3%) IZ house, dveling artis good’, or pronouns with no following nouns, and meaning 7 7 _ 7 really ‘this thing’ or ‘this person’: Cdl) Gabe council (LU) OE! announcement — ‘This is good’ ie. This object, cake or whatever it may be is Ree : 004. CE) FA newspaper wh magazine 50e\-That’s my brother over there’ ie. That person ..., and so on. (2b) afb aeroplane phan) Alas soure In Arabic, the demonstratives always function as pronouns, never : aa ° as adjectives, and it will be a great heip if you always think of them (Gbta) TLL. area, zone (SL) 4c printing house as implying a person or a thing. Clntl iat wee (ol) el water Singular demonstratives . : Tn the singul : (ee) er chem Goa n the singular these are Orn “ (OL) 2133 ministry (gles!) p25 department, section This ‘That ; Ge 45 Adjectives : ” o oe Coa © Jute new ¢& important gies diligent, hard working Hors eae ot 23" ‘RE spelling of the long a-vowel in three of these, see page (gi cultural ceed weekly 5 a we 7 i final a-vowel of ia is usually pronounced short. ee daily et modern a a ratives with nouns (ew main, principal ce generat oa Phrases 1-3 on page 49. : 7 1 : . Lele special OE lazy, idle ‘ed above, the Arabic demonstrative is always a pronoun,52. Arabic implying with it an object or a person. What we are reall therefore, in phrase 1 is: Y Saying This-thing (m), the pen and Note that the demonstrative must agree in gender ~ masculine oy feminine — with its noun, and that the noun, since it always refers, a specific thing, takes the definite article. The equivalent construction occurs in English when we gy things like ‘Mr Jones, the postman, came this morning’, as “Mr Jone and ‘the postman’ are one and the same person. This-thing (D, the paper B,J ia hia 4 Adjectives with demonstrative-noun phrases Adjectives follow the noun in the usual way. Analyse phrase 3 on page 49: the-new(-one} We simply have a series of three nouns referring to the sam object. EXERCISE 41 A. Apply the word ‘this’ to the following nouns: Sy ——> Call Lia this house | ees24 1 ole gk 8 by Ake ie vey el Unit Four 53 he same Way. apply ‘that’ to the following: B intl Om YY tN ethos Vo Ge ON joe ¥ te A Gut Bb 4 ws 6 av C Translate your answers to both A and B. slate into Arabic: 3 Those weekly magazines. 5 These modern aeroplanes. 2 This new government. 4 This general council. 6 That main department. Equational sentences ; Examples 4 and 5 on page 49 are equational sentences. Their subjects are the definite concepts ‘These books’ and ‘These chairs’. There is nothing new here, except another reminder that plurals of inanimate objects are regarded as feminine singulars! EXERCISE 42 A’ From the words given, form sentences of the type: aS 6 Cy ola eS Cal Mia this house is big. WE ple Is oY pee Cie ils Cy dite clin € a 6 gla es 4 yi 6b Min Ae cele als Ve \ C5 dae ole OWS 6 5G Ke ¢ HS 0 v 4 B28 6 Gye « Lis oe lb I B Translate your answers, is a... and “This is Examine carefully ees Sender ofthe su * type sentences sentences 6 and 7. Apart from the change in the ject, there is one important difference between theUnit Four 55 54 Arabic in A into ‘This/that is the ...’ sentences two ~ the presence of the word 4 he in sentence 7. A little oly pronoun: examination will show why this is necessary. The easiest way is to remove the 4 and see what remains. pS) Cedi ge Wda This is the big house. aad! GBA) ie ——— wad Gb ae answers to A and B, Now look back at example 3, and compare the two: ‘ 3 7 walt abba salt ab) in They are identical — but example 3 had a different meaning: new employee’. In other words, the y is used to separate demonstrative \ia from the definite noun-adjective pI od Gh.) (which it would otherwise qualify). Arabic example Sound-alike tule is that in sentences which have a nounless dem E Pn as their subject, and a predicate qualified by the defi a article, the ‘separating pronoun’ of the appropriate gender must placed between the two. (The rule does in fact apply to : sentences with such a predicate, but those with demonstratives a set prefix and does not change. subjects are perhaps the most common.) e is not quite so stable as the others we have In sentence 6 there is no problem, as the predicate <3 &S¢h and has two main variations: the substitution of i no definite article, and could not therefore be read as b ‘and the addition of the feminine ending. immediately qualified by the demonstrative Jb . ype are nouns of place; that is, they express the tion of the root verb is carried out. We have it the root k-t-b means ‘to write’, hence: EXERCISE 43 ee of writing office, desk A Form ‘This/that is a...’ type sentences: ‘madman’ tuys, from the root d-r-s to study, hence ‘place of \da. this ts a big house nd an example of the i-form is J from n-z-l 10 ec ‘a place of dwelling, a house, a home’. aS — lie. — ¥ es — dak — ale to predict which of the three forms the derivative . ze eae 5 Will take, but the order of frequency is certain! ene t eer: — se iy q) ‘y iy eo" aa : uw e a4 ‘CaCa (with a feminine ending), then maCCiC. pure ees aN oc ae — thle — € than one form exists, with a diflerence in th — ete — ts A dake — ey — — jole— tb ea a fice, desk 4+ a library, bookshopUnit Five Text and translations Transliterations of the texts for Units 5-10 are given in the ki the exercises at the end of the book. It is essential that . to reading unvowelled Arabic. YOU get ut book-(of-you eis | Your boo room-(of)-her We y Her room office (of) the-manager a Sy The manager’s office ministry (of) the-interior Hela ayy § The Ministry of the Interior house (of) Peter ume ce 8 Peter's house university (of) Cairo Salil dele 4 The University of Cairo, Cairo University shirt-(of)-me the-new(-one) adl et Y My new shirt car (of) the-minister the- ISU pighile 9 The minister's large cat pai § A piece of meat 2 LF bly, ly A novel of Thomas Hardy one of Thomas Hardy's 10 large (-one) piece (of) meat novel of novels (of) Thomas Hardy 58 Y to Unit Five 59 Rotel! ole das VY The result of this policy a ola ban So VY this-one This government of ours Nowe ay : (oly tele university (las) Gags shirt 1333) 239 minister (ees) oS meat (it) emi result dell interior (political) (wits piooe (OL) Hyy novel, story Jge3 entering, entrance * (GL) plebS Kilogram . G5 flour 5 bread (ob) ey policy (Glse) Be garden (Abs) 4455 job, function (a>) SP letter (alphabet) L ws a (35) bead (Sx) ee bank (4) 3% parcel we exit (€29) £3 branch (all senses) tr) return (J) WH suit (of clothes) (pbs) OLS dress (lady's) (OL) > company da oil (crude) “Sometines spelled with a jiim plas -60 Arabic Adjectives 2 strange Set wonderful ee difficult Je easy sy central v4} cheap « + of foreign Possessive constructions Possessive constructions contain two elements: the possessor a owner, and the thing possessed or Property. In ‘the doctor's cay the doctor is the owner, and the car is his property, The most usual way to express possession in English i circumstances, however, we use the word ‘of? and reverse this order, for example ‘The title of the book is “The Dogs of War” Property (of) Owner The title of the book Dogs of War Property (of) Owner is the The Arabic construction is similar to the above, except that no word for of is used and the definite article the is omitted before the first element (Title, Dogs). Remember, the order is always: Property (of) Owner The Arabic construction depends on the fact that the property and owner are placed next to each other in that order and, with the ‘one exception noted below, no other word may come between thet Pronoun suffixes : (overs umes is a pronoun, as in “his house, ‘my boo cece ated J respectively, Arabic uses a special st of sults tacked directly on to the Property noun. (These suffixes are 4/5? | ofanoun surlixes & p is by the e Unit Five 61 to supply the object, the separate pronouns given sod with verbs reserved for use as the subject of a sentence.) The z ¢ 39 bene re as follows: Plural us, our ‘you, your (m) them, their (ma) me CSS you, your (f) re Se them, their (f) ith a preceding is table, the suffixes have been given wit teae as emphasise the fact that they join on to the property word. However, if this word ends in one of the non-joining Tetters such as y and » , the suffixes are not actually joined, but sill written as part of the same word, eg. a3 S~ his secretary. The second form given for the first person singular pronoun suffix, 5 me is used only after verbs and will be dealt with later. All the other suffixes retain the same form after both verbs and nouns, 3 4 «pg. and G4 change their u-vowels to i-vowels when they follow long or short -ior the combination -ay (e-, 4 in him, i) In spoken Arabic -ka and -ki are pronounced -ak and -ik tater Words ending in vowels, -k and -ki), and -hu is -uh (and a Searcely detectable -h after vowels). a The feminine ending ihe hybrid letter 5 of the feminine ending is always pronounced ¢ when it occurs in the first (property) element of a possessive Sorstruction. (This is also true in spoken Arabic.) Since this leter can only occur at the end of a word (see page 22), it changes into an ordinary = when a suffix is added, for example: OE her room (pronounced ghurfat-haa).62 Arabic Simple possessives Study carefully phrases 1-6 on page 58. 1 and 2 show the si possessive with the pronoun suffixes, 2 illustrating the proy’ Giation (and writing) of the feminine marker as ‘t. 3 and 4 show if most frequent type of possessive found in Arabic, noun plus ne The second of these reminds us to pronounce (but not to write © it is still at the end of a word) the ¢ of the feminine ending. (Nox also that it is not pronounced at the end of the second element af daakhiliyya). 5 and 6 show the use of proper (personal ot play names as owner elements, the first having no definite article, EXERCISE 5.1 A Translate into Arabic: 1 The manager of the bank. 2 The announcement of the council. 3 Your (m, sing) garden. 4 The minister of the Interior 5 His magazines. 6 Our mother. 7 Omar's car. 8 The branches of the company. 9 The government(’s) 10 Her head. j printing house. B_ Read aloud, then change the masculine suffix into a feminine one, or vice versa: acy his house—+ Ye her house ye ' _ C Read aloud, then change both the nouns (or noun and pre noun suffix) from plural to singular or vice versa: oJ Cy the man's house > Ste! cay the men’s houses Bish ty Hil Bie cath otd | Sled 4 ot) 9 idee # BB SN SN yan Y Saythl yall Bye tar} ge \ j t Zl gle ob j 5 PUI LL Orel 0 E A edd HL GL -V \e ad L551 om 4% Unit Five 63 if possessive constructions ett vi ey 8. Because of the rule that nothing may examine PVE, property and owner (see page 60), another place inervene beter” Pi iectives qualifying one of the two elements. be found IM gr come before their nouns in Arabie, they must since adjectives TT completed possessive construction. pe placed ae ext on page 58 gives an example with a pronoun Phrase 8 one with two nouns. If you look at phrase & x, alse that there is no possibility of mistaking whieh cars qualified by the feminine adjective & 5S. Since » jy minister a masculine noun, it must apply to the feminine noun car. Since the Arabs regard both elements of a possessive construction wns fe all adjectives applying to either element must have the as defile (amd come afer the completed construction) Tt deine follows. that il 331 Cy can mean either “The ers new house’ ot “The new minister's house’ (both nouns fini asculine, In practice, when the meaning is not obvious being Me context, such ambiguities are avoided by the use of alternative constructions. Contrast also ye js) Ca The minister's house is new. In this example, since the adjective she is indefinite, it cannot refer to tither element of the possessive, and must therefore be the predicate of a sentence, the subject of which is the compound definite ‘The minister's house’, EXERCISE 52 A Read aloud, then translate: B Change ti oe the phrases in A into sentences of the type: 2S Je jl C4 The man’s house is big.64 Arabic Indefinite possessives Study phrases 9 and 10 carefully. Although not all that common in practice, it is somes, necessary to express indefinite possessives, such a5 these phrases. ° In example 9, the owner-word is simply written without definite article, and the whole construction regarded as indefit ‘a piece of meat’. (Note that the ¢ of the feminine ending must si be pronounced.) If the owner-word is definite by nature (such as proper names and pronoun suffixes) a construction using the plural must be u as illustrated by example 10. This sounds clumsy in English, by occurs quite frequently in Arabic. An example with a pronouy suffix is Gye Gy Cy One of his houses. (Note that there is an alternative construction, using a preposition. See page 135.) EXERCISE 53 Read aloud, then translate: deo tn ¥ je ub pt leds | Gb pas 0 SY Demonstratives with possessives Refer to examples 11 and 12. The demonstratives are the only kind of words which a allowed to come between the two elements of a possessive com struction. This should not surprise us if we recall that all Arabi demonstratives imply with themselves a noun — a thing or a ae (see page 51). Explained in this way, example 11 does not bs) break the ‘non-intervention’ rule at all, since what we are reall saying is “The result of this thing, the policy’. The two element! the possessive are interpreted as being ‘result’ (property) and ‘We thing’ (owner), the following noun ‘policy’ being added by ¥4Y explanation. the When, as in example 12, the demonstrative qualifies iy property-word and not the owner-word, it is placed aft completed construction: oda teaX> government-(of}-us, this-one. oe iy Unit Five 65 uescise $4 Jy the correct part of Ida to the owner-word in the ° A aioe ‘and translate your answers. (ol wyll Up Ase ¥ esl esp gully 4 cdlesi oo si £ gla 4 iS gb A all ol Jylae Ve B Apply the correct part of els to translate your answers. the property-word and ial ob SAI gy te tee 4 Syfdl jtva als ¢ Summary The possessive in Arabic is undoubtedly tricky. What you have to look out for is the placing together of two nouns (or a noun and a Pronoun suffix). You should learn to recognise the latter fairly wit, and in practice the noun-noun possessive usually looks [ Noun without article Noun with article Tra ‘thee? 2nd rem these ember Sonstructions, this visual picture and it will help you to spot Remember, too, property before owner.66 Arabic Word shape Schematic Arabic example CuCuuC ys This is a fairly common noun-shape in Arabic, having the two functions: ‘ae 1 To form the plural of words whose singular shaj €aCC, e.g. y bayt takes plural 24. buyuut. 2. To form the verbal noun from simple verbs, that is the y which means ‘the action of doing’. For example, from the ret 4-kh-I which has the basic meaning of ‘entering’, we get jy dukhoul which means ‘the act of entering; entrance. Pe is usualy Note that, as is unfortunately the case with many shaps CuCuuC cannot be formed in an arbitrary manner from any now or verb root. The benefit of learning the shapes is in recognitio, not formation. Any word which you come across in the lors CuCuuC will be either a plural or a verbal noun. yt Six tains no new grammatical material. Units 1 to 5 contain unit 60m! ie groundwork of Arabic grammar, apart from the most of U nke the opportunity to revise these and make sure you tal have Sjstered them thoroughly. study the words overleaf and read them aloud, taking special ve full value to all consonants (including doubled ones) Sal wels (especially long ones). The root consonants are given after each word. Root consonants and word shapes We have already learned a few Arabic word-shapes in the previous units. Now it is time to take a closer look at the structure of the language. Overleaf is an incomplete list of word shapes which occur in Arabic, and you will benefit greatly if you read these words aloud several times and try to tune your ear to the cadences of the language. The reason that Arabic is able to use a defective script which omits all short vowels (among other things) is that it is primarily a language of patterns. These patterns are in the vast majority of cases based on what we shall call the three-consonant root system. This means that the framework of most Arabic words is a series of three consonants which carry the basic meaning. This framework is filled in with vowels and other additions to produce an actual Word. For instance, in the familiar word kitaab book the consonant tits K+-b suggests the basic idea of ‘writing’, and the short i and ms @-vowels then produce the word kitaab which has the accepted weaning ‘book’, ay thing to note is that the consonant series (in this case Position its in fixed order and there is no question of altering the change jp. 27 Of these consonants. This would cause a complete “Dplying oneaning. The body of the word is constructed by “owelling wo! @ complex but limited set of variations in internal '& and/or using certain prefixes and suffixes. Root con- “sionally gthutly the middle one ~ can be doubled, and_oc- "Oot serigg. ne" Consonants can be introduced between those of the 6768 Arabic Unit Six 69 a 55 (D-rb) a blow, hit : se word shapes is important for two main State 4 recognis . ag able t0 Gy (HbH) profit on Bein a Pe, and > 43 respectively.76 Arabic Other words fo then ; J 10, towards Pronounce ay “r snot el yesterday BG particle said to emphasise the past tense -— The Arabic verb The Arabic verb differs from its English counterpart in two impor. tant ways: 1 It has only two tenses (i.e. ways to express when the action takes place), which we shall call past and present. The past tense is used for all actions which are already completed, and the present tens for all actions not yet complete. i 2 As we shall see shortly, most verbs can be reduced to a pat stem and a present stem, and a standard set of prefixes and sufixes can be added to these stems (which are not actual words, but ‘too! of grammar) to form meaningful words. The main problem wit these stems is that they are frequently distorted by the occurrent of the weak letters waaw and yaa’ as one of the radicals, or the fit that the second and third radicals are identical. Verbs with sft {features will not be used yet. Also, Arabic has a system by which 7: stem of a verb may be altered in a series of nine specific w2Y® vary the meaning. These modified stems are traditionally numbel II-X in Roman numerals, and will be introduced now to iti our scope in vocabulary, the Roman numeral of the stem being given for reference. These so-called Derived Forms © verb form the tenses in the same way as the simple verb (rel to as Form I). . at? Because of its complexity and the fact that there is no a ie learning it, the section on the verb has been separated "nad main body of this book and is given in the form of 2 Fai wy description and a series of tables in Appendix 1. All verb Unit Seven 77 pviously be learned eventually, so start now and learn by gust obvitret-tense suffixes in Table 1. These are used with only mt Hpbtly varying forms on all Arabic verbs. very ing about verbs tee ‘doing words’, words which refer to actions, and in we usually talk about them as ‘to do, to find, to speak’ etc. tomo part of the verb is called the infinitive. Arabic has no ‘Minitive, and the usual practice is to give Arabic verbs in the he- form of the past tense. The reason for this is that this part of the Jor nas no written prefixes or suffixes, and is thus regarded as the tnost basic part of the verb. In many verbs it also constitutes the past stem, from which all other parts of the past tense can be formed. So remember that when we give a verb as, say WS katab to write, the part we give actually means ‘he wrote’. ‘The past tense Study Table 1 thoroughly, as it forms the basis for forming the past tense of all Arabic verbs. Since this is our first attempt at the verb, here is the past tense of katab to write given in transliteration: ‘Singul - lar ‘Plural laos wrote katabuu they (m) wrote {aisbat she wrote katabna they (f) wrote Enable) you wrote (m) katabtum you (m) wrote he ‘you wrote (f) katabtunna you (f) wrote Listsbea) I wrote katabnaa we wrote Notes: 1 . a ake distinguishes the sex of the person carrying out the had "hoy, {he verb more precisely than English. English once ‘Your, bot fo” and ‘ye do” instead of the singular and plural More carehr’t distinguished between the sexes. You have to be 2 The dust feof whom you are speaking to or about in Arabic. _— given in Table 1 are used when talking to or Practice "9, PEOPI€ or things. They are not too common in hough ajo vou can reduce your burden by omitting them here, ‘Ways bearing them in mind for future reference.78 Arabic Translation of the past tense Since Arabic has very few tenses in comparison to English, the Arabic past tense has to be translated in a variety of ye according to context. Katab can mean ‘he wrote; he has writin, © had written’, ie. anything that indicates that the action of writing complete, over and done with. Subject pronouns In English we have to say ‘he wrote’, ‘you wrote’, etc., to clarify why performed the action. This is because the English verb has ng varying forms in the past tense, but is always ‘wrote’ no matte: what the subject. Arabic, on the other hand, carefully distinguishes exactly who has carried out the action of the verb, and con. sequently subject pronouns are not normally stated. To go back to pidgin English, if you like: \ycS wrote (-they, m) they (m) wrote. <5 wrote (she) she wrote. LS wrote (we) we wrote. Study the examples 1-4 on page 74, where the subject of the veh (ic. the person carrying out the action) is expressed by the ver suffix, and there is no need to supply a separate pronoun. EXERCISE 7.1. Read aloud and translate: os ft ro bey st lysis A v eel 4 _& ; iglel vy iN asi vs ce . Chey 18 \o es 4 | W dst ys V4 hey WA I Unit Seven 79 word order and agreement 78 we dealt with sentences in which the subject (do-er) of page js a pronoun like ‘he’, ‘T’ or ‘you’. When the subject of a he Ver” actually specified, like ‘the driver’ (example 5), ‘my wife’ vatmple 6) and SO on, tO important points arse: e The verb comes first, followed by the subject. 4 The verb is always in the he- or she-form. ‘The verb coming first is merely a fact of (Arabic) life, about which little can be said. Other word-orders are possible, but this is the most common, so if you are using a verb remember this order: 1 Verb 2 Subject ‘3 The rest. The fact that the verb in these cases is either in the he- or the sheform, i. always singular, never plural, is unusual to say the least, and should be noted carefully. You will remember that the Plural of things (inanimate objects or abstracts) is regarded in Arabic as feminine singular, so the rule for verbs which precede their subjects looks like this: Verb St heform for 1 One male being 2. Two or more male beings. 3. One object of grammatically masculine gender. she-form for ‘One female being. Two or more female beings. One object, grammatically feminine, Two or more of any object. Examples 57 in 80 study ¢ the text on page 74 illustrate this important hem carefully.80 Arabic EXERCISE 7.2 } i A. Apply the correct part of the verb in brackets to the fotto sentences: ‘wing Epil JI Co (ey) > nll SL, JH ASI sty BUN AL Gals; 73 Sallis) 9 VA Ctl Gey) y 27 95 (OS) 4 WagSiisty Y mall sisi (gel) € alll ye AGL) ld TU (25) Bb Gaba soot (ety Vs asl B Translate your answers. Agreement of verbs coming after their subjects : Study examples 8 and 9 on page 74 carefully. Sometimes a subject has more than one verb, and in these cases the word-order is: 1 First Verb In such sentences the second verb, which comes after its subje* has to agree fully with it, that is, to reflect exactly its number ae gender (masculine or feminine). The reasoning is something |! this (in sentence 8): Refused the workers the raise and they struck The second verb needs to be given its full form, so conveys the exact nature of its subject — in this case male and In any case, the rule is that verbs which for any reason after their subjects must agree fully in gender and number. ry Unit Seven 81 E13 ect part of both verbs to the following sentences. pel ist Po ell Ctl (4) peas (Sails His (ert) all (gls}y opi (o>) 181 Se) Bhs! di StH Gly 4233 (Ara) BA _ gt (loo) Bye) (Gaiy)y SE) (eerr!) Apply the corr zAontaee B Translate your answers. The verb with pronoun suffixes Study examples 11 and 12 on page 74, The basic idea of the use of the pronoun suffixes which we have already looked at on page 60 is to connect two concepis. When we connect a noun with a person, the result is a possessive: Idea of Idea of his book book | commected with | MSEC | —e . From this it is simple to connect ideas of action to persons or is iets Since, as we have seen on p. 78, Arabic verbs already ee ly the tense and the doer of the action, we have a more complex St idea (example 10): Mea of : ~), so it immediately takes an internal plural ¢4/ ’aflaam, in the singular, but the plural is 2 dy jib television. This is obviously not a genuine Arabic word, as it has far too many letters. So it has to take an external suffix plural ob y ;4b tilifizyoonaat. (However, it did make the i the end in a shortened form, as the verb jal tala to eas) . The internal plural Note that the most common i dl patterns of the internal plural listed i in conjunction wae oo Appendix 3, which should be consulted in conjunction a diready stated, there is ‘o useful rule governing the formation plurak ies fom @ given singular. The principle of the internal tas monushly similar to English foot-feet, mouse-mice (English _ alters onsistent, for example, boot-boots, house-houses). Voweling of i internal structure of the word by changing the tat ef the root letters, and also some prefixes and suffixes are ‘eas, ‘egral part of certain plural shapes (eg. ’a- on The interna i Nords (wert P tural is formed from both masculine and feminine Dee of the fatr*y, denote objects or living beings) and the tes that wit quinine ending on the singular in no way guaran- Rae ll be present on the plural: 4 town, plural of OPPosi te also occ pen an beings ‘urs, even, as in this case, on words denoting “>= pupil (m), plural 3.96100 Arabic Unit Nine 101 ‘The feminine ending on this latter is part of the plural pay has nothing to do with gender or sex. tet ang ‘Adjectives, being as usual regarded as barely distinct fro, may also take internal plurals, but the use of these is peor" "it agreement with words denoting male human beings (see age a ) Plural pattern C!aC’aaCiiC’ miftaaHl key Sunduug box, trunk Gpte Sanaadiig Some guidelines on the internal plural As will be clear from the preceding section, there is lac aaSaafiir c it structive we can say about the internal plural except: &™- uSfuur small bird iSbaaH lamp 1 Again, learn all plurals along with their singulars, ! 2 2. Study Appendix 3, which lists the most common interna! pry patterns and gives some of the most frequently occmn correlations with singular shapes. Try to acquire a ‘ee! for ¢ shapes. ‘The external (suffix) plural , ; 3 Remember that simple, basic word-shapes will almost certainly ‘There are two types of external or suffix plural in Arabic, usually have an internal plural form, whereas more complex ones may referred to as masculine and feminine. We have tried to provide on well have to take an external suffix plural. pp. 98-100 a rough guide as to which sort of nouns you might 4 There are only two singular-plural correlations worth learning expect to take an external rather than an internal plural. Having both applying to four-radical words. The majority of four , decided or established that a given noun must take an external suffix radical words which have a short vowel between C’ and C‘ take | plural, the following restrictions apply: the internal plural pattern C!aC’aaC’iC’, and those which have a long vowel in this position take C'aC’aaCiiC’. (Note that neither of these patterns shows the indefinite accusative mar- ker.) Study the following examples and say them aloud to ge Masculine external plural This is formed by adding -uun or the feeling of the patterns. Example Short vowel between CC‘ Ploral pattern ClaC?aaC‘iC’ Nominative case Oy wun Opetye muhandisuun pat 1 dpakige 7 Other cases oe lin Ceetye muhandisiin Gnas mana: factory las maSaani: SX maktab desk IK. makaatid Wit dirham dirham (money) tle dara the slightly hybrid form (4! ibn son, plural os4/, ‘mv/baniin, also having the alternative form oti abnaa’,102 Arabic 3 The nominative case form is used for the subjects of p sentences and the predicates of inna sentences (see page oe senor cases’ form is used for the objects of normal Sentenes, subjects of “inna sentences, also after all prepositions and in te wher part of possessives. In spoken Arabic the iin sufi’, used for all cases. Summary: You can expect to find the masculine external ping “aun/-iin used on fairly complex words denoting male human being, Feminine external plural This is formed by adding, for all casa, ‘OL -aat, having first removed the feminine singular ending (i) present. — Example Singular form] Laat CL 54. mudarrisaat we { Laat | Slee! iitimanaat ee! You will see from the two examples given that this tyPe of pd may be used: (a) for females (e.g. mudarrisaat female teachers) (b) for inanimates (things, ideas; ¢8- ijtimaacaat meetings) Summary: You can expect to find the feminine external plural on: (a) Almost all nouns which denote female human beine ao have, in the singular, the feminine ending < - at we ad (}) Words of a fairly complex pattern denoting WPM ee neuters (things, ideas, also sometimes animals whi ferred to in English as “it). es Note the following irregular formations, all basic females: ch daughter, gir pL 2G oa A mother, pl. oll of wf cSt sister, pl ols! Unit Nine 103 ent of adjectives in the plural tady learned thatthe plurals ofshings and abstracts are wie ave aa ge feminine singular (See page 46). A strange regarded in APT we just have to accept and try to think of such fact, DUE ershe’ instead of ‘they’. The agreement of adjectives is pasa ee sblem, as we simply use the feminine singular asin ‘ Cae large towns» | ex 5 Arabic adjectives (being as usual regarded as being vir- Now, ArabR. as nouns) have equal rights in their choice of a va) the fowever, here sa subtle dference, and the following fules apply to all adjectives with the exception of one specific type. 1 For females, the external plural ending -aat is used (e.g. example 3 on page 96). : 3. For males, either the masculine external plural (-wun/-iin) or the opal plural is used. Which one is used depends again on the shape of the singular of the adjective. If it is complex, for instance, .