PRINCIPLES

OF HEATING
VENTILATING
AND
AIR CONDITIONING

SOLUTIONS MANUAL
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Ronald H. Howell, PhD, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, retired as professor and chair of mechanical engineering at the Univer-
sity of South Florida and is also professor emeritus of the University of Missouri-Rolla. For 40 years he taught courses
in refrigeration, heating and air conditioning, thermal analysis, and related areas. He has been the principal or co-prin-
cipal investigator of 12 ASHRAE-funded research projects. His industrial and consulting engineering experience ranges
from ventilation and condensation problems to the development and implementation of a complete air curtain test
program.

Harry J. Sauer, Jr., PhD, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, is a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the Univer-
sity of Missouri-Rolla. He has taught courses in air conditioning, refrigeration, environmental quality analysis and
control, and related areas. His current research ranges from experimental boiling/condensing heat transfer and energy
recovery equipment for HVAC systems to computer simulations of building energy use and actual monitoring of resi-
dential energy use. He has served as an advisor to the Missouri state government and has conducted energy auditor train-
ing programs for the US Department of Energy.

William J. Coad, PE, Fellow ASHRAE, was ASHRAE president in 2001-2002. He has been with McClure Engineering
Associates, St. Louis, Mo., for 40 years and is currently a consulting principal. He is also president of Coad Engineering
Enterprises. He has served as a consultant to the Missouri state government and was a lecturer in mechanical engineering
for 12 years and an affiliate professor in the graduate program for 17 years at Washington University, St. Louis. He is
the author of Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems (Van Nostrand Reinhold).
 PRINCIPLES
OF HEATING
VENTILATING
AND
AIR CONDITIONING

SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Ronald H. Howell Harry J. Sauer, Jr. William J. Coad

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

 ISBN 1-931862-93-1

©2005 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30329
www.ashrae.org

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims
any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The
appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or
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information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in
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 Notes to Instructors
This manual contains solutions to most of the problems in the textbook, Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning, which is based on the 2005 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. Some of these problems require the use
of tables, figures, or equations in the 2005 Handbook that may not be found in Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and
Air Conditioning.

The solutions in this manual are generally presented in abbreviated form, with some intermediate computations omitted.
Answers and solutions are included for the majority of the problems. The remaining problems are either those requiring
discussion or those whose solutions depend on arbitrary assumptions or data selected by the instructor.

R.H. Howell
H.J. Sauer, Jr.
W.J. Coad
 CONTENTS

Solutions to Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Solutions to Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Solutions to Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Solutions to Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Solutions to Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Solutions to Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Solutions to Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Solutions to Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Solutions to Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Solutions to Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Solutions to Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Solutions to Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Solutions to Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Solutions to Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Solutions to Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Solutions to Chapter 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Solutions to Chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Solutions to Chapter 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Solutions to Chapter 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Solutions to

Chapter 1
BACKGROUND
 Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual⏐3

1.1 Estimate whether ice will form on a clear night when

ambient air temperature is 45°F (7.2°C), if the water is
placed in a shallow pan in a sheltered location where the
convective heat transfer coefficient is 0.5 Btu/h⋅ft2⋅°F
(2.8 W/m2⋅K).

Heat in by convection = Heat out by radiation to space

(Assume space @ 0°R, Assume water is black body, ε = 1
4
hA ( T air – T water ) = σεAT water
Tw 4
( 0.5 ) ( 505 – T w ) = 0.1714 ⎛ ---------⎞ → by trial and error
⎝ 100⎠
T w ≈ 410°R = – 50°F ∴ will freeze

1.4 Estimate the size of cooling and heating equipment

that is needed for a new bank building in middle America
that is 140 × 220 × 12 ft high (42.7 × 67 × 3.7 m high). Be
conservative.

2
Floor area = ( 140 ) ( 220 ) = 30,800 ft
3
Volume = ( 140 ) ( 220 ) ( 12 ) = 370,000 ft
2 3
From Table 1.1: 250 ft ⁄ ton and 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft
2
30, 800 ft -
∴Cooling: ----------------------------
2
= 123 tons
250 ft ⁄ ton
3 3
Heating: ( 370,000 ft ) ( 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft ) = 1109 Mbh

1.5 Estimate the size of heating and cooling equipment

that will be needed for a residence in middle America that
is 28 × 78 × 8 ft high (8.5 × 23.8 × 2.4 m high).

2 3
From Table 1.1: 700 ft ⁄ ton and 3.0 Btu ⁄ h ⋅ ft
( 28 ) ( 78 )
Cooling: ---------------------- = ( 3.12 tons ) ( 12,000 ) = 37,400 Btu ⁄ h
( 700 )
3 3
Heating: [ ( 28 ) ( 78 ) ( 8 )ft ] ( 3.0 Btu/h ⋅ ft )
= 52,400 Btu ⁄ h

1.6 Estimate the initial cost of the complete HVAC

system (heating, cooling, and air moving) for an office
building, 40 × 150 × 10 ft high (12.2 × 45.7 × 3.1 m high).

40 × 150 -
Cooling unit: ---------------------------
3
= 17 tons
350 ft ⁄ ton
3
Heating unit: ( 40 ) ( 150 ) ( 10 ) ( 3 Btu/h ⋅ ft ) = 180,000 Btu/h
2
Air movement: 17 tons × 400 cfm/ton = 6900 cfm or [1.2 cfm/ft × 40 × 150 = 7200 cfm]
Costs: Cooling system ($1200/ton) × 17 tons = $20,400
Heating system ($2.25/cfm) × 6900 [ 7200 ] cfm = $15,680 [$16,200]
Fans/ducting ( $3.50 + 1.15 + 2.25 ) × 6900 [7200] cfm = $47,600 [$49,680]
Total = $83,180 [$86,280]
4⏐Principles of Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning—Solutions Manual

1.7 Estimate the annual operating cost for the building in

Problem 1.6 if all-electric with electricity priced at a flat
rate of 8 cents per kWh.

2
From Table 1.2: 30.5 kWh / ft ⋅ yr
Energy = ( 40 × 150 ) ( 30.5 ) = 183,000 kWh
Cost = $0.08 ( 183,000 ) = $14,640