PREDICTION OF POWER YIELD FROM WIND TURBINES FOR HILLY SITES
Datta. S. Chavan1 Pooja Kulhari
BharatiVidyapeeth Deemed University, Army Institute of technology,
College of Engineering, Pune, India. Pune, India.
P. B. Karandikar3 Puneet Singh
Army Institute of technology, Army Institute of technology,
Pune, India. Pune, India.
Abstract – In this paper the site survey is done for four sites in
Pune India. The electrical power is predicted for each site for
different tower heights of the wind turbine. Different lengths of
blades of turbine are also considered for power prediction.
This method involves site survey using anemometers. This
method involves low cost and less manpower.
Key words — power; turbine; wind.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wind turbines are the need of current days. It produces no
pollution under running condition. But selection of site is
the major issue. Turbine is needed to be installed at a place
where there is sufficient wind speed available. In the
conventional method the wind parameters are recorded for
one year or more duration. In conventional method the
anemometer is fitted over a tall tower and the wind speed is
recorded. This difficulty is eliminated in this method. The
anemometer is fitted over a tall stick of around 10 m. second
anemometer is kept at a height of 3 m from the ground level.
From these two speeds the wind shear exponent for a
particular site is calculated. Using this wind shear exponent
the wind speed at any height can be computed. In this
method the time span required for the data collection is
reduced. The wind speed is recorded at a lesser height.
Using wind shear exponent the wind speed at different
heights is calculated. The wind speed at 20 m, 30m, 40m,
50m 60m, 70m, 80, 90m and 100m is calculated using wind
shear exponent. Later using that wind speed at particular
height using power law the power is calculated for different
heights of the towers and different blade length. This study
will be
II. WIND POWER
Wind power is extracted from air flow using wind turbines
or sails to produce mechanical or electrical power. Various
types of blades are used for wind turbine. Various types of
generators like squirrel cage generators slip ring induction
generators, permanent magnet synchronous generators are
used for generation of energy in wind turbines. but before
installation of the turbine the survey is needed to find the
feasibility of installation of wind turbine. In this paper
method prediction of wind power is developed.
III. STANDARD METHOD OF WIND POWER
PREDICTION
In standard method of the survey the wind speed is
recorded for one year. The anemometers are fixed on a
tower and the wind speed is recorded. It involves installation
Nehal Kadaganchi
Vishwakarma Institute of
Technology, Pune, India.
Rajesh Giri
Army Institute of technology,
Pune, India.
of small pole to record the wind speed. In the proposed
method of wind survey installation of pole is eliminated.
The method is simple and requires less cost and less
manpower.
The purpose of our site surveys is to select the type of
turbine, to select the location of turbine. To find the visual
impact of the turbine, to collect the information to find
installation costs, to find all the relevant information
required for permitting phase of planning application.
Following criteria are used to install the turbine.
1. Airflow - Access to smooth laminar airflow and distance
from trees, buildings and complex terrain which can create
turbulence
3. Noise – to ensure that you and your neighbors will not be
affected by noises from the turbine (measure distances)
4. Shadow Flicker – to ensure that neighboring people will
not be affected by shadows of the blades (measure
distances)
5. Access – to ensure that the plant and machinery required
for the installation and any maintenance through the life of
the machine can easily reach the site at any time of year and
in any ground condition
For choosing the site following things are considered. A
turbine should be located wherever the highest constant
wind speed can be captured, and with as little turbulence as
possible. An increase, in the average wind speed, as little as
25% can nearly double the power output of the turbine.
There are considerable differences in component life for
different locations. Gusts can put a large strain on blades.
Wind Resource at site can be found by onsite monitoring
and experience of actual turbine operation has shown that
this can be up to 30% inaccurate and so significantly affect
estimates of energy output. This is particularly the case in
areas of complex terrain, areas with sea breezes and rough
land where inaccurate understanding of the shear factor and
local turbulence become increasingly important. There is
enormous variation in the wind resource from month to
month and year to year, but long term trends in the local
wind resource are identifiable. In order to understand the
local wind source, on site wind monitoring is recommended
at hub height from 3 months with correlation to a 60m
geotropic meso scale wind model, or at least 12 months and
ideally 36 months with no Correlation. This will give you a
long term “hind cast” which will give you an indication of
what has happened over recent years at that location. This is
not a wind forecast for the future, and although past
performance is not a guarantee of future performance is
gives you the best indication possible
of the viability of a site.