# mujtahid diligent, it will take an external plural, but many simple shape adjectives have their own internal plurals, Whichever of these is formed from a particular word ust be used only in agreement with words denoting males. It follows from this that adjectives like 1», far, distant, which are not normally applied to human beings, have no plural form of either type, requiring only the feminine singular form to agree with the plural of objects. Of the adjectives given so far, the following have internal plural forms which should now be learned. Adjectives not listed here, but commonly applied to human beings, may be ‘assumed to take the suffix plural -wun/-iin when applied to men (c.g. dsblefenlole from dale just). Adjective Meaning, Male plural form os lazy je s old us ae ya she ad 7 thin os a clean or104 Arabic Adjective dus ae oe FaE be se As adjectives are generally more restricted in their shapes than | nouns, there are a few singular-plural correlations worth looking! here, especially C'aC’iiC™-C!iC?aaC?, as in kabiit-ki The agreement of adjectives with plural nouns may be sum marised as: Meaning Maley tall J short sha famous ls clever fat handsome mad strange foreign great intelligent ignorant new oe ibaar etc. Nouns meaning Adjective form ‘Things Females, Males Feminine singular, usually with i suffix External fem. plural, suffix LL. shape o! Internal plural adjective External mase. plural Os-/ox- \ depending Unit Nine 105 fully examples 1-6 on page 96, noting both the form of ape catered and the noun-adjective agreements, £9 change the following phrases/senteness into the singular slabs Syl Ge yyl oy OWE Clyd! OL air Ag God oss ici ¢ opus Slt 4 ge Gd dy thi Jett 6 Ab Sieg tll CT A ab el ov ke Olly Ve Slab obi 4 3 4M gail VY oabl oy 94 B Change the following into the plural, (Remember that verbs preceding their subject remain singular, and that the wun, ending must show the correct case.) ah ball oY _ Ep fiat tad wy gl on Pl Ome yall OS jab OSI all gis bs Sab yi feyt te BSN Ryall SI Spall Gall Cad VN lee Al pd WW dd Alay yan. WW atl coll Stall yl Dall L5a Suey VE aS lily dye SEN V0 Read g 'd aloud and translate your answers to A and B.Be BODIE 1 Unit Nine 107 Plural of the separate personal pronouns The singular personal pronouns were given on page 39. N, 5 92 ; rs the plurals given below. (Remember, for things, they=she AP MA pply the appropriate part of I this to: a. att alt 4 A naHno we ig widl £ Osa Oth 4S él antum you (m) ah ols 4 Ore Sail 8 Gel antunna you (f) ines A slides! oigal oy p> hum they (m) algal Oy pall Ve Shad olan 4 (> hunna they (f) | B Apply the appropriate part of U3 that to: GiteY ob Y Syst poly ll 4 Study examples 7-9 on page 96 which employ plural persona] : 1 te St 5 7 pronouns. In 9, antum is prefixed by the question-mark particle's. Oli SeeJl ft aL gh Ei) {see page 40). Spal Obs 4 Oa Sujal 6 ysl \ a oy Plural of the demonstratives \ Opslell lee A Saya! Gye y When referring to human beings (in the plural) the following forms i Syltt RL 4. BpS Opeall 4 are used for both men and women. The spelling of both forms is! rather tricky, so pay close attention to it. (For the sign see page Cl Mead stead and ees your ees An 23) D In the following, change the pronouns (separate or suffix) and anything else required by the sense into the plural. n . Yj haa’ulaa’i —_these(-people) aut - 7 : BIS G5! wulawika —_those(-people) : i Gaal ¢ Jat Cole $ hate colt Again, because all plurals of objects or abstracts are resarded eel Ab feminine singulars, the singular demonstratives ia haadbihi sate eles dl ye 0 ll tilka are used for ‘these’ and “those” respectively. Examples and 11 illustrate the use of the human plural forms. Read aloud and translate,108 Arabic Dual nouns and adjectives The dual must be used when referring to two of anything, ith, this is not very common in practice, you should at least 08h recognise it. Fortunately, its formation is for the most part recy? for both nouns and adjectives, It is an external sufixed formette! parallel to the masculine external plural discussed on page 19)" Example Nominative case ol -san Ol>Le SaaHibaan Other cases ce ayn | cele SaaHibayn Notes: 1 Ifa word has the feminine ending, this is retained, but changes into an ordinary ‘t’ as it does before all suffixes. Example 13 illustrates this. 2 Agreeing adjectives must take the appropriate masculine or feminine dual ending and also agree with the noun in case. Example 13 again illustrates. 3. In spoken Arabic, the nominative dual form is ignored and the ending -ayn (pronounced as in ‘cane’) used for all cases. In written Arabic, the use of the cases is exactly as described for the masculine external plural on pp. 101-2. EXERCISE 93 A. Put all the nouns (and their adjectives) in the following into the dual (remember the ending shows the case). oe dy Sy awl CL by YS! ew asiip t Si ge ett call gist fo pie pouiol ile deny dye A 3gSi ttl g GY dpe she fe Ne ayabl pat zal B_ Read aloud and translate. ny Unit Nine 109 verbs am d pronouns revake of completeness, the dual verb suffixes and separate gxed pronouns are given here. No exercises on these are ded ‘ss they are comparatively rare and also easily recognised et Note that there is no dual form for the first person (.e. ‘e ‘we two’) and that the second person (‘you two’ ete.) distinguish between male and female as it does in the id the plural. ‘They two’ (f) is distinguished only in the For pro in cont to transla does not Sogular an verb. Separate provoun| Suffix Pronoun | Verb past stem suffix* you tw0 {of antumaa | (X_ -kumaa \& -tumaa they wo (m)| (2 bumaa | Wg -humaa fee they two (f) a —_ ‘| to -atea “See also Verb Table T The demonstrative pronouns ‘this’ and ‘that’ also have dual forms, but these are also comparatively rare and easily recognisable from context. They will be pointed out as they occur. Word shape Schematic Arabic example Sound-alike CaC?Caac? phy this psalm M 7 or for wtds describing people and what they do, ether by nature deat Yt8 Were originally adjectives in Arabic ~ presumably ical ears ores ‘man’ and ‘woman’. This word shape is a someone Shoae Originally an intensive adjective describing has grado oes Something habitually, repeatedly or excessively, ually acquired almost the status of a noun, describing it Many trades q ‘des and occupations. We can still see it in both stages in110 Arabic the language, for example 135° kadhdhaab lying, mendacious As ly a mendacious boy and a liar as in IAS A Nd oy is a liar. Note again the very grey area which divides adjectives fro in Arabic. This formation takes the external plural -uun, ending i can be added to express: iy boy nouns m. The femining (a) a female where applicable, eg. (> a tailoress (from Le, tailor) ve (&) a machine, e.g. 3, a going machine, a car and machine, a tank b> 4 crawling Plural of the feminine form is -aat. Unit Ten Text and translation “They live in a big flat in London. ‘The government issues the official statistics at the beginning of the month. He is studying at the University of Cairo. What do you eat in the morning? The national troupe will present a programme of folk dance tomorrow. I shall go (on) Saturday. We don't know anything about exports and imports, They will never return to their homeland. (Not they- return to homeland-their ever.) Did you (f, s) not drink the coffee? He is laughing at us, 1 shall pay (10) him the money. He took £2 from me. oad J ins Gs J opKy La USUI 25 5) Sit g key Spl duke Bot € chal g Jot by tl A (iy Oy Wee Ggatll Gab op Eby Cot ey Cale oe tt On Slajlgly DLaball lad perks SI lwre fad! aes fi engl dial. Sage a del \e v WwW nee(Git) GE flat, apartment Lad stains ipl) 59 troupe, team oly oe thing C5) GB} homeland agp coffee (OL) BD language (1) ni ambassador (5S) ad expert (GL) JES miser Verbs PS (u) publish (BS « 655 aD present doug (a) laugh SX (w) dwelt, tive in pe (9) understand 352 (i) spend (money) S35 London se AB) 4 month 5 dance Aygle exports Slayly imports (OL) 2 pound (£) ols Goa fe GAN) sal prince a USI) Capl writer, literary man (SL) CSE soldier, policeman > (u) study i H(i) know, come to know oF AEF So am iy (wu) dance E> (carry (@) play ) defend Unit Ten 113 . _- at aes official “pF national AT other(f sel) pe il oe (LF) YR Arab, i St first BN) Arabic 7 last ‘Other words +4 P 1B tomorrowt VG) nevert SB before ats after cE under, below — to, for f Srom, of, about GA with (chez) (3G. what? (before verbs) 4 with, by means of, is a lot, mucht in, by etc. “Adjectives take suffixed plural unless indicated otherwise. *Pronounced ghadan, abadan and kathiiran (sce pp. 88-9). This unit deals with the present tense of the Arabic verb and should be studied in conjunction with Verb Table 1 and Unit 7 which gives all the rules for agreement. Make sure you have mastered Unit 7 thoroughly before proceeding. Formation of the Present tense Sindy the present tense column of Table 1 (see page 238), and you = that this tense is formed by applying prefixes, and in some me ‘ubixes ‘as well, to a present stem. (The past tense, remember, Tei formed by adding suffixes only to a past stem.) With minor rabies these same prefixes and suffixes are applied to all oad yi so learn them thoroughly right away. To help you, (without Present tense of ‘to write’, given in transliteration Present ‘sien, at which is fairly rare and easily recognisable). The Catity, The go this verb is ktub, which is given in capitals for This di loes not indicate any change in the pronunciation of the consonants y chang Pr114 Arabic Plural Singular yaKTUB he writes, is writing yaKTUBuun they (m) write taKTUB | she writes yaKTUBaa they (0) write taKTUBuun taKTUBaa naKTUB taKTUB you (m) write taKTUBiin you (f) write aKTUB J write you (m) write you (f) write we write Notes: 1 With the exception of the she-form, all the third person parts have the prefix ya-. The second person (you) forms all have tg. (reminiscent of the personal pronouns anta, anti, etc., which al have at in them). In the singular the suffix -iin distinguishes feminine from masculine, and in the plural of both second and third persons, the suffix -uun marks masculine and -na feminine, The she- and you- (m sing.) forms are identical, but this does not cause much confusion in practice. In the first person the prefixes a- for ‘T and ma- for ‘we’ again remind us of the pronouns anaa and naHnu. 2. In the verbs marked II, III and IV (see Table 2), all the prefixes are vowelled w instead of a, e.g. yudarris he teaches, ctc. While the present stems of the complex verbs which we have numbered II-X are predictable by rule, those of the simple verbs vary in the vowel taken by the middle radical and have to be learned together with their past stems, which also vary. Since only this one variation occurs, it is convenient to give the required vowel (written in English) along with the past stem, thus = (u) means that the middle radical of katab will be vowelled u in the present stem, ic. 4-5 ktub. The first radical is always vowelless. The vowels for the verbs already given are listed below. Learn them now if you can, but in fact it is not too serious if you get them wrong in speech — of reading. For those who like algebra, the following system usually prevails — but there are always exceptions. Past Stem Vowel |__| Vowel Present Stem on C? on C’ 1 CaCac a uori CCuc a CCiC zcacic | i |—+| a Cac 3 CaCuC ape oe eCuC Unit Ten 115 ‘The majority of simple verbs are of type 1 in the box above. Type is quite rare, Note that the present stems of derived (II-X) and ‘regular verbs are given in full in the following list. Rules for these regular formations are given in Table 2 in Appendix 1. Simple verbs (a) open ee (a) pay aby (i) refuse et (@) drink 2 &) cook ce (0) come back fo (w) enter J 1 (u) eat SS (uy) write si (u) take 13 @ read bb (uy) request 33 (a) go eS (earn Jk. (a) ask ‘Complex and irregular verbs (past stem followed by he-form of the present) pbs « bf (IV) seat OE 6 55 (UD teach Blt « le (MD travel det « $2) arrive & & (I) speak to CH Cas pu EH a arrange (VIII) work oS cor be sof SEE SEI (va elect os ee Ee 6 JES! IV) admit, let in © 23 (examine tdi, | 1 become “ Co! (VITD) hold @ meeting a Lk os cok Spat 6 3.8) (IV) strike Ce & eel (IV) become AN GS find OR 6 SEF av) announce bE «555 a appoint cok © feo! (IV) send Notes: 1 The verb laysa is not has no present stem since its past tense is Used with a present meaning (see page 90).116 Arabic 2 Although no verb for ‘is/are’ is required in simple equational sentences, kaan has a present tense which is used in certain other types of sentence. 3. Verbs with first radical waaw (q#y ¢ 2x) usually drop this completely in the present tense. For this type of verb see Table 4, kaan/yakuun and Saar/yaSiir suffer from an elided waaw and yaa respectively in both stems. These are known as Hollow Verbs and are dealt with in Table 5. Start systematically learning these verb types now. EXERCISE 101 ‘A. Change the following past tense verbs into the present tense: Lig 8 gle bee AS OY lee SN lydls Ve ee 4 ye x cs Ve tb VE wy an) fel ve ule M8 lpeeel " tec! YE dey abn oe vo B Read aloud and translate your answers. ‘Translation of the present tense The present tense is really an ‘imperfect’ tense, i. it expresses #2 action which is imperfect, incomplete, still going on. Thus, yak comes out in English variously as ‘he writes’ (habitually or fe gularly), ‘he is writing’ (now, and continues to do so) ‘does write’, ‘yes, he does write’, and so on. The same tense with an extfa prefix is used for the future (see page 117), and can also be used t0 translate the past continuous (he was writing’) or past habitual (he used to write’), if the sentence is introduced by kaan: US CK OIC he was writing a book AgS LS SK US he used to write lots of books (many books) Compare this usage to the “he had done . pp. 93-4. ~ construction OF = Unit Ten 117 ‘As has been said, Arabic has only two tenses, so they have to do a lot of work to cover our multiplicity of English ones. Examples 24 on page 111 illustrate some of the different meanings and translations. ‘qhe future: ‘he will do... As it has so few tenses, Arabic uses the present tense for the future Je well. This does not seem so strange if you consider that we Gsually say ‘I am going on holiday in July’ rather than ‘I shall go erin Arabic, however, this use of the future is usually marked by the word sawfa placed immediately before the verb, or the shor- tened form sa- which, being a one-letter word, cannot stand alone, land is therefore joined to the verb. Examples 5 and 6 illustrate this. EXERCISE 10.2 A. Translate into Arabic, starting all sentences with the verb and using either sa- or sawfa (interchangeable) to indicate the future. 1 Hes eating the food. 2. The manager will speak to (address) the employees toi 3. He used to drink coffee. ee 4 She was living in a big flat in London. 5 They will publish the statistics before Saturday. 6 We understand the Arabic language. 7 The porter was carrying a heavy box. 8 The ambassador travels a lot soldiers inspect the suitcases in the airport. 10 The children are playing in the street. LL We earn the money and spend it. B Read your answers aloud. Variations of the present tense {n traditional Arabic grammar, the present (but not the past) tense eat, 2"® had various types of ending which changed when the veritas, Preceded by certain "governing, words”. Most of these wnions consist of short final vowels which, of course, are not some anyway, so there is no need to bother with them. However, ange Parts have altered suffixes which are visible in print, so we tment b prepared for them, although their use in Arabic is for the Part mechanical, and causes little difficulty. In the majority of118 Arabic cases they occur after certain easily recognisable words which come before the verb. Tn European grammar these variations of the present tense are called ‘moods’ and individually named indicative (the normal unaffec- ted present tense), subjunctive and jussive. For want of better termi- nology, we shall use ‘these traditional names, but merely for con- venience, as the Arabic versions have little connection with the subjunctives which you may have ‘encountered in European lang- uages. Note again that the occurrence of these variations is, for the most part, purely ‘automatic after certain particles which come before the verb. ‘Now study the subjunctive column of Table I and note which verb terminations change, and how they change If you like rules, these changes can be expressed very simply as follows: eareisting of a long vowel (VV) plus a nuun (N) drop this N to form he subjunctive/jussive. Ifthe result is a verb part ending in -wy, an alif is written (but not pronounced) after the ending (like all verb parts ending in -uu ~ see page 23): EXERCISE 103. Give the subjunctive/jussive variant of the follow- ing verbs in the present tense: Parts of the present tense of the simple verb which have a suffix | Present tense (indicative) N ——~ Subjunctive/ jussive wi og t oye Yo Opty cei ' eM ofits vo ogee 1 iso LOSma Ve ayia ® Negative particles governing the present tenst « placed Aivthese particles mean ‘not’ in English, and in Arabie are place Airectly before the present tense verb. Note that "e of them, it qyaition to negating the verb, change its time signification though not its grammatical tense). This is a bit tricky, S° 1 Negating the present tense, i.e. ; ig the present tenses V©. ot write/is not writing Unit Ten 119 Use ¥ (laa) with the ordinary (indicative) present tense: KY SK Example 7 on page 111, also illust i 2 Negating the future, ie. strates this He will write —+ he will not write Use (lan) with the subjunctive and omit the —- sa- or ray sawfa: - Sd SIR Oy But note in the plural ‘they will not write’ \,S% oJ (aun omitted for subjunctive) See also example 8 on page 111. 3 Negating the past, ie. he wrote/has written —~ did not writ rite/has not Use J lam with the jussive: = KR 4 ——— GS (past tense) Note again the plural ‘they did not write’ with nuun omitted: WS f See also example 9. Remember that, all i ipa! , although the tense here is present, the meaning Note that (3) above can al: so be expressed by usi A : yy using maa with thi eae ee page 82), but this is not so common as the a TI hhe negation of the verb may be summarised as follows: ‘Time of action English Arabic particle Verb tense Present | does, is doing | Y lan | Present Future i will/shall do og in Present subjunctive didjhas done { Present jussive te omaa | Paster 120 Arabic EXERCISE 104 A. Negate the following sentences, using lam with the rf Jussi past meanings: ve fog onl be tgic Al hs oy. ASS eb A Lisl os oad dele Ga EY! GUI Gol wot bobs SI ary) Cor, Wet bl EY 3S Cas, Bad! wiby GY OS Mae gall SI Su gS Gol SASLaR OS Gala ict, sped Ml Spy ts Ao B_ Read aloud and translate your answers. Prepositions with the pronoun suffixes ‘As we have seen (page 47), prepositions are basically words which tell you the place or position of something in relation to something else, e.g. The book is on/under/by/beside the table. However, in both English and Arabic they are also used after certain verbs called intransitive, which cannot take a direct object, but require the intervention of a preposition, e.g. you can’t ‘wait someone’, You have to wait for him; similarly you sympathise with him, insist 0” something, and so on. It is a problem in most languages exactly which preposition to use, as this often cannot be worked out logically. The best way is to learn the preposition with the verb. Remember also that all Arabic prepositions govern the gente case, which shows in masculine external plurals, duals and 3 special nouns (see pages 101 and 107-8). ‘ch When prepositions govern pronouns (to me, from hin. che Arabic uses the suffix pronouns (see page 60) and some varia occur. These mainly affect pronunciation rather than the WF word, but should be noted. Unit Ten 121 ‘on (‘me’, as in ‘to me’, rom me’) Arabic suffix oF usual, this long-vowel suffix suppresses any short vowel (Ay an -a) occurring on the end of the preposition, s0: (ost awqa above, plus -i me, becomes famqii above me 3 § aia with, plus -ii me, becomes masié with me .e« (After preceding long vowels, and the combination -ay, the iitix changes t0 yA, SO: fii in, plus me, is fiiya (3 ilay (3! towards, plus me, is ilayya 2)! (for the form ilay (J! see Sectién 3 below). 1 First pers Note that in fiiya in the Arabic script, the first of the two yaa’s indicated by the shadda sign is used to lengthen the i-vowel. It is probably preferable to write this and other such words in translit- eration with two y's: fiyya (c)_In the two prepositions min from and :an about, from, the n is doubled befor is added, so: min plus -ii becomes mi plus ii becomes 5 :am Ss from me, and similarly :an 2 Third person Chim’, ‘them’, as in ‘with him’, etc.) After pre- Positions ending in -i (like bi), -ii (like fil) or -ay (like ilay) the third Person suffixes which have a short u-vowel (» « ga Who opened the door? Also used appositionally, e.g. $l ys Who is the manager? hostess ef Which? (si(femininez!) agrees with the noun in gender. $C2 tcl Which house? — ¢ cy ZI Which girl? The noun after ‘gl is singular, indefinite and technically genitive. Hoy Z a many? 65 Be careful with this one. Its noun is singular (!) the final definite accusative, so if it is an unsuffixed noun it takes al alif accusative marker (see page 88). $33 6S How many men? ¢ pS How many cars?134 Arabic How? La is used with nouns and verbs: Pople LS How did you $3Y¥1 GS How are the travel? children? Where t0?, and 3h ¢ Where from When? 2 With verbs: Slyery Ge When did they return? Why? oo and {3\-are combinations of the preposition to, for and the words given for ‘what? above. When the shorter form Wis uused in such combinations, it is contracted to ¢ . Note also the assimilated form Us (for b 4) From what?. EXERCISE 11.2 Interrogatives and interpretation A Write down the answers to the following questions on the text in the form of complete sentences. € PY sy Opell Jae GS 4 Spall te wel GY Gti pil GopLt ple glu! t FW awl ao Sepa gus f B_ Provide questions which would elicit the following answers. Example: Answer (2! 3! C3) Iam going to the cinema Question ¢ Cat yi J! Where are you going? aol mY Ge asst ' ae djl t cid ol (Fatima, female name) LB Ga 4 dy pate? Shy ede Nell ge isle Shell cae b fits Ve cheat Gand Unit Eleven 135 How to say ‘to have’ no Arabic verb ‘to have’ and this meaning must be sod by the use of the prepositions us with (French ‘chez’) or oe Note that the object of the English verb ~ ie. the thing : have — becomes the subject of the Arabic sentence. whieh oa new car—»To him (is) a new car Bade 3Le J To change the tense, the verb OlS must be used: The boy had a book —-(There) was to the boy (with the boy) a book lS (yl see) Wy oi” In the feminine: We had a fridge» (There) was to us (with us) a fridge Bt (Gas) U GIS For the future, the present tense of the verb ‘to be’ with the future prefix sa- is used: You will have a guest tomorrow —~ (There) will be with you a guest tomorrow. WE and pF OS aint’ following table shows the process schematically. Note that canes ° ~ Tepresenting the Arabic li- — has been used, in most Ses tind with would do equally well. Present English x has iv: Arabic To x — Y Past English x had Y Arabic Was/were to x = x Future English x | willhave | ¥ Arabic Will be to x = Y136 Arabic °X has Y" (present tense) is negated by the use of the neg; laysa (see page 90), and the other two tenses by relevant negative particles to the verb (see pp. 118-19). ative vert, applying the EXERCISE 113 ‘To have’ A Form sentences of the X has Y type from the following con. stituents, e.g. The boy, a book——+ To/with the boy (is) a book——. AS AU The boy has a book (Use either li- or :ind in all cases): 1 The manager, a new secretary (f). 2 The house, two doors, 3 We, a small car. 4 She, beautiful sister. 5 The cupboard, many shelves. 6 The company, a branch in London. 7 He, a new suit. 8 They (m), meat and bread. 9 Ahmed, a small baby. 10. The passenger, a heavy suitcase. Change A 1-5 into the past tense (X had Y) Change A 6-10 into the future (X will have Y). oes Thematic sentences Note the following examples from the text: eal dal go JY OF okes pall BS Oss The first is the Lesser Festival Fasting means that ... (Lit. ‘ts meaning is that...’) They slaughter animals ... ‘These illustrate a very common type of Arabic sentence which a sounds strange to the European ear. In each case a theme Is _ the beginning — always a noun or a pronoun (The first; Festi i They, in the examples). This theme is what the information tained in the ensuing sentence is really about, although it ' ! necessarily the grammatical subject of the sentence. The rem! int of the sentence then follows, and always contains a referent ae ing back to the theme, and agreeing with it grammatically Unit Eleven 137 cates carefully, you will find that they are in log ees sentences on their own. This is easily de- ete Ararimply chop off the first word (the theme word) examine fact complete strated if y' mine examples above In the first example the referent is the separate pronoun sa , refering to the (masculine singular) theme gM The first (thing). In the second it i the masculine singular suffix pronoun «, referring toga and in the third it is the subject pronoun implicit in the verb Dye they slaughter (see page 78). A literal translation shows up the construction clearly: The first (one), he is the Lesser Festival The fasting, his meaning They, they-slaughter animals. Note again how each predicate forms a complete, potentially independent sentence. ; In English, of course, such constructions would be considered redundant, but in Arabic they are regarded as good style. Appreciation of the problem, and the application of the literal translation method, will help you to unravel many an apparently complex Arabic sentence. EXERCISE 114 A’ Change the following into thematic sentences, ¢.g. BE Se pA ep. So db yall Ube eG pee te hl te Soy ody Oady ALY Gop WY festvay em a Egyptian eS 404 en) de wre ¥ (New York) dle LG OI 0 B Read aloud and translate your answers.Unit Twelve Text Sarl nas shell dyl pe the 33 alll Od G gall dtd ays Coad bboy AIST Laas oly de ByaL Chall Sucel, = ably pond Je vb te St die yall OU Gtr atlas, TB LYSE yy gt GUY pall Ese VAVT Ee dS, Pl BEM AT po cue py + AS) & Lawl TV ole 245 als + aid Slee oH oy aly OL 2 SY daall paler oo Cul bad ye ls dopall Lp KLIS Log FI Gd gf vball ast, BAI LI, aby SIT GA tL! Uyoy kiddy dilly «Bde! 2 AeW AW ye ale fe pS IL test Gayl of Lisay IM call JME 1S Syl ea Ey) ad gel tojh aly cn ptsl oA Copel dle Ge Shand G pS leis aid of aly + esl Oy ill GL Je Bb ine Gk Si tlw ently all Sal cae 5 UME Wa Ugh par Ge aly styl pes rly oll Mb cad MI peal CDW! aie SE oy eel 138 vocabulary Unit Twelve 139 vo News oo) (pab age, era pe world (wh iy revolution Cyt Europe ys iron com eh Anton 2fy fuel Sle products Uy Aim UES! North GP East (BG) SLA kingdom LS Libya bk ee guy BM Emirate HEL dependence OF) SF pice LI the Seventies aS «Sy crude oil century (8) oF Osan at coal, charcoal (2-0) SE limit, extent; (pl) frontier (OM) TT engine, machine AS combustion Se petrol =: LSM GFE the Middle East SyxaSt South Al West Gig! Iraq (533) U53 state, nation BS Qatar slg importation Ospte owenty CUE! rise, increase (52) 835 picture, photograph140 Arabic (es) sheikh (SL LE screen Verbs 4g* (a) witness CFS GE (WUD invent (VID) rise, go up Adjectives (AB western ee induseriat ST most UE independent (e!> internal, interior CL BN GF strong ae united oe SG familiar BE S5 Zaki Yamani (Oly BE relationship, connection (4) people fn interest, concern ee (Obs!) G2 faith, religion bh E 6S) in cera | on 313% «31331 (VIM increase 1 E(w) create oat i 2! 10 past (definite form) mineral existing, available cate Lane German Is Saudi wonderfuul qi Islamic European Unit Twelve 141 onber words vied 8 certain extent ui, because of this, so os oes te \S as (Lit. ‘like what’ iia thus: Jd during ge between ; {much greatly, alot Slike Literal translation Age (of) the-oil Witnessed the-world the-western in the-century the-past (a) revolution, she the-revolution the-industrial. ‘And-depended the-factories the-new on resources mineral most-(of} them existing in Europe like the-coal and the-iron. Because-of-this were the-countries the-western independent’ to a-certain- catent But in year 1876 invented the-engineer the-German the-famous Nikolaus Oto (a) machine of kind new, she engine (of) the-combustion the-internal. And-was (the) fuel (of) this the-engine the-wonderful he the-petrol. And- the-petrol (is) of the-products (of) the-oil. ‘And-like-what you-know, is-not in Europe of sources (of) the-oil except few in Sea (of) the-North. And-most (of) the-sources she in countries (of) the-East the-Middle like- the-Kingdom the-Arab the-Saudi and-the-Iraq and-Libya and-states (of) the-Gulf the-Arabian like-the-Kuwait and-Qatar and-the-Emirates the- Arab the-United. And-thus began Europe she-depends to-extent great on the-importation from the-world the-Islamic. anipast ‘marker increased dependence (of) the-countries the-European on Aagitabs much during the-half the-first of the-century the-twenty. and bake Price (of) the-oil rising great in the seventies of this the-century screen tM Picture (of) the-sheikh Zaki Yamani (a) picture familiar on in (OF) the-television the-European. the Wor't’d age (of) the-oil this relationships strong between people (of) hea fa and the-peoples the-Arab. oF results (of) these relationships (is) concern (of) the-Europeans with- lar 'nBUage (of) the-Arabs and-culture-their and-religion-their the-Islamic.142 Arabic Background to text The dependence of the West on Middle Eastern oil, and th business opportunities which stimulate travel between Europe ca the Arab countries, need no explanation. Note that bitrool (a more usual pronunciation than official bitruul), although obviously derived from English ‘petrol, means crude oil, not the refined product. Also given in the vocabulary is nafT (cf. naphtha). ‘The word shaykh has many connotations in Arabic ~ none of them the desert romancer as played by Rudolf Valentino in the early days of the cinema. In most countries it means either a tribal chief or dignitary, or a religious leader or teacher. Analysis of text and grammar 2 {yall — an adjective formed from the noun HI the West See section on page 145 on relative adjectives. 