Manual-Occupational Helth Handbook Jan 05 2010 PDF

Title:
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
HANDBOOK
Revision Status:
Level: L1B
Classification: Handbook
Manual Number: HQS-HSE-HB-03
Issue Number: 01
Revision Number: 02
Revision Date: January 5, 2010
Transocean NONCONTROLLED
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
HANDBOOK SECTION: TOC
HQS-HSE-HB-03 SUBSECTION: N/A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 .......................................................................... RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
SECTION 2 ......................................................................................................... ASBESTOS
SECTION 3 ................................................................................................................. NOISE
SECTION 4 ....................................................................................................HEAT STRESS
SECTION 5 .......................GENERAL MOLD AND FUNGI AND HVAC CONTAMINIATION
SECTION 6 ..............................................................................................GAS DETECTORS
SECTION 7 ........................................................................................................ACRONYMS
SECTION 8 ................................... DOCUMENT CONTROL PAGE/TABLE OF REVISIONS
Hardcopies are printed from an electronic system and are not controlled
ISSUE NO: 01 REVISION NO: 02 PAGE OF
REVISION DATE: JANUARY 5, 2010 1 1
COPYRIGHT © 2010 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
1 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respirators are devices that protect workers from inhaling harmful substances.
These substances can be in the form of dust, fibers, fumes, mists, gases and
vapors. Some respirators also ensure that workers do not breathe air that contains
dangerously low levels of oxygen.
There are two major types of respirators:
1. Air-purifying respirators, which remove contaminants from the air.
2. Atmosphere-supplying respirators, which provide clean air from an

uncontaminated source.
Respirators provide protection from respiratory hazards only when they are used
properly.
2 IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE RESPIRATORY HAZARDS
First, identify potential respiratory hazards, and then review appropriate Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)/Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)
to determine the potential respiratory hazards associated with each substance. The
MSDS/COSHH defines a substance's characteristics, health hazards, precautions
for safe handling and use and ways to control its dangers.
Examples of respiratory hazards are:

 Dusts and fibers - solid particles that are formed or generated from solid
materials through mechanical processes such as crushing, grinding, drilling,
abrading or blasting, e.g., blasting, asbestos.
 Fumes - solid particles that are formed when a metal or other solid vaporizes
and the molecules condense (or solidify) in cool air, e.g., welding.
 Mists - tiny droplets of liquid suspended in the air, e.g., paint spray
operations.
 Gases - materials that exist as individual molecules in the air at room
temperature, e.g., cylinder gases, carbon monoxide.
 Vapors - the gaseous form of substances that are normally in the solid or
liquid state at room temperature and pressure. They are formed by
evaporation, e.g., most solvents produce vapors.
REVISION DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2009 1 14
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3 IMPLEMENT ENGINEERING AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
Whenever possible, respiratory hazards should be engineered out of the work

environment. Installing ventilation equipment or using alternative and less-toxic
chemicals are examples of reducing respiratory hazards. Administrative controls,
isolating the worker from the hazard, and prohibiting entry into potentially harmful
environments, also should be used.
If it is not possible to eliminate or reduce the hazard below permissible exposure

limits (PEL), respirators correctly matched to the type of hazard must be used to
reduce employee exposures to toxic materials. Respirators also should be used
during the time the hazard is being eliminated or reduced through engineering or
administrative controls.
4 RESPIRATOR SELECTION
The most appropriate type of respirator and filter cartridge(s) will be determined by
reviewing the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)/Control of Substances Hazardous
to Health (COSHH) of the product(s) being used. All filters, cartridges, and canisters
used in the workplace are labeled and color coded with an approval label that must
not be removed and must remain legible.
Only respirators and filters approved by an appropriate agency (e.g., National

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health “NIOSH”) must be used. Employees
must perform a user seal check (fit check) when donning a tight-fitting respirator.
Worker preferences should be a consideration during the respirator selection
process.
4.1 RESPIRATORS FOR IDLH ENVIRONMENTS
Atmospheres where the hazard and exposure cannot be identified must be

considered immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) and the following
respirators must be used:
 full face pressure demand Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) or;
 a combination full face pressure demand supplied-air respirator (SAR) with
auxiliary self-contained air supply is required for entry into oxygen
deficient/toxic gas IDLH atmospheres. e.g.: rescue and/or H2S situations.
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4.2 RESPIRATORS FOR NON-IDLH ENVIRONMENTS
It is imperative to ensure that the filter/cartridge(s) on the respirator is suitable for the
application. Some cartridges are equipped with an end-of-service-life indicator
(ESLI) that changes color to indicate when the cartridge requires replacement. When
using a non-ESLI cartridge the wearer must change the cartridge in accordance with
the cartridge specifications or the exposure assessment.
4.3 PROTECTION AGAINST GASES AND VAPORS
The following are recommended for protection against gases and vapors in:
 an atmosphere-supplying respirator, or
 an air-purifying respirator
4.4 PROTECTION AGAINST PARTICULATES
The following are recommended for protection against particulates (dust/mists):

 an atmosphere-supplying respirator; or
 an air-purifying respirator equipped with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
NIOSH P-100 filters or equivalent standard filters for particulates.
5 FIT TEST
The respirator fit testing purpose is to verify that the selected make, model and size
of a facepiece adequately accommodates an individual's facial characteristics. The
fit test provides assurance that the wearer can don the facepiece properly and
achieves the anticipated protection; see American National Standard Institute, ANSI
Z88.10.
Employees using a negative or positive pressure tight-fitting facepiece respirator

must pass an appropriate fit test. Tight-fitting respirators must not be worn by
employees who have an object or obstruction that comes between the sealing
surface of the respirator and the face or interferes with valve function. Fit testing
does not include any loose-fitting face pieces.
5.1 FIT CHECK (USER SEAL CHECK)
A fit check should be performed prior to any fit test and each use. To conduct a user
seal check, the worker performs a negative and a positive pressure fit check.
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A. Negative pressure check:

1. cover the respirator inlets (cartridges, canisters, or seals)
2 gently inhale, and
3 hold breath for 10 seconds.
The facepiece should collapse on the user’s face and remain collapsed.
B. Positive pressure check:

1. covers the respirator exhalation valve(s); and
2. exhale
The facepiece should hold the positive pressure for a few seconds. During this time,
the user should not hear or feel the air leaking out of the face-to-facepiece seal.
5.2 FIT TEST METHODS
The fit test can be performed by qualitative or quantitative methods:

 Qualitative methods (QLFT) rely on the wearer's subjective response to a test
agent, e.g., bitrex, saccharin, or stannic chloride.
 Quantitative methods (QNFT) provide an objective measure of the fit,
generating a number referred to as a fit factor. A fit factor is the ratio of the
concentration of a substance outside the facepiece to the concentration inside
the facepiece.
A number of QNFT methods exist. The acceptable QNFT method is the ambient
particle counting device (PortaCountTM).
5.3 FIT TEST FREQUENCY
Fit testing is required:

 Prior to initial use,
 At least annually thereafter; and,
 When workplace conditions change, new types of respirator(s) are used or an
inadequacy in the employee’s knowledge or use indicates need.
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5.4 MEDICAL EVALUATION
Employees need to be medically cleared to wear respirators before commencing

use. All respirators generally place a burden on the employee. Negative pressure
respirators restrict breathing, some respirators can cause claustrophobia and self-
contained breathing apparatuses are heavy. Each of these conditions may adversely
affect the health of some employees who wear respirators.
Several countries/agencies have governing documents/structured procedures

for the medical evaluation; consequently, these should be used where
applicable.
The following questionnaire should only be used if there are no existing local
requirements and it does not contradict any local requirement.
The medical evaluation intent is to determine if wearing the specific respirator

creates an unnecessary risk. The medical evaluation should consider factors such
as:
 fitness for work,
 type of respirator used
 frequency of use
 duration of use
 physical demands while wearing respirator
 environmental conditions (heat, etc.)
 other protective equipment worn
Potential contradictions to tight-fitting respirator use:

 Severe pulmonary disease
 Severe cardiac disease
 Uncontrolled hypertension
 Facial abnormalities that prevent good fit
The answers to this questionnaire must be kept confidential in the Installation

Medical Person’s files.
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Figure 1.1, Respirator Medical Evaluation & Fit Test Record - Page 1 - Example
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Figure 1.1, Respirator Medical Evaluation & Fit Test Record - Page 2 – Example
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Listed below are recommended equipment for evaluation. However, other options
such as 3rd party evaluation is acceptable and at Business Unit discretion.
RIN 10032762
EICN ICS0000000 71381
P/N: MMI3500S
Description: MicroLab 3500S Tabletop, PC Based Spirometer with Printer
Unit of Measure: Each
RIN 10034443
EICN ICS000000073237
P/N: MMI3327
Description: MicroLab 3500S Spirometer Printer Paper, 10 rolls per box
RIN 10034444
EICN ICS000000073238
P/N: MMI3385
Description: Mouthpieces for MicroLab 3500S, Spirosafe Filters, Anti-Viral/ Anti-
Bacterial, Disposable to Prevent Cross Contamination, 100 per box
RIN 10034320
EICN ICS000000073235
P/N: 8030
Description: Quantitative Fit Test Equipment - The PORTACOUNT® Pro Respirator
Fit Tester can be used to Quantitative fit ½ face and full face tight-fitting respirators.
Note: ½ face and N95, P2 and P1 disposables can be qualitative fit tested and do
not require a portacount fit test.
RIN 10034442
EICN ICS000000073236
P/N: 8038
Description: Quantitative Fit Test Equipment - PORTACOUNT® Pro+ Respirator Fit
Tester can be used to Quantitative fit test ANY tight-fitting respirator including N95,
P2 and P1 disposables.
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5.5 FIT TEST REGULATIONS
Listed below is a summary of fit test regulations.
Table 1.1, Fit Test Regulations
Standard Organization Frequency Min Fit Min Fit QLFT

½ face Full Face Fit (1)
29CFR1910.134 OSHA Annual 100 500* Yes
ANSI Z88.2-1992 ANSI Annual 100 1000* Yes
HSE 282/28 HSE Annual 100 2000* Yes, ½
face
CSA Z94.4-02 CSA 2 years 100 1000* Yes ½
Face
EN529:2005 CEN Annual NS NS NS
AS/NZS 1715 SA Annual 100 500 P2* Yes
1000 P3*
Min - Minimum
QLFT – Qualitative Fit Test
(1) QLFT allowed for positive pressure mask
* - Quantitative Fit Test (QNFT) required because QLFT not validated for fit factor pass levels exceeding 100
OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United States
ANSI – American National Standards Institute, United States
HSE – Health and Safety Executive, United Kingdom
CSA – Canadian Standards Association
CEN – European Committee for Standardization
NS – Not Specified
SA – Standards Australia
NZS - New Zealand Standard
P2 - Intended for use against both mechanically and thermally generated particulates (e.g., metal fumes)
P3 – Intended for use against all particulates including highly toxic materials. Class P3 requires a full face.
6 CHANGE SCHEDULES
A change schedule is simply how often filters or cartridges should be replaced.
6.1 CHANGE SCHEDULE - PARTICULATE FILTERS
All filters must be replaced whenever they are damaged, soiled, or cause noticeably
increased breathing resistance (i.e., cause discomfort to the wearer). Before each
use, the outside of the filter material should be inspected. If the filter material is
physically damaged or soiled, the filter should be changed (in the case of respirators
with replaceable filters) or the respirator discarded (in the case of disposable
respirators). Always follow the respirator filter manufacturer's service-time-limit
recommendations.
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A particulate filter can capture particles in the air, such as dusts, mists, and fumes.
 A particulate filters does not protect against gases or vapors.
 Generally the filters become more effective as particles accumulate on the
filter and plug spaces between the fibers.
 Simply, the filters should be replaced when the user finds it difficult to
breath through them.
6.2 CHANGE SCHEDULE – GAS AND VAPOR CARTRIDGES
A cartridge's useful service life is how long it provides adequate protection from
harmful chemicals in the air. The cartridge provides protection only as long as the
absorbing capacity is not depleted. The cartridges must be replaced before the end
of their useful life. The change schedule must be based upon:
 End of service life indicators (ESLI); or,
 Change schedule based upon objective information
The service life of a cartridge depends upon many factors, including:

 environmental conditions,
 breathing rate,
 cartridge capacity, and
 amount of contaminants in the air.
It is suggested that a safety factor be applied to the service life estimate to assure
that the change schedule is a conservative estimate.
You may not rely on odor thresholds and other warning properties as the primary
basis for determining the service life of gas and vapor cartridges and canisters.
There are “Rule of Thumb” guidance documents which provide rough estimation of
cartridge service life. However, you should not use this as the sole method of
determining service life. One such Rule of Thumb for estimating organic vapor
cartridge service life is found in chapter 36 of the AIHA publication "The
Occupational Environment – Its Evaluation and Control", which suggests:
 If the chemical's boiling point is > 70 °C and the concentration is less than
200 ppm you can expect a service life of 8 hours at a normal work rate.
 Service life is inversely proportional to work rate.
 Reducing concentration by a factor of 10 will increase service life by a factor
of 5.
 Humidity above 85% will reduce service life by 50%
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These generalizations should only be used in concert with one of the other methods
of predicting service life for specific contaminants.
7 ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS
The protection afforded by the respirators during laboratory tests is not achievable in
the workplace. The assigned protection factor (APF) has been defined to provide a
more realistic measure of the protection in the workplace
The APF is the level of respiratory protection that can realistically be expected to be
achieved in the workplace by 95% of adequately trained and supervised wearers
using a properly functioning and correctly fitted respirator. Therefore by definition,
the APF for a respirator can only be used after an adequate fit has been
demonstrated.
As an example, an APF of 10 for a respirator means that a user could expect to inhale no
more than one tenth of the airborne contaminant present. The APF value should be used
when selecting adequate respiratory protection.
Table 1.2, Assigned Protection Factors5
Type of respirator1, 2
Half mask Full Helmet/ Loose-
facepiece hood fitting
facepiece
3
1. Air-Purifying Respirator 10 50 .............. ..............
2. Powered Air-Purifying Respirator 50 1,000 425/1,000 25
(PAPR)
3. Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR) or
Airline Respirator
• Demand mode 10 50 .............. ..............
• Continuous flow mode 50 1,000 425/1,000 25
• Pressure-demand or other 50 1,000 .............. ..............
positive-pressure mode
4. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA)
• Demand mode 10 50 50 ..............
• Pressure-demand or other .............. 10,000 10,000 ..............
positive-pressure mode (e.g.,
open/closed circuit)
Notes:
1
May select respirators assigned for use in higher workplace concentrations of a hazardous substance
for use at lower concentrations of that substance, or when required respirator use is independent of
concentration.
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2
The assigned protection factors in Table 1 are only effective when used with a continuing, effective
respirator program including training, fit testing, maintenance, and use requirements.
3
This APF category includes filtering face pieces, and half masks with elastomeric face pieces.
4
Must have evidence provided by the respirator manufacturer that testing of these respirators
demonstrates performance at a level of protection of 1,000 or greater to receive an APF of 1,000.
5
These APF do not apply to respirators used solely for escape.
8 RESPIRATOR MAINTENANCE
The proper functioning of respirators ensures that the respirators themselves do not
pose a hazard to the user. Respirators should be inspected for basic function prior
to each use and cleaned as often as necessary to prevent unsanitary conditions.
The inspection must include a check of respirator function, tightness of connections,

and the condition of the various parts including, but not limited to, the facepiece,
head straps, valves, and cartridges, canisters or filters.
All respirators should be cleaned and disinfected using a mild soap solution and
thoroughly rinsed with clean warm water to maintain a sanitary condition.
Alternatively, there are commercially available cleaning wipes/products made
specifically for respirators. Emergency use respirators and those respirators used in
fit testing and training must be cleaned after each use.
After cleaning, the respirator should be air dried in a clean area. All respirators must
be stored to protect them from damage, contamination, dust, sunlight, extreme
temperatures, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals. They must be stored
to prevent deformation of the facepiece and exhalation valve. A good method is to
place them in individual storage bins.
Keep in mind that respirator face pieces will become distorted and the straps will
lose their elasticity if hung on a peg for a long time.
Storing the respirator in a plastic sealable bag after use is not considered a good
practice. The respirator may be damp after use and sealing prevents drying and
encourages microbial growth. If plastic bags are used, respirators must be allowed
to dry before storage.
9 EMPLOYEE RESPIRATOR USE AWARENESS
Employees who must wear a respirator should demonstrate knowledge of the

following:
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 Why the respirator is necessary

