Datta Meghe College of Engineering

Airoli, Navi Mumbai

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON CHANDRAYAAN

Submitted To
Dr. Aruna Henry

Submitted By
Students of TE-B, Electronics Engineering

In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the

University Of Mumbai
in the subject of
Business Communication and Ethics

For the Academic Year

2019-2020
 The Report presented by,

SR. NAME ROLL

NO. NO.

1. SHUBHAM MALSHETWAR 16

2. SHREYA MOON 19

3. SHRUTI MOON 20

4. SIDDHANT PARDHE 28

5. MAYURI PATIL 29
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of any technical report with a sense of satisfaction, but it is

never complete without thanking those who made it possible with their constant
support. We would like to express our special thanks and gratitude to those who
gave their valuable time for helping us in completing this project.
Expressing our gratitude and thanking to our principal Dr. S.D.Sawarkar Sir
for encouraging us and provided us all the required facilities for completion of
the report.
We would like to thank our guide Dr. Aruna Henry for her constant support,
guidance and valuable suggestions.
We are extremely happy to acknowledge and express our sincere gratitude to
our parents for their constant support and encouragement and to our friends and
well-wishers for their cooperation in our report.

i
 CONTENTS

Topics

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT i

1. CHANDRAYAAN-1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Why Moon? 2
1.3 Chandrayaan-1 Mission and its findings 3
1.4 People behind the mission 8
1.4.1 Team
1.4.2 Awards

2. MISSION OVERVIEW
2.1 Spacecraft Architecture 9
2.2 Schedule and Profile 12

3. TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN THE MISSION

3.1 Orbiter 15
3.2 Vikram Lander 16
3.3 Pragyan Rover 17
3.3.1 Mission Profile of Chandrayaan-2 17

4. ONGOING AND FUTURE MISSIONS

4.1 Ongoing Missions 18
4.2 Future Missions 18

CONCLUSION 23

APPENDIX A 24

APPENDIX B 25

BIBLIOGRAPHY 26

ii
 CHAPTER 1
CHANDRAYAAN-1
1.1 Introduction
Chandrayaan-1. Moon-craft ,it was the first Indian lunar probe under Chandrayaan program.
It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated
until August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. India launched the
spacecraft using a PSLV-XL rocket, serial number C11 on 22 October 2008 at 00:52 UTC
from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh about 80 km (50 mi) north
of Chennai. The mission was a major boost to India's space program as India researched and
developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. The vehicle was inserted into
lunar orbit on 8 November 2008.

Figure 1.1: Chandrayaan-1 Spacecraft

On 14 November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at
14:36 UTC and struck the south pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country
to place its flag insignia on the Moon. The probe hit near the crater Shackleton at 15:01 UTC,
ejecting sub-surface soil that could be analysed for the presence of lunar water ice. The
location of impact was named as Jawahar Point. The estimated cost for the project was ₹386
crores (US$56 million).
The remote sensing lunar satellite had a mass of 1,380 kg (3,040 lb) at launch and 675 kg
(1,488 lb) in lunar orbit. It carried high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near
infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it was intended to
survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-
dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest as they might contain ice.
The lunar mission carried five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other space agencies
including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of
cost. Among its many achievements was the discovery of widespread presence of water
molecules in lunar soil. After almost a year, the orbiter started suffering from several
technical issues including failure of the star sensors and poor thermal shielding; Chandrayaan
stopped sending radio signals about 20:00 UTC on 28 August 2009, shortly after which the
ISRO officially declared the mission over. Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to
the intended two years but the mission achieved 95% of its planned objectives.
On 2 July 2016, NASA used ground-based radar systems to relocate Chandrayaan-1 in its
lunar orbit, more than seven years after it shut down. Repeated observations over the next
three months allowed a precise determination of its orbit which varies between 150 and 270
km (93 and 168 mi) in altitude every two years.

1.2 Why Moon?

The Moon is the closest cosmic body at which space discovery can be attempted and
documented. It is also a promising test bed to demonstrate technologies required for deep-
space missions. Chandrayaan 1 attempted to foster a new age of discovery, increase our
understanding of space, stimulate the advancement of technology, promote global alliances,
and inspire a future generation of explorers and scientists.

Figure 1.2: Mission Chandrayaan-1

1.3 Chandrayaan-1: Mission & Findings
Mass
1,380 kg (3,042 lb) at launch, 675 kg (1,488 lb) at lunar orbit, and 523 kg (1,153 lb) after
releasing the impactor.

Dimensions
Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m (4.9 ft)
Communications
X band, 0.7 m (2.3 ft) diameter dual gimballed parabolic antenna for payload data
transmission. The Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TTC) communication operates in
S band frequency.