4 AL the past, although it looks superficially the same, is a completely different sort of word altogether, being derived from the root m-D-y. There are quite @ number of such words in Arabic, usually characterised by a long vowel before the final consonant, and their spelling presents some difficulty. Take the example ,aldithe judge. The final y of this word is omitted when it is indefinite - _,36 (officially pronounced qaaDin) — except in the accusative where it reappears along with the usual alif-marker, thus: (at (officially qaaDiyan). In speech the word is pronounced qaaDii, whether with the definite article °° not, and the only real difficulty of such words is remembering the presence of the final y when looking them up in a dictiona®y, (A is used here to separate the two revolution phrases. 9 English we would use a comma or a hyphen. : 3 tazel is a so-called Form VIII verb, characterised DY the © troduction of a -t- between the first and second consonan’® \.'oy root (here -med). When composed of all sound letters (i: no ws 9 these, like all derived verbs, present no particular diff they take all the usual prefixes and suffixes to form they’ tense study Table 2. There are quite a few examples of Form Vl vee sean etext — algo of its verbal noun. Sce if you can pick them Unit Twelve 143 is an adjective from Sax«metal, mineral (see page 145) psi isa superlative adjective; see section on page 146. g apbl «plNote that, when referring to the whole of a class ‘Arabic uses the definite article, We would say ‘coal and “the coal and the iron’. {3} introduces yet another meaning of this ubiquitous of things: jron’ not 5 ba ; ‘ord maa. Here it means ‘a certain’ § &» ~ 3 is pronounced here, because ‘year’ is regarded in Arabic as the property part of a possessive (see page 61), the owner part being the number. yAvi. ~ the Arabic numerals are very difficult, and all but the most pedantic of ‘Arabs would revert to the colloquial form, something like ’alf thamaaniya mi’a sitta wa-sabsiin (a-thousand sight hundred six and-seventy). Remember the numerals are written from left to right. See also Appendix 2. ualis another Form VIII verb. Consult Table 2. Ja NSS- there is no real standard way to spell non- ‘Arabic’names. The general tendency is to use lots of long vowels to make clear the pronunciation of the unfamiliar word- shapes. 7 Glje! is another Form VIII verbal noun. Note the shape. 9 cp a very common usage. We would say ‘one of”. 10 U5 — the accusative marker is caused by Yl except which Tequires this case. 1 SUAS — prefixed ka- meaning ‘like, such as’. Technically it Teauites the genitive case. 2G ayes \,ll— note that some countries have the definite article snd some do not, Learn the names as they come, ia saci... Siay — note this auxiliary verb construction care- ye AD auxiliary verb (here Cis, began) comes first, and can be depend lense, according to meaning, but the main verb (here 128 ee always in the present, regardless of the time-scale. showing th ~ this is the Form VIII from a hollow stem, also and is just '¢ assimilation of the -t- to a -d- after the z of the root, Form Vy tbout as awkward an Arabic verb as you can get Study and the Hollow Verb in the relevant tables.144° Arabic \gS is an indefinite accusative adjective used as an advert, See page 148. : 16 ¢y_p2all means literally ‘the twenty’. There are no ordinals forthe tens in Arabic. See Appendix 2. 17 \yS lel! a great rising. Use of the verbal noun after its own verb is very common in Arabic. Without a qualifying adjective it j used for emphasis; with an adjective, as here, it is adverbial (sce section on adverbs on page 148). Compare the Biblical ‘they Tejoiced a great rejoicing’ which mirrors the same construction in Hebrey, 19 lin Jail pas this oil age (age of oil). haadha has to follow the possessive phrase because it qualifies the whole thing. (hi is rather a difficult word to explain. It means ‘people’ or ‘family’, but is practically always the first part of a possessive phrase, ie. the people of something or other, meaning the devotees, followers, those pertaining to, and so on. Cx is the standard word for a people or a populace. 21... ppSly yl ti) — because the possessive in Arabic is expressed by the juxtaposition (ie. placing next to each other) of two nouns, or a noun and a pronoun-suffix, the possession of more than one thing must be rendered as here, ‘the language of the Arabs, and their culture, and their ..... We would say, ‘the lang- uage, culture, ... etc., of the Arabs’ EXERCISE 121 Read the Arabic text aloud and translate it into idiomatic English. EXERCISE 122 Answer the following questions on the text in complete sentences: dade ing Gal fll 4 & Fag Q dagegll Gall oubll ge & seed dy tH) AS Gel a Saal pty All Jal cae al ODL! BE A om aa a Unit Twelve 145 ing adjectives from nouns = led relative adjectives are formed from nouns to de- Taese so-called fetes associated with the noun in some way. scribe persons OF of sulfixes to express such a relationship English BS lish, AmericaAmerican; heaven-heavenly; gold (Eagan ee arabic has only one, the ending -iyy, usually ete) uy aii The doubling sign shadda is not consistently ounce SNE script and printing, however. There are plenty of the text, €-. Jane 6 ost ze etc. See if you can pick out Fo marked in examples i the rest. Roles e adjective ending is (g-({ Z_). It takes the sulfix plural “gun/-iin (m) and -aat (Q), unless it is applied to a collective word like — Arabs, in which case the masculine plural simply reverts to the collective form, Cg. plOpntigllthe ‘Arab engineers. : Before applying it to a word, it is usual to drop: (a) the definite article, if present, e.g. Gill Iraq -3 \\e Iraqi (®) the feminine ending, eg. tele industry ~ (ele industrial (©) some other endings, e.g. ‘S -i America ~ {Su pi American Some words change their internal vowelling before adding the suffix, but these will be noted as they occur, e.g. izle town, city (gu urban, Note that since all Arabic adjectives can be freely used as nouns, adjectives of nationality can also be used to apply to the nationals themselves, e.g. (4) English or Englishman. ERCISE 123 Transformation: relative adjectives Ww : a Out the relative adjectives and alter the following sentences ‘own in the example: Muhammad is from Kuwait——~ He is 2 Kuwaiti BS PS yp He146 Arabic Unit Twelve 147 5 op Ubu ae . « : Pe i v Cay) par ye toi, of the comparative: ‘X is —er than Y (Lebanon) BUS yo Opell § SA yon y ee ‘comparative is the same for all numbers and genders, and wae a bes by cy (min): (ordan) 3’ 3h rey rancey L535 Ges | ‘than’ is expressed by (y ( SSH Ge Ogentgll A ae Si eT Asia is bigger than Europe. a Y 2 (Yemen) NN Ge GLI Ve I Ll oy (Abduttahy allt ue ‘ de Si «LJ! Women are shrewder than men. ¥ ee pol <2 His house is smaller than mine (my house). Comparative and superlative adjectives Comparatives in English usually end in -er (bigger, longer) ive: ‘X is the —est? se : a the superlative: ‘X is est’ superlatives in -est (smallest, shortest. In Arabic the toe Ket Use of ne nree ways to express the superlative: identical form, but are distinguishable in the way they are used, For simple, three-letter adjectives, the comparative/superlative i 1 By placing the aCCaC form of the adjective directly before the formed by applying the word-shape ‘aC'C'aC*. This shape das na indefinite singular noun: lefinite accusative marker: Lyall 3 ly Sybl yo He is the tallest boy in the school. at : aS (root k-b-r) JS bigger, biggest Bp dc Jel y She is the most beautiful girl els (toot w-s-) Cl more spacious, most in the room. spacious Note again that the adjective does not vary according to Roots which have identical second and third consonants adopt a gender. This is probably the most frequently occurring super- slightly different shape, ’aC!aC?C?: lative construction, ute (root j-d-d) Sel meee ee 2 By using the “aCCaC form of. the adjective as a noun in a H 7 Possessive construction with the plural of the qualified noun eB (root qt) “Bl fewer, fewest 1 (technically, of course, in the genitive): Srz5l 551 (lit. The biggest of the houses’) The biggest Roots which have a weak third consonant (w or y) take the shape io “aC'C’aa, with the final long a-vowel written in the form of a y4° al oe e a oul ol (Th TI lest t eae CEE sweeter, svete a acl (The smallest of towns) The smallest town : a . war! Simple défined adjective following its noun in the usual 3 (root dh-k-y) 53! more intelligent, mo! ay: intelligent a pBeYi sta) The mightiest leader : nto Adjectives of more complex shape cannot generally be fitted i When used in this way, a few common adjectives have a form those patterns and use a different construction. “sed for feminine agreement. The shape is C'uC?C’aa (-aa again148 Arabic spelled with a yaa’),and the most common adjectives Which ta it are: ce Ai GS biggest Aol Gro smallest phel gabe mightiest When used as a normal adjective like this, the force of the superlative is usually lost, e.g. | sss EXERCISE 124 Comparative/superlative: translation Translate the following sentences into English, Ss aei Gul Lin Al dW 3 Ga st sata! eps CUE foot yall ke cuir pole gent jo CW ead iat GL, REY AU ye Cael tall ai oA gp baal, Ball oUt Gt (Morocco) hel deg GS SD omey deal ii Bld Gao sty bd PM Uy al oy yp ole seal Gyteall Go Jal dbase 1 x > soldier Uy Soria weit Africa # || Morocco (Lit. ‘the At op Sarthest West’) (ele) Je coast Gel spain (LY 5. period, time (8) "hundred (OY 3B strengthe pl forces (lbh) 52 number (8) SSL. inhabitant OFF thirty (WEN foe work Ce worship (ln!) cause, reason Spread, spreading oe (ogy OLE matter, affair; importance OL gl the Koran yes messenger; (55) dy ee God) - the Prophet on IP!) ex People (vely ro idol asi great men, notables &051 Medina ft Mai Helpers (see notes) (Ui) 4B Caliph (OL) SS movement (Ham) AR army ast 294% border, frontier eighty “irregular spelling in singular; pronounced mi'a152 Arabic (ee) Ogle mittion LS life Adjectives ot (del original ages neighbouring ye northern ase numerous Verbs 3 @) open; conquer 2h (u) expel (eb « pL) employ a (u) order, command ep ol die aos Saad) (vin de- scend from «come 6 + come with, i. : bring Unit Thirteen 153 wh tl basis vse vont Eat empire ee ot : today Sl > who, which (ee notes) ~ about, approximately Sell ee US each, every, all (see notes) Literal translation ak; some (see note a . quests the-Islamic “ a homeland (of) the-Arabs the-original he (is) the-peninsula the- fae (ran, And-afte (the) appearance (of) the-Islam conquered (the) soldiers s ii) the-Arabs many of the-countries the-neighbouring like-Syria and-Lraq, eee 6 eae Attica they-conquered (the) countries (of) the-coast the-northern Piyy Koren dl-them from Egypt to the-West the-furthest (ie. Morocco). ‘And-they-ruled Spain (for the) period (of) four hundred year to that (i.e. until) expelled-them the-forces the-Christian in (the) year 1492. And- reaches (the) number (of) the-nations the-Arab today eight ten (18) and- their-inhabitants (are) about hundred and-thirty million, And-employ (the) people (of) those the-countries the-language the-Arabic in their-life the- daily and-in theit-jobs and-in their-worship. And-(the)-reason (of) spread on (of) the-language the-Arabic this (ie. ‘this spread of the Arabic language’) pS () rule, govern er ——~S—srsti—s—ssSsS e importance great before-it. lo) reach '4 And-that (is) that God revealed the-Koran the-Holy upon his-Messenger 5 ' Muhammad in-the-language the-Arabic and-ordered-him/with/-that he- JR « Bl (AV) send down, reved breach his-people/with/-the-religion the-new. 4 {indewas that “in Mecca which was her-people they-worship the-idols SB (u) worship falose people were worshipping [FE themessage te the) Breat-men (of) Mecca they-hate the-Prophet and- ele « Jets (UMD continue A ich he-came with-it brought’) Angacrth& migrated the-Messenger to Medina in year 622. to Men, “ight years returned Muhammad and-his-Helpers from Medina » ca anc-they-conquered-her. agate hin. marker/died the-Prophet in Medina in year 632 and-continued ae Cf : pe ¢ 4 (ID) preach, prep nnarker Com /after-him (the) movement (of) the-conquest. And-/past borders ory e¢ the-armies the-Muslim in period (of) eighty year (the) oS (a) hate And (°F) Europe. 2 from then (the) basis (of) the-Empire the-Islamic which descended PG « pte (IUD) migrate ‘untries the-Arab the-contemporary.154 Arabic Background to text The role of Islam (accented on the second syllable) in the history the Arabs cannot be overstated. This is for a number of re! ® but perhaps principally because it was from the outset 4 nations Arab religion, whose vehicle was the Arabic language. The Pro, Muhammad founded the religion on the basis of the Koran, which he claimed was revealed to him direct from God (in Arabic), and, therefore the actual word of God — not a creation of man. As indicated in the text, this religious innovation was no received favourably by some of the powerful families in Muhammad’s native Mecca, and he was eventually obliged to fee to Medina where his movement gathered strength, culminating in his conquest of Mecca eight years later. From then on the religious fervour and conquesting zeal of the new Islamic state — for religious and temporal affairs were always inexorably linked in Islam — led the Arabs to colonise a large part of the earth's surface within comparatively few years. The events mentioned in the text ignore the expansion in the East, which was also considerable. Religion and conquest gave rise to wealth and influence, and these encouraged the arts to flourish. In fact, leaving aside their own considerable original literature, it is to the Arabs that we owe the preservation of much classical thought throughout the Dark Ages in Europe. States and empires came and went, but the burning spirit of Islam, intermingled with a fierce national pride in being an Arab and speaking Arabic, remains the unifying force to the present day. The oil-related events of the twentieth century have given ue Arabs great wealth and influence, which have made possible ma- terial advancement, education, medical and other social benefits But the Arabs have taken from the West only what they Wr Rather than a process of westernisation, we are seeing NOW in a last decades of the twentieth century a fierce resurgence of Is! fundamentalism. io A good general sketch of Islamic history is to be fount is Bernard Lewis's The Arabs in History. There are numero od by on Islam, and Richard Bell's Introduction to the Qur'an, FNC ihe W. Montgomery Watt, provides a good starting Poin! ost understanding of this temarkable document. Some of ‘he Unit Thirteen 155 ‘tant tectnical terms of Islam are explained below for wonvenience " (eM always with the definite article), the name of the Islam : win 2+ han adherent of Islam. Also less accurately spelled faa, ( cgi! Jis the name applied to Muhammad, who never made any claim to divinity. Also referred to as Messenger or Apostle (of God) (41 Jyay ¢ Jyaf!) ‘Allah (ii ), not a name, but simply a contracted form of the Arabic word JY, meaning The God. Hijra, Hegira ( 3-41 ) Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina in 622, the foundation date of the Islamic calendar. ‘Ansar ( l.ai\)!) The Helpers, those who aided Muhammad during his stay in Medina. Koran ( oii with the definite article, pronounced al-qur’aan) The divine text of Islam, Usually accompanied by the honorific adjec- tive kariim, ¢ S31 Of 3 The Holy Koran. Caliph ( izL+ ), literally ‘a successor’, the usual name for the head of the various Islamic states which evolved after the death of the Prophet, Analysis of text and grammar 24 ‘, : oh» isa ‘noun of place’ formation, alternative to the ordinary un shy (see page 55). — . 'S an adjective formed from the noun del origin, qualifying ‘y+ but having t i 0 SPesiruction, Me © come after the completed possessive ‘alla, 2 is the common name for the Arabian Peninsula, as156 Arabic the true term for a peninsula 6» j= nearly an island is too clumsy. 5 ke is a relative adjective from Jl! the North. ls means ‘all of them’ ~ see page 162. 6 itt for the period of. No preposition is required in Arabic, ang the word is technically in the accusative case. This is the rule fg many expressions of time and space in Arabic. : Note the irregular spelling of ¢L. mi’a hundred. The © should be pronounced ¢ here because Arabic grammar regards ‘hundred’ ang its noun as constituting a possessive phrase (‘hundred of years) For the usage consult the Numbers Table in Appendix 2. cl Gi until, up to the point that. Arabic has a single word for ‘until’ (2+), but it is often avoided as it is thought to imply some element of purpose which is not required here. 3 is the conjunction ‘that’, and is followed by a verb. If the following word is to be noun or a pronoun suffix, the form used is ‘sl, with doubled nui, and the following construction is exactly as that used after ‘inna (see page 92). <,6J5 but behaves in exactly the same way. 8 S,te GUE ~ see Appendix 2 and the section on page 164. the semblance of an isang {Ky introduces a new sentence. 9 Gyla — the numbers 11 to 99 (inclusive) require the indefinite accusative singular of the noun, showing, if unsuffixed, the lif accusative marker. 10 psidny is a Form X verb, Study Table 2 and learn as much ss you can about how these work. : ual isthe plural of Jai which behaves in the same way 35 37% judge. See page 142, note to line 2. Jal has already occurred (see page 144, note to line 16 ofa man are his family or kin, and the word is also used a“ = traditional areas as a euphemism for wife, as it is consider manners to mention a man’s womenfolk directly. ee 12 |i refers here to jLts! spreading, its position in the sentel being caused by the possessive construction. 13 oe Olt ob om {is an idiom, meaning ‘they affair’ ). The ab had no rt importance’. The usual meaning of OL: is ‘matter, Unit Thirteen 157 4 isa Form LV verb (see Table 2). God is regarded as having to descend, sent down’ (ie. revealed) the text of the Koran phet Muhammad. "i caly the verb ‘to command, order’ in Arabic requires the re the preposition bi before the subordinate clause, here in- vredueed by J that Cordered him that he should preach ...”) See wroduerments of line 5 above, where an is followed by a past tense the When, as here, iti followed by a present tense verb, this must Wein the subjunctive mood. Consult the Verb Tables for the parts of re abjunctive which differ in writing from those of the normal present tense. 15 ks here shows no written difference for the subjunctive, Note the Construction after this verb in Arabic ~ ‘his people’ is the di . n people’ is the direct obect and 5» lis introduced by the preposition bi. ¢ Sis another of the many Arabic words for ‘people’. It tends to indicate a national or tribal group. 16 3! is a relative pronoun: sce page 159. Note the use of kaan with the present tense of another verb ( Osta: ) to mean ‘they were worshipping; used to worship’. 17. jay — see section on page 162. y15i — special plural of ,st when it is used to signify ‘grea ght is init ‘great man’. (3)! is a feminine relati Pronoun: see below. ~ st is a hollow verb (see Table 5) whose third radical hamza = come difficulties in spelling. However, it is usually quite easy ‘he easan'se. With the preposition bi, it means ‘to bring’ (cf. English in with a letter’ ie. he brought a letter in). 1 : 2 isa Form III verb. Consult the tables for conjugation. dels is another Form III verb. 14 oj! ‘caused to the Pro ojlaks i ae Plural forms (see word shape, page 123) with a final harmed acecn a Sullix is added to them, vary the carrier letter of the accordin, letnicaly nae £0 the case of the noun ~ here nominative, which “vending, hence the hamza is written over a waaw. S Should a Problem, "t Cause any difficulty so long as you are aware of the tay * + the mi is idi 7 wine, in here is idiomatic and could be omitted without mage. « ‘age. lis a hollow verb — see Table 5.158 Arabic EXERCISE 131 Read the Arabic text aloud and translate jy idiomatic English. ity EXERCISE 132 Answer the following questions on the tex; complete sentences: tin $ he call chy wy FSS! Las Jol oh as y Tbe call ob yy $Aaall gall Ke atten gH Hall a FAW ode GUS) ee SIS HS FLM Js doen Ke gpl OS 13 Bae aT by cl Jyey rls yl Sane abe ey Ke SI et Gy Se Te Sagi ob ye FUL syd Chey yi! ty a> <2 en + Relative clauses Relative clauses are those which provide supplementary infor, mation about their subjects, and in English are usually introdu by who, whom, whose, which or that (some of which are frequed omitted in speech, e.g. ‘The man I met in the pub’ is used instea the more formal ‘The man whom I met in the pub’). The subject a relative clause is the person or thing about which it provi information, and is not necessarily the grammatical subject ° sentence. It is called the antecedent, and the words like ‘which’, etc., are called relative pronouns. For the purposes of Arabic it is necessary to distinguis! definite antecedents and indefinite antecedents. Here °° English examples: tly betwee sh some Unit Thirteen 159 ' dents Defi Thich ‘we had last night was delicious. (The meal we T had door told who lives next door told me. Mr Smit ho lives abroad is coming home next week. My ig defintes on page 26) ite antecedents 2 rh hich I always enjoy is ‘Hamlet’. (A play I always wee | Css ive pronouns Reise docs not distinguish between who (for people) and which (for things) as we do, but the Arabic relative pronouns must agree With their antecedents in number and gender. Form ‘Arabic word Agrees with masc, sing. wall attaahii ‘one male; one object of masculine gender fem, sing. 3 allatii ‘one female; one object of feminine gender; plural objects of either gender ‘masc. plural alladhiina | plural males only fem. plural plural females only Note that more rarely you will come across the dual forms ‘ill alladhaan (m) and StL allataan ((), Both of these are written with an extra ending enim (Hot pronounced), and like all dual words the -aan '@ changes to -ayn when they agree with words not in the nominative case, givis i > giving ) alladhayn and (Jil allatayn Fespectively. ¥ 2 7 To recs English ee hese words are used irrespective of whether the ians ang, nro that’, ‘whose’, ‘which’ or any of the other anteceren{ lusttated in the next section, are only used when be omitted tS definite. If the antecedent is indefinite, they must| 160 Arabic Relative clauses in Arabic The Arabic relative clause two important ways: 1 As already stated, if the antecedent is indefinite, the relative pronoun is omitted. This can happen in English, but is optional: be. A programme I enjoy is... or A programme which T enjoy ion Arabic it is a rule. No relative pronouns are used with indefinite antecedents. In Arabic the relative clause itself, ie. that part coming alter the relative pronoun if one is used, must satisfy two conditions: (a) it must constitute a complete and independent sentence on its own, and (b) it must therefore contain which refers back to the antecedent referent. This is best illustrated by examples. differs from its English counterpart in v some stated or implied pronoun t. We shall call this the Definite antecedent English: ‘The newspaper which T read... Preparing for Arabic: (note feminine and definite, there The newspaper fore a relative pronoun is requiree so select appropriate one) Which (feminine singular relative provow? required) I read {does not contain aos referent 10 newspaper, so supply Her (feminine suffix pronovn becaus™ 7 hewspaper is a feminine ¥O7O), a, Arabic: ip gil 644! (relative pronoun and = underlined) Indefinite antecedent English: A newspaper which I read - Preparing for Arabic: ‘A newspaper 1008 (note indefinite, so 7? relative required) (no referent, so supply) 4 (. suffix pronoun for £. word) tls sy > (referent underlined) Unit Thirteen 161 For those who have a grammati happening is that in English the form (epee th ne, What is ‘whose) ofthe relative pronoun tells you what iy in ‘who’, ‘whom’, in Arabic it doesn’t, so that must be done by the selerne Sree. following examples carefully and you should ie referent. Study the it In practic its the clauses with indefinite Rese en often catch you out as there will be no rela lents which will the fact thai a relative clause isto follow,” PrO"oun t0 herald The official who works in the ci ji ‘ustoms ... —The official/who/he-works in the customs — BES bes cil ab (The referent here is the prefi ‘An official who works in the customs n official/he-works in the customs. SEIS dey aby (Exactly as abo tncadent, “bO%6, but relative pronoun omitted with indefini nite The Muslims, whose home was the Arabian Peninsula whe The Mus! ae i ae imsieho ther home was the Arabian Peninsul 2 EE web OIF Gil OL * he referent is the ‘The Muslims’ is S the -hum suffix, referring back to The Musli 3) i The man j in whos i sd ¢ house I I man/who/T live in his house eee 2b Sul call el nat Which Live live in it162 Arabic 7 EXERCISE 133 ‘Supply the appropriate relative pronoun (if any) ; the following sentences: in spip— dee * 2S 46 josh — wall ct tly —— tt gs co! ghey — ABS yl ds ais) lala, gle oe \ r ‘ ° ane GE EA! apie’ yo yal ae fly v A 4 a dye & Ml ge — ee od y ele chal! 3 choy —— ajlbdi (eS thea, Y— J appl abi os Y Seer ‘EXERCISE 134 Read aloud and translate your answers. Some, all, each and every “These are expressed in Arabic By 10 words which are actualy ] nouns: (ae 4 part (of something) “iS the whole (of something) aw usually forms the first part of jve construction, the second part being 4 plural definite noun jn the genitive, eg SS awsome of the books cell Uae some of the Muslims (plural suffix -iin showine \ genitive case) ‘som stead . singultt In certain contexts it may be translated ‘one of” in of ' according to the sense, and it is occasionally used with nouns. : gall “Jr has several different usages which m care ust be studied Unit Thirteen 163 » with 2 definite plural noun, again technically in the genitive. In s jase it means pest IS (the) totality (of) the-Muslims all Muslims, all of the Muslims This construction is frequently inverted according to the “the- aie principle (see PAE 136), giving for the above: Io ptt the-Muslims (the) totality-(of}them oy with a definite singular noun (genitive), meaning ‘all, the whole’ vg the) whole (of) the-day’ All doy the whol go Oo thematic ay the whole day, As pysh ‘the-day (the) whole-(of}it’, with the same meaning. (Q) with an indefinite singular noun (genitive), in which case it means ‘each, every’. tx US each day, every day de ‘YS each man, every man Be careful not to confuse (b) and (c). EXERCISE 135 Read aloud and translate the following sentences: dee aby SI sly zl ea Sod pF optall Get Y E ol eu odeN! Lia wil aw E Byy Bd dot feat ' OLAS Ys ppl SSI code 8 oe dak YY ay OF pS Opty OTL pS Spd OV wt OL JS A bY) G2 BUS il wher cod 8 Udi any Eph al yan NS164 Arabic The numerals 11 to 99 Revise the numbers 1 to 10 (see page 33). As already stated, the use of the numbers in Arabic is exceegi difficult and is dealt with in Appendix 2. However, so that yoy ®? read numbers aloud and ask prices and things, here are some n° again in a colloquial form. More, ‘The teens \\ iHdasshar te (ciel VW sittashar te Z, VY ithna:shar te U1 \Y saba:tashar te i. QW thalathtashar te ZY VA thamantashar te if \€ arbartasshar te iw ,| NVQ tisattarshar te 5 \0 khamastashar pte io Note that the common element (equivalent to our -teen) is a:shar, which is a slightly altered form of the written :ashar. The tens In written Arabic these also have a nominative case form ending in -uun, but they are universally pronounced with the accusative/ger itive ending -iin in everyday speech. They are easy to remember a — with the exception of twenty — they closely resemble the equiv lent unit numbers with the addition of Ye tishriin oy 26 “ Ye thalathiin 428 ve t+ arbaiin Gu} Ae oe khamsiin cya e Tens with units The units are placed before the tens, thus: 23 thalaatha warishriin three and-twenty cx 263 2% 65 khamsa wa-sittiin five and-sixty (ley Lae Unit Thirteen 165 ¢ with nouns a pes : the numbers must agree with their nouns in gender (see ting aso note that with the numbers 11 to 99 inclusive, the appendix 7) accusative singular. Unsuffixed nouns, therefore, noun the aif ‘accusative marker (pronounced -am in formal speech shot only) . va books WS te Sys} arbaatasshar kitaaban note that in Arabic, the noun is plural only after the numerals 3 to 10 inclusive, thus: Sbooks (Sine — khamsa kutub Hundreds, thousands and millions Yes tL mi’a ter OL mi’ataan dual form, inflecting -aan/- ayn te Zt. S¢ thalaath mi’a ... and so on, using the feminine form of the unit numeral (see Appendix 2) and, strangely, the le i’ see the singular of mi’a (although we also say three hundred, ee al alt ted oli alfaan dual form inflecting as above. L0eG YT 296 thalaathat aalaaf... and so on, using the masculine form of the units and pronouncing the ‘t’ of the ending because “it comes between two ne vowels. bulary) punéteds, thousands and millions (given above in voca- the Arabs ;n0t2 iS in the indefinite singular, technically genitive as Sook’ Hence and {his as a possessive construction ‘a hundred of the ending of mi’a must be pronounced t (see p. 61).166 Arabic ’ EXERCISE 136 Do the following simple calculations Arabic, using the colloquial forms of the numbers, Heed) in technical terms: the plus asl; minus ai multiplied by «3 divided by Jo. equal a j z “of =r oF “oY My xt r -A + ~ — _ =wioA iss av ~t —Yieo +A -—_ = = 4 1 =(Y¥+0)xV ve =yy—aatry 4 ynit Fourteen gest Al se slic Sill aa SI a oe GEE al cast SF OT pedal ow 5 gel cll fo oli Ty Fab @ Sy ql agi Hebely pled Lab as SW