14.0 HVAC and Refrigeration Master Cheat Sheet Documentv3 PDF

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Units and Conversions (Dimensional Analysis)
Term US to SI SI to US
1 16.02 1 0.0624
Density 1 1.602 10 1 62.4
1 27.7 1 0.0361
1 25.4 1 0.0394
Length 1 2.54 1 0.394
1 0.3048 1 3.28
1 0.093 1 10.76
Area
1 6.452 1 0.1550
1 0.0283 1 35.32
Volume
1 16.39 1 0.0610
1 1054 1 9.48 10
Energy 1 1.356 1 0.738
1 778 1 1 1
1 0.293 1 3.414
Power , 1 1 1 1
12,000 1

9 5
° 273 32 ° ° 32
Temperature 5 9
9
° 32 ° ° 273
5
Cheat Sheets-1 www.engproguides.com

Section 2.0 – Basic Engineering Practice
Convert Present Value to Future Value
∗ 1 or Multiply PV by (F/P, i, n)
Convert Future Value to Present Value
or Multiply FV by (P/F, i, n)
Convert Present Value to Annual Value
∗
∗ or Multiply PV by (A/P, i, n)
Annual Value to Present Value
∗ or Multiply PV by (A/P, i, n)
Convert Future Value to Annual Value
or Multiply FV by (A/F, i, n)
Convert Annual Value to Future Value
∗ or Multiply AV by (F/A, i, n)
Ohm’s Law
Resistors in series
,
Resistors in parallel
1 1 1 1 1
Power Equations
∗

∗
Pump Water Horsepower Equations
∗ ∗
, ;
3956
∗ ∗
, , ;
1,714
Fan Mechanical Horsepower Equation

∗
, ;
6356

,
Pump or Fan Brake Horsepower Equation
/ ;
/
Motor Horsepower Equation

;
Electrical Power Supplied to Motor


Section 3.0 – Thermodynamics
Evaporator Net Refrigeration Effect
/
∗ ∗ 60
Compressor Work
/ ∗ ∗ 60
Net Condenser Effect
/
∗ ∗ 60
Net Condenser Effect Function of Compressor Work and Net Refrigeration Effect
/
/ /
Coefficient of Performance
/

/
Relationship of Enthalpy of Vaporization, Enthalpy of Saturated Vapor and Liquid

Water

∗ &
Enthalpy of Wet Steam (Mixed Region) as a Function of Steam Quality
∗
&
, ,%
Relationship of Entropy of Vaporization, Entropy of Saturated Vapor and Liquid

Water
Entropy of Wet Steam (Mixed Region) as a Function of Steam Quality

∗
&
, ,%
Heat Available from Condensing Steam
Throttling: Irreversible Adiabatic [Constant Enthalpy] or Isenthalpic
Tank Heating/Cooling: Isometric [Constant Volume]
Turbine Expansion: Isentropic [Constant Entropy] or Reversible Adiabatic
Compressor: Isentropic [Constant Entropy] or Reversible Adiabatic

Boiler Heating: Isobaric [Constant Pressure]
Heat Exchanger (Boiling or Condensing): Isothermal [Constant Temperature]
Simplified Steam Heating Coil: Steam to Water Heat Transfer

∗ 500 ∗ ∗∆
Simplified Steam Heating Coil: Steam to Air Heat Transfer

∗ 1.08 ∗ ∗∆

Section 4.0 – Psychrometrics
Dry bulb temperature

indicates the amount of
energy independent of the
Dry Bulb
amount of water in the air.
Temperature
Measured with a
thermometer.
Units
Wet bulb temperature

Wet Bulb water in the air. Measured
Temperature with a sling psychrometer
or hygrometer.
Units
The temperature at which

moist air must be cooled to,
Dew Point in order for water to
condense out of the air.
Units
Humidity ratio or specific

Humidity humidity is the measure of
Ratio the amount of water in air.
lb of Water Varpor

lb of Dry Air

Relative Humidity indicates
the amount of water in the
Relative air relative to the total
Humidity amount of water the air can
hold.
Units = [%]
Sensible heat indicates the
amount of dry heat. It
Sensible energy either absorbed or
Heat released to change the dry
bulb temperature of the air.
Btu
Units
lb of air
Latent heat indicates the
amount of energy in the air
due to moisture. It is the
amount of heat released
when water in the air
Latent Heat condenses out or the
amount of heat absorbed
by water in order to
vaporize the water.
Btu
Units
lb of air
Enthalpy is an indication of
the total amount of energy
Enthalpy in the air, both sensible and
latent.
Btu
Units
lb of air
Sensible Heat Equation