 When to use the respirator
 What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator
 How to inspect, put on, remove, use, and perform a user seal check (fit
check)
 When to change filters and/or cartridges
 Proper respirator maintenance and storage
10 PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION
The program must be administered by a trained program administrator who is

qualified and knowledgeable in respiratory protection programs. The Program
Administrator must conduct evaluations to identify deficiencies and corrective actions.
This process includes the following steps.
10.1 VERIFICATION OF NO FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVE

 If respirator usage can be eliminated; or,
 Whether a reduction in the level of respiratory protection needed can be
accomplished by using less toxic materials, improving engineering or
administrative controls.
10.2 WORK SITE EVALUATIONS
The Program Administrator must conduct evaluations of the workplace as necessary

to ensure that the provisions of the current written program are being effectively
implemented and that it continues to be effective.
10.3 CONSULTATION
Consultations with employees and workplace evaluations must be performed as

necessary to ensure proper program implementation and proper use. This
consultation should include an assessment of:
 Respirator fit (including the ability to use the respirator without interfering with
effective workplace performance);
 Appropriate respirator selection for the hazards to which the employee is
exposed;
 Proper respirator use under the workplace conditions the employee
encounters; and
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 Proper respirator maintenance.
10.4 PROGRAM ADJUSTMENTS
The Program Administrator must implement appropriate changes when problems

are identified during the assessment process.
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ASBESTOS
1 GENERAL INFORMATION
"Asbestos” describes six naturally occurring fibrous minerals found in certain types
of rock formations. The term asbestos is not a mineralogical definition but a
commercial name given to a group of minerals that possess high tensile strength,
flexibility, resistance to chemical and thermal degradation, and electrical resistance.
Separated chrysotile asbestos fibers are strong enough and flexible enough to be
spun and woven. Asbestos fibers are heat resistant, making them useful for many
industrial purposes.
There are two general types of asbestos, amphibole and serpentine (chrysotile). All
but chrysotile are classified as amphiboles. Amphiboles have a thin, needle-like
appearance. Chrysotile breaks into curly fibers.
Asbestos can be separated into very small fibers that are invisible to the naked eye.
Asbestos fibers may remain in the air for many hours when released from asbestos-
containing material (ACM) and may be inhaled. The amphibole fibers stay in the
lungs longer than chrysotile, and this tendency relates to their increased toxicity. For
example, amphibole asbestos fibers are more potent for causing mesothelioma than
chrysotile fibers.
2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ISSUES
Asbestos has long been suspected as a health threat because the fibers can be
inhaled and are difficult to remove from the lungs. Primarily, the health problems
resulting from asbestos exposure have been experienced by workers whose jobs
exposed them to airborne asbestos over a prolonged period without proper
protection.
Intact and undisturbed asbestos materials do not pose a health risk. The mere
presence of asbestos does not mean that your health is endangered. ACM in good
condition, not damaged or disturbed, is not likely to release asbestos fibers into the
air. When ACM is properly managed, the release of asbestos fibers into the air is
reduced, and the risk of asbestos-related disease is correspondingly reduced.
When asbestos fibers are inhaled, most fibers are expelled, but some can become
lodged in the lungs and remain there throughout life. Fibers can accumulate and
cause scarring and inflammation. Enough scarring and inflammation can affect
breathing and potentially lead to disease.
Diseases from asbestos exposure take a long time to develop. Most cases of lung
cancer or asbestosis occur 20 or more years after initial exposure to asbestos.
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ASBESTOS
Tobacco smokers who have been exposed to asbestos have a "far greater-
than-additive" risk for lung cancer than do nonsmokers who have been
exposed.
2.1 ASBESTOS RELATED ILLNESS
Three specific diseases — asbestosis (a fibrous scarring of the lungs), lung

cancer, and mesothelioma (a cancer of the lining of the chest or abdominal cavity)
—have been linked to asbestos exposure.
Asbestosis is a serious, progressive, long-term disease of the lungs. Asbestosis is

not a cancer. Inhaled asbestos fibers can irritate and inflame lung tissues which
cause the lung tissues to scar (asbestosis). The scarring makes it hard to breathe
properly. Asbestosis generally progresses slowly. The disease can vary from
asymptomatic (no symptoms) to disabling and potentially fatal.
Lung cancer is a malignant tumor that invades and obstructs the lung's air
passages. Cigarette smoke and asbestos together significantly increase your
chances of getting lung cancer. Therefore, if you have been exposed to asbestos
you should stop smoking. This may be the most important action that you can take
to improve your health and decrease your risk of cancer.
Mesothelioma is a rare cancer which may affect the lining of the lungs (pleura) or
the abdominal contents (peritoneum). Most mesotheliomas are caused by exposure
to asbestos.
3 REGULATORY GUIDANCE
There are a number of guidelines and regulations that govern asbestos exposure.
The US and UK regulations from an occupational technical sense are the same. In
the US, occupational standards for preventing asbestos-related diseases are
recommended by NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits (REL) and promulgated
by OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL). These standards also contain many
other measures, such as surveillance, exposure assessments, analytical methods,
and control methods.
4 BULK SURVEYS
Asbestos Survey means a written report resulting from a thorough inspection using
the procedures and analysis cited in regulations. Asbestos surveys must contain the
approximate quantity and location of each material determined to contain asbestos
and a schematic showing the bulk sampling locations. The condition and friability of
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ASBESTOS
asbestos-containing materials must also be described in the asbestos survey. Any

material presumed to be ACM need not be sampled and tested for asbestos, but
materials presumed to be asbestos-containing material (PACM) must be identified
as such in the asbestos survey.
Examples of useful guidance are:

 US EPA regulations 40 CFR 763.85, 40 CFR 763.86 and 40 CFR 763.87
 UK HSE MDHS100 and CAR 2006
The bulk survey is essentially intrusive without being destructive. This type of survey
is used to comply with US and UK regulations. The purpose and limitations of any
asbestos survey MUST be clearly identified. A representative number of samples
must be taken of any suspect materials and analyzed in a laboratory or the report
must clearly state the rationale for not sampling. Survey activities include:
 Collecting and analyzing representative samples from suspected ACM
 Recording the type, condition, quantity and location of these materials
throughout the installation.
 Assigning all identified ACM a priority rating such as required by the Control
of Asbestos Regulations (CAR) 2006, specifically Regulation 4.
 Listing any survey limitations, such as suspect material which could not be
sampled.
The report should at a minimum contain:

 Executive Summary
 Introduction/included definition of acronyms/qualifications of surveyor
 Survey objectives with rig description
 Clearly stated limitations
 Asbestos Survey Register – Includes both positive and negative samples
 Risk Management Codes
 Survey Methodology
 Photographs (color) of ALL samples taken
 Analytical Reports with % asbestos & type by certified laboratory.
Includes analytical methodology, chain of custodies,
 Sample Locations Plans – This needs to be very specific and clearly
crossed referenced to color photographs
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ASBESTOS
Just as the “positive” results are important, we absolutely must know what samples
taken were “negative” for asbestos and at what level was considered negative.
This information is important to demonstrate non-ACM status and document

locations sampled. This information is critical for any modifications or discovery of
potential new ACM.
5 ASBESTOS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
The Operations and Maintenance (O&M) program is intended as preventive control

for potential asbestos fiber releases. The O&M program should include activities
such as:
 Maintaining ACM in good condition
 Ensuring proper cleanup of any released asbestos fibers
 If there is a release, preventing any further asbestos fiber releases
 Monitoring the condition of ACM
5.1 ASBESTOS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PLAN
The O&M Plan should include the following items:

 List of tools and equipment necessary for asbestos O&M activities, see 5.2
 Steps to establish a regulated asbestos work area
 Preparing amended water
 Respirator fit checks
 Protective clothing
 Critical barriers
 Wet wiping, HEPA vacuuming,
 Applying lockdown
 Worker decontamination,
 Emergency asbestos spill cleanup procedures
 Glovebag operations
 Mini-Enclosure operations
 Disposal
 Air monitoring procedures
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ASBESTOS
5.2 ASBESTOS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE KIT
Installations that have asbestos must have an Operations and Maintenance (O&M)
kit. The O&M kit is used to respond to asbestos emergencies and perform minor
work. Minor asbestos work includes maintenance activities such as drilling holes in
wallboard, cutting away small pieces of ACM necessary for repairs, etc.
This kit should only be used by a person trained in a company approved Asbestos
O&M course.
Table 2.1, Asbestos O & M Kit
Quantity Unit Description

4 each Wire Brush, Short Handle 1/2 inch bristles
1 Roll Large Plastic Bag - Labeled for Asbestos Disposal, 100
per roll
1 box Avail QT10 Glove Bag - quick twist roll
2 each Water Pump, 3 Gallon Garden Sprayer
1 roll Asbestos warning labels, 500 per roll
1 roll R-4100 Caution Asbestos TAPE (3” x 1000’)
2 each Duct Tape
2 each ½ face respirators e.g., MSA
10 package P100 Filters for respirator, 2 per pack
2 each R-76027 Asbestos Signs 14” x 24”
1 each 3M Portable Hepa Vacuum
1 each Hepa filter replacement for 3M Vacuum
4 each Alternative cutting device
1 case PCM Sample Cassettes 50 per case
1 each Personal Sampling Pump such as Sensidyne Gillian
BDXXII or equivalent
1 each Stannic Chloride smoke tube
1 box Polysuit with hood, 25 per box
1 each Foster 32-22 protector seal
1 roll 6 mil polyvinyl sheeting
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NOISE
1 GENERAL NOISE SURVEY GUIDANCE
A noise survey takes noise measurements throughout an installation or facility to

identify high noise areas. The general survey must take into account:
 Normal work activities;
 Different ways in which work is performed; and
 How noise may vary from one day to the next.
1.1 INSTRUMENT SELECTION AND USE
The most common instruments used for measuring noise are the sound level meter
or sound pressure meter and the noise dosimeter. A Type 2 sound pressure
meter is sufficiently accurate for general noise surveys. The more accurate and
much more expensive Type 1 meters are primarily used in engineering, laboratory
and research work. The instrument manual will explain the calibration, operation and
reading the instrument. An example meter is the Quest General Purpose Type 2
2100/QC-10 calibrator.
The meter must be calibrated before and after each use. The manual also gives the
calibration procedure.
To take measurements, the sound pressure meter is held at the ear height for
those exposed to the noise. Typically, it does not matter exactly how the
microphone is pointed at the noise source. The instrument's instruction manual
explains how to hold the microphone.
Several meters will take readings on either slow or fast response. The response rate
is the time period over which the instrument averages the sound level before
displaying it on the readout. Workplace noise level measurements should be
taken on SLOW response.
A sound pressure A-weighting filter is generally built into all meters and may have
ability to switch this weighting on/off or use a different weighting. Some Type 2
meters provide measurements only in dBA, meaning that the A-weighting filter is
“on” permanently. All installation and facility noise measurements should be
taken in A-weighting only.
When air blows by the microphone, the noise reading is altered. To avoid the effect
of wind, use a windscreen to cover the microphone in areas with considerable
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air movement. Windscreens are available from manufacturers of sound pressure

meters.
1.2 GENERAL NOISE SURVEY FORM
You must record the findings of your risk assessment by using:

 Noise Survey Form (see example). Noise level measurements are taken at a
suitable number of positions around the area and recorded on the noise
survey form. The form below is included in the handbook as an example only
and is intended to allow operations to take advantage of a preset form rather
than having to create their own. Use of the form is not mandatory. However, if
the example is not used exactly as included, the form used must include the
key elements of the example and must be approved by the Business Unit
Senior Vice President.
 Noise Map such as color coded schematic. A noise map can be produced by
drawing lines on the sketch between points of equal sound level.
Basic rule is that the more measurements taken, the more accurate the survey.
Considerations in Noise Surveys should include:

 Shielding by presence of employee and other objects between the noise
source and microphone should be avoided. The employee need not be
present during the measurement.
 The microphone should be located within 0.5 meter (1.5 feet) of the typical
employee's shoulder.
 If the employee typically works in a standing position, the microphone should
be position of 1.5 (5 feet) meters above the floor.
 If the employee typically works in a sitting position, the microphone should be
position of 1.1 meters (3.3 feet) above the floor.
 Obtain and note sound pressure during different phases of work the
employee performs during the tour.
 There is no minimum regarding the number of readings to obtain, but it is
important to take enough readings to identify work cycles. For statistical
reasons, more readings should be taken when noise levels fluctuate widely.
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Figure 3.1, General Noise Survey Form – Example
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Figure 3.2 - Noise Map - Example
2 PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
Preventative measures should follow the preference of:

 Engineering controls
 Administrative controls
 Personal Protective Equipment
2.1 ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Listed below are examples of noise engineering controls:

 Use different, quieter equipment
 Introduce a low-noise purchasing policy for machinery and equipment
 Avoid metal-on-metal impacts when possible
 Vibrating machine panels can be a source of noise – add material to reduce
vibration (‘damping’)
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 Isolate vibrating machinery or components from their surroundings, e.g. with

anti-vibration mounts or flexible couplings
 Fit silencers to air exhausts and blowing nozzles
 Modify the paths by which the noise travels through the air to the people
exposed, e.g., erect enclosures around machines to reduce the amount of
noise emitted
 Modify the paths by which noise travels into the workplace or environment,
e.g., use barriers and screens to block the direct path of sound
 Position noise sources further away from workers
 Design and lay out the workplace for low noise emission, e.g., use absorptive
materials to reduce reflected sound
2.2 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
Listed below are examples of noise administrative controls:

 Design workflow to keep people out of areas with high noise
 Limit the time spent in noisy areas – every halving of the time spent in a noisy
area will reduce noise exposure by 3 dB.
 Post high noise warning signs
 Provide noise induced hearing loss awareness training
2.3 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
The objective for hearing protection devices (HPD) is to protect against Noise
Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) without screening out important noises like alarms,
voices of co-workers and other critical communications. Often workers use HPD that
attenuate noise much more than necessary for an effective program. The downside
of overprotection is they do not use the HPD when required because they feel
isolated.
Hearing protection devices use a rating system such as United States NRR (Noise
Reduction Rating), European SNR (Single Number Rating) and Canadian class
rating system (CSA standard). These HPD ratings are calculated using 8 hour
exposure; consequently, longer exposures e.g., 12 hour tours and dBA noise levels
do not directly match HPD ratings. Note that NRR cannot be directly subtracted
from dBA sound pressure levels to estimate hearing protection. The most
commonly used simplified method is protected dBA = unprotected dBA – (NRR – 7).
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Table 3.1, Hearing Protection Device Selection
Hearing Protection Device Selection