Power
The spacecraft was mainly powered by its solar array, which included one solar panel
covering a total area of 2.15 × 1.8 m (7.1 × 5.9 ft) generating 750 W of peak power, which
was stored in a 36 Ah lithium-ion battery for use during eclipses.

Propulsion
The spacecraft used a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as
orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon. The power plant consisted of one
440 N engine and eight 22 N thrusters. Fuel and oxidiser were stored in two tanks of 390
litres (100 US gal) each.

Navigation and control

The craft was 3-axis stabilised with two star sensors, gyros and four reaction wheels. The
craft carried dual redundant bus management units for attitude control, sensor processing,
antenna orientation, etc.

Payload
The scientific payload had a mass of 90 kg (198 lb) and contained five Indian instruments and
six instruments from other countries.
Indian instruments TMC or the Terrain Mapping Camera is a CMOS camera with 5 m (16 ft)
resolution and a 40 km (25 mi) swath in the panchromatic band and was used to produce a
high-resolution map of the Moon. The aim of this instrument was to completely map the
topography of the Moon. The camera works in the visible region of the electromagnetic
spectrum and captures black and white stereo images. When used in conjunction with data
from Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), it can help in better understanding of the lunar
gravitational field as well. TMC was built by the ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC) at
Ahmedabad. The TMC was tested on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued
from ISTRAC.
Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI) is a CMOS camera, performed mineralogical mapping in the
400–900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m (260
ft).
Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) determines the height of the surface topography by
sending pulses of infrared laser light towards the lunar surface and detecting the reflected
portion of that light. It operated continuously and collected 10 measurements per second on
both the day and night sides of the Moon. LLRI was developed by Laboratory for Electro
Optics Systems of ISRO, Bangalore. It was tested on 16 November 2008.
HEX is a High Energy aj/gamma x-ray spectrometer for 30–200 keV measurements with
ground resolution of 40 km (25 mi), the HEX measured U, Th, 210Pb, 222Rn degassing, and
other radioactive elements.
MIP or the Moon Impact Probe developed by the ISRO, is an impact probe which consisted
of a C-band Radar altimeter for measurement of altitude of the probe, a video imaging system
for acquiring images of the lunar surface and a mass spectrometer for measuring the
constituents of the lunar atmosphere. It was ejected at 14:30 UTC on 14 November 2008. As
planned, the Moon Impact Probe impacted the lunar south pole at 15:01 UTC on 14
November 2008. It carried with it a picture of the Indian flag. India is now the fourth nation
to place a flag on the Moon after the Soviet Union, United States and Japan.

Instruments from other countries

Figure 1.3:Moon Mineralogy Mapper left Figure 1.4: SIR-2 Logo

 C1XS or X-ray fluorescence spectrometer covering 1–10 keV, mapped the
abundance of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe at the surface with a ground resolution of
25 km (16 mi), and monitored solar flux. This payload results from collaboration
between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U.K, ESA and ISRO. It was activated on 23
November 2008.
 SARA, the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser from the ESA mapped mineral
composition using low energy neutral atoms emitted from the surface.
 M3, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL (funded by
NASA) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition.
It was activated on 17 December 2008.
 SIR-2, a near infrared spectrometer from ESA, built at the Max Planck Institute for
Solar System Research, Polish Academy of Science and University of Bergen, also
mapped the mineral composition using an infrared grating spectrometer. The
instrument is similar to that of the Smart-1 SIR. It was activated on 19 November
2008 and scientific observations were started on 20 November 2008.
 Mini-SAR, designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the
Naval Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory,
Sandia National Laboratories, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman, with outer support
from ISRO. Mini-SAR is the active Synthetic Aperture Radar system to search for
 lunar polar ice, water-ice. The instrument transmitted right polarised radiation with a
frequency of 2.5 GHz and monitored scattered left and right polarised radiation. The
Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarisation ratio (CPR) are the key parameters
deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition
Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, so that water content
of the Moon's polar regions can be estimate.
 RADOM-7, Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment from the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences mapped the radiation environment around the Moon. It was tested on 16
November 2008.