otal bg in ayy allt Lye cab Ij by 250 ITD gall gaat Ld aa cls, OV Si hy O55 Cay adll p b 208 OI Gnrall ay Wed ighae JIG Ci Nh aid Gy ple OLE Ob n° LE Hyd AS bul 3 Wi Lai adil) PL oda ar Eyed coved iy Upbeat yh Ula Gay Bue Jy UE te poly al eel Jedd Jat af etlet Gop iokey . ahd el gl Gi ad act aT dy Bel Ped Mel OS ha gal fle eG: Geo US ay _ : ef hy dle ode poly Je hs PU, ST ty OF Mh OSS, Oe SI pad tL Wiles Vie and ULB ya IS UU GF paiyd aL Cy peg Se Ggim ght CO Beto i Ls 5 MN Ly tgs of atl Lael ey ea. We UL Ss ALM ayy Grlly SE OIL AL Get BAN Ly lt OF Sal ey 20108 Arabic eae J po IS as A + pees pelle cod cbs Vocabulary Nouns i (OL) KE society a : SSF structure, composition ia oe Bc ably pls system fe JW history; date 4 wail) oli sy: @ 3 progress OAL countries (alternative t ‘4 form of 3%) ie polities 7 ssf wealth ak Obs!) 993 role +t Ena! importance ly5) CAS possessor of f- | (OP) 8 pose IG i (bts) TLL region, area { (SL) 83 custom, habit * fee gle ¢ ahdely OS grandfather a. Cs > (bly Sh father > Has: Ce nisba (see literal translation) (ehh Gib son (SUM) JE example: prov & Ali (OL) Use family be Salem ZU, leadership oe ve boat t eat il (Gy) GS right Ch oky at fami wh LY lord ob divorce sige buying (lint) tee council, assembly (ob) BEE complaint Adjectives yet social — (Especial, private (lS Ses) ag weak x) 328 able; capable Verbs (VU) differ, be different TH RS be right, valid AN sl (0) define WS fina SE S5 equal oS © FHI OX) receive (visitors, etc) () hola (meetings, etc.) Unit Fourteen 169 (ily) GI position; status (lash pat member: limb csi ‘marriage (Wb) I solution e selling (SL) CE demand, request, application eb natural sof Tamimi; of the Tamim tribe + Lele belonging to, Pertaining to SK possible F A (u) be far from JZ ¢ SS cease op OSE 6 yp OIF (W) consist of pote & padi (VIN) be divided «234 (MD consult, ask for advice > (a) hear10 4s 170 Arabic Other words Us Ge despite this E> til, even Zo 4 as regards, from the Ni now point of view of og a Gi as for LL exactly Be Ge very GS like, just as ia Os wy 3G for example . . ‘Gl that is, ie. el oe because of, for the purpose of “ JE not, other than t Oe Literal translation The-structure the-social with the-Arabs {It is) of the-natural that (the) structure (of) the-society the-Arab he-difles from country to country. But-he with that not he-is-far much from his-system the-original which read about-it in books (of) the-history. read ess-right this even in the-countries the-most (in resp of) progress from (the) direction (of) the-education and-the-polities and-the-wealth tbe material. ‘And-was the-tribe (the) basis (of) the-society the-Arab in (the) first (of) its Aetory and-not she-ceased she-plays (a) role important to Nov And- (ti history sult that we-define with-the-exactitude what () she thet and-of-what she-consists. ace there (are) tribes big possessors (of) importance great he (of) the-time tribes small is-not to-them importance except in the-re the-pertaining to-them. we) ‘And-head (of) the-tribe he (is) her-sheikh and-/past marker/Bea™ gery ieixhe (of) some (of) these the-tribes the-great rule's to-states mor sre (the) custom (of) the-Arabs in their-names (is) thet carries # (the) name (of) his-father and-(the)-name (of) Tis-grandfather. pir dinar (currency) a \ pole ols > air, weather ob aviation, flying wh ib, Journey (83h 55 mumber, numeral 4) (Gi OL) Bly card (eg. inspection travelling (QL) 419 gate, gateway EI sorrow le 2 prohibited items e131 broadcasting identity, etc) Gale) Se gentleman (Ly tad apt fee, hire, rent (25) LA acer (byt) LE tine (OL) 48 hall, large room wish Je condition, state 2 well-being; also used adjectivally “better, bes (OL) 55. class, degree, step (ost) Obj balance, scale, weighing machine 25 mounting, boarding (SL) Sle pass, permit FSI jg passport (Ly USS moment GUET) news, information announcement, alert «3 Gls!) og light SS praise pastes good, beautiful ; 5 nl peo correct, right ; LE sr S53] ) acs heading for, having Aid's “ as a destination ‘Verbs SUES ¢ «LS wish stop, stand turn, wrap round @ follow (u) book, reserve SSS (a) ride, mount, board pA! (IV) be important be 4 © abt cvitn look ar, examine re) (I) inspect, examine te -_ of Passenger vehicles leave, depart Unit Fifteen 183 IE enough (definite form 31S) J abundant, many (usually used with ‘thanks’) (6 Le) cand right BD good, well wm forbidden, probhibited (sd air (adj), pertaining to air ’ ‘ ay © aljICV) want, wish for, desire ee ao (IY) give SB) 3,25 «332i! (VID go away, soe go off to be RE «de GREW) recognise Sw) thank oe ra (V) be late /3) ot please he 7 ‘ rf ay * fe iy sets thea ast (of) this the-hallthe-big and-turn to your- oe ale " - © that enter first door on the-left and- /future marker/ ~ ‘ - a Say before-you. TX thanks . } polite forms aire id te ofice many. (He-goesoff and-the-porte es ia _ the-bags. They-tworative at (the) office (of) company uot “ ais i 500d morning. RII A good bye 25 please, i theaviation) COs Good morning. (He-recognises /on/ the- i a Oficial (0a orm/o/ Me Smith. How (is) your-condition? 0, wravellet) a ie to-God, in-well-being. I I-booked in (the) f che Traveller hartoum for-the-hour ten and-hall, class first. plane (of) Karrrect. This (is) journey number 257. Give the-ticket ine(fcial Yes corr Lar if you please. : eta . Sere he cae (on the-scale, I-thank-you. (to-the- ‘ravellr) If you please (the) card (of) the-boarding, Go please from eto the-customs for-examination (of) the-bags and permit (of) the- revelling (passport). And-/future marker/-you-board the-plane from gate number eight. Journey good. thecTavellr Thanks. (he-heads towards the-customs) the-Official Moment /0/ sir! ol ah! plat in jront of, before 5 N cle good morning shy} behind {SS hello (Lit. ‘welcome’ ae oe) JP Clie good morning (reply Fe AT how are vou SS towards, in the direction of th here j th bring! give! (imperative) WLS Praise be to God! unfortunately 4 { ee Literal translation Note: Greetings, terms of address and polite phrases have not always been translated literally as this serves only to confuse the issue. They are discussed on pp. 188-90. In the-Airport the-Traveller (to-driver (of) the-taxi) Take-me to the-airport please the-Driver Yes /O/ sir, Sir/future marker/-you-travel to where, if wished God (‘If God wills’? the-Traveller_ To Khartoum. . the-Driver Good. The-plane /future marker) she-leaves the-hour how many? the-Traveller_ The-hour ten and-half, hae the-Driver Fine very. With-us time sufficient. (in the-airport) Wel arrived. Where you-want that I-stop? the-Traveller Stop there at the-gate the-main. the-Driver (he-takes the-bags from the-car and-he-gives porter) Take the-cases /0/ porter. the-Traveller__ How-much the-fee? the-Driver Five dinars please. the-Traveller (he-gives-him the-money) If you please, the-money- 1 the-Offcial To-the- sorrow he-came-(to}us the-news now that (the) jour- ney (of) sit {future marker/ she-is-dclayed third (of an) hour. theTraveller Thanks. Not it-is-important. (he-arrives at (the) officer (of) the-passports) Officer (of) the-Passes The-pass please. (he-takes the-pass from the- traveler and-he-looks at-it then he-returns-it to-him) Thanks, Go please ‘o (the) officer (of) the-customs there. Gtice (of) the-Customs question marker/ With-sir forbidden (articles)? , eTraveller No not (a) thing, Ofieer (of) the-Customs Please open this the-case the-big for-the- amination. (the-traveller he-opens the-bag and-the-officer he-examines hat (is) in-it) Thanks, cheeett from (the) public-address (of) the-Airport We-request from they ttllers on the-journey number 257 the-going to Khartoum that ¥'80 to gate number eight immediately for-the-boarding. Thanks. them torte Background to text rhe in qyatkB*Ound this time is linguistic. The Arabic you are learning ok is the literary language — the only one which is rt——s—SiCOCiSCCSCOC;i‘sCNO‘'éié;iézsédzOdtCtCN186 Arabic endings which are used in formal situations. Even this sounds stilted in modern dialogue such as the text. Thy, "¥%, felt by many Arab playwrights and one solution has tye ta mainly literary words, but couched in the structures oft"! speech. This has been done in the text to make it ola realistic. The effect is mainly on the word order, and som have been pointed out in the analysis. Times and greens been given in pure colloquial, and the greetings in the aes 8 have been given in colloquial form, For instance, to give yee ‘please’ its full inflected form min faDlika would be absurd. compromise form usually used in this book, that of omiuine last vowel, would give min faDlik which an Arab would 2 being addressed to a woman! 4) Arabic is a very polite language with a host of specific and formal replies which vary from place to place. The lstec'e this unit can therefore only hope to cover the most common at universal of these. Analysis of text and grammar 2 g-SUis the Arabic version of this almost universal word. The more formal 6-1 5, car of hire is also given in the vocabulary 4io— for this and all imperatives, see pp. 191-4. The same apples to JlLai ;» and all polite phrases, greetings and terms of addres. 3 |, is a vocative particle, almost always used when addressig someone directly. See also page 196. 6 deaiy d.te dclJi — all times are given in the colloquial form (see page 56). The correct formal Arabic is Cavailly 6 ts! « ‘the-hour the-tenth and-the-half”. For the ordinal numbers * Appendix 2. + 7-8 sii ol 4, 3— note the construction ‘you wish that I stop’ you wish me to stop. si, is a Form IV hollow verb, see Table 9 Gi is the imperative form of Usiy Verbs having waa % ig first radical lose it in the present tense, and hence in the imPe™ (see Table 4 and pp. 191-6). Sl, singular i,2>, is again a more ‘formal This is a matter of style. \ke is a Form IV verb with third radical yaa (see T@ word than 7° ie 9 ™ Unit Fifteen 187 saper take the preposition Ii to, or can take two objects verb cam ets to line 12). i (ee commer gies him the money. The construction parallels the 73% = sithough in grammar the ‘him’ (for ‘to him’) is sash she ‘indirect object of the verb. Arabic simply says that Tip has two objects ; HW exists side by side withthe more familiar sounding ode: Me V4 the fist door, Note carefully this rather odd con- 1 on, where awwal is used like a superlative (see page 147). nisi very common, and better style than the possible Jg¥I Olt. TH he left. Note that J\l is also used for both left and a (possibly as this is to your left when you are facing East to Mecca). _ ib dub- shows the adverbial use of the indefinite accusative of the active participle. The Arabs call this usage ‘circumstantial’, the carrying being the circumstance which prevailed while the porter was following. 34 is a full dual form verb, used because the two subjects have already been mentioned (the passenger and the porter). Alp 15,3 Ss is a double possessive phrase (the office of the company of the aviation), so 45,2 cannot take the definite article. 8 ..... dell pbgt asib — the Arabic says ‘the plane of Khartoum to (ie. belonging to, of) the hour ...” 19 AL, literally ‘journey’, but here, of course ‘flight’. 2 255)! fil biTaaga is the common word for cards which an one in some way, here as a passenger entitled to board the 7 mee is from the verb 5, which carries both the meanings ee riding’ and ‘to get in or mount’. *S 1s a Form VII verb from the root «3, meaning ‘face. win (See Table 2). The active participle occurs in line 31. vite and Gul. are both parts of Form V verbs from roots Tadical ha “ “third” ie 29 imza (see Table 2). £1 means ‘third’ (of an hour a6 +, Utes) ~ see page 56, ae @ Form IV verb having second and third radicals the Table 3),188 Arabic 27 qbi isa Form VIII verb, assimilated (see Table 2 ang, 3yis a Form I Verb with second and third radicals the (Table 3). 29. +g Y no thing. This lan used before nouns denies th tence of the whole class of things, eg. ai Yi a Y ‘There ig (other) god except Allah (The God), the Muslim confession 5 monotheism. a 31 3» yy is the formal and written way to express “please’ ig Arabic, something like ‘we respectfully request... In spo Arabic, of course, min faDlak is used. On posted notices, the noun sl; rajaa’ is often used instead of the verb, cg. A) Equally common is Msi ahlan, or the fuller form 4s e wt wa-sahlan, The reply to give to these is simply to repeat ue te used by the speaker, or a variation upon it by the a aes alternative phrase. The whole exchange is usually repeat twice. wie say” When someone leaves you (important), you can Unit Fifteen 189 ama, and he will reply el, 4 allah yisaltimak:; (ik, wea ssslei ough meanings are “(May you go) in safety’. reply pus ‘ou safety’. The slightly more formal Se PSI ase iol BE 1 om (endings not usually altered) can be used for alayimeoodbye, but only by the person entering upon or oth bello established person or group (e.g. a man in his own house bosib an erGup of people already sitting together). The reply is © Tey wacalaykum as-salaam. The phrases mean ‘Peace be Ty and ‘And upon you be peace’. Some people disapprove up Jase by Christian Europeans. aire you? This is expressed by various combinations such as: eats’ kayak; -ik, -kum eae ca kay Haal-ak; -ik, -kum How (is) your-condition? ¢ JUL! as” kayf al-Haal How (is) the-condition? ‘There are, however, many dialect variants of this, too numerous to sive here. The above will be universally understood, and you can soon pick up the local versions. The reply is always al) 4.41 al-Hamdu li-liaah Praise (be) 10 God! with the optional , bi-khayr Well placed before or after it. The u- sowels on al-Hamdu and as-salaamu in the previous section are remnants of the Classical Arabic case system preserved in these iock phrases, How (are) you? Please and thank you ‘Please’, when making a request, is almost “onersally lLaé 54 min faDLak; -ik, -kum From your-kindness, nd a ie 2h Thank you’ is 4S shukran Thanks, or the slightly more ral Ui ashkurak; ik, -kum I thank you. In Et hase aah we do not usually reply to a ‘Thank you’ — although "eDNy ie sat 'on't mention it’ exist — but in Arabic it is polite to othe. t”aM- i “exemption’ (presumably from any further duty king) Howto Note: daress people also pa is ‘ge 196 on th five oa alt apuin yo On the use ofthe vocative particle yaa 122 country Tos cctY Complex subject, showing wide variation ernied oon cCUUY: For instance sayyid, used in the more ntries as a simple equivalent of English ‘Mr.,190 Arabic originally meant a direct descendant of the Prophet M, In some countries it retains this (or related) meanings i therefore be used only in addressing those deserving of yhr¢,$" can therefore attempt only a general sketch, omitting st % + OF 6 people who have genuine titles like Doctor, Minister. ¢ te, Sh, pronounced sayadt-ak, -ik and tb a> HaDrit-ak, -ik = respectful, and used for managerial, professional around middle age or over. ‘Loe sayyid is a general term of address (see above), more of written than spoken, except in the phrase ¢s-L pronounesl wy siidii. The female 34. sayy replaced by French madame. For younger men of the educated classes, use 3-1 uta which originally meant ‘teacher’, and again still retains this mean ing in many countries. Its feminine form &5t-.i ustaadha is aly sometimes used, and the term for ‘Miss’ is 1.1 aanisa, People, una is even less used in speech, cig TfaDDal-ing and Inshalla-ing Every expatriate working in an Arab country knows these two terms. The first, ai tfaDDal (to females tfaDDalii, to a gou tfaDDaluu), means something like ‘If you please’. It is used v7 frequently, perhaps most commonly in the following situations” 1. When giving or offering something to someone (cg. food. drink, payment, etc.) 2. When asking someone to precede you, e.g. through @ doom) (This is sometimes fiercely competitive, with tfaDDals flying in directions.) 3. When inviting someone into a room, or to take a seal: Remember the ending is changed according to the s™ number of the person(s) you are addressing. The ending for 2 of women (in the countries where it is still preserved) © (tfaDDalan), Otherwise the masculine is used for both gen" The second term alll «Lt 1 (correctly pronounced in sba8 with a glottal stop at the end of shaa’, but often cormMPin g foreigners to a sort of one word inshalla) means ‘If God ‘God willing’. The Arabs frequently apply this to ay "y got relating to the future, this being completely in the hands Giink orders Unit Fifteen 191 che verb used in issuing direct orders or commands is re mood of Bear in mind that, when you use an impe- Bi ee be talking to one or more people, male and/or rae verb, YO" Trative is formed from the jussive of the verb, so The ire jussves in the verb tables. These are often the have 4 09% Ssbjunectives in written form, but not always, so make same as tive got the right one. : sure you hah BS above in mind, the imperative of any verb can be Bearing +P applying some simple rules. Note that the following worked om elerence to the dual imperative, used in writing ~ but was om nen addressing two people. This is done to save 20 Pret if you need a dual imperative, work it out in the same sunerm the dual part of the jussive. step One Work out whom you are addressing (one man, one woman, several men, several women). For a mixed group use the masculine plural form (also addressing women in many dialects of spoken Arabic which have lost the feminine plural ending). Step Two Select the appropriate part of the jussive verb (which may or may not look the same as the subjunctive form: check this). This will always begin with the prefix ta- or tw, the ‘you’ forms. Step Three Remove the entire prefix (but leave any suffixes pre- sent alone), and in many cases the result will be the required imperative form. There are two main groups which require further treatment, fereratves derived according to the above rules from Form IV 2 ie Where the word resulting from the application of steps one Arabia. °POV" begins with an unvowelled letter, a serious etror in In doth these cases, a further step must be taken: Ste owe oes ete ‘an alif in front of the word resulting from steps “Sechelt al of course, must have a vowel and the rules srt, this Wel are ven below. With the exception of Form IV "equently ei! is not all that important, and is in practice ‘owe! and “es 89 if you want to take a short cut, apply an i- le overeay®, aa el send pl males WL WLS! | Derived from Form 1V verb, so must always take a-vowel with hamza,194 Arabic A All Form IV Verbs The alif (which, incidentally, is nec whether or not the result of Step Three begins with an unvor letter) takes an a-vowel, written with hamza (preferably) and a er Results of Step Three (beginning with an unvowl, letter). These will be derived from original verbs of one oft"! groups, either “0 1 A verb of one of the Forms VII, VIII, IX (unlikely) or X. tnt case the vowel for your alif is an i-vowel, and can be elided. 2A Form I verb, in which case you must check the characteristic vowel of the present tense, ie. the one which goes on the middie radical. If this is a u-vowel, your alif also takes a u-vowel. If itt anything else (a or i), the alif takes an i. Both of these can also be elided after preceding words ending in a vowel. The table gives some examples to help you. Irregular imperatives A few common imperatives either do not follow the rules given in the previous section, or do not apparently relate to their verbs at all. dis Khudh, 54 khudbii, \y: khudhuu, 34: Kkhudhna, from xi take! JS kul, JS kul, 1° kul 557 kulna from si eat! In these the initial hamza of the root has been lost. There are (Wo verbs ‘to come’ in Arabic, (ji ataa and +l jaa’, but the imperative usually used relates to neither root. This is ls taaala (f) Sls taaalii (pl) Isls ta:aaluu come! i There is also the irregular (but common) ls haat, (f) la haati short final vowel, (pl) 1st healt meaning ‘give!’ ‘bring!” Unit Fifteen 195 i bs in snperative forms of the following ver Give the iMPr Tine singular and masculine plural mmands ~ ‘Don't...! ae aaa expressed by the negative word 2 pe oe Ta a ries of the jussive verb (according to the person's appropri auaessed). Lads V Don't go (to a man) YY Don’t work (to a woman) igi YDon't stand up (to men) beg Y Dow send (to women) EXERCISE 183 Translate the following sentences: SARL Se se Syley fe ly 2S) tll ox os ot \ pS cp Op de eS ole ly x eel et aN ae SENN gi y SLM GB pay att tll oda be te! t Ayla US «Lye las 6 Lad esi CN 3p Ot ttl x bh call ae iy isl pT! Hl EY v iyi Mi iY. ZyANy GS YA ja Seb yl gd) Hel SIN ade ai SF Shas oe MH gel196 Arabic Vocative particles In Arabic, when addressing someone directly (even in spo ‘Arabic) itis customary to use the vocative particle & pad, We k = : a a traces of this sort of thing in archaic and poetic English (‘0 : ing...), and perhaps the ‘oh’ in expletives such as ‘Oh Lon ines vocative than an interjection. In Arabic we have it befor names and ordinary nouns: a2 4 Muhammad! — Sy \, boy! In more formal Arabic, there is the compound expression gl Uyan ayyuhaa for males and lysi yaa ayyatuhaa for females, which is followed by words having the definite article. The yaa can some- times be omitted: goletly SILI Ygl Ladies and gentlemen ... dgbi tl igi | Fellow countrymen! EXERCISE 15.4 Translate into Arabic: Don’t play in the street, boy. Return the passport to him at onee, please. (m, s) Don't laugh (m, pl), this is an important matter. Don’t be late, Fatima, the plane leaves at 4.30. Open the book (m, s) and read what is in it. ween EXERCISE 155 See what you can make of the following short piece from a newspaper. New words are given. ns varia ome Feel tas Spl ce cay pall JB) ale Oey Oa wie ren Sain ne Pfs dy We ab ey BF tel, 12s) OY Dia par EE | nit Sixteen Text ee # Jl Aah por go Nl eee f seal Opti be Oana nt ee pla 9G pes lake gentle te ool caer a : INN SN ets Weal tll de to! i cette age GOzaly IN opoit Bs \YOA Sew I Vou te ay agyall edly eld eS Cran pes zal 2k BB OA ie ge BY LH! eydy age ly J lef 29 sel U6 yr Gal G2 Olet eal pl 56 goal des — heeMh Ass WAI AS pre Had 1b US He gat aia Zi oy! stisly aa wi, ep Ely ys SEM gy Ua ae dist eh Rep tS aed oy Eatll BUI! I pe Bi Vin Jos ois see baal I (ped! chealls Gol 6) aypil JULY she fs By ay Gl gio ge WU JAM Gell all od Chey Gal gb pb ayer SE Cyl te Gemals cast he by AnSly Chat Jy Waaldly gw G peice sual eels A Cas US Y gy Baty oe ae oe gh oa & teal CS Yew but dee gpl Gan del ba Ae gl)! Oat ptl ol beat 7 pe AP wos! ot \e Ww Ww Ww 197198 Arabic Vocabulary Ne + So fi. j (GtsT) OSI literature aL! “The Ignorance’ (refer : j to the period ring + ge coming before Islam) wee wt, Clas!) Ab poetry, piece of poetry (ela) ele poet 1 (623193) Oly anthology, diwan: — (-BLaS) ina poem, ode also chancellery es CB art, craft Ox) (eet Abbasid ey pe science, knowledge elsty as evil, badness LAF heritage oy) existence Se tgnorance (det, SUN Sty AF mie (gaia) X25 story, short story (218) 286 crite WEE fee work « hy Jt example call ee Aladdin 2h ei origin (OL) het moatiaga (ee n010 Cot) GE age, period caliphate } ES tuck, fortune (OL) Oe Fe prose (52 lack of something, nom existence poe generality (Sl) eLELA exception (OL Fey collection (Ly BLE fable, tale play, theatrical piece lamp oS eatorshir act of writing eg darkness y pip) mathematics if ge astronomy foe) aig renaissance Adjectives Ee dood, handsome ‘pe religious ish ip ve {EP casters, oriental ype known, well-known (ee Chinese rai precious 6 (Meal, name toh els tase £1 (VIN) consider, think we . ode FBS (VY pause, stop Unit Sixteen 199 way (sometimes f) (hy ab asa composition ii phitosophy Rows] bikes! chemistry decline vet oot “ e artistic ng complete better, best i (gol literary isp magic he Greek Ce5 gradual 3 pee pai (VIE) gory im, boast abo CE (a) collect, gather poh «S51 (VID flourish Er (a) be ignorant of, not know eth eal avyinanreHe el OV) contribu, 4 share jn Mle 8 (i) bose Other words He then, at that time Sou os unfortunately te ein generat +tELU with the except pe im spite of tes all, whotty ov jy 2% approximately Literal translation ae the-Arabic ‘gins the-literature the-Arabi : before (the) coning (ot) thelsiom (the) age (of) the-Ignorance thats nd-was to-the-tribes th : 3 competed i ihe serie Poets (who) they-boasted about-them and-they- nd tele were-collected (the) best (of the) odes (of the) poets (of) the-tznorance in (an) anthology (which) is-alled the-Mu‘allaga the Seven 4 And-/ past marker} _ they-read-them and-they-study-them to now the-Abbaside whe inode \e-literatures and-the-arts in (the) age (of) And-/past_ mark. ir-caliphate from year 750 until year 1258 An [Past marker/ were written thousands of the-books on thehiory ‘And -Tor-(th ee and-the-poetry and-the-prose the-artistic. heritage a Iness (of) the-luck not we-know the-much about this the- (of) translations ort janes © the-West for-(the)-lack (of) existence : F them in-the-languages the-forci oe thegeneralty /so/-indeed (the) people (of) the-West they-af&- (iohense toe Por eqicrature the-Arabic (an) ignorance complete with- colle a the a Pock (@) Thousand Night and (a) Night andi (+ a oy ‘ -the-fables the-oriental. thecatlecton writers and-the-critics the-Arab /so/-not is-considered (Mt (@) book possessor (of) value with-them in-the-spite of thatit [past marker, i artistic in er wespited (a) number great of the-works the-literary andl er gant PO Gof (the) examples © tn Pr te astrOnODY * fie, began) the Unit Sixteen 201 this the-influence even to the-culture the- 5 (of) that (the) play (of) the-children the- the-Magic which we-witnessed-it all and-we yr) reached .d-the-Lamp cool naan am 8 atived this the-story the-Chinese (of) /the/-origin to-us re pa Mand Night and-Night fof) Thovssne Ting and-the-composition with the-Arabs during ‘aad-n0t SOF e-Darkness in Europe. : ones (09 re writers theArab /wit/-tbet-works on the-scienes “1 osophy and-the-mathematics and-the-chemistry and-(the}- ; “which were-translated some-(of} them from me (ga notthat/conditional ‘marker |-were-lost these the-books the-Gre the- precious fourth ten (ie. fourteenth) approximately took century the-fourth ten (ie. four ) approximately took And-afier the-Ctn re the-Arabic it-dectines (a) declining gradual until i ezsance in the-century thetwenty. Background to text ‘This is not the place for a history of Arabic literature, but a few bref remarks are in order because the Arabs are very proud of their Iterary tradition. ‘Culture’ and ‘heritage’ are perhaps two of the most overworked words in their language. “as in most societies, literature appears to have begun among the Arabs with poetry. This was a strong cnough tradition among the tribes for some of the works of the Age of Ignorance to survive into the Islamic period which began in the early seventh century. The best known of these poems are the Seven Moallagat or ‘Golden Odes’, unruly works of great evocative charm describing life in the desert. Tribes appear to have had semi-professional poets whose job it was to sing the prais *f their own tribes and insult their enemies. The Holy Koran is the first major document in Arabic, and the fiming of Islam brought with it the need for much codification of Saetie as interpretation and practice and so on. Poetry con- ei i flourish, and by the mid-eighth century true artistic prose began Sense of writing for entertainment rather than instruction — aan (0 develop. Undoubtedly the ‘Golden ‘Age’ of Arabic litera- Comingcces witnessed in the courts of the Abbasid as nit Baghdad. After this period a general decline set in but, veationed in the text, many classical Greek works were saved to by Arab translators. The fact that Arabic literature has202 Arabic had a continuous tradition since the seventh century is tant, as also is the fact that the language of the early per; "Pt read almost as easily as modern material Period can The novel in its true sense, and the writin f in it 86, g of dr a =—tiéi‘“, . endings in both tenses, which are identical seers oe sourradical verbs There is no ‘middle’ rad’ al, so the third The pastve forms are given throughout the verb tables, Ssacing radial takes the Tyowel. Otherwise the rule applies: wing rules are given to help you work them out for yours ca) tarjamat/turjimat she translated/she (it) was translated Past tense The middle radical of i i Present tense aes aah ele is voweled 1 and al preceding Trepefx takes a u-vowel, and all other [etter vowelled in the Short vowels become short u, lor ave this vowel changed tou ative take an a-vowel (long or short as appropriate). Again the Examples: , long vowels become long « ‘endings are unaffected (see note above). ee a Active Passive (o> ama: he collected unt fe i) was i, yalgid he loses yofgad he (it) is lost collected lls taTlub she requests tuTlab she (it) is requested oe paar ustubirat she was Ske yuHaddid he defines yuHaddad _ he (it) is defined a considered “a yushaahid he witnesses yushaahad he (it) is witnessed \,i} akhadhuu they took ukhidhuu they were ake a eee witnessed, ny shuubid he (i) was = here are a few irregular forms: tam; the eeece The most noticeable thing this time is the change of You will see from the above that both active and passive form a et on verbs with first radical hamaa: ae in writing except when long vowels © inv Sel yarkhudh/ ij, yurkhadh he takes/is taken _ lany anomalies occur due to the presence © centt Middle weak letters and other undesirable elements in the roct. Ree and third radical hamzas are written on alif: should be made to the verb tables for these, and ‘attention "ie de orth noting 7 Yas'al/yusal he asks/is asked on to them as they occur. Perhaps it is W' is following at this stage: A Yaqra’/yugra’ he reads/he (it) is read208 Arabic Doubled and four-radical verbs are fairly straj Present tense, but these and the weak-radica| t Seventeen studied in the tables, ightforwarg _ I verbs a ® Uni ses Ogylay oly a! q ‘ EXERCISE 163 Change the following sentenc Tex en ta Weld pip gl ole 4 Passive (remembering that the agent, if mentioned mat atin ® anf Oy gill GS ley be i in the passive form). Example: Omit, . ope, Gt Soles OEE oly gl ply ¥ The Arab writers translated Sh y wT ; ay oles oe CUI, Gaal! Gal Id! GIS, thousands of books. oO Seal lsh a1 wpe lye oF an —-Thousands of books were Sy OL, ee ee ee translated. re AH neg _obell G3 0 — px SB ply GY Ji Oye a va t A . cody Oe Caly Col hae de oss ae os ed Olys 4b Bladll ol Sal ee \ * ke Si thbel oo bas ob Ub Be US iy A all ts si ony Sea cy let! SI ney ad ly ol Gy alls yp BE 8 BeW EM oe LeS tose ISIN Lia iy } dy taney Ue blag aly Clea Jd okey ¥ eel lis GES) iby g | i — WEY — BI UG Woe — pil IBA ASU G ASI La eo lig sll ae, aly ob dae Je ob dh aA U4 Gal oN aut oe gl 4 ball claw OF Gain . Sta ly BIW al oe dbl, e obs Sb God yi I lgld ¥ all ply gl anny HII oe ai pl iny Ve = Ap ol Uli cae 3 aly — pli dy,la Ji lll wey VN EXERCISE 164 Try to translate the following passage, which de oly y! dla. con aly vit Oy) : al scribes a well-known figure in the cinema. PA ace JE Nad ee WU Gable. ely ba el ent mous eas senyenes : iy : of oe Fiat all | deal Hep ay pH joe JENN SF Gay CES Kell le 15 i Sly ol ea da tee on Bee A bt 3 She FI in py eH Se AGU Gy ale ge ee te dt Se 3 dk Uy Hs a a Foo hal Binet oad dees ree 3 dle Se ay PS Se an LU Je dy pt Jal lg 5b Se iy Kel Ne Fe Lag te Genel Ee abel Ji le Wael bse wi jad hy Bm SI Ge we . : firs, 7 ne in Gh ag Sy he Sh he bled dls \E BS ob one byesl Say ale SENG sae Dl PN Soil, JW Ghd AS — Ue Lae ay . oe . $M de bly wayyy Siz 2 Sol cee de au ws oh ots i iy yt Je ve Sb ollaely WLI tes 14 idl sno210 Arabic Vocabulary Se 24 rly gil Abu Nuwas (+48) Ei crony, boon companion 15% cleverness, shrewdne 8 85 CHA Joking, wie (OL) Bf adventure BraSlsummer Gel soring (ls) 5b fire(t) (2) OF garment, pl. clothes Wis Ju ‘money, wealth, goods Le hunting, hunt C5) OWS 6 55 sme SEA tase, lowest part Ost) SB ve ably pb food Adjectives (ULE) OLS naked ote sitting be famous vate ZL AA Ogyle Harun al-Rashig gibi pss spend (me ie f (VIII) agree ce INS folktore see (0) ascend, elim sk winter 5 find, meet eS autumn ul ut avy point, indicate (ese) che rook surface } (803) jy Dinar (currency nit) GEN pe boay GX) Gs bedouin sell noon 4 ee (358) 38 cooking pot (u) go out, exit e he fisit (VILL) wait, expect Foe {a) search for 8d (@) be surprised de « gle (11) hang, suspend ee Zl top, highest part we dS eating, food OIF cold angry sey Unit Seventeen 211 22, (VIII) hecome famous, #5 (u) be many, numerous tee the Bag BF (vy get warm & (a) strip off, take off Sed DL spend the night S% « Caend| (VIL) tremble, shiver & © 9) light, kindle {9m 6 (b> be/become hungry CES VFA 0) rest ate ad, Seth « SEAL (VIID be/become serong, violent sig A531 vy light, ignite & (a) raise, lift Jy «JB say 2 1 one day ta Ein the distance JAI AT 3 Sinalty10 Mn 12 13 14 15 16 212. Arabic | Literal translation Abu Nuwas and-Harun al-Rashid Was Abu Nuwas (a) poet Arab and-crony to-the-Calj Harun al-Rashid. Y SOBE-CALIDN the Abbas And-was-famous Abu Nuwas for-his-cleverness and-his-jok he-was-famous for-his-poetry. 