Decibels (dBA) NRR SNR CSA
80 to 90 17 + 20 or less Class C
90 to 95 17 to 24 20 to 30 Class B
95 to 100 24 + 25 to 35 Class A
100+ Double HPD 30 + (Double Class A ear plugs
HPD) + Class A or B ear
muffs
Double HPD must be worn in areas with dBA levels greater than 100 and exposure
times exceeding 15 minutes. Double HPD consist of wearing both ear plugs and ear
muffs (ear defenders).
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HEAT STRESS
1 HEAT STRESS
Hot environments are thermal stressors which causes physiological stress. This
section is intended to provide:
 Basic information to evaluate heat risks in our environment;
 Guidelines for practical preventive measures;
 Guidance to help recognize signs/symptoms of heat stress.
NEVER ignore anyone’s signs or symptoms of heat-related disorders.
The goal of a heat stress management process would be to maintain body core
temperature within 1 °C (1.8 °F) of normal 37 °C (98.6 °F).
2 HEAT STRESS FACTORS
Heat Stress is the actual heat experienced by the worker. This exposure includes:
 Metabolic heat (heat generated by your body)
 Air Temperature
 Humidity
 Air Movement
 Radiant Heat: the transfer of heat energy without direct contact; (The total
thermal radiation to which a worker is exposed is the sum of all direct and
indirect (reflected) radiation.)
 Clothing Requirements, e.g., cotton, tyvek, slicker suit, welding, etc.
Operations involving high air temperatures, radiant heat sources, high humidity,
direct physical contact with hot objects, or strenuous physical activities have a high
potential for inducing heat stress.
Age, weight, degree of physical fitness, degree of acclimatization, metabolism and a

variety of medical conditions such as hypertension all affect a person's sensitivity to
heat. Prior heat injury also predisposes an individual to additional injury. It is difficult
to predict just who will be affected and when, because individual susceptibility
varies. Listed below are factors which should be considered to prevent heat stress.
2.1 ACCLIMATIZATION
Acclimatization is a gradual process in which an individual improves their ability to

tolerate heat stress. Important considerations for acclimatization include:
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 Acclimatization requires physical activities under the workplace conditions,

such as required clothing used in the workplace.
 To become acclimatized the person must be exposed to similar heat related
conditions for at least 2 hours per day for five days.
 Acclimatization will be noticeably lost after 4 days if not exposed to similar
heat conditions.
 All acclimatization is lost in 3-4 weeks when not exposed to similar
heat/humidity.
2.2 CLOTHING
Evaporation of sweat from the skin is the predominant heat removal mechanism,
and important considerations include:
 If heat removal is hampered by clothing, metabolic heat may produce
excessive heat strain even when ambient conditions are considered cool.
 It is preferable to wear loose-fitting (not posing a safety hazard), breathable
clothing—cotton is good.
 Loose fitting clothing allows free movement of cool, dry air over the skin’s
surface which maximizes heat removal by evaporation and convection.
 When air temperature is higher than skin temperature, clothing helps to
prevent the transfer of heat from the air to the body.
 Fabrics that do not freely “breathe” will trap sweat next to the skin. This has
the same effect as raising the humidity and will greatly decrease the cooling
we otherwise get from sweating. Special precautions taken when wearing
non-breathable clothing, such as tyvek, slicker suits in hot environments.
2.3 HYDRATION
Exposure to hot conditions creates insufficient thirst drive which results in less fluid
intake. It is important to note that in the course of a day's work in the heat, a worker
may produce as much as 2 to 3 gallons of sweat. Since many heat disorders
involve excessive dehydration of the body, it is essential that water intake during the
workday be about equal to the amount of sweat produced.
 Drink small amounts of water frequently (approximately 1 cup/15 minutes).
 During work, workers should try to drink as much and as frequently as
possible
 Drink more fluids regardless of your activity level. Don’t wait until you’re thirsty
to drink.
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 Avoid very cold drinks, because they can cause stomach cramps.
 Workers should be provided cool drinks that appeal to them – palatable
waters is the preferred option.
 Sports drinks can be used as electrolyte replacement; however, sports drinks
should not be used as the only method for fluid replacement. If these drinks
are used they should not contain more than 40–80 g/L of sugar and 0.5 to 0.7
g/L of sodium per serving. A good rule of thumb is to consume 3X water for
every sports drink consumed.
 Workers should avoid diuretic (caffeine and large amounts of sugar) drinks
immediately prior to work and drink as much as a half liter of water prior to
commencement of work.
 Workers should be encouraged to rehydrate between tours.
 Individual drinking cups should be provided - never use a common drinking
cup.
 Eat smaller meals before work activity.
 Workers should be encouraged to consume a well-balanced diet.
 Monitor urine for color to determine proper hydration, use a urine color chart.
2.4 COOLING
Local air cooling can be effective in reducing air temperature in specific areas, such
as:
 Cool rooms, can be used to offer a recovery area near hot jobs.
 Portable blower with built-in air chiller.
 Wet clothes (cool) and additional body cooling devices which are not heavy
and don’t restrict movement.
 It is important to note that increasing the air flow using fans only “helps” if the
air temperature is less than the worker's skin temperature.
 Take breaks in the shade or a cool area when possible.
 Take more breaks in extreme heat and humidity.
 Schedule heavy work during the coolest parts of day.
 Include rest breaks in your task planning for hot environments.
If air temperature is higher than 35°C (95°F), the hot air from a “regular fan”
passing over the skin can actually make the worker hotter. For example, when
the temperature is more than 35°C (95°F) and the air is dry, evaporative cooling may
be improved by air movement, although this improvement will be offset by the
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convective heat. When the temperature exceeds 35°C (95°F) and the relative
humidity is 100%, air movement will make the worker hotter. Increases in air speed
have no effect on the body temperature of workers wearing vapor-barrier clothing,
e.g. slicker suit.
3 TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY
Typically, people feel comfortable when the air temperature is between 20-27°C (68-
81°F) and the relative humidity is 35-60%. The following tables are an
approximation of how most people react to heat and humidity.
To use the table, use the preferred temperature °C or °F and relative humidity. The
intersection of the worksite temperature and relative humidity (round up to the higher
percentage) is the temperature-humidity index. The chart is divided into the
following areas:
 Red - is uncomfortable for everyone. For moderate to heavy activity, workers
should be concerned about heat stress and should take appropriate
precautions.
 Yellow – Sunstroke, heat cramps or heat exhaustion likely, and heat stroke
possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity.
 Orange – Sunstroke, heat cramps and heat exhaustion possible with
prolonged exposure and/or physical activity.
 Green – Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity.
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Table 4.1, Heat Index Chart – Air Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit
Heat Index Chart – Air Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

°F Relative Humidity (percentage)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
135 120 126
130 117 122 131
125 111 116 123 131 141
120 107 111 116 123 130 139 148
115 105 107 111 115 120 127 135 143 151
110 99 102 105 108 112 117 123 130 137 143 150
105 95 97 100 102 105 109 113 118 123 129 135 142 149
100 91 93 95 97 99 101 104 107 115 115 120 126 132 138 144 150
95 87 88 90 91 93 94 96 98 101 104 107 110 114 119 124 130 136 140 150
90 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 93 95 96 98 100 102 106 109 113 117 122 126 131
85 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 95 97 99 102 105 108
80 73 74 75 76 77 77 78 79 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
75 69 69 70 71 72 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 78 79 79 80
70 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 71 71 72
Note: This a general table for Heat Stress Index; however, individual fitness & acclimatization may
cause significant variability in heat stress.
Heat stroke risk high
Heat exhaustion likely, heat stroke possible
Heat exhaustion possible
Heat fatigue possible
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Table 4.2, Heat Index Chart – Air Temperature in Degrees Celsius
Heat Index Chart – Air Temperature in degrees Celsius

