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ED78.08: Environmental
Quality Management

Chapter 7 [Part 2]
Environmental Policies & Approaches
Dr. Ekbordin Winijkul
Semester: January 2019

Photo source: BDC, 2018

7.3 Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR)

• CSR is a self-regulating business model that helps a company be socially
accountable --> to itself, its stakeholders, and the public
• Companies can be conscious of all kind of impact they having on society including
economic, social, and environmental

• CSR is a concept of enterprise management

• A conscious and sustainable action oriented on financial profit and economic
aspects
• The needs and requirements of social and environmental matters connected with
the company's environment

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CSR Towards the Environment

• Includes activities with the adopted law, supports environmental awareness in
the given surrounding, and also creates its own solutions to minimize the
harmfulness of core business

• According to the CSR concepts --> company must tend to:

• reduce the consumption of raw materials and energy
• reduce production of hazardous waste and pollution
• respect, protect and restore natural ecosystems
• identify potential negative environmental effects
• introduce mechanisms to reduce external environmental costs
• Account for environmental objectives at different stages (eco-design, life cycle analysis)
• implement technologies to reduce harm to the environment in production processes
• promote ecological behavior within the company, as well as saving energy and water in
every department of the company
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Tools for CSR Implementation (1)

• Implementing activities to reduce harmful products, which is confirmed by
obtaining eco-labels
• To grow public environmental awareness and the requirements
• The labeled products do not have negative impact on the environment during
manufacturing process, transportation, installation, use, and disposal of the product
(depending on the given symbol)

• Having formal environmental management systems

• These systems mean --> changes in management policies and procedures that
impacts on the environment that could be integrated with the basic objectives of
the company
• Based on two basic standards which are ISO 14001 and EMAS (mostly in Europe):

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Brief Description of ISO14001 & EMAS

ISO 14001 Eco-Management and Audit
Scheme
• a set of guidelines which enables the
company to reduce harm in relation to the • Similar to the ISO 14001 standards
environment according to the needs of the
organization
• The basic assumption of EMAS is to see and
• The standard is the ability to apply it in honor (by enabling to use the EMAS logo)
different types of organizations, regardless of those organizations that "demonstrate
industry compliance with the law and voluntarily and
steadily improve their environmental
effects."
• The advantage of having ISO14001
certification is primarily reduction in • All entities are obliged to publish
operating costs environmental reports
• the company makes real changes to optimize
the selection of raw materials, proper waste
management and efficient use of materials and
infrastructure
• gaining competitive advantage and value in the
eyes of investors

Tools for CSR Implementation (2)

• Promoting programs to reduce the negative impact of the manufacturing process
on the environment

• Conducting green public procurement (Government) --> Example of EC

• By 2010-30% and by 2015-50% of the contracts awarded by central government must take
into account environmental aspects
• On the level of local administration by 2010-20% and by 2020-50% of such contracts
• "Green procurement" should significantly affect business decisions concerning the
application of environmental technologies and techniques
• The state and local authorities will be able to get better value and quality for money, and the same
time save water, energy and minimize waste production

• In addition to the standards, programs, signs, promotion and other forms of

environmental management, companies implement their own solutions to
reduce harm done to the environment --> mainly eco-offices, environmental
education, waste management and eco-efficiency
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Examples of CSR Toward the Environment

• Zywiec Group introduced operational standards stating in details what to do with
a specific type of waste from the given departments
• Reduction in costs of waste disposal in a city landfill
• Introduction of the segregation helped to reduce the number of waste generated from 117
tons in 2009 to 55 tons in 2010, and reduce storage costs > 100%
• Introduction of new departments in the companies --> responsible for the research, design,
testing and implementation of innovative solutions in the field of environmental
technologies
• It is expensive and requires huge human & capital investment, however, it may contribute to
long-term reduction of core activity costs and their usage as a new company profile

• Starbucks was known for its keen sense of CSR and commitment to sustainability
and community welfare
• Reaching 99% ethically sourced coffee, creating a global network of farmers, pioneering
green building throughout its stores, contributing millions of hours of community service,
creating a groundbreaking college program for its partner/employees
• Going forward --> Starbucks’ goals include reducing the environmental impact of its cups,
and engaging its employees in environmental leadership

7.4 Green Technology, Products and Marketing

One Bryant Park, USA

The first in USA to achieve the LEED Platinum Certification, One Bryant Park is
possibly the greenest skyscraper today. This has been achieved by waterless
urinals, CO monitors, LED lighting and a power generation plant contributing
4.6 MW of sustainable and clean energy.

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7.4.1 Green Technology

• The term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for practical
purposes

• It refers to a technology which is environmentally friendly, developed and

used in such a way so that it doesn’t disturb our environment and
conserves natural resources

• It uses renewable natural resources that never depletes --> future

generation can also benefit from it

• It is also known as environmental technology and clean technology

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Goals of Green Technology

• Reduce – Fuel, Waste, Energy, Wastewater, etc.