1M Tike-whay And-are-numerous. in the-folklore the-Arab_the-stori about (the) adventures (of) the-poet with the-Caliph SS andthe-abes -of-them that Harun said to-Abu Nuwa and-was that in the-winter — oo © Abu Nuwas, if you-spent your-night on (the) roof (of) ti you naked and-is-not with-you fire (which) eee ane cae you (ie. I will give you) thousand Dinar. Mes So-they-two-agreed on that and-stripped-off Abu Nu ascended to the roof and-spentthe-ight thet, -came-(to)-him the-Caliph in the-morning and-he-found- and-his-body it-trembles. 6 anche found old vey Said the-poet ‘Give the-money’ Said the-Caliph — ‘No’ He-said — * what? (ie. Why?) eS So-pointed the-Caliph to (a) fire in distance (which) /past marker) livit some (of) the-Bedouins and-he-said ~ */past marker/ You-got-warm, by- God, from that the-fire which you-see-it there.” And-he-refused that ke aive-him the-Dinars. Andcafter days few went-out the-Caliph and-with-him Abu Novas tote unt. And-at the-noon said Harun to-the-poet — ‘By-God /past marker/ I- became-hungry’ So-said Abu Nuwas ~ Sit here and-rest. / future marker cook to-you (a) thing delicious (which) you-eat from” And -hewett rom-him. ‘And-waited the-Caliph (a) time long and-became-violent his-hunger and: not returns Abu Nuwas to-him. And-in (the) last (of) the-matter (i. finally) stood-up the-Caliph to-sareh for his-food. And-he-found Abu Nuwas sitting at (a) fire (which) /past marker he-ltt in (the) base (of a) trec and-not he-sees on the-fire (a) pot so-Re-Wa5, astonished from that. Then he-raised his-two-eyes to the-tree and-he-s* the-pot /past marker/ was-hung in its-top. @ And-he-said and-he angry very ~ ‘How is-cooked the-food and-the-pot in (the) top (of) the-tree and-the-fire on the-ground” (of) Said Abu Nuwas ~ ‘Like-what got-warm I that the-night on (the) £00 the-house. So-laughed the-Caliph and-gave-him the-Dinars. Iwas his-clothes and- a ie Unit Seventeen 213 und to text / { this story are two of the most colourful characters in pe Her 068 Oy al-Rashid was Caliph, or leader of the Islamic Arab bistorY, 27 from 786 to 809, and his rule seems to have been giate, in Basho dance of wealth and patronage of the arts, Abu by the avin 810, Was a great poet, a boon companion of Naas, WhO Cie of the recipients of his generous patronage. the Caliph. and Or fe, Abu Nuwas wrote some of the finest poetry (onthe literary cage, although its subjects ~ frequently bawdy inthe Arabic lated with the consumption of alcohol ~ have not much cCoceptable to the more conservative. However, the two ys PP Caliph and his witty adversary, have become firmly ‘bished in Arab folklore, partly because they feature in the exablsheS hts, but perhaps more because of the abundance of _ transmitted tales about them — no doubt most of them oa ay AbU Nuwas, with his over-developed sense of humour, sere either receiving vast amounts of wealth when his jokes ork of about to be thrown in prison when they misfie. | ‘general, the Arabs are very fond of telling stories and jokes an avery good at it, The better raconteurs love their language and tnow how to use it, extracting maximum effect from its rich Nosabulary and decorative turns of phrase. A lot of this comes through in the Arabian Nights. This is available in many trans- lations, but as usual far richer rewards come from reading the original Analysis of text and grammar Tite J-15 yi Abua is, of course, ‘father (of) and is a common feature in Arabic names. It is one of the nouns (see page 175) which show their grammatical case by varying the long vowel -uu, to -a2 (accusative) and -fi (genitive). 4,12 , also written dy» , is equiva- lent to the Biblical Aaron. i lols. etc., all show the accusative indefinite marker after the verb kan, 2e+l is a Form VIII verb, from the same root as 2544+ famous. “IS ~ the placing of the hamza on a dotless yaa shows that the “ae ending vowel, if pronounced, is -i.214 Arabic 3 AS — verbs with such meanings as ‘to be/become man, far, near, tc.’ sound strange to the English ear, but ee common in Arabic. Many of them (including thie example) taj'®9 comparatively rare u-vowel on the middle radical 1. the past ioe Gee Table 2). 415),8 is, of course, a borrowing from English 4 SF ey We would have to say Something like “One of thee io? gil is in the genitive case after the preposition lie above), tx 13is a literary idiom meaning simply ‘One day’, Pronounce it with the full literary endings, viz. dhaata yawmin. The normal meaning of dhaat is something like ‘essence, sell", which ic of no help here, Surly U & illustrates a rule which only shows up in print with words like abuu which show their original cases by long (therefore written) vowels. The rule is not of &reat importance but, for completeness, it states that if the Phrase which follows the vocative Particle yaa (see page 196) is a possessive construction, the first element of this construction must 80 into the accusative case, Abuu nuwaas, although a name, is such a construction, meaning orig- inally ‘Father of ...’. Ol If ~ see pp. 21711. on conditionals, also for the tense of the verbs C45 and J in the following line. J with the suffixed -ak your night is idiomatic. a i..._s==ssesf# call ‘clauses of circumstance’, ie. they describe the circumstances obtaining at the time the main verb (here qaDayt) is, or is to tn performed. They are usually translated by using the Engl While’, but here, because of the conditional, we would have 0 s!¥ something like ‘If you spend the night on the roof of the house, naked and without a fire... sal means the same as te. It is a literary form, still widely = and behaves exactly like :alaa and ilaa when pronoun suffixes added (see page 121, note 3). aye \= basis a relative clause with the antecedent Jb , ee therefore requiring no relative pronoun, Translate as ‘a fire Which you might get warm’. (See note to tte Unit Seventeen 215 hamza root (Table 2). V verb from a final le: Basis Fon strange plural b> magically acquiring an extra we wt cy unit, originally gold, stil used in some countries. 1 is 8 Ory VIII verb from the root gy , the waaw being 3s oe fixed t (Table 4. The verb here has the long -aa to ne past tense, because two people are being referred of pollow verb, original root b-y-. Compare cy house ot iy a place where you spend your nigh). vt (nem pote again that the Arabic verb Yo come" takes a direct a vne hint. In English we have to say ‘he came to him’, sect 'he came him’. Tn have fey“ came him: oo ess the imperative form ‘Give! Bring” (ee page ; 5 ob ic does not usually use inverted commas for direct speech. 2 that Matic punctuation has been imported from Western soure is idi tic. ts use is often idiosynera 7 is the shortened interrogative form of lis plus man (see page 134. An alternative form is \3U\ li-maadhaa. an ang wommting the ‘on (a aati 8 , etc, is a relative clause with indefinite antecedent ae we get our English ‘bedouin’ from a variant form of this word. 7 ally is a very frequent form of oath both in literary and spoken Arabic, where it is often pronounced with the classical genitive ending -i wallaahi. LL the -haa of course refers to the feminine noun naar. «is a Form IV verb from the root :-T-y. Note that this verb + i it is in Atabic takes two direct objects. If one of these is a pronoun, i reached to the verb as here. If both are pronouns, one is een) ‘o the verb and the other to a special ‘carrying word’ (meaningless Gipyaa, eg oti eee! 1 gave him it, This does not occur very frequently in modern Arabic. <> isa hollow verb, root j-w-:. =! and cj! are imperative forms, the latter from a Form X holo, '’ verb showing the short vowel of the jussive.216 Arabic 12 sb ba} are accusatives of time. Set is a Form VIII verb from th I 1e doubled 13 ¢6 isa hollow Form I verb, root q-wm. . Uf isan accusative form: se above 2 ~ be careful with this shortened jussi jussive (aft to see, normal Present tense sy (see Table ‘ me +2 is in the dual accusative case with muun omit, pronoun suffix (page 220) ite belo he ) form of gf iy ‘it had been 9 is another ‘circumstantial clause’ being angry’; we being e would say perhaps Meaning ‘He sa 4g sac = ‘He said in anger’, ‘He sag is a passive present tense, vowel yuThakh oaily etc., is yet anotl her circumstantial clause, and should be translated this time with ‘when’: 4 i Par ne eine with ‘when’ “How will the food cook when he 15 ti cli shows the use of a inaa J for effect, t1 been already expressed in the verb. See EXERCISE 17.1 English. EXERCISE 172 True or false? Read the text aloud, and translate it into idiomatic Cate tae Gy yl ole BA IS GAS Onley Gly gl oe asl 38 ral G call alee Uo ly yl ob Jb ely git ge ply gl bas rh allel Chaall G MLL ole seal) I ew pill ox Ay yb se ty WS OF Thal BASS Og gle JU fe jaa oly gl ets Legler Jo of ae en. Unit Seventeen 217 — ‘If X, then Y’ sed of two separate parts. The first hypothesis), usually introduced jtional sente’ ences are COMPO ir Conditions! sition (supposition, h ) c rord ‘if’. Exceptions to this are sentences like is2 eplsh - ie “natch will be cancelled’, really meaning “If it in, the Mall this first part the if-clause. hr sentences states what happens (would or proposition contained in the if-clause is sil BAPRED, Jy not always introduced by this word in English, , Althous “onvenience the rhen-clause, on the pattern “If it watch will have to be cancelled’. rds for if, and there are certain restrictions sal We ‘shall f as Ng part of sucl The SOM ic) if the ins, then the 1: rarabic has three W on their Use! tam is used for propositions which, in the opinion of the speaker, > aw srikely to be fulfilled, or cannot possibly be fulfilled, 6 ae ard saved his money, he could have bought that new car’ (the bition cannot be fulfilled, because presumably he has not Ged his money); ‘If I had the wings of a dove I would fly’ fabviously impossible); “If 1 became prime minister, 1 would Sbolish all taxes’ (not impossible, but extremely unlikely). When law is used in the if-clause, the then-clause must be introduced by the prefixed particle la- (see examples below). olin and (3! idhaa have more or less the same function in modern Arabic, and either may be used in conditional sentences where the proposition contained in the if-clause is capable of re- alisation, e.g, If you pay cash you get a 10% discount’ (it is quite possible ‘that you will pay cash and realise the proposition): similarly “If we see him we'll tell him’, ‘If you go out in the rain, you'll get wet’, Certain types of then-clause, after idhaa only, must be introduced by the particle fa-. ai pat the majority of Arabic conditional sentences, the verb is in the Worked of regardless of what time is referred to, which must be inthe Aa from the meaning and the context. For instance line 5 rool °X! ays (translating literally) “If you spent the night on the trent afte You a thousand dinars’, but it is obvious that the —.—DLmrmrmrsr—~—rs—sesC merely making a I ghygomnmen sense provides the translation ‘If you spend ... Dis e’. Sometimes in Arabic the present tense (usually jussive used, but this does not really affect the meaning, The218 Arabic T golden rule is to ignore the tense of th as the context requires. You will not always use the past tense verb when translating j The above account necessarily contains some the name of simplicity), but emphasises the Fon eet the correct word for ‘i, guid dition is likely or unlikely to be fulfiled 2 Keep all Arabic experience. 3 Remember to introduce the then-clause with la. with fa- after idhaa as described below aoe bed ehab sy aca SOS IT were the ‘Manager of the con. pany, I would employ you in it, (Impossible or unlikely since | am not the manager.) AIS cae J Uf she were to come, 1 would Speak to her (The implication is that she 18 not likely to come, Contrast ‘If she comes Ill speak to her’) © Arabic verb an, verbs in the past tense unti you Sain More. ater tam, ay PU Shih agh onl £3) I his father had not ordered hin 99, he would not have gone (Again, obviously his father . ' ordered him to 80. The negatives with lam and maa are u in the if- and then-clauses Tespectively.) o Sry O25 3! If you search, ‘you will find it SS heel ash; 01 IFT see him, PIL give him the book id Be Lat Wrong thay into Ar, ict my neralis © basic prince la Ody whet th so, ope pe? aes \3! ogi oe ot oy the pa Unit Seventeen 219 Le 131 Uf my friend goes (travels) I shall go with 3 = \ If L get hungry, I'll eat something. {circumstances when the thencauseisintroduced The 8 ore when its verb is imperative ( command, se tcl Und when itis @ noun sentence, having a example Sof 22,1 15! If you wish to earn, work. oot Ge Lee 131 If we do that, the thing won't wor fe (Lit. the matter is futile) Masculine plurals and duals in possessive constructions ‘There are two types of external plural formations in Arabic which consist of a long vowel plus the letter nuun. These are: i i i in the 1 The external masculine plural ending which is -uun din i accusative and genitive (strictly it id -iin in the accusative and ge (str Seunp ea aatia the final vowel usually being omitted; see page 101}; oy the officials i i (i) in 2 The dual ending, to express two of anything, which is -aan(i) i in xe \he nominative and -aya(i) in the accusative and genitive (see pagi 108), nb gy from the officials 3 days Oky two days vy du after two days ‘ko with feminine nouns: 3 i.e. Ok. two years is JS before two years (i. two years ago) {0 lypes of endings have the special ee we the nuun when they occur as the first (property) eeavot "YS construction. Such possessive constructions c These toppia 220 Arabic course have either nouns or pronoun suffixes as the Thus we get: owner a siby the employees of the company iss) Be from the employees of the company 4 layiby its employees baiby Gy from its employees Duals are quite commonly used to refer to Parts of the bod: occur in pairs: Y Which Asli The boy’s hands (the two hand: is of boy) Of the sl SA cw In front of the boy (an idiom, Lit. “between the two hands of the boy) ala, His (two) hands 41 Gay In front of him (between his two hands) Notes: 1 As usual, the first person singular suffix -ii my becomes -ya when attached to words ending in long vowels (see page 121). Thus we get: saynaaya cle my (two) eyes (nominative) saynayya (ce 3 in my (two) eyes (genitive, note spelling with shadda) When this suffix is applied to masculine external plurals, the noun always takes the accusative/genitive form, due to assimilation: : te mudarrisiyya (+). my teachers (nominative; again "0 spelling) (gi ce from my teachers (genitive). The form mudarrisuuya does not exist. oor -ay they 2. When the endings -hu, -hum and -hunna follow -ii oF -®¥ change their u-vowels to i (see page 121) Unit Seventeen 221 anslate the following story about Joha, ose 3 TH ‘ Ne Eastern folklore. Jallaabiyya 13 Middle Eas * comic ee Ee in Egypt to the long shirt or gown ner is the piyya) 1S 9 bY men. ney ii sg oy cae par ey pai MEE po Digs waist col ey andl plo Fy at Gy el Shak Oe. caf ag By BN saa 2 Gk bee bd Tply Se Gott ed iy te gcd mel ay AM fe Spies OG ghastly peg ESI YAN 28 § aly — bor U8 eel Voge 10 make diy iM Labs fe Sail bd S955 Geo Bie Lato tlUnit Eighteen Text oH dey 2g Wy Ae bd or A pe a iy Cash Sly sale ae, endl Lele Lome Hh! hl ae ha, doby CH Sey be AV pall any EAU he Gist! byw wey yall St das ard Bye Spy oth Ob ye fly ay egy ob LAW eal 32501 sald Gat Jol LH oS, Ul cle, de WE ei al Sow Tyg gh CIT Bad jo Hy 5 “yy oe ol da SN GU OSD styl Lan gh ele CA ane cll bat OU ge Et GY Leyall J Aa gs ple se JS OKs asey pan gas a ued ab de apd J Bly! ela Wy dyAl U YF ay oF Sl SL lad! Bt eS ROLY SM op BS wy ol ge by UB ey re col Jo Ligh dal ode Gey a =ié422_—_ te Jee cal he ta op ly ed ON Yo ts y nade Sit ad ALT oath aN gale po SL ee ie Shae GY — bt bie ee gt aia oe AEM, Uladl Gel — ge Ope byl SI Ege! age Ve 2 Unit Eighteen 223 sara! peter J jet 3 3 pss 3 as YZ get DLE Gly \yarade IS dey WW ea a 5 LYS ll 22 gly te apy Oye aan iy BU Clabes ghill cena. ot eee wae ctl Le ’ ry vase Gah, west 3! ab be So Mt tag ole J eel ahs oe an sal BH AFF vats geeer Ph 0 GI eal BM Ste \e a 1b ex py Noms hy tourism (An car season > heat ay cold (he) SE tourist 5 outing, excursion (Ly 5K Leaning, departing (Clgans) ele HU) from sk descent, landing gb caring ont performing SH AUR formalities sone thing, one person Mg (a) gis hotel (Ly HJ hovel oi A residence (AB) 4B period, while time224 = Arabic (Ly 0S batcony y Fe building - 4 yal gy! the Sphynx Giza (Gio) Pe desert suai, witnessing, looking at co» ind citadel, fort (le) J mountain, hill PSN! the Azhar ZB booty, plunder SEs) the future (oA fe sen, pace oe joy, happiness (ped copper ele yl woven articles (OL) tab rags prayer mat Gil feb ener (slag) the bank om Be right club sey JR form, shape, kind 4b breakfast oe 55 glance, look tT antiquities (ghey cP pyramid (abl Sh ize qe) ce year (ae) oak, sultan ol oe Saladin est! ‘Mukattam (AVG) Lape characterise (Ulstny ZL ifs present J ) ake Khan al-Khalii (og) heart lege manufactured articles pe Peel OS brass (Lit “yellow copper) 5 cotton (tnt Kee wore ds! the Nile (et) ~ restaurant xb cuisine, cooker” teh ae aah ‘ slab lunch dinner sic mu ajtives oe co pleasant kind ~ clear, bright jo excelent e magnificent a elementary (schoo!) & situated ep Soned ey Ba yellow af coloured 222. numerous ‘gol local, native, folkloric ‘Verbs JS () transport, convey thy sleep b «Bl (IV) throw, cast Unit Eighteen 225 (Ly EE tone, tune ar) oF om exhibition a) dance ea 0 biting ok grey huge wets * (633) Gait Me we pharaonic, Ancient Egyptian ale eternal (olay a har (ey Jags simple: few t assorted Sie. sweet of musion tc) coy necessary na wl \ (VIII) choose wil 5 « BELA wake uP etch out226 Arabic re 6 pels (V) learn BES SE (1%) deserve oe oo Sey C31 V) love, tike i 2 § GIN (V) taste i (V) lunch FE 6 ASV) dine 2 2 ae SEE EL vim tistento oS XI AY) be possible oe FA FE W) took at, watch Other words qe YS firstly (for someone t dy (4) be truthful, tell the truth _ OF ye BY. itis necessary that ocen, p Of SL in the vicinity of, near Og without le Y especially CB ana U8 perhaps (for the la- 02 at EY for the purpose of i> truly wb Colloquial words Bil he who (for ¢i8) water (fore) rubbamaa see notes) while (with following pronoun suffix) alone el again (for ‘4 Unit Eighteen 227 ser translation rourism in Egypt he Torr» season (of) the-winter in Egypt (is) pleasant very, is-not in-it indeed (Pre and-not cold biting. ae ‘future marker/-finds the-tourist the-weather bright suitable = apdforthat Js after his-leaving (the) skies (of) Europe the-grey. mort he-) descent (of) the-plane in (the) airport (of) Cairo and-after the- ign /to)-the-proceedings the-official goes-out the-traveller from (the) aera) the-airport and- boards (a) car (of) hire (which) transports-him to te tira il-be (past marker/ he-chose (i. he will have chosen) one (of) is (of) Cairo the-many the-excellent for-the-residence in-it and-indeed- botsars he-wants that he-rests (a) little after his-journey the-long. Perpesleps ... and-he-wakes after (a) while short it-was or long ... and= gossout t0 the-balcony so-that-he-casts his-glance the-first on this the- fantal the-huge and-its-buildings the-magnificent which it-stretches tore his-two-eyes beneath (the) sky (of) Africa the-blue. And-he-will-be every tourist /past marker/ he-learned (ie. will have earned) and-he pupil in the-school the-elementary (ie. while a pupil in ...) thing about the-antiquities the-pharaonic which are-found in Egypt its- singularity (ie. alone). And-of the-possible that he-visits firstly Father (of) the-Terror (ie. the Sphinx) and-the-pyramids the-situated in Giza on (the) edge (of) the-desert ‘the-eternal. And-after that so-no escape to-him from that he-see (ie. he must see) thing of the-antiquities the-Islamic the-great which are-found in this the-city the- founded before thousand year (ie. 1000 years ago). So-there (are) mosques and mosques (which) deserve the-seeing, of their- ‘mostfamous (the) two-mosques (of) the-Sultan Hassan and-Muhammad Al, which they-two-ate-situated in-the-vieinity of (the) citadel of Saladin ¢n (the) mountain (of) Mugattam, nd-pethaps (the) most-famous (of) the-antiquities the-Islamic he (is) nue (of) al-Azhar which was-founded in-it first university in the-world. (of cahercharacteristics which are-distinguished bycthem (the) people hehone ty andcespocially the-ladies ~ that-they not like the-return to remind than, Mithout plunder — I-mean the-gifts and-the-things which Anton (i, thefuture of-theirjourney the-joyful fie so AkPPUFPOSe (of) that so-/exhortative marker/-they-make-for theyrarengicte™ Make for) (the) markets (of) Khan al-Khalili which not touts inant’ ffom al-Azhar except by-steps few and-which finds the- (60) theea rt What fills his-heart (with) joy, like-manufactured-articles beprayer pret the-yellow (brass) and-woven-articles (of) the-cotton and- Ando (thers the-coloured and thousand thing other-(than}-them. *) wonders (of) Egypt the-natural (is the) river (of) the-NileUnit Eighteen 29 228 Arabic tense of the main verb, usually pearine) o ai i Setween. If the subject of the verb is past marker god between kaan and gad (see page 93) iis usual Prith these Form VIII hollow verbs, whic be which are-situated on its-two-banks restaurants and-nightg (which issablethe-visitor that he-tastes in-them (the) cuisine (anes the-Middle in-its-forms the-assorted and-its-types the-numerqo!) !M-Eay merous, 14 And-while he-lunches or he-dines it-is-possiblesfor-him that he) ial a/i (the) tones (of) thesmusic the-sweet and-he-watches /on/ (the) qu to ye Pe jong aa in the present, contrary to the usual a/i the-dance the-local. Plays (oy ome he NOTE pattern (see Table 5) ; 15 Truly ... /emphatie past marker/ was-truthful the-proverb thecEgy Sernatio” in ied Ine is said by the Arabs to be emphatic, but in which it-says “Who drinks of (the) water (of) the-Nile (tis) necesea pte pre ving, Its use is rather stylistic, he-returns to-it again’. Y (thas) qittle to change the meaning. ‘poetic’ flavour. ; xhollow verb. The aa/ii alternation does take i ncerning contrary to what was said above co ia this "yom VII, incidentally, behaves in the same way as Consult the relevant Tables. oe ay "ils Sua is again literary, poetic: “Were it short 5 J z 7 7 spe it short o long’. / long re that he might cast, to cast. For this Wi see page 177. £ ha two eyes, see page 220 for the omission of the muun of eee adjective (see section below) qualifying the ra is a circumstantial clause introduced by wa-. Translate as While (or ‘when’) he was a pupil ..." ; 4g is the passive present tense of aay tes IS used with a following pronoun suffix to mean ‘alone’. (sy I alone, on my own, ‘ey You alone, ete. 7 dpi Ui — for abuu, see page 175. Here it is accusative, being the object of the verb yazuur. 3 oi p54, Y means literally “There is no escape to him from ite... tis a common idiom, used when we would say ‘must, 62551 is technically a feminine superlative (see pp. 147-8). It is, ¥s bett Used more as an intensive than as a literal superlative and ter translated ‘great’. ; : “is the passive participle from the verb vd. The change in ‘ig a literary” OF ais a Form sige in this form, Background to text The text is an imaginary tourist brochure for Egypt, written j flowery style of such pieces. The proverb at the end is givenny original colloquial Egyptian form. - Although the official word for Cairo is al-qaahira, in common usage the word miSr is applied both to the country and its capita Giza (the Arabic jim pronounced as a hard ‘the way the Egyptians do) is a part of Cairo on the west of the city, and well known as the site of the Sphinx and the pyramids. There are of course Islamic remains all over the city, but perhaps the central point is the complex of the Citadel of Saladin, on the slopes of Mukattam (several spellings) in the south of the city. The mosque of Muhammad All is in the complex, and that of Sultan Hassan nearby. The famous teaching mosque of al-Azhar and the bazaars of Khan al-Kalili are in another quarter of the city not far away from the Citadel. The original religious teaching institution at al-Azhar has now developed into a full-scale modern university Analysis of text and grammar 1 Note the use of Ys (Lit. ‘and not’) after the negative verb.-J- 2 gr, literally meaning ‘air’, is frequently used for ‘weather: lye (also spelled jl) — words which end in +L. often put lt this intrusive waaw before feminine suffix plural and dual endine but not always: See Sle! >! below. oe 3+ ¢lill is a verbal noun from the expression (¢3%) ¢¥° verb on its own means ‘to stand up.” “pave choses 4 jbo! 5 OS is the future perfect tense ‘He will have ¢ a formed by using the present tense of kan (which usually230 Arabic hamza-carrier is caused by the preceding u- gabl before where we would say ‘ago’. 9 cig elu — Arabic is rather fond of using two yo, virtually identical meaning placed together for effect. (The thing occurs in the Bible ‘He slumbers not nor sleeps’) A jase major mosque (from the root jm-: ‘to gather to; masjid is a lesser mosque or prayer place (from th bow down in prayer’) (xstis a Form X verb from the doubled root H-4-q (Table VOWEL. Note the yp ot gether’) _ e Toot Sid, tale is a dual with nuun omitted in the possessive construct (see page 220). GLU! is a dual relative pronoun. The feminine form is yi) Oba is a dual verb agreeing with the preceding dual subjt jaamiaa, The verb waga: loses its waaw in the present (Table 4, 10 (JJ. Perhaps. This word behaves like "ima (see page 92) ané must be followed by a noun or a pronoun suffix. AZ ris the passive of <2 (root -s-s, Form ID). 11 Ld Jal People of tourism, tourists. i i ossis a Form IV verb of root H-b-b. 12 \yAyai — see section below. Yi... Y Not ... except is a very common construction in Arabic, where we would use ‘only’. \yy~shows an adverbial use of the indefinite accusative which the Arabs call ‘the accusative of distinction’, i. it distinguishes (here) what his heart will be filled with. \ is used in this sentence a relative, ‘The tourist will find in them that which fills his ae etc? This is quite common, also with.» who, he who relerring persons. In most cases, the usual .¢.il! can be used instead. Uael — see section on colours below. 