Mission timeline:

Figure 1.5: Launch of Chandrayaan-1

During the tenure Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Chandrayaan project got a boost and
finally Chandrayaan-1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 00:52 UTC from Satish Dhawan
Space Centre using the ISRO's 44.4-metre (146 ft) tall, four-stage PSLV C11 launch
vehicle.[49] Chandrayaan-1 was sent to the Moon in a series of orbit-increasing manoeuvres
around the Earth over a period of 21 days as opposed to launching the craft on a direct
trajectory to the Moon. At launch the spacecraft was inserted into geostationary transfer orbit
(GTO) with an apogee of 22,860 km (14,200 mi) and a perigee of 255 km (158 mi). The
apogee was increased with a series of five orbit burns conducted over a period of 13 days
after launch. For the duration of the mission, ISRO's telemetry, tracking and command
network (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore, tracked and controlled Chandrayaan-1 Scientists
from India, Europe, and the U.S. conducted a high-level review of Chandrayaan-1 on 29
January 2009 after the spacecraft completed its first 100 days in space.
Results:

1. Lunar water discovery

On 18 November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe was released from Chandrayaan-1 at a height
of 100 km (62 mi). During its 25-minute descent, Chandra's Altitudinal Composition
Explorer (CHACE) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during
this time. On 24 September 2009 Science journal reported that the Moon Mineralogy Mapper
(M3) on Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice on the Moon. But, on 25 September 2009,
ISRO announced that the MIP, another instrument on board Chandrayaan-1, had discovered
water on the Moon just before impact and had discovered it 3 months before NASA's M 3.
The announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it. M 3 detected
absorption features near 2.8–3.0 µm on the surface of the Moon. For silicate bodies, such
features are typically attributed to hydroxyl- and/or water-bearing materials. On the Moon,
the feature is seen as a widely distributed absorption that appears strongest at cooler high
latitudes and at several fresh feldspathic craters. The general lack of correlation of this feature
in sunlit M3 data with neutron spectrometer H abundance data suggests that the formation and
retention of OH and H2O is an ongoing surficial process. OH/H2O production processes may
feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human
exploration. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), an imaging spectrometer, was one of the 11
instruments on board Chandrayaan-I that came to a premature end on 28 August 2009. M 3
was aimed at providing the first mineral map of the entire lunar surface. M 3 data were
reanalyzed years later and revealed "the most definitive proof to date" of the presence of
water in shaded regions of craters near the Moon's north and south poles.
Lunar scientists had discussed the possibility of water repositories for decades. They are now
increasingly "confident that the decades-long debate is over" a report says. "The Moon, in
fact, has water in all sorts of places; not just locked up in minerals, but scattered throughout
the broken-up surface, and, potentially, in blocks or sheets of ice at depth." The results from
the Chandrayaan mission are also "offering a wide array of watery signals.

(a) (b)
Figure 6 (a) and (b): Lunar water
2. Lunar water production

According to European Space Agency (ESA) scientists, the lunar regolith (a loose collection
of irregular dust grains making up the Moon's surface) absorbs hydrogen nuclei from solar
winds. Interaction between the hydrogen nuclei and oxygen present in the dust grains is
expected to produce hydroxyl (HO−) and water (H2O). The SARA (Sub keV Atom
Reflecting Analyser) instrument developed by ESA and the Indian Space Research
Organisation was designed and used to study the Moon's surface composition and solar-
wind/surface interactions. SARA's results highlight a mystery: not every hydrogen nucleus is
absorbed. One out of every five rebounds into space, combining to form an atom of
hydrogen. Hydrogen shoots off at speeds of around 200 kilometres per second (120 mi/s) and
escapes without being deflected by the Moon's weak gravity. This knowledge provides timely
advice for scientists who are readying ESA's BepiColombo mission to Mercury, as that
spacecraft will carry two instruments similar to SARA.

Figure 1.7: Scientists identify the source of Moon water

3. Lunar caves

Chandrayaan-1 imaged a lunar rille, formed by an ancient lunar lava flow, with an
uncollapsed segment indicating the presence of a lunar lava tube, a type of large cave below
the lunar surface. The tunnel, which was discovered near the lunar equator, is an empty
volcanic tube, measuring about 2 km (1.2 mi) in length and 360 m (1,180 ft) in width.
According to A. S. Arya, scientist SF of Ahmedabad-based Space Application Centre (SAC),
this could be a potential site for human settlement on the Moon. Earlier, Japanese Lunar
orbiter SELENE (Kaguya) also recorded evidence for other caves on the Moon.