When assessing accurately the wind speed of a site it is
useful to have some record of wind speed in the location,
ideally for the last twelve months. There is a range of
measurement equipment that can be used. Some instruments
are used with data loggers that record wind speeds over long
period of time. The most commonly used measuring device
is the cup anemometer.
It should be emphasized that, for large wind installations,
it is very important to conduct detailed evaluation. It is
therefore necessary to collect other clues about wind speed
by analyzing available date, by talking to local residents and
asking about past experiences, and even by looking at the
trees themselves to see by how much they lean: Average
wind speed data is sometimes available from existing
sources, such as wind maps or the meteorological office,
although wind regimes are much localized, so data may be
misleading. Anemometers are often set at a standard height
of 10m: this height is too low for wind turbines.
For getting energy yield estimates, the performance of
wind turbine systems is impossible to predict with any
certainty due to the variability in the wind from location to
location and from year to year. This estimate is based upon
the best available information but is given as guidance only
and should not be considered as a guarantee.
There is no risk of shadow flicker as there are no
properties within 200m. There are no obvious neighbors
whose amenity would be affected by the noise, flicker or
visual impact of the turbine in the proposed site.
Following things are considered for selecting the site. Site
access from yard, electrical Installation, how long is the
cable run from the control panel, what type of installation is
it? Is the system off grid? Is the location damp/hot/exposed
to elements? Are there sufficient spare ways in the current,
Have these spare ways been reserved for the turbine and is
the client aware that they must remain available? Will an
export meter be fitted? Has the electrical installation been
recently inspected by a qualified electrician and any
remedial work carried out? Do you have reason to suspect
that the existing installation may be unsafe? What type of
wall will the control units be mounted on?
IV. WIND SHEAR EXPONENT
In section I details of vertical wind shear are given. In this
section, details of wind shear exponent are given. Wind
turbines are affected by vertical wind shear. Vertical wind-
speed profiles result in different wind speeds at the blades
nearest to the ground level compared to those at the top of
blade travel, and this in turn affects the turbine operation.
The wind gradient can create a large bending moment in the
shaft of a turbine when the blades are vertical. The reduced
wind gradient over water means shorter and less expensive
wind turbine towers can be used in shallow seas. For wind
turbine engineering, wind speed variation with height is
often approximated using a power law
V
(1)
V
V V (2)
where:
V = Velocity of the wind at height h (m/s)
V = Velocity of the wind at some reference height h (m)
α = Hellman exponent or aka power law exponent or shear
exponent) (~ = 1/7 in neutral flow, but can be >1)
V. PROPOSED METHOD OF WIND POWER
PREDICTION USING SITE SURVEY
In this section the detailed procedure for the prediction of
power for a given site is given. The fig.1 shows the
flowchart for the procedure to predict the power for a given
site.
In this method the wind survey is carried on the site for one
year with a span of 15 days. The speed of the wind is
measured with help of one anemometer at a height of 5 feet.
At the same time the second anemometer is attached to stick
of height 10 feet. It is held at a height of 5 feet with hand. So
the second anemometer will be at a height of 15 feet. The
wind speed with second anemometer is also recorded. With
the help of wind shear exponent the wind speed at a height
of 50 feet is computed using the wind speed recorded by
lower anemometer. Similarly the wind speed at a height of
60 feet is computed with the wind speed recorded by upper
ammeter. The average wind speed is computed for hub
height. From the average wind speed the power is predicted
with power law.
PT AρV C (3)
where
A is area of wind stream (m2)
V is incoming wind speed (m/s)
ρ is air mass density or mass per unit volume of earth's
atmosphere (kg /m3)
Cp is power coefficient which is the ratio of power
extracted by the turbine
PT to the total power contained in the wind resource
The Betz limit is the maximum possible Cp = 16/27
Fig. 1 shows a flowchart for conduction trials on the site.
The detailed procedure trials on the site is given. The
anemometer is fixed on a wooden stick and the wind speed
is measured at a height of 10 m. the speed is also measures
at the height of 3 m at the same time. The trials are
conducted in three seasons rainy season, winter and summer
season. The readings are recorded at different times of the
day morning, afternoon and evening.
 Fig.2 First site, same tower height 30 m , different blade length 5, 7.5, 10 m

Fig. 2 shows the power predictioon for Parvati hill. The tower
height considered is 30 m. the blade
b length considered is 5,
7.5 and 10 m. it is seen in the figgure that with increase in the
length of the blade, the predicted power is more.