• Recycle – Paper, Plastic, Can, Battery, etc.

• Refuse – Refuse the use of plastics, toxic materials, etc.

• Renew (Energy) – Wind, Wastewater, Solar, Bio-fuel, Water, etc.

• Responsibility – Don’t waste water, fuel, electricity, etc.

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Branches of Green Technologies

• Green Chemistry

• Green Energy

• Green IT

• Green Building

• Green Nanotechnology
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(1) Green Chemistry

• The invention, design and application of chemical products and processes
to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances

• Also called “Sustainable” Chemistry

• Green chemistry ≠ Cleaning up pollution

• Green chemistry reduces pollution at its source by minimizing or eliminating the
hazards of chemical feedstocks, reagents, solvents, and products
• Cleaning up pollution (also called remediation) involves treating waste streams (end-
of-the-pipe treatment) or cleanup of environmental spills and other releases
• If a technology reduces or eliminates the hazardous chemicals used to clean up
environmental contaminants --> qualify as a green chemistry technology
• Example is replacing a hazardous sorbent [chemical] used to capture mercury from the air for
safe disposal with an effective, but nonhazardous sorbent --> hazardous sorbent is never
manufactured
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Principles (1)
1. Prevent waste: Design chemical syntheses to prevent waste --> leave no
waste to treat or clean up

2. Maximize atom economy: Design syntheses so that the final product

contains the maximum proportion of the starting materials --> waste few

3. Design less hazardous chemical syntheses: Design syntheses to use and

generate substances with little or no toxicity to either humans or the
environment

4. Design safer chemicals and products: Design chemical products that are
fully effective yet have little or no toxicity

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Principles (2)
5. Use safer solvents and reaction conditions: Avoid using solvents, separation
agents, or other auxiliary chemicals
• If you must use these chemicals, use safer ones

6. Increase energy efficiency

7. Use renewable feedstocks: Use starting materials (also known as feedstocks)

that are renewable rather than depletable
• The source of renewable feedstocks is often agricultural products or the wastes of other
processes ≠ the source of depletable feedstocks is often fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas,
or coal) or mining operations

8. Avoid chemical derivatives: Avoid using blocking or protecting groups or any

temporary modifications if possible
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Principles (3)
9. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents --> minimize waste by catalytic
reactions
• Catalysts are effective in small amounts and can carry out a single reaction many times
• Stoichiometric reagents --> used in excess and carry out a reaction only once

10. Design chemicals and products to degrade after use: Design chemical products
to break down after use so that they do not accumulate in the environment

11. Analyze in real time to prevent pollution: Include in-process, real-time

monitoring and control during syntheses to minimize or eliminate the
formation of byproducts

12. Minimize the potential for accidents: Minimize the potential for chemical
accidents including explosions, fires, and releases to the environment
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Example – Green Chemistry

• Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
• Fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held above its critical temperature
(304.25 K) and critical pressure (72.9 atm)
• Uses:
• To remove organic chloride pesticides (DDT, Aldrin, Dicofol) from agricultural crops without
affecting the plant matter in the herbal supplement industry
• To use as dry cleaning solvent as a more environmentally friendly way

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(2) Green Energy

• Energy from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, tides, algae, plants and
geothermal heat --> renewable energy

• Types of green energy

• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Water energy
• Geothermal energy
• Biofuel
• Biogas

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Solar Energy
• Conversion of sunlight into electricity
• Directly using Photovoltaics (PV)
• Indirectly using Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

• Examples – Solar Energy

• Solar road --> Netherlands in 2014 unveil the world’s first solar bike path harvesting
sun energy used on road

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Wind Energy
• Wind turbines converts the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical
power that runs a generator to produce clean electricity

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Water Energy
• Hydroelectricity uses the energy of running water to generate electricity

• Wave are generated by the wind as it blows across the sea surface -->
energy is transformed from wind to waves
• Wave energy has potential to be one of the most eco-friendly form of electricity
generation --> First tidal power station was built in 1960 in France

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Geothermal Energy
• It is the energy derived from the heat of the earth

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Biofuel
• Fuel made from biological sources, like straw, wood, wood waste,
sugarcane and by products of agricultural industries (corn, soy bean, etc.)

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(3) Green Information Technology

• Aims to minimize the negative impact of IT
operations on the environment by designing,
manufacturing, operating and disposing of
computers and computer-related products in
an environmentally-friendly manner

• Green IT starts with manufactures producing

environmental friendly products

• Also includes encouraging IT departments to

consider more environmental friendly habits,
such as power management, recycling parts
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(4) Green Building

• The practice of increasing the
efficiency of buildings and their use
of energy, water and materials
• Reducing building impacts on
human health and environmental
through better design,
construction, operation and
maintenance
• Some materials/designs for Green
Building
• Less VOC paints
• Bamboo flooring
• Woven wool for carpeting
• Ecological concrete
• Paper insulation panels
• Enhance the use of natural light
• Enhance air circulation

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Some Famous Green Buildings (1)

• Bahrain World Trade Center

• First skyscraper in the world to

integrate wind turbine into its design

• The turbines supply about 15% of the

electricity used by the skyscraper
approximately the same amount of
electricity used for 300 homes

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Some Famous Green Buildings (2)

• Skyscraper Farming

• A futuristic concept converts

skyscraper into crop farms that
could help reduce global warming,
improving the urban environment,
and help feed the world’s growing
population

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What is LEED Rating?

