Parametric equations 8A

1 a x t 2 d x  2t  1
so t  x  2 (1) x 1
so t  (1)
y  t 1
2
(2) 2
Substitute (1) into (2): 1
y (2)
y  ( x  2)2  1 t
Substitute (1) into (2):
 x2  4 x  4  1
1
 y  x2  4x  5 y
x 1
2
x  t  2,  4  t  4 2
So the domain of f(x) is 6  x  2. y
x 1
y  t 2  1,  4  t  4 x  2t  1, t  0
So the range of f(x) is 1  y  17. So the domain of f(x) is x  1.

b x  5t 1
so t  5  x (1) y , t 0
t
y  t 2 1 (2) So the range of f(x) is y  0.
Substitute (1) into (2):
y  (5  x)2  1 e x
1
 25  10 x  x 2  1 t 2
1
 y  x2  10 x  24 so t  2 
x
x  5  t, t  1
t  2 (1)
So the domain of f(x) is x  . x
y  t2 (2)
y  t 2  1, t  Substitute (1) into (2):
So the range of f(x) is y  1.
2
 1
y  2 
 x
1
 2x 1 
2
c x
t y 
 x 
1
so t  (1)
x 1
y  3t (2) x , t2
t 2
Substitute (1) into (2): So the domain of f(x) is x  0.
1
y  3
x y  t2, t  2
So the range of f(x) is y  4.
1
x , t0
t
So the domain of f(x) is x  0.

y  3  t, t  0
Range of f(x) is y  3.

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 1 2 a i x  2ln (5  t )
1 f x
t 1 1
x  ln (5  t )
1 2
so t  1 
x 1x
e2  5  t
1
t 1 (1) So t  5  e 2
1x

x
Substitute t  5  e 2 into y  t 2  5 :
1x

1
y (2)
t2 1x

Substitute (1) into (2): y  (5  e 2 ) 2  5

1 1x
 25  10e 2  e x  5
y
1
1 2 1x
 20  10e 2  e x
x
1 x  2ln (5  t ), t  4

1
3 When t = 4, x  2ln1  0
x
and as t increases 2ln (5  t ) decreases.
1
 So the range of the parametric function
1  3x
for x is x  0.
x Hence the Cartesian equation is
x
 y y  20  10e 2  e x , x  0
1x

1  3x

1 ii y  t 2  5, t  4
x , t2 y  t 2  5 is a quadratic function with
t 1
1 minimum value −5 at t = 0.
So the domain of f(x) is 0  x  So the range of the parametric function
3
1 for y is y  5.
y , t 2, t 2 Hence the range of f(x) is y  5.
t 2
So the range of f(x) is y  0.
b i x  ln (t  3)
ex  t  3
ex  3  t
1
Substitute t  e x  3 into y  :
t 5
1 1
y  x
e 35 e  2
x

x  ln (t  3), t  2
When t = −2, x  ln1  0
and as t increases, ln (t  3) increases.
So the range of the parametric function
for x is x  0.
Hence the Cartesian equation is
1
y x , x0
e 2

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2 b ii y 
1
, t  2 3 a x t
t 5 so x 2  t
1 Substitute t  x 2 into y  t (9  t ) :
When t = −2, y 
3
y  x 2 (9  x 2 )
1
and as t increases, decreases  9x2  x4
t 5
towards zero.
So the range of the parametric function x  t, 0  t  5
1 The range of the parametric function
for y is 0  y 
3 for x is 0  x  5.
1 Hence the Cartesian equation is
Hence the range of f(x) is 0  y 
3 y  9x2  x4 , 0  x  5
c i xe t

So y  e3t  (et )3  x3 y  t (9  t ), 0  t  5
(Note that since y is a power of x When t = 0, y = 0;
there is no need to substitute for t.) when t = 5, y = 20;
and y  t (9  t ) is a quadratic function
x  et , t  with maximum value
81
at t 
9
The range of the parametric function 4 2
for x is x  0. So the range of the parametric function
Hence the Cartesian equation is 81
for y is 0  y 
y  x3 , x  0 4
81
Hence the range of f(x) is 0  y 
ii y  e3t , t  4
The range of the parametric function
for y is y  0. b
Hence the range of f(x) is y  0.