13.04 is one of the class of words which take (in Classical * the ending -in (e>4) in the indefinite, and a yaa oe yos definite ( AU! J. In speech it is always pronounced a i were present: malaahii (see also page 142, note to line 2) 7 be P ries comes from rather an interesting root hw which © dL 1 Arabi the Unit Eighteen 231 frdiversion, pleasure, wasting time’, the formation being 08 asi : qoun of PIE. X hollow verb. Arabic has two verbs ‘to be © ais - and the simple verb qadar. Note also the verb amkan Het ohich has a similar meaning. / / . inne 14 orm V verb from a root with the third radical weal aie, iS nae he same type of verb. she 9). acy is tl : : ee © ther a difficult construction to explain and perhaps Je preted as an ‘impersonal verb’: ‘It is possible for him that bes ae he can listen’. ; ne lgens OF adverbial accusative, “Truly, in truth, really’. The ei oat forms used in the proverb are explained in the Steal. Y It is necessary (that) ... is the universal colloquial way Gi a ‘must’. It is admissible, but not so frequent in written Arabic. pxeraise 181 Read the text aloud and translate it into idiomatic English. Adjectives of colour and physical disability ‘is difficult to imagine why such adjectives should behave dif- ‘erently from others, but apparently something in the ancient Arab ‘tind distinguished them, for not only is there a special adjective Pattern used with the main colours and physical defects, but there 148° 8 special verb form (IX). The latter, however, is quite rare in Tana! bas been confined in this book to the verb tables, without The discussion. ; nan’ atiestive forms must, however, be learned. The basic sche- 's given below, along with a few examples.232 Arabic Unit Eighteen 233 Masculine — _ . . = rtative USe of the jassive — Plural wep can be used on its own, usually i he third person, ac!Cta? ClacCar e385 fortation (cf in English it him speak now or forever a Cluctc? jo expres Oe? in the wedding ceremony). More commonly, how- ., «fins PAE by he particle I, or the compound particles jel ‘atime | je Hamre | Hom nit py Tis all sounds father rhetorical in English, but is aol ‘aster | lio Safran? , " is amon in Arabic, (BEL Ob Bly ais Let them a ee gate comm rkets of Khan al- Khalil n the txt: ily confused with the use of li- with the cael VakhDar | ola tS pao kha Draa’ is khuDr se of Serb to express purpose, as the subjunctive of most by5) “ara +55 , be ie . G5 marqaa’ | 535 20a seta 10 the jssive in ‘rriting, However, the context ae ‘sswad slaye savas? dy0 sud usually helps: . ; bl "aTrash Ls, For really strong exhortations, the so-called ‘energetic’ mood of : lb Tarshan’ | (3b Tursh ihe verb is still sometimes ‘ised. This formation was common in old i ie, and is basically formed by adding -anna to the requisite eel eral tlre carjan’ oo eu part ofthe verb. Kes mostly found in the two singular forms 2, Ss taktubanna Let her write! ‘aktubanna Let him write!’and ancise 122 Here is a piece from a newspaper about Egypt's “White’, because it for i . iesoaripirae it has yaa’ for its middle radical, has a slightly problem in feeding a rapidly growing population. It contains many "terms which will be useful to those working on agricultural pro- jras New words are given and the idea is to see if you can work out how the Arabic fits together. aul TabyaD Lay bayDaa’ Gabi white Words with a weak third radical (waaw or yaa’) take the following forms: usvitonal cris station Be a " nah 158 coe Tama sce camyaa’—Olne sumyaan blind f : Ne Notes: 1 Neither of the two sin; ed but the sivatdee CA tee The dual of the feminine form changes its final hamza 08 waaw, 6g. isloyu sawdawaan. 3. Many less basic colour: i angi rt ‘s are formed by addin; the relative adjective ending (ii) to the name of some mal objet egg ae grey (from ste, ramaad, ashes), 239 rose-colowe’’ i (rom 2, roses), gui violet. These, ofcourse, 40 _ ike the adjectives given above, but take regular endings 1 shy Bly Uyde BY par OKs ate QF — 6 ne tion prio us Hadad fe Leta tht oda tases Lhe ate JF wea ety bb tyd! yy tee vee on : SG ne 2)234 Arabic harvested total quar repreent area A a BAe oun tate ge BO ony Stl Ly ats Weep GI ELU Gps be — Ub ag oS Jol — SHS pa sure Pong west lye Bad abs BIL ji WE It, ee 8 5a Sy ” 89 : Y | Bakasyl bd jb. cnet my laoue cs Fd Fy ES heritage sprcaltoral foduction ene ee Bat hr ce EB oe ‘tynking i rodugion ela Jal pli 21-91 _ atin exon ji the ot Meat yal Stell ig esi yi eas Ee oy Ob yp DLE re PE ea NE oy mle BS SS OS, BL amine ae dehy Se dlel yp dolasi \etpabey sii a JS, zi ty oh bets che] — we Dy wcumet by ocgcion heath one Bel BLU Gy & det OSH Gal satel — ex GF Bl Appendices 1 The Arabic Verb 236 Table I: Prefixes and suffixes 238 Table 2: Verb stems, participles and verbal nouns deriving from sound roots 240 Table 3: The doubled verb 245 Table 4; First-weak verbs 248 Table 5: Hollow verbs 251 Table 6: Third-weak verbs (third radical waaw) 254 Table 7: Third-weak verbs (third radical yaa’) 256 Table 8: Third-weak verbs (third radical waaw or yaa’ with i-characteristic) 258 Table 9: Third-weak verbs: derived forms 260 Ame RRO aR 2. The Arabic Numerals 262 3 Internal Plural Shapes 266 4 Hints for Further Study 270 235Appendix 1 The Arabic Verb The Arabic verb is best considered from three distinct poin, view — grammatical, phonetic and stem-modification. Sof Grammar The grammatical variations of the verb in any language are thereto convey such information as who is carrying out the action, the time of the action and so on. Subject markers Arabic distinguishes three persons in the verb: First person (the speaker, English ‘T’, we’) Second person (the person spoken to, English ‘you’) Third person (the person spoken about, English ‘he’, ‘she’, “they This is the same system as in English. However, Arabic makes finer distinctions in gender (the sex of persons) and number (how many) Thus we have separate forms for masculine and feminine in both singular and plural of the second and third persons (not the first} and special forms for the dual, used when addressing/speaking about two people/objects. Thus any finite verb has thirteen parts, as set out below. (The persons are traditionally given in the reverse order in Arabic, because the third person masculine form is the simplest form of the verb.) ‘Singular Dual aa he they two (m) | they (n) faa she they two (f) they (0 Second = = = Ae you two (mor f) | Jou ph : 7 a. T(morf) | — Sees A the Pronouns are not usually used with the Arabic verb, a8 subject markers are prefixes/suffixes added to the verb stem. 7 verd Tense The next thing to consider is when the action of Ue, takes place. This is known in grammar as tense, and AT only two distinct forms, present and past. 236 The Arabic Verb 237 nly has three variant forms, technically ajook The present eres Oc is not very apt for describing thei Jaled moods, avon For the most part, they are used automatically jpaction in Arab ens. The unaffected form of the present tense {er certain cont or he other two moods are the subjunctive sscalled the indice “speaking there are two more moods, the jusive. Strict) erative, and the so-called ‘energetic. To avoi Samar OF OF een Tet out ofthe verb tables and dealt with in clutter, a i ssive, ie. whether the subject of the vee ns active action (he strikes) or suffering it (he is senere Gttr above tenses and moods of the verb may be either an ae ae All Arabic verbs have two participles (ative and emma verbal noun which are given in the tables mo rd, more parti- relating to the sound of a word, or mo) rir eit he nature ofthe consonants Which go © make UP ve on serie ‘Arabic verb stem. Most of these stems are bast on consonants, and verb parts diverging from the standard forms cccur when one or more of the following are presef in the st =a 1 The letter hamza. This causes mainly spelling dil ut kis in the selection of the carrier letter for hamza, No special verb tables given, 2. The second and third consonants of the stem are oe a eg. 4-41, m-r-r. This causes the appearance of contracted verb forms. 3. The occurrence of either of the so-called ‘weak letters’ wart Se yaa’ as one of the stem consonants. These cause the most Giles of all, mainly due to their being elided (ie. omitted) in many parts of the verb, Further complications are caused by Arabic’s aversion tothe proximity of the sounds i/ii/y and u/uu/w. Stems not showing any of the above features are regarded as Sound, and provide the basis for learning the Arabic verb system. Stem modification Arabic has a system of internal and external modification to the Yetb stem, which is best considered and learned along with the Fammatical and phonetic aspects. The modified stems are trad- al lly known as derived forms, and referred to by means of the Roman numerals T to X.1 being the unmodified base form.238 Arabic rT The Arabic Verb 239 Table 1 Prefixes and Si suffixes of the Verb ives all the prefixes and suffixes which, when applied notes : Tablet wart stem, give all the parts of all ‘Arabic verbs with io following minor exceptions: with derived stems Hl IIT and IV (see Table 2) and all passive wir (aso in Table 2) the present tense prefixes are vowelled instead of @ (ie. yur, tur, etc.) a. ith certain types of verbs whose third radical is one of the the vowelling of some of the suffixes is This table gives all the prefies and sues which, wh the relevant verb tem, form the paris ofthe Arabic verb, pi in conjunction with the following notes °°: * Should @ Past tense | Present tense uncti Wi Subjunctive| Jusg ) we letters w and Ys No written wevfified, although there is no change in the -written form (see he erent ites change ex- | All parts Tables 6-9)- J Jeeptfor — |writtenas 2 Certain short final vowels are habitually omitted in speech. [she a | Parts given subjunctive These are: 3 - Thestense The -u and -2 of the I and you (m, sing) (but not the 4 & | you (m) oe ; the you f, sing) Resultant ambiguities are usually cleared up & 3 by context. you (f) os E Present tense The -i of the dual forms, and the -a of the you is : e—? Gag. and m, pi) and they (m, pL) (but not the -& of the they and : — 4 you f, ph.) 4 Note carefully the aif which is conventionally written {but not ‘el pronounced) after all verb forms which end in long 1 au). : — | a |] C3 4. The parts of the subjunctive and jussive which show no WreTet i Z | they two 0 é2. | scl _ | Change were originally differentiated by vowelling the final radical ges | ts | ofthe stem -a for subjunctive and sukuan for jussive where no other you two Cs oo ofthe stem a (Ot vhe feminine plurals ending in ~aa never showed gl—s ts any change for mood, and the parts given in the table form both subjunctive and jussive by simply dropping the final nuun of the indicative (and adding an alif where necessary, as indicated in 3 is they (m) (oe oe shite above). oan ys they () a E | you Oe a4 ¢ ’ # you (m) -— os —§ ys you (f) i gai we CL a240 Arabic Table2 Verb stems, Participles and Verbal No, ing from sound roots "ns deriy, Root I-m-s (Form I="to touch’) va | cit vi [4 23h ba see notes ty | none | Active | Past stem | Present stem pattie a | vem ro] od ott ov | okt lend oe mp | HY et | oe cs 7 oi ol wel IL val id v nl ok +e ne te ok ot ve b Li k Notes 1 General Table 2 contains the bones of the Arabic verb and must be mastered thoroughly. It should be used in con with Table 1 which gives the prefixes and suffixes whi system inction ‘ich have 10 i applied to the stems in order to make up or identify actual the verb. The active and passive participles and the verb» rai are also given. The table will work for any sound stem in The Arabic Verb 241 Present stem no passive iti | AE PEEPLES . ie. any one not displaying any of the features already noted in the section on phonetics in the General Description. a Although passives have been given in full for eT 1 an easy rule for their formation. This is given on pp. 206-7. 2 Derived forms The root Im-s has been chosen to illustrate these eae it is easy to pronounce (the Arabs use f--1 which is very difficult for us to pronounce and hence to remember words made up from it). Remember that the stems and derivatives ahha are for learning the patterns, and therefore must be given in full. know of no Arabic root which admits of all derivatives, so 1 vitably some of the creations of Table 2 do not actually exist. The Whole concept of derived forms and their allotted numbers is no ote than a convenient shorthand (incidentally not used by the Arabs) for what would otherwise be a cumbersome system. Temainder of these notes deal with the derived forms in turn in % attempt to point out special characteristics and give helpfulThe Arabic Verb 243 242 Arabic 7 i ical of the root (see hints for learning. The concept of ‘meaning patterns’ for jy ormed by Eero ae nich causes pos to X is a delicate subject. While it is impossible to nah ling) Tense to take a u-vowel instead of an a. (The conscious an Arab is of the relationship between the deri ae eaee that it occurs in forms which increase and the basic root meanings, most European books tong By a vation of one additional letter. 11 adds an overenthusiastic on the subject and make sweeping "1 ot by the i id the other two in the accurate — generalisations. The policy adopted in the f or radical, shown by a shadda, anc i ° i iif and IV which prefixes a’ hamza.) rh ave pegyed fale eS cong ee cos of LX begin with the prefix which have proved fairly generally useful in practice. Theres t | pees ch tee a iBoubr: for instance, that ft frequently helpful to know ill My in fact a rule for their formation ( \ ¢ hat | hich see Table 3 likly tobe causative. On the other se ofthe coin. the mea 2 eon int ae ar mae eaten cannot often be deduced from a knowledge of th ing! ticiple: | i ( to be thaibast. rout. feos ine middle radical of the root. (V and VI have Form I is the bare three-consonant root, with nothing added to 4 However, it does present some difficulties, in that the vowellng of both tense-stems in the active is not predictable, nor is the shape g the verbal noun. Reference has already been made to this featur ‘on page 114 and ultimately resort must be made to a dictionary, ‘tive: kabur I to be large; kabbar II to make big, enlarge; However, here are a few more useful guidelines. femow‘allam 11 10 cause to know, teach, 1 The majority of Form I verbs take an a-vowel on the mi verbs from nouns: skx price, saat II (0 price, Pui @ radical of the past stem. This usually gives a present stem witha ImiSr Egypt, maSSar I to Egyptianise. or i on the middle radical, and in fact many verbs can take ‘al roots, which always have a series of two consonants a i either. Present stems with an a-characteristic also occur, usually fs an i <5 . present tense | : due to the influence of a guttural such as H or : as second oF dle, are conjugated exactly like II, e.g. 97 - PF third radical of the root. 2. The second most common Form I type is that with am characteristic in the past, giving an a- in the present, ©B F . ). Note fahim/fham to understand. Again there are exceptions, but n0t [Again the present tense prefixes take u (see above). Maan ‘u-vowel in the past tense passive. CiCaac The leait Catidson Boe ja ake Garcbefqrub m has an alternative shape for the verbal noun C'iC°a No help at all can be given with the verbal noun, which must be sometimes used. ascertained from a dictionary. jeiple: exactly the same, but with an a-vowel on the “radical, (All altered except V and VI) ‘useful meaning patterns: anslate. The verbal noun, however, is Gap. J increases the base-root by a prefixed hamza, written aru To sum up, the only truly predictable parts of I are the tw though this disappears in the present Sacre passive stems and the two participles. Forms II to X are predictlle welled u, In all parts of the he ene Sane fit is the in all parts, so learn them systematically and carefully. A thor Hit hamza is always pronounced, neve® CNM Tt ihe knowledge of the behaviour of the sound roots is invaluable 1 Shama, sce page 19). Ieis worth noting ere that this bal dealing with the defective roots which deviate from this norm. bh hamza which occurs in the derived forms o! _ Note that all spoken dialects of Arabic take liberties wil VII-X inclusive) can all be elided. ently vowelling of Form I stems, so you will probably be understetyy quite a common derivative and, like 1), * ot Salall t whether you say yaktub, yaktab or yaktib. It is only in very €g. jalas | to sit, 'ajlas IV 10 cause to sit, fo Set, i Noa ot terary [Om | right, -aSlaH IV to put right, mend, reform. elThe Arabic Verb 245 244 Arabic i i bling of ture of this form involves the dou 0 OX eal Ss the base root, it will be dealt with in ae 3 Fe final radical pled Verb, whose behaviour it follows. It is long Wit oe oy used to form verbs from the special adjectives 1 Form V is It with a prefixed ta~ but note carfilly the digo, vowelling, which is a all through the present stem. VI i¢ ee in other form which behaves in this way, all the rst alterna t®,°ty a/present i on the middle radical. Quadriliterals: ‘The Past As the ‘a rare, | mn pp. 231-2. second form of the quadrilteral verb behaves exactly jie ¢led qui rand physical defect described on pp oo ACS, present tense iE 10 be a pupil. “ee ceo The prefix here is sta-, but Arabic orthography req receding three derived forms. pected al! ee of ask for the action of the root’, eg. slim Xen eaten X to seek or ask to know, to enquire; Khadam J 10 110 know, ist takhdam X to seek or ask to work, to employ, use Form VI, like V, has both stems identical. Note the long u-yg On the past stem passive (although this, in fact, rarely occena) out! Vv hot a very common form, but when it occurs it very often fay i h n , but : rk, is : thing/- meaning of doing something in association with or in compart ether common meaning pattern is ‘to consider (something/- with someone else, eg. tanaafas £0 compete, vie with each nie Ano) as possessing the meaning of the root, eg, Hast taHaawar to carry on a discussion. : somionce, beautiful, istaFisan X to consider good, nice, etc goot, * Form VII is formed by prefixing in- to the Form I stem. In this ang the remainder of the derived forms, the inital alif of the past stems : his only there to satisfy the Arabic rule that no word may begin wiih’ As has already been said, itis essential to master the forms in Th denen Gonsonant. The ivowel can therefore be clided, and | ASB BNL ee They form the basis for wt be eeneemed with disappears in the present stem and the participles, Teappearing only! system. All the material in the ensuing tables wi a piesces and on the verbal noun. Form VII is not all that common and ig deviations from this master pattern caused by uns usually intransitive, with a passive or reflexive meaning, ¢.. inkasar ‘other features in the roots. to become broken, to break. Concluding remarks Form VII The variation from the base form here is an infixedt 5 after the first radical. Since the latter is vowelless, the same remarks Table 3. The Doubled Verb regarding initial alif as in VII apply. . st how" The infixed t suffers some phonetic variations due to assimi- to point, s feo tens for ene tent lation. These all concern the nature of the first radical of the root Be eae eee daa ei ade adie enc aen allay Belair tele contracted stem (CS) written with as (RS). See the notes to this table. (a) If the first radical of the root’ is one of the emphatic letters | S,D,T,DH, the infixed t becomes T, e.g. root Sn: gives | iSTana:,Drb gives iDTarab. T and DH are totally assimilated : eee oes ives * Not ae DED Hae adda. e8. Te gives iTTala, Dilm o General Doubled roots are those whose second and thd radicals (6) If the first radical is d,dh or z the infixed t becomes d and the neat same letter. The main distinguishing eee cen This is same pattern evolves: iddarak (drk), iadaHam (zHm), idhdhakar ay aris that, in both tenses, they have a contracted sem, TAs Is (dhkn, ; i Used in all parts of the verb where either : et in the past tense, (0) If it is waaw or yaa’ this assimilates to the tad’, eg. ittallae or the suffix begins with a vowel ~ eg. -at eee its (WH). Also hamza on the root *khdh (Form I ’akhadh 10 14 como, they" (m) in the ney - 'g before -tum for ‘you’ gives VIII ittakhadh ro take up for oneself. ie rye the reglar tem i used” 0g belore tm Form VIII is very common, but offers no helpful or easily tre! P¥sent tense), In the present tense, the changes in ending for pattern of meaning.246 Arabic Active | Past stem | Present stem | _ Active Participle Ics uw ob oe rs | gf a 1 No irregularity, refer to Table 2 mcs Ub UG om ane rs | is Js wes ust Us oe u rs | pst bs : v No irregularity, refer to Table 2 vics | Ute ues oo | ue Rs | Sig Sis vincs | Ua ua wah | vat Rs | fait Ji Vill CS sea ay te RS | 2a oe wes | pot pe | aM ss fost) se mv xes | ver ve Woe rs | yhey ge The Arabic Verb 247 sg and jussive are as shown in Table 1- Unsuffixed parts ature for all three moods. ase the Seneral role, when the ‘contracted stem is used, the vowel wol have been on the second radical (now included under adda) is thrown back and goes on the first radical, but this not ypen in ‘VII and VIII, where the i-vowel of the middle does 20% gst altogether and the first radical takes its usual a- mits the same variation of second radical vowel as the "Table 2), but in the past tense this appears in the Speontracted forms ‘only, the contracted forms always having @. In the present tense, the uncontracted form is again regular, and in the tase of the contracted forms, its characteristic vowel is thrown back first radical according to the principle mentioned above. to the the principle, - to hs vere are the following possibilities (in various combinations): Form! Pe und root (see i Past Present gE CaCC (for CaCaC) CuCC (for CCuC) CaCC (for CaCiC) CiCC (for CCiC) CaCC (for CCaC) CaCC (for CaCuC) Forms 11 and V are completely regular, as the doubling of the —,LDUr~—~—~—C—CCCCOCN Forms Ill, IV, VL, Vil, VIE ‘and X Attention is drawn to the following point: the setae and. passive participles differ only in the case of IY and X (vowel for active, a for passive). The remainder, which are identical, either are not used at all, or at least not in contrast, so nO difficulty should be encountered in practice. (The root m-d-d has been used for Form VIII in the table, as d-I-1 would assimilate—see Table 2, Rotes to Form VILL.) Form 1X isnot a true doubled verb, but since the formation of IX on te sound root involves the doubling of the final radical, the maar haves exactly like a doubled verb. It is in any case quite Tate, being derived only from roots which mean colours or bodily fects (see pp. 231-2). The verb illustrated in the table is from the root -m-r, ‘to be or become red, blush’.248 Arabic nd unc, stems, the former observing the rule of throwing back (o"'*8cteg described above. MI and VI (if it ever occurs) do not contract in th Bo « Seis: Summary The doubled verb, in all its ramifications, is Im printed Arabic ~ where the shadda ef th Contracted stems usually omitted ~ it has to be ‘detected Starting from the clue of a3 fa foray missing radical. The derived forms have been given in full for completeness, but some occur rarely or never. © Past tense Guite tricky to master final radical, and so conjugates like the doublet ee” The main “ Parts of iTma’ann to he quiet, at ease are: Past Present Active | Passive | Verbal tense tense Participle | participle | noun es ty ates | ot Ae bt] Gib | oeb RS | Ub : y Table 4 First-Weak Verbs Notes : = First weak verbs are those which have waaw of yaa’ as thee fist ical. First-y verbs are more or less regular ‘except for some smoothing out of clashes between the sounds w and ys ee the roots show more irregularity. None of these changes affec' Suffixation of the stems for person, mood, ete | 4 z with first radical waaw: 15 to arrive ip The Arabic Verb 249 Active | Passive | Verbal Past stem | Present stem | oriole | participle | moun i ie del | | yoga irregular i gi 43 | dex | Joe | die o o - ee Jai de Regular except for verbal noun Past stem | Present stem [ ’ <1) & Jes des i. at 9] L | gest 3 First waaw verbs | Almost all first waaw verbs lose this waaw completely in te fertt stem. The middle radical in the present stem ener frequently vowelled i, although other combinations exist, as is swe with all Form I verbs. . part from this, and the assimilation in Form VIII (see Table 2), ay Other irtegularities can be summed up in the following Takes: ' When vowelless waaw is preceded by a short u-vowel, the two act lOgether to form a long uu. According to the oars es Arabic orthography, this waaw is not then marl wi {ukuun in vowelled texts, jl a “n vowelless waaw is preceded by a short i-vowel, . e Changed into a Yaa’ and the two fuse together in the same above, this time forming a long ii.ge The Arabic Verb 251 250 Arabic {It is as well to point out again here that Arabic in Beneral oth principle a6 -s are illustrated in Form IV: the close proximity of u/y and i/w,) un: iibaas for theoretical iybaas (rule 1). pal nour” ie: muubis for theoretical muybis (rule 2). Derived forms The forms not mentioned in the table Vee participle IV_ Form IV demonstrates rule 1 above in the Present Pa, a ‘Again formed regularly, but subject to the rules above. Tule 2 in the verbal noun. ™, ang passive VIN waaw assimilates to give a doubled taa’, X Regular except for the verbal noun which has ij for i down in rule 2. 8S haig ived forms VIII again shows assimilation, Deri Passives are regularly formed, bearing in mind rule 1, table 5 Hollow Verbs 2° Verbs with first radical yaa’: rp to be dry 1 JB to say, Ce to 90, ng to slee| 1v gil to set up, reside VI 38h t0 be led — 1&1 10 choose X lal to be straight Active Passive | Verba) VI jt) Active | Past stem | Present stem partcpie | perncine | Yo > a . ¢ me E ‘Acti Passive | Verbal , ve o oth | ae | ieee Active |Past stem | Present stem | O05. | tuciple | ‘nous af 2 , os : e < ‘ 5 1” ol of we} et | nt fits} ub we | ol al |g Var os om | Gt we Passive} Past stem | Present stem ee a“ - : » < I on 3 re 6 el ~ i a 5 | First yaa’ verbs cd {nese do not lose their first radical in the present stem of h d . ze | PACS which have no ean at all (with the exception of the jussive: below). SNe ae tem (SS) is used in all parts of the verb ‘which have @ aff beginning with @ consonant (tum, wna, etc.) and ad- Manas ir unsuffxed parts of the present Cense /ussie Thus the audimary, present tense ‘he says’ would be yaguul (OU stem), but if we use the jussive, the form becomes yaqull — @ difference which obviously shows in writing: J. \ yi] Je. In Type 1 verbs (middle radical originally waaw) the past stems are LS aa, SS u; present tense LS ua, SS u- (middle radical yaa’) has past tense LS aa, SS i; present ‘Type . middle radical either waaw oF SS i; present LS aa, SS a- Se Rive, more or less predictable in the form ClaC’C.254 Arabic Note that many parts of these verbs, when they appear in tex, ive no clue as to their original root form. The only answer ig ° check both the middle waaw form and the middle yaa’ form ing dictionary. If, as sometimes happens, both exist you will have ty select the one which makes most sense. Derived forms Those not included in the Table (IT, INI, V, vr and IX) behave regularly, as the weak middle radical does not occur where it can be elided. As usual, there is no permitted variation in vowelling in the derived forms, so, unlike I, the short stem vowel is always merely g shortened version of the vowel in the long stem. In addition, the derived forms given are identical no matter whether the original root had waaw or yaa’. IV _ Note that the verbal noun has the feminine ending. Vil and VIII Note that the same a-vowel occurs in Past and Present stem. One would have expected an alternation 4/i (as in X). VIII appears rarely as a regular form, the weak radical being treated as sound. X The verbal noun again has the feminine ending, and there is a vowel distinction in the two tense stems and the two participles. Passive As usual, the vowelling is standard for all forms, The full forms of both long and short stems have been given only for I as the SS always merely shortens the vowel of the LS. Table 6 Third-Weak Verbs — 1 Third radical waaw, characteristic a Notes Third-weak verbs are those which have waaw or yaa’ as their last radical. They occur in three distinct types, and as these are the most difficult verbs to master in Arabic, they have been set out in full in separate tables. Type 1, as illustrated in Table 6, has third radical waaw and characteristic a — that is, originally the form was nadaw ‘The passive of this type of verb is dealt with in the notes to Table 8, and its derived forms are in Table 9. The Arabic Verb 255 G to call, invite Past tense Present tense ey Indicative | Subjunctive | Jussive he ig oh 2 she yh 5 & | you (m) bs %¢ . oe ® | you 0 yal boat a at I os gl 4 woe | ete they two (m) ‘ Pore oc Ane z they two () CS | gly you two CHS | ola 1 + they (m) Wa Oya igh g they (0) Ost | Ose 2 af = fee 4 ae sec o8e § | you (m) oe Og \yas : ge gee | tte ges you (f) es Oghs aa te ae we pat i ffixes be- Past tense The parts of the past tense which have sul x ginning with a consonant are in fact regular, the waaw taking full Consonantal status. The remainder of the forms show various elisions and deviations which are best learned by rote. Present tense Only the three dual parts and the two feminine Plural parts are anything like regular.256 Arabic ite subjunctive varies in writing from the indicative in Parts, which are also used for the jussive. In the Unsuffixed Usual the jussive, the final weak radical disappears all togerner' of feature is common to all types of the thind-weak verb, and ca itis soufusing when encountered in print. In unvoweita tex inssves of unsutixed parts of the doubled, hollow _ Yerbs look exactly the same (as if they had a let: Missing) Sometimes all possible variations have to be checked in ind dictionary, Active participle This is the same for all types of third-weak y, and is written: rb, Definite ga Indefinite 36 This type of irregular nown/adjective is discussed on Page 142, note to 1.2, Passive participle This is in fact regular if under the shadda is regarded as a vowel len, a8 a consonant. The form is 72ts. the first waaw included igthener and the second Verbal noun 4:5 nadw, but not teally a predictable form. Table 7 Third-Weak Verbs — 2 | Third radical yaa’, characteristic a Notes Type 2 of the third-weak verb has third radical yaa’, and character- istic a ie. original form ramay (a-vowel on middie radical) For the passive see notes to Table 8; for derived forme cee Table 9. Past tense Again the Parts of the past tense which have suffixes beginning with a consonant are regular (cf Tabla 6), and the rest, except for one dual, have various elisions. . t tense’ The long vowel this time on the unsuffixed parts is (cf -wu in Table 6) and this is again reduced to a short vowel in the unsuffixed parts of the jussive. The duals and the feminine Plurals are regular, but in the parts where the long ii vowel woul clash with a long uu in a suffix, the former is dropped all together (eg. yarmuun), The Arabic Verb 257 Past tense Present tense . o to throw F— Indicative | Subjunctive | Jussive 2 ‘| Parts not y (Tre we 4 | shown a alee < written as od ~~ 7 | indicative A rons) we f | a | Bee “t 5 I os we f ied ote Gey Parts not they two (mn) | ee pe | hecan ee ates acd written as i they two (f) Ge) ges a subjune- poe cs | tive you two he | by wy they (m) Ws | Ome | lee they (f) oo | Gee thee ate io% i you (m) me ore wr ene | ow you (f) om | ov ; e “< 3 F | we SB) wo oo Active participle This is 5, definite .al5. See notes to Table 6. Passive participle This is “7s, preserving the long ii. Verbal noun |) ramy or {ly rimaaya, These two shapes are Common with this type of verb.T_T 258 Arabic The Arabic Verb 259 Table 8 Third-Weak Verbs — 3 ‘Third radical either waaw or yaa’, characteristic i Nae, ofthe third-weak verb has (original) third radical waaw or | the form is written with a yaa’ whatever the original . use of the influence of the characteristic i-vowel on the rete Padical (remember 1's ‘and w’s don't mix). This type is the side gon of the third-weaks, but there are still quite a few (e810 be pleased around In fact if ii is regarded the same as iy (which it is in tense ; tes parts of ths tense are regular except the they (m, plural) Present teme +] i i Farretical -iyum ending is cut to -wu to avoid the i-y-u Subjunctive | Juss cash. f ad tense The long vowel this time is -aa, presumably reflect- . Parsnot | *5* ing the tendency of ‘characteristic verbs to form their present rs shown wn in vith a on the middle radical. This a causes the masculine 5 written as | - . plural endings 10 be rendered -aw (n). 