4. Tectonism

Data from the microwave sensor (Mini-SAR) of Chandrayaan-1 processed using the image
analysis software ENVI, has revealed a good amount of past tectonic activity on the lunar
surface. The researchers think that the faults and fractures discovered could be features of
past interior tectonic activity coupled with meteorite impacts.
1.4 People Behind the Mission

1.4.1 Team

The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the Chandrayaan-1 project are:

 G. Madhavan Nair – Chairman (From 2003 to 2009), Indian Space Research

Organisation (ISRO).
 T. K. Alex – Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre)
 Mylswamy Annadurai – Project Director, Chandrayan-1
 S. K. Shivkumar – Director – Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network
 M. Pitchaimani – Operations Director, Chandrayan-1
 Leo Jackson John – Spacecraft Operations Manager, Chandrayan-1
 K. Radhakrishnan – Director, VSSC
 George Koshy – Mission Director, PSLV-C11
 Srinivasa Hegde – Mission Director, Chandrayaan-1
 Jitendra Nath Goswami – Director of Physical Research Laboratory and Principal
Scientific Investigator of Chandrayaan-1
 Madhavan Chandradathan – Head, Launch Authorization Board, Chandrayan-1

1.4.2 Awards

 The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) has selected ISRO's
Chandrayaan-1 mission as one of the recipients of its annual AIAA SPACE 2009 awards,
which recognises key contributions to space science and technology.[118]
 The International Lunar Exploration Working Group awarded the Chandrayaan-1 team
the International Co-operation Award in 2008 for accommodation and tests of the most
international lunar payload ever (from 20 countries, including India, the European Space
Agency of 17 countries, USA, and Bulgaria).
 US-based National Space Society awarded ISRO the 2009 Space Pioneer Award in the
science and engineering category, for the Chandrayaan-1 mission.
 CHAPTER 2
MISSION OVERVIEW
Chandrayaan-2 is to the Moon is a composite module mission of an ISRO (Indian Space
Research Organization) comprising the 'Orbiter Craft' and the 'Lander Craft'. It was planned
to be launched onboard Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) in the summer of
2019. The Orbiter will carry the combined stack up to moon till the Lunar Orbit Insertion
(LOI).The primary objective of Chandrayaan-2 was to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on
the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. The Orbiter Craft Module
structure is a three-metric ton category bus structure made of a central composite cylinder,
shear webs and deck panels. It was developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and
delivered in June 2015 to ISAC (ISRO Satellite Center). The Orbiter and Lander modules
were interfaced mechanically and stacked together as an integrated module and
accommodated inside the GSLV MK-III launch vehicle. The Rover is housed inside the
Lander. After launch into earth bound orbit by GSLV MK-III, the integrated module would
reach Moon orbit using Orbiter propulsion module.

Figure 2.1: Photo of the 'Orbiter Craft Module Structure' of Chandrayaan-2 delivered by
HAL to ISAC (ISRO Satellite Center), (image credit: ISRO)

2.1 Spacecraft Architecture

Figure 2.2: Chandrayaan-2 Configuration(image: ISRO)

Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter Craft is built around a cuboidal structure and houses the
propulsion tanks and the separation mechanism of the launch vehicle at one end and lander at
the other end. The Solar array consists of two solar panels which are stowed in the launch
configuration and deployed on separation to provide the power required for the Orbiter Craft
during different phases around the earth and the moon. Orbiter is a three-axis body stabilized
spacecraft with reaction wheels which provide a stable platform for imaging. The different
payloads on the Orbiter are interfaced to the base band data handling system for formatting
and recording in solid state recorder for play back later. The RF system consists of a S-band
TTC transponder and X-band transmitter for Payload data transmission to Indian Deep Space
Network (IDSN) station. The payload data is transmitted through a X-band dual gimbal
antenna which will be pointed to the ground station.
- Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m
- Gross lift-off mass: 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)
- Propellant mass: 1,697 kg (3,741 lb)
- Dry mass: 682 kg (1,504 lb)
- Power generation capacity: 1000 W
- Mission duration: approximately 7.5 years,
extended from the planned 1 year owing to the
precise launch and mission management, in lunar
orbit.

Figure 2.3: Lunar Orbiter (image credit:ISRO)