1.08 ∗ ∆ ∗

∆
,
Latent Heat Equation
0.68 ∗ ∆ ∗

∆

,
Latent Heat Equation

4,770 ∗ ∆ ∗

∆

,
Total Heat Equation

Q 4.5 ∗ ∆h ∗ CFM

∆h
,
Air Mixing Equation - Dry Bulb
T , T, ∗% T , ∗%
T ,
T, 1
% 1
T , 2
% 2
Air Mixing Equation - Enthalpy
h h , ∗% h , ∗%
h
h 1
% 1
h 2
% 2
Air Mixing Equation - Enthalpy
h ∗ CFM h ∗ CFM
h
CFM CFM
Relative Humidity as a Function of Humidity Ratio and Partial Pressures
p W
RH x 100% x 100%
p W

RH
p
p
W
W


Section 5.0 - Heat Transfer
Convert U-Factor to R-Value

1

∗ ∗
∗ ∗
Addition of R-Values
Addition of U-Factors
1 1 1 1 1
…
Thermal Conductivity Units
∗ ∗
Convert Thermal Conductivity to R-Value and U-Factor

∗ ∗
Heat Transfer Equation
∗ ∗∆

∗ ∗

∆

Section 6.0 - Fluid Mechanics
Kinematic viscosity
∗

, ;
Reynolds number
∗
;
, ;
Specific gravity

Section 7.0 – Energy/Mass Balance
Boilers, Condensers & Evaporators
/ ∗ ∗
∗ ∗
Heat Exchangers Energy Balance
∗ , ∗ , , ∗ , ∗ , ,
Mixing
∗ , ∗ ∗ , ∗ ∗ , ∗
∗ ∗ ∗
Humidification/Dehumidification
∗
20

;

Section 8.0 – Heating/Cooling Loads
Convert U-Factor to R-Value

1

∗ ∗
∗ ∗
Addition of R-Values
Addition of U-Factors
1 1 1 1 1
…
Thermal Conductivity Units
∗ ∗
Convert Thermal Conductivity to R-Value and U-Factor

∗ ∗
Heat Transfer Equation
∗ ∗∆

∗ ∗

∆

Cooling Load Calculations
Roof/Wall
→ ∗ ∗
Skylight/Window
→ ∗ ∗
→ ∗ ∗

People Sensible loads

∗ ∗

,

People Latent loads

∗ ∗

,

Lighting
3.412
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.

Miscellaneous Equipment

2545 ∗
∗ 1
∗
∗ 1 ∗ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗

∗ ∗

Infiltration
4.5 ∗ ∗∆
1.08 ∗ ∗
4,840 ∗ ∗
/ ]

Section 9.0 –Equipment & Components
Simplified Sensible Heat Equation
1.08 ∗ ∗∆
∗ 70 1 .
Fan Affinity Laws
1:
Fan Affinity Laws (only when given a system curve and diameter change < 5%)
2:
Contact Factor Equation for Coils
where h is equal to the enthalpy

where T is equal to the dry bulb temperature

where W is equal to the humidity ratio
Moisture Transfer Equation
60 ∗ ∗ ∗

Pump Affinity Laws (only when given a system curve and diameter change < 5%)

Cooling Tower Range

, ,
Cooling Tower Approach
, ,
Cooling Tower Effectiveness
Cooling Tower Evaporation Rate
. 000943 ∗ ∗ , ,
Pump & Fan Affinity Laws for all other cases
=
. .
=
. .
=
. .
=

Section 10.0 - Systems and Components
Rectangular Duct
.
∗
1.30 ∗ .
a and b are the width ft and height ft of the duct
Oval Duct
.
∗
1.55 ∗ .
∗ 2∗
A is the major axis and a is the minor axis
Velocity Pressure as a Function of Air Velocity
.
4005
Friction loss due to length of duct
.
. ∗
100
Friction loss due to duct fitting
. ∗
Energy Recovery Device Efficiency Equations
,
,
,
,
Energy Recovery Device Determine Actual Sensible Heat Transferred
, 1.08 ∗ ∗
, 1.08 ∗ ∗