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4 a i x  2t 2  3 b i x  3t  1
x  3  2t 2 x  1  3t
x3 2 x 1
t t
2 3
x3 x 1
 t Substitute t  into
2 3
Take the positive root since t  0 . y  (t  1)(t  2) :
x3
Substitute t  into y  9  t 2 :
2  x  1  x  1 
y  1  2
 x3 
2
x3  3  3 
y  9     9   x  1  3  x  1  6 
 2  2   
 3  3 
18  x  3 15  x
   x  2  x  7 
2 2   
15 1  3  3 
The Cartesian equation is y   x The Cartesian equation is
2 2
1
y  ( x  2)( x  7)
ii x  2t 2  3, t  0 9
2t 2  3 is a quadratic function ii x  3t  1,  4  t  4
with minimum value −3 at t = 0.
When t = −4, x = −13;
The range of the parametric function
when t = 4, x = 11.
for x is x  3.
The range of the parametric function
Hence the domain of f(x) is x  3.
for x is 13  x  11.
So the domain of f(x) is 13  x  11.
y  9  t2, t  0
y  9  t 2 is a quadratic function y  (t  1)(t  2),  4  t  4
with maximum value 9 at t = 0. When t = −4, y = 10;
So the range of the parametric function when t = 4, y = 18;
for y is y  9. and (t  1)(t  2) is a quadratic function
Hence the range of f(x) is y  9. 9
with minimum value  at t = −0.5.
4
iii The range of the parametric function
9
for y is   y  18.
4
9
Hence the range of f(x) is   y  18 .
4
Note: Due to symmetry, the minimum
value of y occurs midway between the
roots t = 1 and t = −2, i.e. at t = −0.5.

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4 b iii d i x  t 1
x 1  t
( x  1) 2  t
Substitute t  ( x  1)2 into y  3 t :
y  3 ( x  1)2  3( x  1)
The Cartesian equation is y  3x  3

ii x  t  1, t  0
When t = 0, x = −1
c i x  t 1 and as t increases t  1 increases.
x 1  t The range of the parametric function
Substitute t  x  1 into y 
1
: for x is x  1.
t 1 So the domain of f(x) is x  1.
1 1
y 
x 1 1 x  2 y  3 t, t  0
The Cartesian equation is The range of the parametric function
y
1 for y is y  0.
x2 So the range of f(x) is y  0.

ii x  t  1, t  1 d iii
So the domain of f(x) is x  2.

1
y , t  1,
t 1
So the range of f(x) is y  0.

iii
e i x  ln (4  t )
ex  4  t
t  4  ex
Substitute t  4  e x into y  t  2 :
y  4  ex  2  2  ex
The Cartesian equation is y  2  e x

ii x  ln (4  t ), t  3
When t = 3, x  ln1  0
and as t decreases ln (4  t ) increases.
So the domain of f(x) is x  0.

y  t  2, t  3
When t = 3, y = 1
and as t decreases t  2 decreases.
So the range of f(x) is y  1.

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4 e iii

5 a C1: x  1  2t
x 1
 t
2

x 1
Substitute t  into y  2  3t :
2
 x 1 
y  2  3 
 2 
4  3x  3 3x  1
 
2 2
So the Cartesian equation of C1 is
3 1
y  x
2 2

1
C2 : x 
2t  3
1
2t  3 
x
1 3x  1
2t  3  
x x
3x  1
t
2x
t  1 
and y  t 
2t  3  2t  3 

3x  1 1
Substitute t  and x 
2x 2t  3
 1 
into y  t  :
 2t  3 
 3x  1  3x  1
y  x 
 2x  2
So the Cartesian equation of C2 is
3 1
y  x
2 2
Therefore C1 and C2 are segments of the
3 1
same line y  x 
2 2

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5 b For the length of each segment find the 2
 1
 length of C2  1     2  1
2
domain and range of C1 and C2.
For C1: x  1  2t , 2  t  5  3
When t = 2, x = 5; 4 49 13
 1  
when t = 5, x = 11. 9 9 3
The range of the parametric function
for x is 5  x  11, 3
6 a x   2, t  0
so the domain of C1 is 5  x  11. t
The range of the parametric function
y  2  3t , 2  t  5 for x is x  2.
When t = 2, y = 8; (This is also the domain of the Cartesian
when t = 5, y = 17. equation y = f(x).)
The range of the parametric function
for y is 8  y  17, y  2t  3  t 2 , t  0
so the range of C1 is 8  y  17. When t = 0, y = −3;
2t  3  t 2 is a quadratic function
The endpoints of C1 have coordinates with maximum value −2 at t = 1.
(5, 8) and (11, 17). The range of the parametric function
 length of C1  (11  5) 2  (17  8) 2 for y is y  2, y  3.
(This is also the range of the Cartesian
 36  81 equation y = f(x).)
 117  3 13
Note: To find the maximum point of the
1 quadratic y  2t  3  t 2 ,
For C2: x  , 2t 3
2t  3 either solve
dy
0
dt
When t = 2, x = 1; 2  2t  0
1 2  2t
when t = 3, x  .
3
t 1
The range of the parametric function
1  y  2(1)  3  (1) 2  2
for x is  x  1,
3 or complete the square
1 y    (t  1) 2  1  3
so the domain of C2 is  x  1.
   (t  1) 2  2 
3