Chandrayaan 2 Vikram Lander structure is a truncated pyramid around a cylinder which
houses the propellant tank and the interface for the separation mechanism of Orbiter. The
vertical panels have solar cells while the stiffener panels house all the electronic systems. The
body mounted solar panels provide the power for the different systems during the mission in
all phases. In addition, lithium ion battery supports the power requirements during eclipse
and the lander descent. The lander Navigation guidance and control will be autonomous from
separation onwards and must ensure a precise, safe and soft landing on the lunar surface. The
braking thrust for decelerating the lander is provided by four nos. of liquid engines. The TTC
communication between the Lander – IDSN is in S-band and the payload data is transmitted
by a high torque dual gimbal antenna. The Lander has a TM-TC data handling system with
inbuilt storage. The Chandrayaan-2 Rover is stowed in the lander during launch and upon
landing the ramps are deployed and Rover starts its journey on the lunar surface. The Lander
payloads will be deployed on landing.
- Dimensions: 2.54 × 2 × 1.2 m
- Gross lift-off mass: 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)
- Propellant mass: 845 kg (1,863 lb)
- Dry mass: 626 kg (1,380 lb)
- Power generation capability: 650
- Mission duration: ≤14 days (one lunar day)
Figure 2.4: Lunar Orbiter &Vikram Lander in
stacked with the rover inside the lander (ISRO)
Chandrayaan-2 Pragyan Rover is a six-wheeled mobility system with the objective of
performing mobility on the low gravity & vacuum of moon and in addition conduct science
for understanding the lunar resources. The design of the Rover is based on the well-proven
space rover "Sojourner" that was deployed by NASA for the exploration of Mars in July
1997. Rover chassis houses all the electronics and has two navigation cameras to generate
stereo images for path planning. The Rover communicates to the IDSN via the Lander. The
two Rover payloads conduct science on the lunar surface.

Figure 2.5: Pragyan Rover (image credit:ISRO)

Figure 2.6: Photo of the GSLV MkIII- M1 vehicle at the Second Launch Pad
(image credit: ISRO)
2.2 Schedule and Profile
 Launch
Chandrayaan-2 launch was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at
02:51 IST local time).
However, the launch was aborted 56 minutes and 24 seconds before launch due to technical
glitch, so it was rescheduled to 22 July 2019.
Finally Chandrayaan-2 was launched on-board the GSLV MK III M1 launch vehicle on
22 July 2019 at 14:43 IST with better than expected apogee which resulted in the saving
of around 40 kg fuel onboard the spacecraft.

Figure 2.7: Launch of Chandrayaan-2

 Geocentric phase
The Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack gradually raised its orbit using on-board propulsion over
22 days. In this phase, one perigee-raising and five apogee-raising burns were performed to
reach a highly eccentric orbit of 142,975 × 276 km followed by trans-lunar injection on 13
August 2019.

Figure 2.8: Trajectory of Chandrayaan-2

 Selenocentric phase
After 29 days from its launch, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack entered lunar orbit on 20
August 2019 after performing a lunar orbit insertion burn for 28 minutes 57 seconds. The
three-spacecraft stack was placed into an elliptical orbit that passes over the polar regions of
the Moon, with 18,072 km (11,229 mi) aposelene and 114 km (71 mi) periselene. By 1
September 2019 this elliptical orbit was made nearly circular with 127 km (79 mi) aposelene
and 119 km (74 mi) periselene after four orbit-lowering maneuvers followed by separation
of Vikram lander from the orbiter on 7:45 UTC, 2 September 2019.

 Planned landing site

Landing site Coordinates

Prime landing site 70.90267°S 22.78110°E

Alternate landing site 67.87406°S 18.46947°W

Two landing sites were selected, each with a landing ellipse of 32 × 11 km. The prime
landing site (PLS54) is at 70.90267 S 22.78110 E (~350 km north of the South Pole-Aitken
Basin rim), and the alternate landing site (ALS01) is at 67.874064 S 18.46947 W. The prime
site is on a high plain between the craters Manzinus C and Simpelius N, on the near side of
the moon.

 Hard landing
Vikram began its descent at 20:08:03 UTC, 6 September 2019 and was scheduled
to land on the Moon at around 20:23 UTC. The descent and soft-landing were to be
done by the on-board computers on Vikram, with mission control unable to make
corrections.

Figure 2.9: Chandrayaan-2 Lunar Lander (with Rover) Soft Landing Sequence
(Source:ISRO)
The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking
procedures as expected, but the lander's trajectory began to deviate at about 2.1 kilometres
(1.3 mi; 6,900 ft) above the surface. The final telemetry readings during ISRO's live-stream
show that Vikram's final vertical velocity was 58 m/s (210 km/h) at 330 meters above the
surface which, according to some experts, is quite fast for a lunar landing. Initial reports
suggesting a crash were confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that the lander
location was found and that "it must have been a hard landing".