°C Relative Humidity (percentage)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
57.2 49 52
54.4 47 50 55
51.7 44 47 51 55 61
48.9 42 44 47 51 54 59 64
46.1 41 42 44 46 49 53 57 62 66
43.3 37 39 41 42 44 47 51 54 58 62 66
40.6 35 36 38 39 41 43 45 48 51 54 57 61 65
37.8 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 42 43 46 49 52 56 59 62 66
35 31 31 32 33 34 34 36 37 38 40 42 43 46 48 51 54 58 60 66
32.2 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 43 45 47 50 52 55
29.4 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 42
26.7 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32
23.9 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 26 27
21.1 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22
Note: This a general table for Heat Stress Index; however, individual fitness & acclimatization may
cause significant variability in heat stress.
Heat stroke risk high
Heat exhaustion likely, heat stroke possible
Heat exhaustion possible
Heat fatigue possible
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4 HEAT ILLNESS
Heat stress can result in heat stroke (including death), heat exhaustion, heat
cramps, or heat rashes.
4.1 HEAT STROKE
Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related disorder. Heat stroke occurs when the
body is unable to regulate its temperature. The body's temperature rises rapidly, the
sweating mechanism fails, and the body is unable to cool down. Body temperature
may rise to 106°F or higher within 10 to 15 minutes. Heat stroke can cause death or
permanent disability if emergency treatment is not provided.
Symptoms of heat stroke include:

 Hot, dry skin (no sweating)
 Chills
 Throbbing headache
 High body temperature (above 103°F, orally)
 Confusion/dizziness
 Slurred speech
 Rapid, strong pulse
 Nausea
 Unconsciousness
4.1.1 What to Do
If you see any of these signs, you may be dealing with a life-threatening emergency.
 Get medical assistance as soon as possible.
 Get the victim to a shady area.
 Cool the victim rapidly using whatever methods you can. For example, place
the person in a cool shower; spray the victim with cool water hose; sponge
the person with cool water.
 Monitor body temperature, and continue cooling efforts until the body
temperature drops to normal/acceptable levels.
 Do not give the victim fluids to drink.
Sometimes a victim's muscles will begin to twitch uncontrollably as a result of heat

stroke. If this happens, keep the victim from injuring himself, but do not place any
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object in the mouth and do not give fluids. If there is vomiting, make sure the airway
remains open by turning the victim on his or her side.
4.2 HEAT EXHAUSTION
Heat exhaustion is a milder form of heat-related illness that can develop after
several days of exposure to high temperatures and inadequate or unbalanced
replacement of fluids. Heat exhaustion is the body's response to an excessive
loss of the water and salt, usually through excessive sweating. Workers most
prone to heat exhaustion are those that are older, have high blood pressure, working
in a hot environment, etc.
4.2.1 Recognizing Heat Exhaustion
Warning signs of heat exhaustion include the following:

 Heavy sweating
 Clammy, moist skin
 Pale or flushed complexion
 Muscle cramps
 Unusual or extreme weakness and fatigue
 Dizziness, confusion
 Headache
 Nausea or vomiting
 Fainting
The skin may be cool and moist. The victim's pulse rate will be fast and weak, and
breathing will be fast and shallow. If heat exhaustion is untreated, it may progress to
heat stroke. Seek medical attention immediately if any of the following occurs:
 Symptoms are severe
 The victim has heart problems or high blood pressure
Otherwise, help the victim to cool off, and seek medical attention if symptoms
worsen or last longer than 1 hour.
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4.2.2 What to Do
Cooling measures that may be effective include the following:

 Drink plenty of cool water
 Rest in cool, shaded or air conditioned area
 Cool shower, wet cloth
 Wear lightweight clothing
4.3 HEAT CRAMPS
Heat cramps are muscle pains or spasms (e.g., in the abdomen, arms, or legs) that
usually affect people who sweat a lot during strenuous activity. This sweating
depletes the body's salt and moisture. The low salt level in the muscles may be the
cause of heat cramps. Heat cramps may also be a symptom of heat exhaustion.
4.3.1 What to Do
If medical attention is not necessary, take these steps:

 Stop all activity, and sit quietly in a cool place.
 Drink clear juice or a sports beverage.
 Do not return to strenuous activity for a few hours after the cramps subside,
because further exertion may lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke.
 Seek medical attention for heat cramps if they do not subside in 1 hour.
4.4 HEAT RASH
Heat rash is a skin irritation caused by excessive sweating during hot, humid
weather. Heat rash looks like a red cluster of pimples or small blisters. It is more
likely to occur on the neck and upper chest, in the groin, under the breasts, and in
elbow creases.
4.4.1 What to Do
The best treatment for heat rash is to provide a cooler, less humid environment.
Keep the affected area dry and report to medic.
The best defense against heat stress illness is proper

hydration, continuous monitoring of heat risks and taking
appropriate cooling breaks
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GENERAL MOLD AND FUNGI AND HVAC CONTAMINATION
1 GENERAL
Mold and fungi grow when there is moisture, an organic substrate (food source) and
temperature consistent with their growth. We cannot eliminate the presence of
fungal spores and fragments. However, mold growth should be prevented and
removed if present. To prevent and control mold, you must control at least one of the
following: moisture, organic substrate and/or temperature or what may be thought
of as the “mold triangle”.
Figure 5.1, Mold Triangle
These guidelines provide recommended practices to address:

 Surface contamination of mold/fungi; and,
 HVAC cleaning due to mold/fungi contamination.
2 SURFACE CONTAMINATION
The presence of mold growth, water damage, or musty odors should be addressed
quickly. First identify and correct water sources (leaks, condensation, etc.) and then
determine the extent of water/mold damage. Water-damaged materials should
either be discarded or cleaned and dried.
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Sending mold samples to a laboratory is not usually necessary to conduct mold

remediation. Remediation strategies can be made on the basis of a visual
inspection.
The most important activity is to repair the defects that led to water
accumulation (or elevated humidity) or mold/fungal growth will recur.
2.1 VISUAL INSPECTION
The extent of water damage and mold growth should be visually assessed and the
affected materials identified. A visual inspection should also evaluate “hidden areas”
where mold may be present. Ceiling tiles, wallboard (drywall) and other cellulose-
containing surfaces should be carefully evaluated during a visual inspection.
Ventilation systems should be checked for damp conditions and/or mold growth on
system components such as filters, insulation, and coils/fins, as well as for overall
cleanliness.
Personal protective equipment (gloves and respiratory protection) should be

considered if assessment work might disturb mold. Inspection procedures should be
conducted to minimize the generation and migration of any dust and mold.
2.2 REMEDIATION
The goal is to remove or clean contaminated materials and prevent the emission of
fungi and contaminated dust while protecting workers performing the remediation.
These remediation recommendations are designed to achieve this goal; however,
they are not a substitute for a site-specific work plan. These guidelines are based
on possible health risks from mold exposure and may be superseded by more
stringent remediation procedures, such as asbestos abatement.
Prior to any remediation, consideration must be given to the potential

presence of other health hazards, such as asbestos.
In all situations, the underlying moisture problem must be corrected to

prevent recurring mold growth.
2.3 REMEDIATION LEVELS
The simplest remediation that reasonably, properly and safely removes fungal
contamination should be used.
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2.3.1 Level I: Small Isolated Areas (10 sq. ft or less) - e.g., ceiling tiles, small
areas on walls.
Recommended measures include:

 Mist contaminated area for dust suppression.
 N95 or better respirator.
 Gloves.
 Eye protection.
 Remediate while area is unoccupied.
 Materials that cannot be cleaned should be removed.
 Clean with damp cloth and/or mop with detergent solution.
 If work may impact difficult-to-clean surfaces or items, the floor, egress
pathways, and other items should be removed or covered with plastic
sheeting and sealed with tape before remediation.
 Plastic sheeting should be discarded after use.
 There are no special disposal requirements for moldy materials.
 The remediated area should be dry and visibly free from mold, dust, and
debris.
2.3.2 Level II: Mid-Sized Isolated Areas (10 - 30 sq. ft.) - e.g., individual wallboard
panels.