Fig.3 Second site, same tower height 300 m, different blade length 5, 7.5, 10
m

Fig. 3 shows the power predictioon for Jambhulwadi hill. The

tower height considered is 30 m.
m the wind turbine blade
length is 5, 7.5 and 10 m.

Fig. 1 Flow chart for calculating power using propossed method

Fig.4 Third site, same tower height 30 m,

m different blade length 5, 7.5, 10 m
Fig. 4 shows the power prediction for Taaljai hill. The tower
height considered is 30 m. the wind turbbine blade length is
5, 7.5 and 10 m.
Fig.5 Forth site, same tower height 30 m, different blade
b length 5, 7.5, 10
m [12] Datta. S. Chavan, Aditi Rana, Mahal
Fig. 5 shows the power prediction for Jambhulwadi
J lake.
The tower height considered is 30 m. the wind turbine blade
length is 5, 7.5 and 10 m.
CONCLUSIONS
The method of prediction of wind powerr for a given site is
simple. It involves less equipment as twoo anemometers are
sufficient for the survey. Time requiredd for the survey is
less as the wind speed is recorded in threee seasons for short
duration. The method involves all seasonns so wind speed in
different seasons is also accounted. Thhe wind speed at
morning, afternoon and night is also recoorded, so the wind
speed at different times is also consiidered. Manpower
requirement is less. The calculations involved in the
methods are simple. Expenditure reqquired for power
prediction is less. Wind Turbine can be b selected for the
given site using this method of prediction of power.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am highly obliged to management of Suzlon
S Energy Ltd.
for technical support and visit to wind farms
fa at Satara and
Supe. I am thankful to Suzlon Generators Ltd. for visit to the
plant. I am thankful to army institute of technology for
providing equipment.
REFERENCES
Periodicals:
[1] Datta Chavan, S.D. Bhide and P.B. Karaandikar, “Influence of
horizontal wind shear on flicker emission severity in wind farm”,
Elsevier International Journal of Eneergy for Sustainable
Development, Paper selected to publish in 20144.
[2] Larsson, A.,“Flicker emission of wind turbiines during continuous
operation”, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion,vol.17 , Issue: 1 2002,
pp. 114 – 118.
[3] Tao Sun ; Zhe Chen ; Blaabjerg, F. ,“Flicker study on variable speed
wind turbines with doubly fed induction gennerators ”, IEEE Trans.
Energy Conversion, vol. 20 , Issue 4, 2005 , ppp. 896 – 905.
[4] Vilar, C. ; Amaris, H. ; Usaola, J.,“Propagatioon of Flicker in Electric
Power Networks Due to Wind Energy Conveersions Systems”, IEEE
Trans. Power Engineering, vol. 22, Issue 5,
2002 ,pp. 65 – 66.
[5] Barahona, B.; Sørensen, P.; Chrristensen, L.; Sørensen, T.; Nielsen,
H.K.; Larsén, X.G. ,“Validation off the Standard Method for Assessing
Flicker From Wind Turbines”,IEE EE Trans. Energy Conversion vol. 26
, Issue 1, 2011 , pp. 373 – 378.
Books:
[6] Bhim Singh, Ambrish Chandra, Kamal Al-Haddad, “Power Quality:
Problems and Mitigation Techniqques”, John Wiley & Sons. 2015, pp.
[7] J. Arrillaga, N. R. Watson, S. S Chen, “ Power system quality
assessment”, John Wiley & Sons,, 2000, pp.
[8] Pierluigi Caramia, Guido Carpinnelli, Paola Verde, “ Power Quality
Indices in Liberalized Markets ”, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, pp.
[9] Zia Ul-Haque Syed , “ Power Quality
Q ”,Publisher California State
University, Sacramento, 2005, ppp.
[10] Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. Mcgrranaghan, Surya Santosa and H.
Wayne Beaty, book on Electrrical Power System Quality, Tata
McGrahill. Pp
[11] Richard L. Hills, “power from wind”,
w Cambridge University Press,
Great Britain.
Papers from Conference Prooceedings (Published):
M Raj Singh, S. D. Bhide, P. B.
Karandikar, “ Modeling of Flicker due to Vertical Wind Shear