4 indicative | 07 : j & | you (m) mi aaive participle This is ,21,, definite, gA1,, according to the usual ° L eF pattern for these verbs. 7 you (f) “3% oe er pusive participle This is (2/2, on the same pattern as tYPe 2. I oak . . oo) Verbal noun This is 4x2), but this shape is by no means he predictable. 7 ty y two (am) Parts not Pasive of third-weak verbs The passive is the same for all three shown types and takes the following form: & | they to © written as subjunctive Past tense you two 4 os they (mn) 3, | o3% “oy £2 conjugated like'Se2> they (f) ae i oy i you (m) ee 1 Present tense you (f) 1 oi we oe EE conjugated like260 Arabic L . ‘The verb «sl; ‘to sec’ This is a hybrid verb, technically bel to the third-weak category. It is conjugated as follows, "eng Past tense ci; like rama (Table 7), Present tense (6% the hamza and its carrier are omit remainder conjugated like yarDaa in this table. The dis Of the jussive consist of only the letter raa’ and the prefix: 5 ya Ser parts The participles are used rarely, and the imperative no, Note that there are a few other verbs which conj f ajugate in th tense as Table 7 and in the present as Table 8, eg. a Satna ty run, hurry, present tense ee yasaa. ed and 4 istinct Parts 4 Table 9 Third-Weak Verbs — Derived Forms i Notes All types of third-weak verbs form their derived stems in exactly the same way. Forms Il, HI, IV, VII, VIN and X are conjugated like ramaa (Table 7) in both tenses. The remaining two forms, V and VI, are conjugated like ramaa in the past tense, and yarDaa (Table 8) in the Present tense. - == according to the Tule given in Note {to Table 2, and conjugated like raDiy(a) in both tenses. The Arabic Verb 261 — Verbal Past tense | Present tense ne san S| 6 || #| eo vo eh | eh | ae | me a o er | ae | ey bas Lote S | | eG Pe loon wl oF a oF | MF |e 4 7 an et eee | eel ee eo ~ an ee | oe = X | GA | em | ee | ae ‘The active participles of all Forms, and the verbal nouns of V and VI are Given in the definite form (with final yaa’), See notes. Participle active participle has been given in its definite form, ue foal a 8 this is how itis usually pronounced in speech hen it is used indefinitely, the final yaa’ is omitted unless the Word is accusative (see page 142, note to line 2). ' Passive participles end in long -aa. Veal nouns The verbal nouns of V and VI are also given with the final yaa’ of the definite.Appendix 2 The Arabic Numerals The correct grammatical use of the complicated business and, as has already been sap one intend to stick to reading and speaking Arabic, rather tha 30 it, the colloquial forms will be quite sufficient The foneting account, however, may be useful for reference." ‘Ollowing Cardinal numbers (These are split up into i Pehevions) “Plt uP into groups according to their syntactg Masculine Feminine a 1 Jt !_——A noun, not used as a c _-_,. _umeral in spoken Arabic. sels Sel) An adjective which follows the noun in the usual way. ot ct 2 ob OES] A dual form which must be declined (see page 108). Itis used only alone or for emphasis, as the dual noun is usually sufficient. 3 3-10 form a group with the following characteristics: 4 (a) The feminine ending here marks the masculine form. 5 (6) these numbers take their noun in the plural (technically genitive case). . Note the feminine form of the 7 number 8 which behaves a8 described on page 142, note to line 2. 8 9 The Arabic Numerals 263 ‘The numerals 11-99 inclusive take their noun in the indefinite accusative singular. Notes (@) The teens. Note that the ten part has reverted to normal gender pattern with the feminine ending on the feminine. However the unit part retains its perversion. ‘The unit part of 12 behaves like a dual in a possessive construction, losing its final nun. (b) The tens. These are external masculine plurals, so the ending alternates -uun/-iin according to grammatical case (page 101). In spoken Arabic only the -iin ending is used. (©) In compounds, the unit comes before the ten: three and twenty, five and sixty, etc.264 Arabic 100 200 300 1,000 2,000 5,000 100,000 1,000,000 Ordinal numbers Masculine Ist JA 2na mr El ai 4th ei 5th bl 6th yet 7th eo 8th ofl 9th el 10th pil The Arabic Numerals 265 Masculine Hundreds, ¢ millions, ohare and with @ noun, take pe (echnically in the gen! case). However, in come of these +tens/units. pound Is 8, the nou is governed by the 42 8G the numeral,“ Part of a 7 Note the irregular s, A i spell all mia ~ the alif being ignotaa! 20h darts in pronunciation. Contraryty c ae the rule given above, it doe” | = orale tell Oa zAlly Lob not go in the plural af units (three hundred, ete) Zer0 is sino (Sift), whence we get our Word ‘cipher’ Fractions 7 The word-shape for the fractions is C’uC*C?, but ‘half’ is an exception. Note that again the root s-d-s is used for 6. haf ea, seventh ge third eighth pb Feminine : . qa} ninth § is Special forms exist { & a only for the units. i es tenth pe GG Apart from ‘first’, ~ which behaves like a seth tl, we superlative adjective, bl these have the shape ClaaC*iC? — but note the change of root used in 6th (some dialects use saatit) For the tens the cardinal form is used, but if this is accompanied by a uait the latter is in the ordinal form (sce 11th 25th). The plural pattern for these fraction words is ’@C'C?aaC’.Appendix 3 Internal Plural Shapes There are only two Feasonably consistent Correlat; fingulat/plural shapes in arabe, © the two fourrangls: betw not ‘rules’, but merely helpful hints which may aig you ie lst are a Feel for the language. ‘The ultimate reference for ulting fae! ‘ference for any Plaral ip n for colour and phy Wed on Physica some not common, nouns, bun 2 CiCaC? is Very common, with singular shape CIC’Cig feminine ending): abi pi CF piece, bit “2 PL Se trade, craft _ t0 (2) above from si I oc ‘cnc 2) above from singutars with au. (with SF toy, game {ll ae Phe picture It also occurs with singular shape C’aC?C’a when the middle tadical is waaw: PL -J53- state, nation 4 CuCUC is quite common, but with no Consistently occurring singular shape: ty pL ot town, city Lo ph _— ab ph aL way, road (t) 266 Internal Plural Shapes 267 jCiaaC” is a common pattern for adjectives with the singular iC2aaC? pape ee : ge Pho slap smalt _ IS big ' = also with nouns of various shapes: gpl. Jb) man ie Cc ol. JG mountain & P ° fe ph Se camel Ep IS dog i ly from singular CuCuuC is a very common Pattern, usual 7 i oct! {cmeaning any of the three vowels, theimportant thing being that the middle radical is unvowelled): i op. ab heart oe ps (science iol ot 23% troop, army 7 CuC*Caac? occurs frequently as the plural of singular shape : ClaaCiC? (active Participle, Form I) when it refers to human beings: oie ob OK resident, inhabitant Ce ees An alternative shape used with some such nouns is C’aCaC'a, °r instance, ib student can take either Gob ordi268 Arabic 8 "@C'C'uC’ is not all that common. It c occurs with o Shapes as (6) above, and in fact often has (6) ne c 3 sor plural: alternative “ ver 2 a pl. 2A! or 54 month >. ph >. = 9 "aC'C*aaC’ is one of the most common patterns, A, usually from the singular pattern C’pC?C? i pL (at film JS ph < oa of pl otf colour Note also the rather unusual: . Bain jt as in (6) above, "is IEF shape, form, type ete ph tT sriena 10 “aC'C’iC%a is usually ti the plural of words which have a long a- vowel in the second syllabl le, and no feminine ending (cf. 14 below): Jy pk LT question - os pL Cait cloth, fabric I ’aC'CiC*aa’ is from the singular shape C!aC*iiC?: Ge pl sbuLT friend iD p. CEI rich Note the slightly different shape for doubled roots: cob ph kT doctor the Note that this and the following three shapes do not show final alif in the indefinite accusative. Internal Plural Shapes 269 aCsaa’ is common, from the singular shape C!aC7iiC’ cue le human beings: 2 it denotes male hur when it , wl pl. ell prince «ph #l3y__minister 2 “ As pie Phe ambassador tris also used with some adjectives: a sth — great, mighty pl «193 ——poor 13. ClawaaC?iC? is from the singular C’aaC7iC(a) (masculine or feminine): Be phelps rule, principle, base 4 6 ph ely 14 C'aC’aa’iC* is from nouns with the feminine ending, and having a long vowel in the second syllable: pl newspaper we, ph pty article, essay is i aCtaaCtiiCt 18 C'aCaaCtiC’a is an alternative to the pattern Cla a oF (less commonly C!aC?aaC*iC* (pp. 100-1) used on some quadri literals referring to people: 324 pL teacher ak pl pupilHints for Further Study 271 Appendix 4 Hints for Further Study pice Arab ace to place that aculars vary so much from place to place th ea exactly where you are going, some compromise you Made. The Arabic taught in this book is literary, but pas 10 be Tiny of its grammatical trappings, and will be under- Ol Meated people in all Arab countries. However, if you el ill have to learn a dialect. a tand the locals, you will have to want 10 a avays the most popular, there is no doubt _ Arabic Grammars Authoush rll the most widely understood, due to the influence o Of the many Arabic grammar books on the market, the followin, eypian radio, TV and films. two are recommended as providing the best mater 8 tial for pro. gression beyond the scope of the present work. Both deal with modern literary Arabic, as opposed to the older ot ‘cassigt language. David Cowan, An Introduction to Modern Literary Arabic Cambridge (University Press), 1964 (also available in paper back). This concise and accurate grammar provides a handy reference. Farhat J. Ziadeh and R. Bayly Winder, An Introduction to Modern Arabic, Princeton (University Press), 1957. Written according to roughly the same inductive principles as this book, it contains a wealth of useful textual material. Dictionaries There is really only one Arabic-English dictionary worth considering: Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, ed. J. Milton Cowan, Wiesbaden (Otto Harrassowitz), 1966 (also available in paperback). If you can read German, the Langenscheidts Taschenworterbuch Arabisch-Deutsch, Deutsch-Arabisch, Bertin and Munich, 1976 useful for the beginner, as it is arranged strictly in alphabetic! order, and not according to roots as all other dictionaries which can save a lot of time. English-Arabic dictionaries tend to be written for Arabs, 4 hence do not make any effort to explain the exact mean Pa usages of the Arabic words given. The most useful of e ick probably al-Mawrid, by M. Baalbaki, Beirut (Dar a! Malayin), 1967. 270 bs, andKey to the Exercises 23 _ marHuum ~ Samiim riiHaan — muniis — yaasit ~ Key to the Exercises EXERCISE 0.1 Two-letter , acme transiiterations have been italicised hey, rc brk — {qa —_Ims— sh dh dh— 2 fw : = Tib— khan — th on Caer Lenn ete Syt- 4 — brnmj — jmhwr — DI - im brbr— nbt- tha f TO im Oe gh Dns imD Ohttom — Digh~ th th mika Ta AO dhl bat b tr ghee D tr Han bgt rs~ ae ae ane EXERCISE 02 a CISE 0.7 matra smucallim ~ mudatris ~ Sarraaf — tamazzad a SF er ayyizaat— dabbaash = cbayyaam — Hammaal = wwaall ~ yukkaab — khabbaaz ~ rattaba ~ sattaat ~ fannaan — sawwaal Sgbbuur ~ dalla Dalla - Haaa ee ee ke — St— 9 a 7 dim vn te oe a Aen at eo rem oe es ge ge , aa oe 8 eB TS — Bm on — pe — Oe eg Cag jim oS — yp — GA BF pxercise 08 Sida marHaban — mathalan Fabian ~ flan - wan ~ ragnman — athiiran — yawmiyyan — sanawiyya®- 5 — ‘amal — bi’ is ys —vasnaan — arba:ae jimaan — "udabaa’ ~ minaath ~ EXERCISE 09 sural — 12° ed : —vapbast —" - saataaf ~ “ankle - ‘EXERCIS! . EXERCISE 0.10 aadaad raabaar aakhadha ‘aalaaf ~ “a ae ne ou oo = farigh~ ail hamal — tmoth- 4 cn - aamaad ~ “aamaal “aaHaad. jahara — ghariga ~ marHab ~ nabr — balaH — EXERCISE 0.11 fuSHaa ~ ghaDbaa— pilaadit ila — Kitaabii~ 7 ~ wagr ~ figh — naHHwa — yarn maysar ~ Tarada — bagh!~ at ‘ijn ~ jund ~ Sadaf - Sidq~ quds ~ natin = makatha — bulbul ~ jada ~ manzilii - kubraa— ‘wusTaa~ vomnaa ~ mabnaa ~ mabnil EXERCISE 012 sayyaara~ maktaba— majalla ~ jariida ~ wizaara — tarbiyya ~ namla ~ ‘nakhla - 935y3~ tarjama~ ‘Saghiirs jghtiraakiyy — diimuugraaTiyya ~ mmarwaHia ~ Taa’ita — riwaaya~ masala — aSliyya — makka, EXERCISE 043 dhaalik— paadhaa — allah — paadhibi~ haadhaan— badulaa’. EXERCISE 0.14 jibdal - Khabfit jadihdar — arqeam — mustaidd — hears * draanib — :aSaafiit — arn - ee badriz — fatiila — ‘asdiqaa’ — Katibat ‘Katabnaa ~ saafaruv — hi kraa — qaatalaunii ~ téjriba ~ “Thawila ~ istéclamat ~ fanaajiin ~ saree as _raaghib ~ Taahir = ‘SaaliHl — faSiH ~ Saghiit — rakbiiS~ aes taSiir — Kulayb — ghafuur ~ Sanduuig ~ faanvus = aar— qaabuus — bayram — muliiq — miizaan — fanaadi — ghayt— 1274° Arabic ramrrud ~ banilsaj ~ dhéalik ~ muusiiqaa ~ qandabil mar ma:idum~ macluomaét ~ musalliméun ~ taléartdhen fétaHa "> 12aéddum ~ mashat ~ qimnaa —taéshshaa ~ Sédeqat & Sa fagaT - lammaa. - EXERCISE 1.1 A | almudiir 2 al-waasi: 3 ash-shubbaak 4 al-maTaar $ an-naDHiif 6 aS-Saghiir 7 atkitaab 8 an-naafi: 9 atgasi, iowepe al-qaSiir B | annaHiif 2 al-baiiid 3 albayt 4 aT-Tawiil 5 ash-shaar: 6 al-ariiD 7 abmashghuul 8 ar-rajul 9 akmaTaar 10 al-walag EXERCISE 1.2 des foie br ae Cis y Uygite ey y sa fey Nk lle Vals V dub peo tee ple Ve chee EXERCISE 13 i all SW all OS oy Ayrcll Jost 4 A Wy st ty dal Et 0 all yf seal gall Ve Ct SH etl Je a EXERCISE 14 1 maTaar kabir waasi: 2 ash-shubbaak alariiD an-naDHiif The wide, clean wader abwalad aT-Tawiil an-naHiit The tal, thin boy. 4 rajul mashghuul mashhuur A busy, famous man, i 5 al-baab al-kabiir al-ariiD The big, wide door, * 6 shaari: Tawiil naDHiif 4 long, clean street, EXERCISE 21 A dale eur mY Le Gta I PF coal VE pt ge OSH 9g Jgte Uist FE SU Ve aly Yall poe BSI A B J The fat driver. 2 The busy employee, 3 The present rukr. 4 A beautiful museum. 5 The honest merchant. ‘6A light box. * gu 1 der Geull £ ee SU Jae bly a oN Gait Gytuall 4 dole 2! Key to the Exercises 275 22 1 BOR ie ony tne ge east Y fe pe 1 dale Oe VT bE at, 0 we est ay th y ad i pxsrcise 23 _ date ” bb th Gay cio yew t ee el Vo pb vp Vik Cal fe 4 Jap LOE Spall £ ad pV fae Genll ey tt pA MELD UN A nah a Eb Ol eo ae Vie ll A ao wi Vee CSV Ber rS al We GE wi V Ese Sue 4 EXERCISE 3.1 A fal IK iy tt HY dat Gly Att US y asl A a ddl aA oe aid GoM £ Le Ayla Ye aay OS) 4 tall sel A B 1 The busy driver. 2 Thefast car, 3 The spacious ofers 4 The ck id (earth). 5 The closed room. : 6 The present mother 7 ‘Phe beautiful writing. 8 The distant mosque. 9 The long war. 10 The heavy table. gta GeV ae 0 dsb o> 4 » dey AR ae BENT date gt tee RES Vv ab A A dye al 0 tb oN £ Bylo yb GSI A se tell A Cte Bi oily GE ne ty dee A ee US VG BERCISE 32-1 The plate is on the table, 4 The chair isin the room. 3 Salim isin the mosque “The sun is above the earth. 5. The secretary is with the manager.276 Arabic § thuned is from the town. 7 The books are in the lby | rary, Key to the Exercises 277 etary is lazy. 6 These factories are big. 8 The manager and the secretar Ka y are in the ai 9 The delegate is with the manager. 10 Tear one | 5 Te box is empty. fr This door is shut. 9 That girl is pretty. a — mar Peareet is broad. CISE 33 ll Fg yy they St yo That a ; 7 SS yi OW J ath tg Gy ca a pane oe : r a * ae Rel se Cus) dibs ole VW Bey Ghd sit O Apyel te ob £ CISE 41 e ch ean A ine att ue Se ols 4 Gk Got a A Usk fey ab eal Ma $V ode a ay aay _ 7 fend) paler ab Ve DUM ole A Gt oie Vall oe yay | i / Gy oa ys ct ° pS tibell ip ola iad) inkl go OEY lin 4 i : : 5 ; B sect wk § gud op tee iL! poet Zeb pil» ase apt sn ANSEF al all att ay cia ah pe 1 nee gv — -seésaéseéssN ann + : a SI Als g GU Gott p lh A doll JeJt ye ds i! Ne Myth sg Set) lal! a a ve Babl LSA po oie 4 C 1 This magazine. 2 T 5 This water. 6 This eae 9 This mosque, " 3 These pens. 4 This fact A ory. Orne, 7 This cinema. “8 This ministry. 1 That town. 2. Those towns. 72 3 That 5 That cletk. 6 That driver. 7 Those cupbear gf That pa 9 That table. 10 That hand. 5 : : ' : - co USL oie ¥ cl ode YI 3 4 BALI Sbylell oie 6 Gil ald Lin § fe ONE wu ee pill as EXERCISE 42 A foe Su Al ode Face fill Wb agie Spilled I cee VBS SSH oo duly Ujlll ole £ ee SN yin OUI Ma A Es Stall UY ae Ell db OM B-1 This tree is small. Stns etc small 2 That workman is diligent 4 These houses are spacious. CI This is an old printing house. 2 This is a large region. 3 That is a special department. 4 These are weekly newspapers. 5 These are dirty windows. 6 This is a clean hand. 7 That is an honest man. & These are important museums. 9 This is a modern government. 10 These are major sources. 1 This is the old printing house. 2 This is the large region. 3 That is the special department. 4 These are the weekly newspapers. 5 Tkese are the dirty windows. 6 This is the clean hand. 7 That is the honest man, 8 These are the important museums. 9 This is the modern government. 10 These are the major sources. sabia illa rub: 2 as-saaca cashara wa-thulth 3 assaaca arba:a wa-tub: 4 as-saa:a thamaaniya wa-niSf wa-khamsa 5 assaaca sabra wa-khamsa 6 as-saa‘a ithna'shar illa thulth 7 assaaca thalaatha wa~iashara 8 as-saa‘a tis:a wa-niSf illa khamsa 9 as-saaca ithna‘shar ila ashara__ 10 as-saa:a thamaaniya wa-niSf. EXERCISE 44 1. as-saa: Unit 5 Transliteration 'kitaab-ka 2 ghurfat-haa 3 maktab al-mudiir 4 wizaarat ad-daakhiliyya 5 bayt buTrus 6 jaamicat al-qaahira al-jadiid 8 sayyaarat al-waziir al-kabiira 10 riwaaya min riwaayaat tuumaas haardii t haadhihi as-siyaasa 12 Hukuumat-naa haadhihi.a6 278 Arabic Key to the Exercises 279 EXERCISE 5.1 4s ith OI BUS USBI gy Yo alk bee Y A Beil vis ft tel OD! y Sh aa ena owls als ¢ BSH ee @ SA OS A peal v chy fo! : _ t town of ours. 2 That project of the government. b ‘ele Nat gate of the university. 4 That book of his. Boel yh, peel & tayb ol y _ 5 That source of oil. c aAyjgh cab one p ISE 61 1d-g-q 2k-br 3 jnn 4 wer 5 sheer Mig By ca tee tt os ee shghl 8 H-km 9 bed 10 H-Do 1] WDE oFbly Vo that Nps © SLL ty 12 sy-r 13 sh: 14 Herr 15 fre: 16 dekh-l 17 H-d-q 18 r-w-y ces 19 kh-f-f 20 S-n-d-q 21 H-m-d 22 sh-T-r 23 s-w-q 24 m-l-" AES GK. 4 EXERCISE 52 A J My cheap watch. 2 The manager's new car. 3 Salim’s heavy parcel, 4 His dirty suit. 5 The important announcement of the newspapers (the newspapers’ 6 The bank’s diligent manager (the diligent manager of...) 7 The fat driver of the car. 8 Her old jokes. 9 The government's new factory. 10 Our spacious room. . de ple ob Gade pi LY dat Gly We ths phe FG ILI Odel o Bey di t ee LSI ee 4S OA ge BL LY daly tae Unit 7 Transliteration 1 seafar ilaa al-kuwayt thumma raja: ilaa al-baHrayn 2 fataHlat al-baab wa-dakhalat 3 hal dafact al-fuluus? laa, rafaDt 4 ‘akalnaa wa-sharibnaa 5 kallam as-saa’iq ar-ra'iis 6 Tabakhat zawjatiiat-Ta:aam . 7 ‘a:lanat al-jaraa’id natiijat al-intikhaab 8 rafaD al-ummaal alalaawa wa-'aDrabuu 9 ijtamacat as-sakriteeraat wa-intakhabna manduubat-hunna 10 waDat-hu fii shanTatii fii aS-SabaaH (pronounced: fi S-SabaaH) 11 ‘adkhalat-nii al-bint wa~ajlasat-ni 12 gad waSal sa’iis al-wuzaraa’ ilaa ar-riyaaD (ila r-riyaaD) ‘ams 13 maa wajadnaa at-taqriir fi ad-daftar (fi d-daftar) EXERCISE 7.1. 1 We wrote. 2 They (m) arrived. 3 She elected. 4 They (f) refused. $ He cooked. 6 You (m, pl) went on strike. 7 You (f, pl) drank. & They (m) paid. 9 I put. 10 You (tm, pl) ate. 11 We entered. 12 They (m) announced. 13 They (f) had a meeting. 14 You (m, pl) spoke to (addressed). 15 You (f) wrote. EXERCISE 53 1 A kilogram of meat. 2 A piece of bread. 3 A man’s return. 4 A branch of a company. 5 A kilogram of flour. EXERCISE 5.4 16 You (m) arrived. 17 They (m) put. 18 We arrived. A tll a Ugo oe all te Gt oy aks La oe 4) 19 She drank. 20 He ate. GU lis Ley cl a cal 0 i t EXERCISE 7.2 de Ma 5 gSoth olin BA ipl ole iY A SUN de cals aw ag SK Cyt ¥ Gd yl Yst y nae . AIM Wie BF rial Cal Go einai wil cul ¢ 1 The branches of this bank. 2 This boy's head. Wels Cott Suey Yih yy AY ofl 9 3 The entry of this delegate. 4 The policy of this company. ppl ey OS 4 CU UM Ca A 5 This girl's sister. 6 This driver’s car. 7 The door of this aeroplane 8 This secretary's pen. 9 This man’s hand. 10 This visitor's T0o™ Sell d Goleall Gutt we280. Arabic B 1 The boy ate the bread. 2 The secretary drank the water. 3 The tailoress spoke to the driver. 4 The newspapers announced the result. 5 The workmen paid the money. 6 The mother travelled from the airport. 7 The girl found her case, 8 The student (f) opened the door. 9 His wife wrote the report, 10 The merchants put the boxes in the house, EXERCISE 7.3 A ecsite Lpdatly alsigll gate Y peal cist el cath ys wll tnlsy oy eo SIS go FEN dE ott ost a sss en ae B 1 The girl drank the water then ate the meat. 2 The ministers met and elected their delegate. 3 The officials came in and spoke to the manager. 4 The girls travelled to Riyad, then returned to Kuwait. 5 The merchant entered the room and found his wife. 6 The workers met and refused the raise. EXERCISE 7.4 A asi so aay flab dis y el) Ueto ts Yio & eS A papel V B 1 He let her in, 2 She spoke to him. 3 We cooked it 4 They (f) refused it. 5 You drank it. 6 Tate it 7 You (m, pl) spoke to them. 8 You (f) wrote it. 9 He pushed her. 10 We gave her a seat. EXERCISE 75 1 The manager put the file in the cupboard. 2 The minister spoke to his wife, then went (travelled) to the airport 3 We did not speak to the boss yesterday. 4 They have drunk the water and eaten the meat. 5 She let her mother in and gave her a seat. 6 They (f) found her house in Riyad. 7 The employees (f) held a meeting yesterday in the factory. 8 Did you go to Bahrain? 9 The secretary wrote the long report and put it in the file. » 10 They went to Kuwait and did not come back (did not return from Key to the Exercises 281 ‘a-naaSir qaa’id(an) :aDHiim(an) : od apashghuul(an) 3 keanat ‘umm-ho mariiDa. m al-khamiis ed: fi -masraH) oo prom“naadha -barnaamaj) munaasib(an) lil- in jamal al even 2 unt fi dubay yaw 4 etna fii ak masraH ( oa haadha abarnaamaj (hai \ i sTfeal ila_8 Saar al-malik jabbaar(an) se dttanjiamie © Sg are ai eaeaHat al n 0 3 ase ead (als-siyansa la-faashila jammad(an) :aamil mujtahid i i ak 14 kaan al-wafd gad waSal 45 kaanuu gad ‘akalus EXERCISE #1 Ae DLS ois dee co ois A Ser ed Oe tae Wa of £ Ws SI Gyteall OFF ‘ | ees pig ae ash oF Ve al gw cat cits 8 er oF OE WW pres is ae NN BI The girl was beautiful. 2 The policy ws fale 3,The big box was heavy. 4 This was difficult | 5 Her dress was pretty. 6 That engineer was foreign. 7 His suit was cheap. 8 She was from Dubai. 9 The girl was with her mother. 10 The delegation was with the minister. 12 The exercise was easy. 11 She was clever. EXERCISE 82 pagSdi af od! rN CSU aS ed Ye aN tt jaar Ghd ed § Set ee er oO tet ae LV yi cht ob od ° tee BNI BIEL A ON LS nd ’ : . \ Saab! Lyall GLb te od VS OF gS Wa od is not in the office. Bi is 2 The secretary is not in the o| 3 She wat ‘notin pas Saturday. 4 This magazine is not new. 5 The door of the bank is not shut.OO” Oe Key to the Exercises 283 282 Arabic GP de I oy i yal oe 4 6 The Weve Ot a oUF sister's hous, Jrcib® HOO is not on ree Sb es y fo We Bound was not aie 9 This chair is not heavy, 1" Sher po st as ts ir aati € 10 Muhammad ig NOt a teacher in the Rew school, BEM oy ish jel ag tell om a ap 5 i ae 6 EXER (Mark yourselt correct Mihichever Of the ty, eA SS ay situ have used, provided it has the correct ending.) You SW ey lil del i oh ge . 2 iy BSL) Csi y Ba SA ye Cole ag IK cis 4 a . LM SI FL ati uh os 4 hee Cnel 5 asta BSA ode yl Cary, Me pel anal Ye Guy SSS ayes whe fowl, bee tae iy fee iby oj 9 Transliteration kabiira 2 al-muhandisuun al-juc : tho aljadiidaat 4 waSal ne eine ce 5 fattash muwaDHDHaf al-jamaarik al-musaafiriin al-mugl 3 t j jum :ummaal fii maSna: as-sayyaaraa _ 8 natinw {ajjaar i al-aaSima (pronounced fi k-aaSima) 9'e’antum miSriyyuun? 7 eS engineer is foreign, university is far anay. 4 The central bank is in the town, 5 The job of InSPector (or of the inspector) is easy. & This story is stran 7 editor is certainly shrewd man. j 8 That company Js local, 9 7 EI Sa ai ela! Gully thi ‘ we dot Fo Lh Syl JEL di ¢ jl be 4 DEB Ex tll ois 4 db px: Ye Jat . eo est gal vy wb We yy, He is from Kuwait i : ¢ ctl drank the water. 3 fe ate the m, A on ul og ball Yay Osslin © engineer took 1 Port from the secretary i ; pa)? OO) os ey ce THe Student put her bout in the case, { OSA sy ohh oye hhe merchant took the money on Monday, g The government rejanee the report, EN 6M OL Cig SH cit ‘ 8 The secretary spoke fo the manager of the new company. ey lel A Sul uy Sail os y ime Minister travelled Riyad on Sunday, 10 The affairs of thie Useless government have become difficult and SENS cbs aisyr dol ve seal Sen Gye os 4 Complicated, tlt& Key to the Exercises > (A) 1 This beautiful woman, 2 These foreign Magazines, F These skilled ceetricians. “4 They! Gaily newspapes 2 These many guests 6 ese new. arrangements, 7 Thee mighs leaders. § Thos complicated alsirg PTH new nurses. 19 That Poor Eeyptians, PT those famous capitals Those foreign tailors, 3 These long streets, 4 Those fat Men, ¢ rnane Present teachers (re leachers who are Present), 6 Those young girls 7 Those new Planes, 1OSe absent friends. 9 Thow broken plates, 10 Those ‘Yrannical ruler yl inspected the 4 departing passengers 0 satttactors are py Cn He ;a¥° staplers 0” the two desk CL a i T8Ad thet books. 5 It Welders are skit re LS uy rth © iuitisters entereg the two ho, : Sib ls 8 180 drive, in the two big car ML Sts ue : To mo pas 7 ab et FSU Opal) els lit bab, anagers spoke to the286 Arabic so Key to the Exercises 287 Unit 10 Transliteration pcisk 104 . 1 yaskunuun fii shagga Kabiira fii landan on ie abl oda Gad Ws GT el tS GY 2 tanshur al-Hukuuma al-iHSaa‘iyyaat ar-rasmiyya fii awwal ‘ 3 yadrus fii jaamicat al-qaahita 4 maadhaa ta'kul fi S-Sabaatyy et 5 sawfa yugaddim al-fariiq al-qawmii barnaamaj ash-sha:bii ghadan 6 sa~'adhhab yawm as-sabt 7 laa nazrif shay (an) :an aS-Saadiraat wa-l-waatidaat 8 Jan yarjiuu ilaa waTan-hum ‘abadan 9 ‘alam tashrabii I-qahwa? 10 yaDHak -alay-naa 11 saadfa: la-hu [ulus 12 ‘akhadh minnii junayhayn (an) min ar-rags EXERCISE 10.1 A cmadj N pat 0 ght fash FOS YO y ENN Opie Ve yh A pai A gS y OSS AW Sieh VN wh 10 cls VE v “ Y B 1 They (m) study. 2 You (m, pl) write. 3 T laugh. 4 They (f) carry. 5 She understands. 6 You (f) dance. 7 They (m) dwell. 8 We spend. 9 You (m, pl) present. 10 They (m) defend. 11 You (m) inspect. 12 She asks, 13 You (f) read. 14 We request. 15 They (f) go. 16 He works. 17 She is (will be). 18 They (m) become. 19 He becomes. : 20 You (m, pl) take. 21 They (f) cook. 22 You (f, pl) arrive. 23 He finds. 24 We meet. 25 You (m, pl) enter. EXERCISE 10.2 ae ends alt gi y pbb Jot ow bap tb Gg Ss oe § ays oko Tt Al GU ogi MV Coll ey JF Sle ats Oe o _ WS pill fly A At pte Jae JE OF GING SubY! Cay Ve sual Gest SL ote A Uipaiy pill SN EXERCISE 103 55.5 08 15% £ ‘ \ Sona te tad Apa, Ve 4 gt a le vy yee T Lyi Se a doll pal Lisl od La df gad ime Gg BEY BUI Gel ow Y \by SI ors od ¢ aM ig Sal ett ¢ t ° . v lab geal St BL LAS! fesl A ble OS ge Jae Y 4 epeegh AN pa YN hey were not here yesterday. BL They wre ot se el ig ase omron. } the Prime Minister did not read the long report in his office. 4 Her sister does not study the English language in the University London. 5 His wife did not return to her homeland. 6 The English secretary did not put the report in her case 7 He does not earn much in his new job send the electrician to the factory . 3 Sha not aes does not work in the statistics office (office of statistics). 10 Misers do not spend their money. FXERCSE 105 en, V flo Ge t Ser EY we gory ‘ ¢ Wo Ew Bo ee A ot EXERCISE 11.1 Mustim Festivals Joba. "How many festivals do Muslims bave?/Abmed ave tae ee important festivals./J What are they?/A The first o n festival, called the Fast-Breaking Featval/ = iat acai ie in?/A The small festival is on the | tl ont Shawwal ‘And what is the occasion for it?/A The occasion for it is that the month of Shawwal comes after the a of ar of fasting for the Muslims./J What is th meaning 2 ing means that people don't eat or drink during the day. That is the meaning of Tasting’ J And what is the other festival?/A Tt is the Gr288 Arabic Key to the Exercises 289 Oe te De Ae pase Opell p25 Oaly USN Gee de! festivals, then?/A No, in what is it/A The 7 Panne Places abAwwal/J Yes, thar's lke Chie nea in this, bi lowing. : ut your answers should be Something like the following) ie AB dose er gis j SI oss Ube at bhi wey CHS ogi oad Omi HS Oe Y och Y Lunt tall get ll ie 9 SH ag B POW! puiy pi _ Opsé) wi GS oe EL Y fost uu y PAV Spates 8 eG et pa ae TGR wl dD je & £ S wk lw) POI Ia ol Gy TA Le 4 tyes id dye gt A F (Sty of ai ve EXERCISE 113 - ° “ A bea C : fre OL bas Y oly cy : on an ea : hon ’ Wee 3S tall ss SW 6 le ai t ae Jal i = : . eel ce Ny oh one A ine td ate V A des Osi ne te Obl Co or em 5 So a CIV DCT Gg 6s OO be over ES 3) SY BI 0 Sele Bas ote OS Von) GF gg igh OS A PO el te BS 4 ps) be SS A A det OSI ae OK 1 eat dad ee de ph Osi nal Fle el ed SH he BS ple d pit maar B 1 The Musiims have an important festival in the month of Shawwal. } The prince has houses in Riyad, London and New York. 3 The Egyptians have a festival in the month of April called (its name is) Shamm al-Nasiim. 