Figure 2.10: Moon Landing Sites (Source: Google)

 CHAPTER 3
TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN THE MISSION
3.1 Orbiter

Payloads on the orbiter are:

 Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) from ISRO Satellite
Centre (ISAC), makes use of X-ray fluorescence spectra to determine the elemental
composition of the lunar surface.
 Solar X-ray monitor (XSM) from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad
for mapping major elements present on the lunar surface.
 Dual Frequency L and S band Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR) from Space
Applications Centre (SAC) for probing the first few meters of the lunar surface for the
presence of different constituents, including water ice. DFSAR is expected to provide
further evidence confirming the presence of water ice, and its distribution below the
shadowed regions of the Moon. It has lunar surface penetration depth of 5 meters (L-
band).
 Imaging IR Spectrometer (IIRS) from Space Applications Centre (SAC) for mapping
of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water
molecules and hydroxyl present. It features an extended spectral range (0.8 μm to 5
μm) which is an improvement over previous lunar missions whose payloads worked
up to 3 μm.
 Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (ChACE-2) Quadrupole Mass
Analyzer from Space Physics Laboratory (SPL) to carry out a detailed study of the
lunar exosphere.
 Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from Space Applications Centre (SAC) for
preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and
geology.
 Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere – Dual
Frequency Radio Science experiment (RAMBHA-DFRS) by SPL for the studying
electron density in the Lunar ionosphere.
 Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) by SAC for scouting a hazard-free spot
prior to landing. It will later help prepare high-resolution topographic maps and
digital elevation models of the lunar surface. OHRC has spatial resolution of 0.3 m
from 100 km polar orbit.

(a) CHACE2 (b) XSM (c) CLASS

Figure 3.1: Payloads of Orbiter (Source: Wikipedia)

3.2 Vikram Lander

The payloads on the Vikram lander are:

 Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) MEMS based Seismometer by LEOS
for studying Moon-quakes near the landing site.
 Chandra's Surface Thermo-physical Experiment (ChaSTE) Thermal probe by SPL,
VSSC for estimating the thermal properties of the lunar surface
 RAMBHA-LP Langmuir probe by SPL, VSSC for measuring the density and
variation of lunar surface plasma.
 A laser retroreflector array (LRA) by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for taking
precise measurements of distance between the reflector on the lunar surface and
satellites in lunar orbit. The micro-reflector weighs about 22 grams and cannot be
used for taking observations from Earth-based lunar laser stations.

(a) ILSA MEMS sensor package (b) Laser retroreflector array (LRA) (c) ChaSTE

Figure 3.2: Payloads of Vikram Lander (Source: Wikipedia)

3.3 Pragyan rover

Pragyan rover carries two instruments to determine the abundance of elements near the
landing site:

 Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) from Laboratory for Electro Optic
Systems (LEOS), Bangalore.

 Alpha Particle Induced X-ray Spectroscope (APXS) from PRL, Ahmedabad.

(a) LIBS (b) APXS

Figure 3.3: Payloads of Pragyan Rover (Source: Wikipedia)

3.3.1 Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-2

(a) Geocentric phase (b) Selenocentric phase

(c) Lunar landing phase (d) Overall motion of Chandrayaan-2

Earth · Moon · Chandrayaan-2

Figure 3.4: Profile of Chandrayaan-2 (Source: Wikipedia)

 CHAPTER 4
ONGOING & FUTURE MISSIONS
4.1 Ongoing Mission

What is the next mission of ISRO?

The crewed vehicle is planned to be launched on ISRO's GSLV Mk III in December 2021.
Prior to this, it will be launched un-crewed for test flights in December 2020 and July 2021.
The three crew members will remain in space for seven days. The Chandrayaan-3 will be
deployed in 2024 for future moon exploration
There a string of interesting projects on the Indian Space Research Organization’s (ISRO's)
to-do list in the near-future. The upcoming Chandrayaan 2 mission in and the
Gaganyaan manned planned for 2022 are two of the better-known big missions, but far from
the only ones for which work is underway. The agency is also working on a total of seven
interplanetary missions over the coming decade mission

4.2 Future Missions

 Late 2020s: Chandrayaan-3 mission

While the second mission in the Chandrayaan (India's lunar exploration) programme is
still underway, K Sivan already announced that the third mission in the series will also be
carried out in the coming decade. The Chandrayaan program was always intended as a multi-
mission space programme.

Figure 4.1 :An artistic representation of the Chang'e-4 rover on the moon.
Image: CNSA
"The Moon is a good candidate as a staging point for carrying out our deep space human
spaceflight missions, and Chandrayaan-2 will assess the suitability of the Moon for such
activities," Chairman K Sivan said in an interview to Current Science. ISRO will also soon
initiate a space robotics programme to look at the possibility of an Indian robot on the
Moon, he added. With the first mission in the program featuring an Orbiter and the second
featuring a soft lander and rover, it sure is interesting to consider what India third lunar
mission might brings to the table. Could Chandrayaan-3 be the mission to put an Indian robot
on the Moon.

 2019-2020: Aditya L1 mission

The Aditya-L1 mission is ISRO's first planned probe to study the Sun's corona and its
atmosphere. It is expected to launch during 2019–2020 on a PSLV rocket from Sriharikota.
The corona is the outer layer of the Sun, which extends thousands of km above the visible
disc around it.