 All Level I recommendations.
 HEPA vacuum and clean with damp cloth and/or mop with detergent solution.
 Work practices that create excessive dust should be avoided.
 Cover the floor, egress pathways, and items left in the work area with plastic
sheeting and seal with tape before remediation.
 The work and egress areas should be HEPA-vacuumed and cleaned with a
damp cloth and/or mop and a soap or detergent solution.
2.3.3 Level III: Large Isolated Areas (30 - 100 square feet) - e.g., several
wallboard panels.

 All Level I and II recommendations.
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 Install critical barriers. Critical barriers are two layers of polyethylene

sheeting that block all openings, fixtures, and HVAC. Critical barriers are
designed to prevent the spread of contaminants beyond the containment
area.
 Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned should be removed from the
building in sealed plastic bags.
2.3.4 Level IV: Extensive Contamination (greater than 100 contiguous square ft
in an area). Consult with a qualified Industrial Hygiene Professional.
The following procedures are recommended:

 All Level I, II and III recommendations.
 Personnel trained in the handling of mold-damaged materials.
 Full face respirators with P-100 filters.
 Disposable full body coveralls with head and foot covering.
 The HVAC system should be shut down during remediation.
 Establish critical barriers to isolate the work area.
 Consider using an exhaust fan equipped with a HEPA filter to generate a
negative pressure enclosure.
 Consider using airlocks and a clean changing room.
 Egress pathways should be covered if a clean changing room is not used.
 Workers should remove disposable clothing to prevent the tracking of mold-
containing dusts outside of the work area.
 The work area and egress pathways (and clean changing room if present)
should be HEPA-vacuumed and cleaned with a damp cloth and/or mop with a
soap or detergent solution. These areas should be visibly clean prior to the
removal of critical barriers. Plastic sheeting should be discarded after use.
2.4 CLEANING METHODS
Non-porous materials (e.g., metal) can almost always be cleaned. Semi-porous and
porous structural materials can be cleaned if they are structurally sound. Porous
materials, such as ceiling tiles and insulation (with more than a small area of mold
growth) should be removed and discarded. Wallboard should be cleaned or
removed at least six inches beyond visually assessed mold growth or wet or water-
damaged areas.
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Cleaning should be done using a soap or detergent solution. Use the gentlest
cleaning method that effectively removes the mold to limit dust generation. All
reusable materials should be dry and visibly free from mold. Thoroughly clean
surfaces and materials adjacent to areas of mold growth for settled spores and
fungal fragments. A vacuum equipped with a HEPA filter could be used to clean
these adjacent areas.
Disinfectants are seldom needed to perform an effective remediation because

removal of fungal growth remains the most effective way to prevent exposure. If
disinfectants are considered necessary, additional measures to protect workers and
occupants may be required.
2.5 REVIEW OF REMEDIATION
Evaluations should be performed during and after remediation to confirm the

effectiveness of remedial work, particularly for large-scale remediation. At minimum,
this evaluation should include:
 The moisture problem was identified and eliminated.
 Work area isolation was appropriate and effective.
 Mold removal and worksite cleanup was performed according to the site-
specific plan.
 Any additional moisture or mold damage discovered were remediated.
 All surfaces are free from visible dust and debris.
 If laboratory analyses were performed, the results were evaluated by a
qualified industrial hygienist.
3 HVAC CONTAMINATION
If not properly installed, maintained, and operated, HAVC components become

contaminated with particles of dust, mold, fungi or other debris. Duct cleaning
generally refers to the cleaning of various heating and cooling system components,
including:
 Supply and return air ducts and registers,
 Grilles and diffusers,
 Heat exchangers heating and cooling coils,
 Condensate drain pans (drip pans),
 Fan motor and fan housing, and
 Air handling unit housing.
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Microbiological growth (e.g., mold) can increase with proper temperature and
moisture and spores may be released into the accommodations and working areas.
Biocides or chemical treatments can be applied, after the system has been properly
cleaned of all visible dust or debris.
Sending samples to a laboratory is not usually necessary to conduct HVAC

cleaning. Remediation strategies can be made on the basis of a visual inspection.
3.1 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
A good preventive maintenance program is essential to minimize duct contamination

which should include:
 Prevention of dust (food source) from entering the system.
 Prevention of moisture in ducts.
Prevention of dust entering the system includes:

 High efficiency air filter.
 Changing filters regularly.
 Changing filters more frequently if the filters become clogged.
 No missing filters and air cannot bypass filters through gaps around the filter
holder.
 During refurbishments, ensure that supply vents are sealed off and the HVAC
system is not operated until clean up is completed.
 Ensure the area is dusted/cleaned regularly.
Moisture should not be present in ducts. Controlling moisture is the most effective
way to prevent biological growth in air ducts. Moisture can enter the duct system
through leaks or if the system has been improperly installed or serviced.
Condensation (which occurs when a surface temperature is lower than the dew point
temperature of the surrounding air) on or near cooling coils of air conditioning units
is a major factor in moisture contamination of the system. The presence of
condensation or high relative humidity is an important indicator of the potential for
mold growth on any type of duct. Controlling moisture can often be difficult, but here
are some steps you can take:
 Promptly and properly repair any leaks or water damage.
 Make sure the condensate pan drains properly. The presence of substantial
standing water and/or debris indicates a problem requiring immediate
attention.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
HANDBOOK SECTION: 5
 Check any insulation near cooling coils for wet spots.

 Make sure ducts are properly sealed and insulated in all non-air-conditioned
spaces. This will help to prevent moisture due to condensation from entering
the system and is important to make the system work as intended. To prevent
water condensation, the heating and cooling system must be properly
insulated.
3.2 HVAC CLEAINING
Recurring problems, regardless of size, may indicate a systemic problem. Properly

trained and equipped mold remediation workers with specific training and experience
in HVAC systems, should conduct the remediation. The following procedures are
recommended:
 The HVAC system should be shut down prior to any remedial activities.
 Consider protective controls listed in Section 2.3.
 Inspect the system before cleaning to be sure that there are no asbestos-
containing materials. Asbestos-containing materials require specialized
procedures and should not be disturbed or removed except by trained
personnel.
 If you have insulated air ducts and the insulation gets wet or moldy it cannot
be effectively cleaned and should be removed and replaced.
 Take care to protect the duct work, including sealing and re-insulating any
access holes so they are airtight.
 Although flex duct can also be cleaned using soft-bristled brushes, it can be
more economical to simply replace accessible flex duct.
 Use well-controlled brushing of duct surfaces in conjunction with contact
vacuum cleaning to dislodge dust and other particles.
 Use HEPA vacuuming equipment.
 Protect non-removable objects, furnishings during cleaning.
 If the conditions causing the mold growth in the first place are not corrected,
mold growth will recur.
 Conduct a post duct cleaning evaluation.
3.3 POST DUCT CLEANING EVALUATION
Evaluations should be performed during and after duct cleaning to confirm the
effectiveness. At minimum, this evaluation should include:
 Any moisture problem identified was properly remediated.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
HANDBOOK SECTION: 5
 Cleaned the entire heating and cooling system, including ductwork and all
components (drain pans, coils, and fans, etc.)
 Duct cleaner demonstrated that duct work and plenums are clean.
 Heat exchanger surface visibly clean.
 Both sides of the cooling coil visibly clean.
 Coil fins straight and evenly spaced (as opposed to being bent over and
smashed together).
 Coil drain pan completely clean and draining properly.
 Blower blades clean and free of oil and debris.
 Blower compartment free of visible dust or debris.
 Return air plenum free of visible dust or debris.
 Filters fit properly and are the proper efficiency.
 Supply air plenum are free of moisture, stains and contaminants.
 Interior ductwork surfaces free of visible debris.
 Installed access doors in sheet metal ducts attached properly (e.g., screws,
rivets, etc.).
 Air leakage through access doors or covers is very slight or none.
 All registers, grilles, and diffusers are firmly reattached to the walls, ceilings,
etc.
 Registers, grilles, and diffusers are visibly clean.
 System functions properly in both the heating and cooling modes
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
HANDBOOK SECTION: 6
GAS DETECTORS
1 GAS DETECTORS
Gas detectors are used for confined space testing and cylinder gas screening.
Listed below is general guidance which should be employed when using a gas
detector. However, the instrument manual should be reviewed prior to initial use
and whenever there is a question.
1.1 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION
The instrument accuracy should be checked with a known concentration calibration