initiated by vegetation in a Rivverside Wind Turbine Using Wind
Tunnel”, IEEE 2nd Internationaal Conference on Devices, Circuits
and Systems – ICDCS 2014, Karuunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu, India., March 6-8, 2014.
[13] Datta Chavan, S.D. Bhideand P.B.P Karandikar, “Effect of vertical
wind shear on flicker in wind farm”, IEEE Global Humanitarian
Technology Conf., South Asia Satellite, GHTCSAS, Trivandrum,
Kerala, India, 23-24 August 20133.
[14] Datta Chavan, S.D. Bhide andd P.B. Karandikar, “Influence of
horizontal wind shear on flicker emission severity in wind farm”, 4th
International Conference on Advdvances in Energy Research ICAER
2013, Indian Institute of technnology, IIT, Mumbai, India 10-12
December, 2013.
Dissertations:
[15] Ake Larsson, “Power quality of wind turbines”, Ph.D. Dissertation,
Department of Electric Power Engineering,
E Chalmers University of
Technology, Sweden, 2000.
[17] Pedro Rosas, “Dynamic influennces of wind power on the power
system”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Secttion of Electric Power Engineering,
Orsted Institute, Technical Univeersity of Denmark,. Mar. 2003.
Standards:
[18] IEC 61400-21, Measurement and a assessment of power quality
characteristics of grid conneccted wind turbines, International
Electrotechnical Commission, 2001.
Websites:
[19] http://www.theweatherprediction.com
BIOGRAPHIES
Dattta. S. Chavan is pursuing
Ph.D. inn Electrical Engineering. He
receivedd BE and ME (Electrical)
(Power systems) with rank certificate
from Puune University, Pune, India.
He is presently an Associate
Professoor, Co-ordinator (R&D cell),
Co-ordinnator (Ph.D. Program
Manageement) in Bharati Vidyapeeth
Deemedd University College of
Engineeering Pune, India. He has total
24 years of industrial and teachiing experience. He guided 20
Bachelor’s and 15 Master’s projects. He visited total 70
industries and R and D instituttions. He published total 60
papers out of which 30 papers are presented at conferences
organized in India, Malaysia and Canada and 30 are
international journal papers. He H was invited as session
chairman for IEEE conference in Malaysia. He also filed 2
Indian patents. He worked as a technical program committee
 member and designated reviewer for 10 IEEE and
international conferences organized at Bali Indonesia,
Bandung, Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaaysia, Langkawi,
Malaysia, Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia, Melaka
M Malaysia,
Calicut Kozikode , Kerala, Kochi, Keralla, and Jaypur
Rajasthan. He is a member of IEEE USA, member
m of power
and energy society of IEEE USA, member of Institution of
Engineers, India, member of Institution off Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering, India, meember of Indian
Society for Technical Education, India, member of Indian
Society of Lighting Engineers, India, membeer of rose society
of Pune, India, and member of friends of empress Garden,
Pune India. His research area is wind energy. email-
greenearth1234@yahoo.com.
Pooja Kulahari is inn Army Institute
of technology. Herr aarea interst is
wind energy and communication
Email-
poojakumari_12340@ @aitpune.edu.in

Dr. P. B. Karaandikar is Ph.D. in

Electrical Engineering and ME
Electrical from COE EP, Pune, India. He
is working as a Professor
P in Army
Institute of Technoology, Pune, India,
since last 20 years. He published total
50 papers out of o which 25 are
conference papers including 20 IEEE
papers in India, Singapore, Dubai
Malaysia and Canadda. Five papers are
international journall papers. He guided
5 master’s students and 4 Ph.D. students. Hee published one text
book. He acquired seven Indian patents in his crredit.
email :-pbkarandikar@gmail.com