Figure 4.2:The Parker probe begins the first of its seven revolutions of Venus in a
gravity assist en route the Sun. Image courtesy: NASA
Interestingly, it has temperatures over a million degree Kelvin — far higher than the surface
of the Sun (6000 degrees Kelvin). How the corona gets heated to such high temperatures is
still an unanswered question in solar physics, and something NASA's Parker probe is
currently exploring. ISRO's Aditya L-1 will also soon follow suit and study this astrophysical
mystery.

 December 2021/January 2022: Gaganyaan mission

In his 2018 Independence Day address, Prime Minister’s Narendra Modi announced that
India will attempt to send astronauts to space on a spacecraft called the 'Gaganyaan' by
2022. The mission will make India only the fourth nation in the world to accomplish the feat
if successful, he added. At Rs 10,000 crore, the Gaganyaan mission is India’s biggest space
mission so far.
The Gaganyaan’s crew module to house astronauts, its life support systems to keep them
alive in space, and the spacecraft's environmental-control systems have already been
developed, and are being tested at a new facility opened by ISRO for human
spaceflight missions. The mission is "highest priority" for ISRO in 2019, the space
agency announced, with plans to have the first unmanned tests for the mission in December
2020 and second in July 2021. If these tests are successful, the manned mission will happen
as planned in December 2021.
Figure 4.3: Crew Module along with the escape capsule on display at the Bangalore Space
Expo in 2018. Image courtesy: ISRO/Twitter

 2022-2023: Mangalyaan-2 (Mars Orbiter Mission-2)

India's second mission to Mars, the Mars Orbiter-2, is another planned mission by the Indian
Space Research Organization (ISRO) between 2022 and 2023. The Mangalyaan-2 orbiter will
use aerobraking to lower its initial apoapsis and enter into an orbit more suitable for
observations.

Figure 4.4 :Partial disc of Mars captured by Mangalyaan-1's onboard camera.

Image courtesy: ISRO
India's ISRO and French CNES space agencies were intended as partners building the
MOM-2 module by 2020, but by April 2018, France was not yet involved in the mission. In
a sign of encouragement, the Indian government funded the MOM-2 mission in its 2017
budget proposal, leaving ISRO mulling over whether the best path is a MOM mission with an
orbiter, lander and rover will be feasible or an orbiter alone with instruments more
sophisticated than those on MOM-1 would be the way to go.
 2023-2025: Shukrayaan mission to Venus
Our neighboring planet Venus is often described as Earth's 'twin sister' due to similarities in
their sizes, densities, composition and gravity. Some theories suggest both planets share a
common origin, forming at the same time from the same condensing swirl of gas and dust all
those 4.5 billion years ago. Being 30 percent closer to the Sun than the Earth, Venus has a
much higher exposure to solar radiation, effects of solar flares and other solar phenomena,
which makes it an object of interest for ISRO to study.

Figure 4.5:ISRO's Mission to Venus will be its third voyage to another world.
ISRO intends to send an orbiter mission to study the atmosphere of Venus, which is made
up primarily of carbon dioxide. The Shukrayaan mission will study the dense, hot atmosphere
of Venus and the planet's surface using a probe.

The satellite configuration and payloads on Shukrayaan-1 are yet to be finalised. But the
science objectives that will feed the design of the spacecraft are the "super-rotation" of the
Venusian atmosphere and how it interacts with solar radiation and solar wind are also among
the mission's science objectives, according to an ISRO release.

 Late 2020s: EXPOSat Planetary exploration

The EXPOSat mission appears to be a follow-up to the Astronaut mission, ISRO's multi-
wavelength X-ray astronomy observatory studying X-ray sources in the universe.
Considering the great success of AstroSAT, the EXPOSat mission will further explore X-rays
in the universe — specifically, the polarization of bright X-ray sources in our universe.

These objects could be neutron stars, supernova remnants, pulsars and regions around black
holes that could give scientists information about the electromagnetic nature of space
radiation. Understanding space radiation better could be used to protect spacecraft and
astronauts in the future, but also pave the way for space technology to better understand
happenings in the universe. These, K Sivan said at the briefing, are only some of the
planned interplanetary missions ISRO has in mind for the decade to come.

Figure 4.6: An artistic rendering of the AstroSat satellite. Image courtesy: ISRO

 2023: India's Space Station

Another plan in the pipeline is a space station that will be built by India. Currently, the
International Space Station is the only functioning one but it is supposed to be winding up by
2028. The proposed station will weigh 15-20 tonnes and will be able to host people for 15-20
days. It will be used to conduct microgravity tests said Kailasavadivoo Sivan the chairperson
of ISRO to Business Standard.