gas. Instrument performance can degrade or even fail, which may cause inaccurate
and potentially dangerous “false negative” results. Typically, the calibration is a two
step procedure, see instrument manual for specific procedure.
 The instrument is taken to an area where the atmosphere is fresh and a
"zero" adjustment is made.
 The sensor(s) accuracy is then verified by exposure to a known concentration
calibration gas. If necessary, the sensitivity or “span” is adjusted
automatically.
1.2 ACCEPTABLE CALIBRATION
Prior to calibration, always check the expiration date on calibration gas cylinder(s).
Oxygen readings are considered accurate when the instrument reading is ±0.5% of
the calibration gas.
When a fresh air test is conducted, the concentrations should be 20.9 percent
oxygen, 0 percent Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), 0 ppm CO and H2S. If the gas
meter readings are unstable in a known fresh air environment, check for a loose
connection or a bad sensor.
LEL and toxic readings are considered accurate when they are between 100% and
120% of the calibration gas. Readings outside this range means the instrument
must be calibrated before further use.
1.3 SENSOR DEGRADATION
Sensors can degrade due to age or exposure to environments harmful to their

function.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
HANDBOOK SECTION: 6
GAS DETECTORS
 Oxygen sensors may be affected by prolonged exposure to "acid" gases such

as high carbon dioxide (e.g., 25%).
 Oxygen sensor quick check – Turn on the gas meter in a fresh air area. After
the meter is stabilized, exhale onto the probe. The oxygen reading should
decrease rapidly and respond back to ambient rapidly. Slow response would
indicate a degraded sensor.
 LEL sensors are damaged by exposure to silicone (e.g., lubricants and
hydraulic fluids), halogenated hydrocarbons (refrigerants such as freons, or
solvents (e.g., trichloroethylene and methylene chloride) and hydrogen.
 LEL accuracy is affected by high concentrations of combustible gas. Check
the gas meter instructions to determine if there is an alarm when LEL
approaches 100%.
2 CHECKING NITROGEN CYLINDERS
Nitrogen cylinder contents must be verified as non-flammable prior to initial use, see
Figure 6.1 – Nitrogen Cylinder Check.
Take the gas detector to a “fresh air” area.
1. Turn on gas detector and let stabilize for at least 3 minutes.

2. Fresh air readings should equalize at 20.9 % O2, 0 % LEL or 0 PPM for any
toxic sensors installed.
3. Either calibrate or bump test the gas detector.
4. Either position the probe perpendicular to cylinder gas flow or alternatively
collect a sample for analysis.
5. Measure Oxygen and LEL of the cylinder contents
 If oxygen is 16% to ambient and LEL = 0, then the cylinder is considered
nonflammable and acceptable for use.
 If oxygen is >22%, the cylinder is rejected
 If oxygen is less than 16% and LEL is 0. The gas detected is taken to a
fresh air area, and recalibrated. If on the 2nd measurement the oxygen is
less than 16% and LEL is 0, the cylinder is rejected.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
HANDBOOK SECTION: 6
GAS DETECTORS
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
HANDBOOK SECTION: 7
ACRONYMS
ACM Asbestos Containing Material
AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association
ANSI American National Standard Institute
APF Assigned Protection Factor
CAR Control of Asbestos Regulations
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
CSA Canadian Standards Association
dB Decibels
dBA Decibels A weighted scale
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ESLI End of Service Life Indicator
HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air
HPD Hearing Protection Device
HSE Health and Safety Executive
HVAC Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning
IDLH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health
LEL Lower Explosive Limit
MDHS Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
HANDBOOK SECTION: 7
ACRONYMS
NIHL Noise Induced Hearing Loss
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NRR Noise Reduction Rating
NZS New Zealand Standard
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PACM Presumed Asbestos Containing Material
PAPR Powered Air-Purifying Respirator
PEL Permissible Exposure Limit
PPE Personal Protection Equipment
QLFT Qualitative Fit Testing
QNFT Quantitative Fit Testing
REL Recommended Exposure Limit
SA Standards Australia
SAR Supplied Air Respirator
SCBA Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
SNR Single Number Rating

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SECTION 1 .......................................................................... RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

SECTION 2 ......................................................................................................... ASBESTOS

SECTION 3 ................................................................................................................. NOISE

SECTION 4 ....................................................................................................HEAT STRESS

SECTION 5 .......................GENERAL MOLD AND FUNGI AND HVAC CONTAMINIATION

SECTION 6 ..............................................................................................GAS DETECTORS

SECTION 8 ................................... DOCUMENT CONTROL PAGE/TABLE OF REVISIONS

There are two major types of respirators:

1. Air-purifying respirators, which remove contaminants from the air.

2. Atmosphere-supplying respirators, which provide clean air from an

2 IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE RESPIRATORY HAZARDS

Examples of respiratory hazards are:

3 IMPLEMENT ENGINEERING AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

Whenever possible, respiratory hazards should be engineered out of the work

If it is not possible to eliminate or reduce the hazard below permissible exposure

Only respirators and filters approved by an appropriate agency (e.g., National

4.1 RESPIRATORS FOR IDLH ENVIRONMENTS

Atmospheres where the hazard and exposure cannot be identified must be

4.2 RESPIRATORS FOR NON-IDLH ENVIRONMENTS

4.3 PROTECTION AGAINST GASES AND VAPORS

4.4 PROTECTION AGAINST PARTICULATES

The following are recommended for protection against particulates (dust/mists):

Employees using a negative or positive pressure tight-fitting facepiece respirator

5.1 FIT CHECK (USER SEAL CHECK)

A. Negative pressure check:

B. Positive pressure check:

5.2 FIT TEST METHODS

The fit test can be performed by qualitative or quantitative methods:

5.3 FIT TEST FREQUENCY

Fit testing is required:

5.4 MEDICAL EVALUATION

Employees need to be medically cleared to wear respirators before commencing

Several countries/agencies have governing documents/structured procedures

The medical evaluation intent is to determine if wearing the specific respirator

Potential contradictions to tight-fitting respirator use:

The answers to this questionnaire must be kept confidential in the Installation

5.5 FIT TEST REGULATIONS

Listed below is a summary of fit test regulations.

Table 1.1, Fit Test Regulations

Standard Organization Frequency Min Fit Min Fit QLFT

A change schedule is simply how often filters or cartridges should be replaced.

6.1 CHANGE SCHEDULE - PARTICULATE FILTERS

6.2 CHANGE SCHEDULE – GAS AND VAPOR CARTRIDGES

The service life of a cartridge depends upon many factors, including:

7 ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS

Table 1.2, Assigned Protection Factors5

The inspection must include a check of respirator function, tightness of connections,

9 EMPLOYEE RESPIRATOR USE AWARENESS

Employees who must wear a respirator should demonstrate knowledge of the

 Why the respirator is necessary

The program must be administered by a trained program administrator who is

10.1 VERIFICATION OF NO FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVE

10.2 WORK SITE EVALUATIONS

The Program Administrator must conduct evaluations of the workplace as necessary

Consultations with employees and workplace evaluations must be performed as

 Proper respirator maintenance.

10.4 PROGRAM ADJUSTMENTS

The Program Administrator must implement appropriate changes when problems

2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ISSUES

2.1 ASBESTOS RELATED ILLNESS

Three specific diseases — asbestosis (a fibrous scarring of the lungs), lung

Asbestosis is a serious, progressive, long-term disease of the lungs. Asbestosis is