Energy Recovery Device Determine Maximum Possible Sensible Heat Transferred
, 1.08 ∗ ∗
Energy Recovery Device Determine Actual Latent Heat Transferred
, 4,770 ∗ ∗
, 4,770 ∗ ∗
Energy Recovery Device Determine Maximum Possible Latent Heat Transferred
, 4,770 ∗ ∗
Energy Recovery Device Determine Actual Enthalpy Transferred
, 4.5 ∗ ∗
, 4.5 ∗ ∗
Energy Recovery Device Determine Maximum Possible Enthalpy Transferred
, 4.5 ∗ ∗
Darcy Weisbach Equation

2
; ; ,
, 32.2
Darcy Weisbach Equation (water)
12 ∗
∗
∗ 1097
Net Positive Suction Head Available

or
Pressure Drop due to Velocity Equation [Pump]
; ;
2
32.2
sec

Section 11.0 – Supportive Knowledge
Fresh air flow based on ASHRAE 62.1
∗ # ∗
Refrigeration Room Ventilation Rate
.
100 , where G = lbs of refrigerant.
Vibration Control: Natural Frequency of Spring
1
3.13 ∗
Vibration Control: Transmissibility and Vibration Isolation Efficiency
1

1

% 100% %
Combining the Sound Levels of Multiple Sources
Sound Level at a Distance from a Point Source (Spherical Propagation)
20 ∗ log 1

Sound Level at a Distance from a Point Source (Half-Spherical Propagation)
20 ∗ log 2
Sound Level at a Distance from a Point Source (Quarter-Spherical Propagation)
20 ∗ log 5

Sound Level at a Distance from a Point Source (Eighth-Spherical Propagation)
20 ∗ log 8

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Density 1 1.602 10 1 62.4

Energy 1 1.356 1 0.738

Cheat Sheets-1 www.engproguides.com

Convert Present Value to Future Value

Convert Future Value to Present Value

Convert Present Value to Annual Value

Annual Value to Present Value

Convert Future Value to Annual Value

Convert Annual Value to Future Value

Cheat Sheets-2 www.engproguides.com

Fan Mechanical Horsepower Equation

Motor Horsepower Equation

Cheat Sheets-3 www.engproguides.com

Evaporator Net Refrigeration Effect

Net Condenser Effect

Relationship of Enthalpy of Vaporization, Enthalpy of Saturated Vapor and Liquid

Cheat Sheets-4 www.engproguides.com

Enthalpy of Wet Steam (Mixed Region) as a Function of Steam Quality

Relationship of Entropy of Vaporization, Entropy of Saturated Vapor and Liquid

Entropy of Wet Steam (Mixed Region) as a Function of Steam Quality

Heat Available from Condensing Steam

Throttling: Irreversible Adiabatic [Constant Enthalpy] or Isenthalpic

Tank Heating/Cooling: Isometric [Constant Volume]

Turbine Expansion: Isentropic [Constant Entropy] or Reversible Adiabatic

Compressor: Isentropic [Constant Entropy] or Reversible Adiabatic

Cheat Sheets-5 www.engproguides.com

Heat Exchanger (Boiling or Condensing): Isothermal [Constant Temperature]

Simplified Steam Heating Coil: Steam to Water Heat Transfer

Simplified Steam Heating Coil: Steam to Air Heat Transfer

Cheat Sheets-6 www.engproguides.com

Dry bulb temperature

Wet bulb temperature

The temperature at which

Humidity ratio or specific

Cheat Sheets-7 www.engproguides.com

Sensible Heat Equation

Latent Heat Equation

Cheat Sheets-8 www.engproguides.com

Latent Heat Equation

Total Heat Equation

Air Mixing Equation - Dry Bulb

Air Mixing Equation - Enthalpy

Air Mixing Equation - Enthalpy

Relative Humidity as a Function of Humidity Ratio and Partial Pressures

Cheat Sheets-9 www.engproguides.com

Cheat Sheets-10 www.engproguides.com

Convert U-Factor to R-Value

Thermal Conductivity Units

Convert Thermal Conductivity to R-Value and U-Factor

Heat Transfer Equation

Cheat Sheets-11 www.engproguides.com

Cheat Sheets-12 www.engproguides.com

Boilers, Condensers & Evaporators

Heat Exchangers Energy Balance

Cheat Sheets-13 www.engproguides.com

Convert U-Factor to R-Value

Thermal Conductivity Units

Convert Thermal Conductivity to R-Value and U-Factor

Heat Transfer Equation

Cheat Sheets-14 www.engproguides.com

People Sensible loads

People Latent loads