The space station according to Sivan is a logical extension of the RS 10,000 crore Gaganyaan
missions that will be sending human beings to space in 2022.

The timeline for the mission is five to seven years which should be a challenge but ISRO has
been developing the necessary technologies like the space docking technology that should
keep it on track said Ajay Lele, a senior fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and
Analyses.
CONCLUSION:
India was trying to become just the fourth nation to pull off a soft landing on the moon —
following the former Soviet Union, the US and China — and the only country to probe the
unexplored lunar south pole. ISRO has proved a lot of things coming for India’s future and
many more Chandrayaan & Mangalyan projects are lined in coming years. New opportunities
are opened for young aspiring scientists.
It is the First space mission to conduct a soft landing on the Moon's south polar region.
First Indian expedition to attempt a soft landing on the lunar surface with home-grown
technology. First Indian mission to explore the lunar terrain with home-grown technology.
Fourth country ever to soft land on the lunar surface.
With this mission now, all the eyes of the World are upon India for future missions. The
module for Chandrayaan-2 uses technology and software developed across the country,
which emphasises on ‘Made In India’ policy.
The mission not only aims to expand India’s footprint in space, but also to inspire a future
generation of scientists, engineers and explorers.
APPENDIX A
Mission Sequence and Status

November 12, 2007: Representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos)
and ISRO sign an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-
2 project.

September 18, 2008: Government approves the mission to the moon in a meeting chaired by
the then PM Manmohan Singh.

August 2009: ISRO and Roscosmos complete the design of Chandrayaan-2 and it is
reviewed by India and Russia.

2013: India decides to go it alone in the mission after Russia informed of its inability to
provide the lander even by 2015. The project is rescheduled to 2016.

2018: The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018, but was delayed to
conduct further tests on the vehicle. On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth
Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration and
landing sequence were planned for implementation, pushing the launch to the first half of
2019.

June 29, 2019: After completion of all tests, rover integrated with lander Vikram.

July 2, 2019: Equipment bay camera cowling assembly completed.

Radio frequency checks completed with Chandrayaan 2 spacecraft. Payload fairing assembly
in progress

July 4, 2019: Integration of encapsulated assembly of Chandrayaan-2 with launch vehicle

completed.

July 7, 2019: GSLV MkIII-M1 moved to launch pad. Spacecraft is powered and health check
in progress.

July 10, 2019: Shroud final assembly completed. Cryogenic stage (C25) On Board
Elementary checks complete. Liquid stage (L110) control system checks completed.

July 12, 2019: Launch rehearsal completed. Pre fill pressurisation of propellant tanks
completed

July 15, 2019: Chandrayaan-2 was scheduled to be launched, but it was put off due to
technical snag.
July 22, 2019: India successfully launches Chandrayaan 2 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre
in Sriharikota.

July 24, 2019: First orbit raising manoeuvre performed successfully.

August 2, 2019: Fouth orbit raising manoeuvre successful

August 4, 2019: ISRO releases first set of earth pictures captured by Chandrayaan-2.

August 14, 2019: Chandrayaan-2 leaves earth's orbit.

August 20, 2019: Chandrayaan 2 successfully enters orbit around Moon.

August 21, 2019: ISRO performs 2nd lunar-bound orbit manoeuvre.

August 22, 2019: ISRO releases first Moon image captured by Chandrayaan-2.

September 1, 2019: Fifth lunar maneuver executed.

September 3, 2019: First de-orbiting manoeuvre performed for Chandrayaan-2.

September 4, 2019: Chandrayaan-2's second de-orbiting manoeuvre executed.

September 7, 2019: The Chandrayaan-2 moon mission scheduled to land on the lunar
surface at 1:55 am on Saturday. Unfortunately lost contact after reaching near 2.1km from the
Moon surface.

APPENDIX B

Team

Key scientists and engineers involved in the development of Chandrayaan-2 include:

 Ritu Karidhal – Mission Director

 Muthayya Vanitha – Project Director
 K. Kalpana – Associate Project Director
 G. Narayanan – Associate Project Director
 G. Nagesh – Project Director (former)
 Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project Director (Radio frequency systems)
 Amitabh Singh – Deputy Project Director (Optical Payload Data Processing, SAC)
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/c-missions/chandrayaan-2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2
https://www.isro.gov.in/water-moon
https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0
https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-a-step-by-step-look-at-the-vikram-
lander-47-day-journey-to-the-moon-7035951.html