4 The ambassador has a very large car. 5 The government does not have a good policy. EXERCISE 12.1 The Oil Age In the last century, the Western world witnessed a great revolution, the Industrial Revolution. The new factories depended on mineral resources, most of which were to be found in Europe, such as coal and iron. Because ofthis, the western countries were independent to some extent. But in the year 1876, the famous German engineer Nikolaus Otto invented a machine of s new kind — the internal combustion engine. And the fuel of this wonderful engine was petrol. And petrol is one of the products of oil. As you know, there are only a few sources of oil in Europe, in the North Sea. Most of the sources are in the countries of the Middle East, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Libya and the nations of the Arabian Gulf like Kuwait and Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Thus Europe began to depend to a great extent on importation from the Islamic World. And this dependence of the European countries on the Arabs increased greatly during the first half of the twentieth century. And the price of oil increased greatly in the seventies of this century, and the picture of Sheikh Zaki Yamani became a familiar one on European television screens. And this age of oil created strong connections between the people of the west and the Arab people. And one of the results of these connections was the interest of Europeans in the Arabs’ language, culture and their Islamic religion, 3 Ba! flat te EXERCISE 122 ell oh Bader WALly gondl a Cash b dayrll Gall oil VAVT He GB OT. et TeV TT St ISS Git WE Jail alee & tal Gd CY 29 ppalidy ll dal task pal cla gp Sibu oie tts on aes290 Arabic EXERCISE 123 Orth A § Sul pO Ee gp — WB AM id eV Obl V ols EAM Gey Key to the Exercises 291 CASE 132 EA it > rod oA cd ’ ms Be Lisl pe ol ope So By pl tall atl ook F Lp wl Dp dytl oR pry £ ew one Hpi iat oe set OF ° pew Be phe’ ope, Be pos 5 ay ke Gell Sd dyn zh tae gla ley cle iE de wm aa © A Cag apa dt EL! Gxtlcbes Veo Wed ick & EXERCISE 124 1 This door is wider than that one, 2 Cairo is the biggest city in the Arab world. 3 The manager's car was the most beautiful and fastest of cars. 4 Bread is cheaper than meat. 5 The Arabic language is more difficult than the English language, and the French language is the easiest of languages. 6 Morocco is the nearest of the Arab countries, and the furthest of them is the Yemen, 7 Most oil is found in the Middle East. 8 Her dress is onc of the cheapest of dresses. 9 This novel is one of the most strange of English novels. 10 The suitcase was heavier than the small box. vi ; — 1 gil 133 —e me gr : : ames: oe 8 A ee ynich I work is large. RCISE 134 1 The factory in w PR man (whom) I didnt HOW CAE eda is the newspaper whic | esses 5 Salim brought food which we ate. 6 The number of states which (are) de ‘hed (Ar. ‘reaches’) eighteen. ' 1 anne ‘who died in Medina, was the Apostle as God. 8 The plane which arrived in the morning came [Fon ‘who does not laugh much. ; fo They sent a ‘eacher (f) who doesn't know Arabic. EXERCISE 131 The Islamic Conquests The original homeland of the Arabs is the Arabian peninsula. After the appearance of Islam, the Arab armies conquered many of the neighbouring countries such as Syria and Iraq, and in Africa they conquered all the countries of the North coast, from Egypt to Morocco. And they ruled Spain for a period of four hundred years until the Christian forces expelled them in the year 1492. The number of Arab states today has reached eighteen, population about 130 million. The people of these numerous lands use the Arabic language in their daily life, their work and their worship. The cause of this spread of the Arabic language was the ap- pearance of Islam, Before it, the Arabs were of no great importance. The fact is that God revealed the Holy Koran to His apostle Muhammad in the Arabic language, and ordered him to preach the new religion to hit people. That was in Mecca, whose people were worshipping idols. Some © the powerful men of Mecca disliked the Prophet and {he message brought. Because of that, the Apostle fled to Medina in the year 622, Aftet eight years, Muhammad and his Helpers returned from Medina to Meet and conquered it. The Prophet died in Medina in the year 632, and Mt Caliphs continued the movement of conquest after him. And in the Lae ‘d of eighty years, the Muslim armies reached the borders of Europe: that was the basis of the Islamic Empire, from which the modern countries are descended. scended from the Islamic Empire EXERCISE 135 1 The merchant travels to his homeland every year: a et in the director's office. ; 2 At a ed emp ansoucemen ee) 4 Every pupil has a pen and a piece of paper. 5 The company paid all the money to the wor 6 Some of the boys were playing in the att 7 All the guests were eating and drinking a lot 8 Every door has its key. 9 Not all the sources of oil are in the Middle oe nr) 10 Some of the windows are open, and some of ayws EXERCISE 13.6 ave vt HT tee ke A A NYE TETE292 Arabic EXERCISE 141 Arab Social Structure Naturally Arab social structure varies from country to country, Deg that, however, it has not gone far away from its original order about sP® we read in history books. And this is true even in the countries which ‘ich progressed most from the point of view of education, politics and matern’ wealth. The tribe was the basis of Arab society in its earliest history, and still plays an important role up till now. It is difficult for us to deft precisely what a tribe is, and of what it consists. For there are large tribe, of great importance, and at the same time small tribes which have 1 importance except in their own areas. The head of a tribe is its sheikh, ang the sheikhs of some of these great tribes have become rulers of mod. states. And the custom of the Arabs in their names is that a man carries the name of his father and his grandfather. And at the end of his name we find his nisba, that is the name of his tribe. An example of that is ‘Hassan son of {Alison of Salim the Tamimi’, which would be the name of a man whose father’s name is Ali, whose grandfather's name is Salim and whose tribe is ‘Tamim. The tribe is divided into families, and the family will be under the leadership of the eldest of its males. As for women, their position in the family, as well as in the tribe, is very weak, and their rights are not equal to the rights of the men. It is incumbent on the members of the family that they consult the head of the family on every important matter, such as marriage, divorce, or the buying and selling of land, for instance. And it is possible that the head of the family may consult the sheikh of the tribe if he himself is unable to resolve some matter. For this reason, every rulet or sheikh holds a daily council in which he receives the members of his tribe in order to listen to their requests and complaints. EXERCISE 142 Paternal Uncle P. Aunt Father=Mother Maternal Aunt M. Uncle (eo Cousin(m) Cousin (f) Brother Muhammad= Wile Sister Cousin (m) Cous® — —-, Son Daughter Nephew Niece Nephew Niece 1 His mother is the wife of his father. i 2 His maternal uncle is the brother of his mother. 3 His grandmother is the mother of his father or the mother of his mother. 4 His father is the grandfather of his son and the grandfather of his daughter. 5 His cousin (f) is the sister of his male cousin (father’s side). Grandfather ~ Grandmother } | Key to the Exercises 293 i of his grandmother. father is the husband of his i ate nce isthe brother of his father 7 Bis Pees the mother of his SoH $ Hs ether‘ the son of his father 9 Hs ree is the brother of his ee: 0 jis grand 143-1 He ordered him to go to the town consult the fers in tHE TACTOTY peak to the Minister of ESUCSNON rstval 2 He went © Rati arrived in Mecca yesterday 10 ofieb"2 3 by bret Say today but hey Tel os understand: sked thee Arabic so that her young son #00 t re to the capital to ‘receive their eae 7 The printing, house ae 10 Plane. magi . to defend tl Lo. $1 Bare or to define cael what osanom © S. ‘o'r go to the library every day t© read the paper acise 144 1 1am still studying the history 7 Arai ee mT 4 early employed het as secretary 10 1h Tor Leep ane crerehants are stil presenting requests and compl 4 The mercha senting...) . : «iets nie te cate sina eon ego Att Nak iver Yes sit. Trawler tS an ane) rPotte me to the airport please./Driver i il 2/ Traveller To rrrC—CC ing)? ee the plane Fine. What time does plane eave ee arated ten/Driver Very good. We have time ee ough (at the airport) Here we oe bec a in gate, c oe cae “We porter) Take the bags porter Trae How much Bes them Nor rive dinars, please/Traveller, (BIT TL 'g. police Here's the money/Driver Thank you i eer to pole hee) Where is the National Airlines off PICT in the first door : ne : end of this big hall and turn to your ri bat 200 Ue on the left, and you'll find the office in front of yous’ me picld —.—rti—O—O—sSr—S i ‘Ah, hello Mr Smith, Official Good morning. (recognises the traveller) Ate) so Me ST 30 ‘ne, thanks. I'm b& 1 130 ane are, your Toate ss Oficial “Yes, that’s right. Flight sum!292 Arabic ao 141 Arab Social Structure Naturaly Arab saci structure varies from countr Fe hat has not gone far away from its origi ae 7 mM its ori . ropa i history books. And this is true even ip the oun Eoet wed whi Wealth. The tribe was the basi . Politics and ima still. pl asis of Arab society in its earliest non’ Mater eee yn mPortant role up till now. It is diticut Teo and it 'S t0 defing EXERCISE 142 Grandfather = Grandmother 4 Paternal Uncle P. Aunt Father=Mother Maternal Aunt M. Uncle usin (m) Cousin (f) Brother Muhammad=Wife Sister Cousin (m) Cousin = N ; _ iephew Niece Son Daughter Nephew Niece 1 His mother is the wife i of his fath 2 His maternal uncle is the brother of his mother. : 3 His grandmother ii , eee ‘er is the mother of his father or the mother of his 4 His father is th , daughter, '* ®*#Mdfather of his son and the grandfather of his 5 His cousin (f) is the sister of his ‘male cousin (father's side). 6 His Key to the Exercises 293 andfather is the husband of his grandmother. s ternal uncle is the brother of his father. 7 Hs Fife is the mother of his son. 5 : ther is the son of his father. 1 ee nephew is the brother of his niece. \CISE 143 1 He ordered him to go to the town to consult the tapers in the Factory. : fe went to Babrain to speak to the Minister of Education. ; } My brother Salim arrived in Mecca yesterday to celebrate the festival. 4 We asked them to pay today but they refused. 5 she was speaking Arabic so that her young son would not understand, ‘6 The workmen came to the capital to receive their leader. 7 The printing house refused to publish the new magazine. $ Ibis up to the army to defend the homeland. 9 It is difficult for us to define exactly what socialism is. 10 Igo to the library every day to read the papers. HXERCISE 144 1 I am still studying the history of Arabia. 2 The company nearly employed her as secretary to the manager. 3 The merchants are still presenting requests and complaints. (still keep on presenting...) 4 The litle girl kept on asking about her father. 5 Egyptian engineers are still earning a lot in the Gulf states. 6 The television programme had almost begun (was about to begin). EXERCISE 15.1 At the Airport Traveller (to taxi driver) Take me to the airport please,/Driver Yes sir. Where will) you be travelling to (God willing)?/Traveller To Khartoum,/Driver Fine. What time does the plane leave?/ Traveller Half past ten,/Driver Very good. We have time enough. (at the aitport) Here we are. Where do you want me to stop?/Traveller Stop there, at the main gate/Driver (takes the bags out of the car and Byes them to the porter) Take the bags, porter./Traveller How much pate late?/Driver Five dinars, please,/Traveller (gives him the money). let's the money./Driver Thank you. Good bye/Traveller (to police officer) Where is the National Airlines office please?/Officer Go to the S24 of this big hall and turn to your right. After that go in the first door Gbthe left, and you'll find the office in front of you/Traveller_ Thanks very ao (he goes off and the porter follows him carrying the bags. They Off, “t,he aviation company's office) Good morning /Company ‘cia! Good morning. (recognises the traveller) Ah, hello Mr Smith. pe, "© you?/Traveller Fine, thanks. I'm booked on the 10.30 ‘Ne to Khartoum, first class/Official Yes, that’s right. Flight number294 Arabic 257. Gi 257. Give me your eet pleas Traveller” Hee you are/0 pemieseatsioald scales. Thank you. (to the travell Bilal Po ing cand. Please go from bet fo the isis to ree vot sage and ed. You will board the ac i. eight “Have &sood vip/Troelr ‘Thanks latte nb customs Oficial | just a moment, sit /Traveler Yes? jaar’ the tunately news haa Jot come that your fight wil be twenty egret 2m sorry Traveller, Thank you It dost mate (Gets 10 the Paget offices Passport ficer Passport please. (takes the she Pasy traveler, looks at it then gives him it back) Thank Fou" Ple {rom the the Customs Offcer there/Cutons Ofer Anything ee £9 10 Tevet No, e/Customs Officer Open his bigeasctor rane! plea. Ue irveller opens he eae and he fice cee mae Thank you/Amouncenen! fom the Aiport Publi “Address Syston) fequet that pasomgers on fight number 257 for Khar ca tte number eight for boarding, Thank you EXERCISE 15.2 — WIS 6 IS 6 25 % . ¥ SHB gS AB — Irth edt gh sh Bath tl tl nal se et GV gh Bo info sah — eB bu eS og gdb gh gl 6 ie — Nyda gdal Cal — Wea eel «aed : a5 — Wit «peal « Jel ch Ye —. i ess “ EXERCISE 153 1 Enter the ai Ceara eee ree 2 Arrange these book 2 s on the shelf please. 3 Ask (each) Abdulla about Thelhstory ofthe Arabs 4 Abed, ke dig tae) coe ead cattle cae 5 Please sit down. Help youself to food and drink : + Banta eietic Sette mos tap ans ; 1c end of the street ; 8 on’ speak tome in English 1 only Tae Ano 9 Wr re and give the paper t r ve me the pasrport plese it 20 that Lmay look a Key to the Exercises. 295 |. aba yy Lg SIA Y apis Ebb cgpisY ab Lal OS gal @ pxoncise 154 ga le cigaw lt (aailly tal) eas ta debt pg pxERcisE 155 EGYPTAIR ORGANISES SPECIAL FLIGHTS 70 BRING TGYPTIANS FROM AMERICA AND CANADA ‘Ay TOURIST PRICES Egyptair has decided to organise special flights to both Amenc® and Eaypija at tourist rates to carry Egyplians during the summer season. It fas also decided to fix the prices of ait tickets and tourist services in Egypt. ‘EXERCISE 161 Arabic Literature faabic literature begins in the Age of Ignorance, that is before the coming arfslam, At that time the tribes had Post ‘who would glorify their own Ghbes and compete against each other ‘vith their poems. The best of the ees the pre-slamic poets were collected together in an anthology called coe’seven Muvallagat, which people still ead and study today. Literature aoe Sthe arts flourished in the age of the ‘Abbasids, whose caliphate lasted F550 to 1258. Thousands of books, Wer ‘written about history, Feligious sciences, poetry and artistic prose. ‘Unfortunately we do not know re oa eut thie ich heritage in the Western counire ‘because of the lack sf translations of it in foreign languages.” igeneral, the people of the West a LLr—s—S——Ss—SOCsC “exception of the Book of the Thousand and One Nights, which is a collection of oriental tales and fables, This collection is not considered 3 ‘book of much worth among Tabs. Tens and critis, despite the fact that it ag {inspired a large number artporary and artistic works in the West. This ‘influence has even reached popular culture, an example of that Seite the well-known pantomime aepaijin and the Wonderful Lamp’, which we have all seen as children. This story of Chinese origin came to us By WAY ‘of the Thousand and One Nights. Writing and authorship did no’ come to a stop with the Arabs during the Dark Ages in Europe. Arab wile contributed their works on Tne noes, philosophy, mathematics, chemistry ‘and astronomy, some of the scieness: Panslated from Greek, and, had st ney ‘been for this, these precious books would have been lost, Aftes ‘about the fourteenth century, sree terature began to decline gradually, ‘until its renaissance in the twentieth century. Perce Wee ode 5sF 6F 7F 8F OF wT uF 12T296 Arabic EXERCISE 163 7 . lye G wha gol oc Gl US Wy st Cis \ ay <3 Ff a Y aa CIM oars gf | eA ol aut oe Cle eS CIS ae Nis J cbs € ° SUI pot Bi WI CLt y EXERCISE 164 . If we left out men of poli politics, perhaps we famous Arabs inthe West isthe actor Omar Sharh tic tt mos England, where he became ver i , y famous in th Played many parts in English and Americen ‘sing, them being his leading role in the film ‘Dr : his skill at the game of bridge of the cinema. He h: the most famous of Zhivago’. He is known also for wintertime) ‘Abu Nuwas, it you spend the night on the naked and without a fire to mF give you a thane : get warm from, Pll ginars Sty agreed on that and Abu Nuwas took off is clothe and _ : mora ta 4 sfen the night thet. The Caliph came inthe ™oney."“No’, said the Caliph, ‘Why? h iph poi a fire in the distance which some bedouin had ii and’ said ‘By God, you see there.’ And he refused to give ‘aliph went out hunting and Abu he day Harun said to the poet ‘By Sit down here and rest. Fil cook Went away from him. The Caliph him the dinars. After a few dai Nuwas was with him. In the mile ot God, I'm hungry’. Abu Nuwas said, * Something nice for you to eat.” And he ee ae aan got very hungry, and Abu Nuwas did not come Abn Meh In the en the Caliph got up to look for his food. He found not see any cooks ite he had lit at the bottom of a tree, and he did ased hi eOkine-Pot on the fire, and was surprised at that. Then he he said in cctrerre ort tee and saw the pot hung at the very top of it. SO ae eed anger, ‘And how will the food get cooked when the pot ‘op of the tree and the fire on the ground” Said Abu Nuwas, ‘The same way as I got warm that laughed and gove han ae on the roof of the house!” So the Caliph z Key to the Exercises 297 percse 172 1 F 27 3F 4F SF 6T 7F 8F oF 10F ERCISE 17.3 Soha’s Jalla Pie day Joha found his jallabiyya very dirty, so he ordered his wife to Gish it. She washed it and hung it on a rope that was on the roof of the house. The wind got strong that day and blew away the jallabiyya and it fal in the street. People came along and trod on it until it became dirty nd torn and no good for anything. After a while Joha came down from fhe house and went out into the street and saw his jallabiyya on the round, dirty and torn. So he raised his hands in the air and said, “Praise ind thanks to God.’ And the people were amazed at that and said to him, ‘SJoha, why do you say *Praise and thanks to God” when your jallabiyya is on the ground, worthless, and you will not be able to wear it again?” Said Joha, ‘By God, if | had been wearing it, 1 would have fallen from the roof and people would have trodden on me and got me dirty and torn me up, so praise and thanks to God for that. EXERCISE 181 Tourism in Egypt The winter season in Egypt is very pleasant, with neither extreme heat nor biting cold. So the tourist will find the weather clear, and suitable for outings after leaving the grey skies of Europe. As the plane lands in Cairo Airport, and after carrying out the formalities, the traveller will come out of the airport gate and board a taxi which will take him to town. And he will have chosen one of Cairo’s many excellent hotels to stay in, and pethaps he will want to rest a little after his long journey. So he sleeps ... and wakes after a time, be it long or short ... and goes ou: to the balcony to cast his first glance upon this vast capital with its magnificent buildings which stretch out before his eyes under the blue sky of Africa. And every tourist will have learned as a pupil in the primary school something about the pharaonic antiquities which are to be found in Egypt alone. Perhaps he will visit first the Sphinx and the Pyramids, sited in Giza on the edge of the eternal desert. After that he must see something of the great Islamic antiquities to be found in this city founded a thousand years ago. There are mosques big and small worth seeing, among the most famous the two mosques of Sultan Hassan and Muhammad Ali which stand near the Citadel of Saladin on Mukattam hill. And -perhaps the most famous ‘Islamic monument of all is the Azhar Mosque, in which was founded the first university in the world. One of the characteristics by which tourists — especially the ladies - are distinguished, is that they dislike returning to their homeland without spoils — I mean presents and things which will Temind them in the future of their happy journey. To this end, let them seck out the bazaars of Khan al-Khalili, only a few steps away from the Azhar, in which the tourist will find something to fill his heart with joy, such as articles of brass, woven things of cotton, coloured rugs and a298 Arabic thousand things besides. One of the natural wonders of Egypt isthe pi Nile, on whose banks stand many restaurants and night clubs in whic"? Visitor may taste Middle Eastern cuisine in its various forms and nunc’ types. And while he lunches ot dines, he can listen to the sweet 1me7°"S music and watch displays of folk dancing. Indeed ... there is truth no! Egyptian proverb which says, ‘He who drinks of the water of the Nile m"® return to it another time’. =! EXERCISE 182 SOLUTION FOR THE NUTRITIONAL CRISIS IN EGYPT? The chairman of the State Council announced yesterday suggestions which could solve the nutritional crisis in Egypt. He said, ‘The number inhabitants of Egypt has reached 43 million, and the number of head of stock exceeds 10 million. These animals depend principally on plant food Produced by the Egyptian soil. The return from our animal assets is si not capable of supplying the human population with their nutritional needs in the way of meat and other things. We sow in Egypt about 28 million acres annually with lucerne for the animals, and this area repre- sents a quarter of the total harvested area in Egypt. And it is equal to if not a little bigger than — the total area which we sow with wheat and com together. If we reflect on the structure of our animal assets, and their role, we find that the number of transport, draught and riding animals reaches a few million. Economically productive animals are not being Taised in order that they might be produced from, but for the purpose of agricultural work. This is an ancient legacy which the Egyptian peasant has inherited from his fathers and grandfathers, and we have no need to say that these animals overworked in agricultural tasks do not give meat or milk in economic quantities. This means that our animal assets and our animal production are in need of review ... of re-thinking ... of a new strategy. I place a few main lines for this strategy before the specialists. Firstly — expansion in agricultural mechanisation, so that we may be gradually rid of beasts of burden, draught and riding, so that we may save what they gobble up of food, and so that we may free the economic animals from the labours of the field and agriculture. Secondly — the subjection of our production to the latest scientific and technological methods in the areas of improvement of breeds, feeding and health care both preventative and clinical. Thirdly — A review of the structure of our cropping, so that we may save the huge area sown with lucerne. arabic-English Vocabulary , rence. It contains Arabio-Engsh vocabulary ist ven for ease of reernos Conese i aan the eres, and a few amore of frequent Ofori) athe Wore, Siphabetical (Arabic alphabet) according the sPuDg O° Neer, Ir Peook Plural (with ateratve forms) regula feminine ie ‘appropriate. Vowelling foe the imperfect of oem eS ee ven whet form, and the placing of this vowel wil dig 19th Us of pbbreviated form ak, tc) Reference shoul be made to AppEn seat (e8. ROUOW, ‘fr aificulty ‘This com iy At 2054 Ahmad (name) (ty ot Sather : pol red (VIL) begin ‘ Bpel « Olpely EI brother (gi never, ever GF! oF) yh aoe vat UE} (VII choose colgsl CET sister hi ef (VIII) invent white 4 (VIM) differ, be (VIII) agree ot Ae! eet ae (VIII) go to, make for (u) take at ox | (VIN) meet, have g og Sely ST other, another meeting with : : T ast iy —— cp because of, -” 7 forthe se of pal green (AST) GSI literature re - pb (IV) cause to sit, offer a 7 seat ; “pol literary slely “Set foreign: foreigner st eae BSE av) cate emer, at like, love : oe ously a3) writer, author, (Vill) celebrate literary man (31 when, i better, best SL when, if _ 7 ULSI statistics (pl) atjh (LV) want, wisroby (VIL) rise, go up be! wi 2! (IV) send earth, ground, land slajl (VEIT) increase (VII) flower, flourish aos (SUSI) jl crisis GEA spain oat (gor! weekly istaly 31 seacher, professor BEA 0%) deserve PL (x) use, employ _ CEL (VIN listen to (be Ah _ Samily (elaaly gel name opt black (VIII) become severe, strong iS socialism ee FEL (VIL work oat 2e7|" more famous, most famous cel (IV) become viet del original Pure, genuine (IY) go on strike Be bt (vty peruse, study =! (VIII) consider, be Of the opinion EE LE\ (VIM) depend on EI A) give (OL ore! announcement, advertisement 4 (LV) announce an del higher, highest {u) eat EF food vi except (adv.) (— 3) GEN Monday ¢ 79) PY! Islam OW now « + 8 CE, Ph cailly (6i) which, who, thar (relative) (2M) thousand OTM the Koran God, Altah Bl av) inspire aut (Ole) 6 mother > al in front of we. ele empire (u) order, command with art. aT) 317.1 woman vl yesterday ‘yh that (conjunction) spreading (VID) end, be finished CD ee OE man op 681 (VID) descend from (daly JAF family, kin, people LAT importance, concern 42.53) middle (adj) © DS) oH frse YG finsely, in the frst place (by « _ wh door, gate SL (i) spend the night dy (crude) oil OF4 by) Fe sea HPD Bahrain (EL) A mean, miserly NG (a) begin byt without SX suit (clothes) 24 cold, coldness G (Gy Ly Bly card; identity card 1%) wy programme 285 after Ai some Axe far, distant (olalty ae AL town, ~ settlement; country & (u) reach, arrive at son of (in names) (SW) CE daughter, girl (Ss) YE bank (OL) DY gate, gateway (298) CF house between while Cbd) x8 — merchant businessman Gey date; history ss authorship, act of writing e6 complete, whole@ @ follow SBE under, below Gls) OF heritage BE steher (OY SF arrangement (y translate So (V) dine pF (V) learn education (V) lunch st inspection FE CV) watch, took at : baa (V, usually imperative) ‘Please go ahead’, ‘Afier you (53 (V) progress & approximately 2%) 28 report (document) ols (V) speak ot OFS (V) consist of Oy, television ub thar (9, CA) Sak pupit Ca) ZS exercise, ditt (n) Ohl F (VI) c a onembete With each BE (V) halt, come to on ? CIE third (ad ue secondly BW culture (le) JF hoary (OY 3 fridge then ob Oo price (© 0F revolution (Political le Wi) come 2th Gi bring C& (u) be hungry (ELA) Ele mosque (OL) asl university (GE) ate ignorant GAL! the Age of tgnorance (pre-Islamic era) GAS) IE rant (le) J mountain CEH 5S grandiater (eb 8randmother ie very (a>) > . war YL) 34 5-newspaper a ae - Let special, private UF) Sila oe lidsit we Nj customs (border) (Uist) te maternal uncle (SL) Te maternal aunt (Ox) 5 baker “b (a) collect, gather e ae Sh news les> all, all together . [ 5S bread - bed beautiful, handsome — ie CU) oF expert (OL) <> pound (£) 7 ° TF (u) go ow fe Sige passport Le cae exit = hunge . & Slight, not heavy “> good BIS Caliphate JM during Ole) aE uy teal | the Arabian Gul pol present (adj) Al elo &) pS ruler, head of state (labs) 42 caliph sy) bE sailor (A) AE army Se hot mil “: SL) abt tailoress GEL the Pilgrimage Seog) ae (2558) BE limit; (pl) border, oe frontier F Gls (UU defend 25 U1) limit, define cls lu) last, endure Sand new, modern (OL) 2U3 tank (military) (GIG) Ssd garden, park (OL L035 stapler(93 Dubai JES (u) enter JS entrance (OL 53 class, degree 3 (w) study — (2125) 52 dirham (currency) 83) 35 te, Solder, notebook & (@) push, pay GE (adj, fine; (noun) flour Ub word 9 (0) be astonished, surprised O51) 35 sot (193) OYS3 cupboard (035) U35 state, nation CU) > religion Gq! 3) sbyp dinar (currency) (c23!93) lps collection of poetry: chancelry L2 SIS one day SIS (w) taste (OU su aey fh, oy that (demonstrativey ~ CSS) 53 clever 3 @ go 3 Possessor (of)... — head (f boty (5) CSL, passenger C1) ch opinion (LS) ak head, chieg lial ts Prime Minister sh lord, master perhaps 5 a arrange 2) @ return, come back (ley) 25 man bab return (n.) (OL) tb, journey, rip A) cheap 3 (u) return, give back, reply (HLS) They message, letter article ©r) (C5 anise (5 biciat + Ab Spe) the Messenger of God (the Prophet Muhammad) (5) 5 shety 3) (iu) refuse ae L ¢ J, (a) raise, lift we ~ (u) dance ge) ao number, figure 5 (a) ride Ramadan (month) 3 (Ly) 4lyy story, tale, novel Sb) mathematics (153) B15 visitor ol} (i) increase, add J (visit Jlj (a) cease; (used in negative with other verbs) to keep on... Gast) 5 COWS time (OL @35 wife Cy) Ble driver Je (a) ask Fhe ot cons (OL) tLe hour; clock, watch Ale (tN) travel (ORL) oF inhabitant (tel) cause (2) Sd) Saturday oy magical Crt quick, fast (Coe) chi roof sunice ott) pe price (fag Su) ER secretary (Shp) HL sky > (a) hear (e> (ID name, call (le) crete far (Ne oe 8 year (igl Gs» market ek tourist (adj.) (2b a car (SL) Ly. policy, polities ole) sk. gentleman, Mr (SL 32%. lady, Mrs he cinema (aft ott afer, matter (E'r2) Gy street Clb) bts clever, smart (lady ele poet Yale (IID see, witness29 (UN) consult (Sey SC window winter Obst 543 tree (a) drink the East 453M GY the Middle East (HL) SE company 7 (commercial) (od) folk, people Guth pe poetry (OL) BEE complain Ke thank you, thanks (JS) JX shape, form JE north LE northern (oy ok sn (ey aE bag, case, suitcase Age (a) see, witness Co asi) ee month IZ Shawwal (month) (Uh thing Oe (Ex*) GEE sheikh, chief, elder (RSI) Cole friend, master ole (i) become che morning (Op) Go plate oe (SI) SAS friend correct, right 55 (i) spend (money) AS hard, dificult small, young (eke artificial; industrial (Geb) GsLS box, chest (92 fast, fasting spe hunting AS summer (eS Chinese LES exactitude LLE4 exactly ERS (a) laugh pe huge (ag tine) Ag weak (45) Ub aeroplane (oe 6 aby wb stunt (SL) Ase female student eb tw) cook Spb natural 2h (u) expel oath) 2 parcel (Sey ajo way, road Gasbly pub food (Jubly jib baby, child AL (ask for, request (by CE request (nown) (Ob) ob. ae long, tall

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