t  (t  1) 2  2
y , 2t 3
2t  3

When t = 2, y = 2;
when t = 3, y = 1.
The range of the parametric function
for y is 1  y  2,
so the range of C2 is 1  y  2.
The endpoints of C2 have coordinates `
1 
 , 1 and (1, 2).
3 

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 3 1
6 b x 2 b y , t  2
t t 5
3
x2 1
t When t = −2, y 
3 3
t 1
x2 and as t increases, decreases
t 5
3 towards zero.
Substitute t  into y  2t  3  t 2 : The range of the parametric function
x2
1
for y is 0  y 
2 3
 3   3 
y  2  3  1
 x2  x2 so the range of f(x) is 0  y 
3
6( x  2)  3( x  2) 2  32
 8 a x3 t
( x  2) 2
x
 2( x  2)  ( x  2) 2  3   t
 3  
3
 ( x  2) 2  x2
t
 2 x  4  x  4 x  4  3 
2
9
 3  
 ( x  2) 2  x2
Substitute t  into y  t 3  2t :
3( x 2  6 x  11) 9

( x  2) 2 3
 x2   x2  x6 2 x2
y     2   
This is a Cartesian equation in the form  
9  
9 729 9
A( x 2  bx  c) The Cartesian equation is
y with
( x  2)2 x6 2 x2
y 
A = −3, b = −6 and c = 11. 729 9

7 a x  ln (t  3), t  2 x  3 t, 0  t  2
e  t 3
x When t = 0, x = 0;
ex  3  t when t = 2, x  3 2.
1 The range of the parametric function
Substitute t  e x  3 into y  : for x is 0  x  3 2
t 5
1 1 so the domain of f(x) is 0  x  3 2.
y  x
e 35 e  2
x

When t = −2, x  ln1  0 dy

b  3t 2  2
and as t increases ln (t  3) increases. dt
dy
The range of the parametric function  0 when 3t 2  2  0
for x is x  0, dt
so the domain of f(x) is x  0. 3t 2  2
Therefore the Cartesian equation is 2
t2 
1 3
y x , x  k where k  0.
e 2 2
t (as 0  t  2)
3

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 d2 y Challenge
8 c  6t
dt 2
a Squaring the parametric functions gives
2 d2 y  2
When t  , 2  6    0
2
 1 t2 
3 dt  3  x 
2
2 
(1)
 1 t 
2
So t  gives a minimum point
3  2t 
2

of the parametric function for y. y2   2 

(2)
 1 t 
The minimum value of y is
3
 2  2 Add (1) and (2):
   2  
 3  3 2
 1  t 2   2t 
2

2 2 6 2 4 2 4 6 x  y 
2 2
2 
 2 
     1 t   1 t 
3 3 3 3 3 3 9
(1  t 2 ) 2  4t 2

When t = 0, y = 0; (1  t 2 ) 2
when t = 2, y = 4.
1  2t 2  t 4  4t 2
The range of the parametric function 
(1  t 2 ) 2
4 6
for y is   y  4. 1  2t 2  t 4
9 
Therefore the range of f(x) is (1  t 2 ) 2
4 6 (1  t 2 ) 2
  f ( x)  4.  1
9 (1  t 2 ) 2
So a Cartesian equation for curve C is
9 a x  t 3  t  t (t 2  1) x 2  y 2  1.
 x 2  t 2 (t 2  1)2 (1)
b x2  y 2  1
y  4  t 2  t 2  4  y (2)   x  0   y  0  1
2 2

Curve C is the equation of a circle with

Substitute (2) into (1):
centre (0, 0) and radius 1.
x 2  (4  y )(4  y  1) 2
x 2  (4  y )(3  y )2
This is in the form x2  (a  y)(b  y)2
with a = 4 and b = 3.

b y  4  t2, t 
This is a quadratic function of t, and (by
symmetry) the maximum value of y
occurs at t = 0, where y = 4.
So 4 is the maximum y-coordinate.

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