• The US Green Building Council (USGBC) created a program called:
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

• Five key areas:

• Sustainable site development
• Water saving
• Energy efficient
• Material selection
• Indoor environmental quality

• Certifies based on the points: Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum

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Examples of LEED Certification

• Suzlon Energy Limited, Pune
• Ranked as the world’s fifth largest wind turbine
supplier
• It has been LEED “Platinum” rated and certified as
an eco-friendly building
• Built to perfection on an area of 41,000 square
meters

• Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad

• Awarded “LEED Silver” rating
• Featuring 100,005 sq. meters of glass encased
terminal --> optimum use of natural light
• Features recycling of treated wastewater for
landscaping, air conditioning and flushing
requirements
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(5) Green Nanotechnology

• It refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental
sustainability of processes producing negative externalities

• It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance

sustainability

• Example: Nanotechnology in solar cells

• Nanotechnology is already used to provide improved performance coatings for PV
• PV covered with nanotechnology coatings are said to stay cleaner for longer to
ensure maximum efficiency is maintained

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7.4.2 Green Products

• What can be procured green?

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Green Products and Services

• Green products are:
• products that will not pollute the earth or deplore natural resources
• product which can be recycled or conserved
• products with natural ingredients
• products containing organic elements and products content under approved
chemical

• Why? – due to increase in global warming and climate change the public
concern for environmental issues is gradually increased over the past
decades

• Trend – The customers are started demanding eco-friendly products and

they pay more attention to the environment, wealth and health

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Why Using Green Products?

• Do not harm the environment

• To minimize carbon footprint or the

emission of greenhouse gases

• To maintain ecological balance

• To reduce exploitation of resources

• Save energy

• Can be recycled and reused

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Attributes of Green Products

• The products that would typically display
all or some of the following
characteristics:

• Conservation of energy and water

• Minimized generation of waste and release

of pollutants or emission

• Be recyclable or themselves be made from

recycled materials

• Use energy from renewable sources

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Green Purchasing – Basic Principles

• Consider whether a product is needed before purchasing it or not

• Purchase a product considering the various environmental impacts over its

life cycle – from extraction of raw materials to disposal

• Select suppliers who make a conscious efforts to care for the environment

• Collect environmental information on products and suppliers

• Support Greening of your supply chain

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Green Purchasing Trends

• Supply Chain Environmental Management
• Involving suppliers and vendors
• For reduction or elimination of materials used in manufacturing processes or
products

• Carbon footprint in Eco-labels

• The carbon footprint is an initiative to calculate and show the carbon footprint on
products
• Shows the amount of CO emitted on products and that the manufacturer is
committed to reducing that amount

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Environmental Labelling
• Environmental labelling provides an indication of the environmental
impact—related characteristics of a product or service (OECD)

• Aim: inform consumers and enhance business to business relationships

• Types
• The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has identified 3 broad types
of voluntary labels:
• TYPE I: a voluntary, multiple-criteria based, third party program that awards a license that
authorizes the use of environmental labels on products indicating overall environmental
preferability of a product within a particular product category based on life cycle considerations
• TYPE II: informative environmental self-declaration claims
• TYPE III: voluntary program that provide quantified environmental data of a product, under pre-
set categories of parameters set by a qualified third party and based on life cycle assessment,
and verified by that or another qualified third party

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Type I -- Ecolabelling
• Ecolabelling is a voluntary method of environmental performance
certification and labelling that is practiced around the world

• An ecolabel identifies products or services proven environmentally

preferable overall, within a specific product or service category

• In contrast to "green" symbols, or claim statements developed by

manufacturers and service providers, the most credible labels are awarded
by an impartial third party for specific products or services that have been
independently determined to meet transparent environmental leadership
criteria, based on life-cycle considerations

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Type I – Ecolebelling (27 Schemes)

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Type II – Self-Declearation

Examples

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Type III -- Quantified environmental data & LCA

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7.4.3 Green Marketing

• Definition: Marketing products and services based on environmental factors or
awareness

• Factors for adaption of green marketing

• Opportunities or competitive advantages
• Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR)
• Government pressure
• Competitive pressure
• Cost and profit issues

• Challenges Ahead
• Green products require renewable and recycled materials --> costly
• Requires a technology which requires huge investment in R & D
• Majority of people are not aware of green products and their uses
• Majority of consumers are not willing to pay premium for green products
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