Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

Review

Energy harvesting from fluid flow using piezoelectrics: A critical

review
Maryam Hamlehdar a, Alibakhsh Kasaeian a, *, Mohammad Reza Safaei b, c
a
Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
b
Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
c
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The ambient energy as an available and harvestable energy source which has a high potential to generate
Received 20 August 2018 electricity for powering electronics devices. Piezoelectric materials, as one of the well-known energy
Received in revised form harvesting mechanisms, play a significant role in converting ambient energy into electrical energy,
2 May 2019
particularly in small electronic devices such as measuring devices in remote or hostile environments
Accepted 17 May 2019
Available online 18 May 2019
where batteries are not an acceptable option. For this reason, piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) can
help to optimize the weight of structures. In addition, PEH can produce an output voltage in response to
the inputs such as thermal, electrical, mechanical and electromagnetic energies. This paper provides a
Keywords:
Energy harvesting
holistic review of the energy harvesting techniques from fluid flow using piezoelectric materials. To this
Piezoelectric energy harvester end, the recently conducted research studies in the context of energy harvesting based on the fluid flow
Fluid flow motion have been reviewed, considering various modeling and methods for improving the PEH effi-
Energy generation ciency. Various types of energy harvesting mechanisms, based on vibration by using piezoelectric, have
been investigated to identify their opportunities and challenges.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1826
2. PEH in the wind flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1828
2.1. Energy harvesting from VIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1828
2.1.1. Energy harvesting from Vortex Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1828
2.1.2. Energy harvesting from Helmholtz resonators and turbulent layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829
2.2. Energy harvesting from FIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829
2.2.1. Presentation of nonlinear theoretical and experimental models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1830
2.3. Energy harvesting from galloping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1830
3. PEH in water flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1830
4. Piezoelectric wave harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1832
5. Conclusion and suggestion for future works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1835
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1835

1. Introduction

Nowadays, the energy security and environmental concerns,

caused by fossil fuels consumption, have attracted the global
* Corresponding author. attention to sustainable and renewable energy sources. A wide
E-mail addresses: akasa@ut.ac.ir (A. Kasaeian), cfd_safaei@tdtu.edu.vn variety of processes and techniques have been studied and
(M.R. Safaei).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.078
0960-1481/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M. Hamlehdar et al. / Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838
developed to take advantage of new energies. It is obvious that
generating electrical energy, as one of the most pervasive energy
carriers, has of great importance in recent decades. Various types of
ambient energy sources include mechanical, thermal, chemical,
electromagnetic and solar energy with a wide range of energy
density harvest energy from the ambient sources to power. Owing
to the fact that the size and energy consumption of electronic de-
vices are still diminishing, energy harvesting is capable of providing
self-powered devices. Technological advances, in particular, the
design of vibration-based energy harvesters (VBEH) in the con-
version of energy from sources such as the sun [1], wind [2],
biomass [3] and vibration-based energy harvesting [4], lead to
noticeable attention on the powering of small electronic devices.
VBEHs could convert mechanical vibration into an output power for
applications in the low-power electronic devices [5].
Many portable electronic types of equipment, like sensors and
other monitoring devices, are filled with chemical batteries.
Replacement of batteries often can be high-cost, especially if the
device is continuously active, or if a large number of batteries need
to be replaced immediately. Regarding the significant reductions in
power consumption of portable equipment, VBEHs have been a
promising alternative for batteries [6,7]. Although, compared to the
other energy sources, mechanical energy is almost available
everywhere, the frequency and range of mechanical vibrations in
the environment are often variable [8,9]. Therefore, it is essential to
find suitable methods for energy harvesting, which are tolerant to
change the environments. The VBEHs, in comparison to the
chemical batteries, could result in continuous and cost-effective
power. In addition, when chemical batteries are released in the
environment, their remnants could cause considerable environ-
mental pollution and hazard, while VBEHs do not require perma-
nent replacement. One of the main issues related to the VBEHs is
their operating frequency bandwidth. The VBEHs are just effective
in the very limited bandwidth near their resonant frequencies. If
the vibrational frequency of the environment is far from the reso-
nant frequency of the device, the energy which could be extracted,
would be significantly reduced. For this reason, they would be
inefficient in practical applications, as the environmental vibrations
are randomly occurred. Therefore, some methods are required to
increase the effective frequency bandwidth, and thus, increase the
efficiency of the VBEHs. The kinetic energy, resulting from the
ambient mechanical vibration, has been the most convenient
source of electrical energy [10,11]. Several transduction mecha-
nisms could be used to transfer the kinetic energy of the environ-
ment to electrical energy. The main methods are the electrostatic
[12e14], piezoelectric [15e19], electromagnetic [20e22] and
hybrid methods [23e25]. Transferring of the ambient energy based
on the fluid-electric effects [26e29] and the triboelectric conductor
[30] are other energy conversion methods, which are known in
recent years. Among the various techniques of energy harvesting,
the vibration PEH has several advantages over other solutions,
including high-density power output, high output voltage, and
intrinsic cross conversion capabilities [31e33].
The piezoelectric was introduced by Brothers Jacques and Pierre
Curie [34,35]. Positive and negative charge equivalents on both
sides of a piezoelectric material are produced when it is subjected
to a suitable directional tensile stress (direct piezoelectric effect);
while the shape of the material is changed relative to the surface of
the applied electric field (reverse piezoelectric effect) [9]. When the
piezoelectric structures are distorted through some mechanical
loads, such as human motion, sound waves, wind or mechanical
vibrations, the process of flux separation results in a potential for
piezoelectric that causes an electric current to control the low-
power electrons. When an external stress is applied, piezoelectric
materials generate an electrical potential in the polar path. Instead,
1827
when an electric field is applied to the material, they would be
under mechanical tension. Piezoelectric materials include ceramic,
crystal, thin/thick films, composite, polymer, polar glass, etc. [36].
Piezoelectric materials are used in many applications such as
transducers [37e41], sensors [42e46] and energy harvesting
[43,44,47]. Numerous piezoelectric materials are suitable for the
energy harvesting applications, but the most famous ones are zinc
oxide (ZnO) [48e52], lead zirconate titanate (PZT) [53e57], poly-
vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) [58e62] and aluminum nitride (AlN)
[63e65]. The growth of nanostructure piezoelectric materials is a
relatively recent development, and understanding of the nano-
sized effects on the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties is
being considered with new methods of construction and new ap-
plications [66,67]. Several designs have been reported with a va-
riety of nanostructures for the optimal conversion of mechanical
energy into electrical energy, mainly by using piezoelectric effects
[68].
The production of energy, driven by fluid movements, is now a
significant process in the field of energy harvesting. Due to the
discovery of the energy transduction from the movement of ionic
liquids, the phenomenon of producing electrical potential is
increased by driving an ionic liquid through channels (or cavities)
under a pressure gradient [69]. The literature shows the potential
for implementing this effect in a wide range of applications (from
nano-scale to large-scale energy production systems) [70,71]. Some
researchers have investigated the piezoelectric harvester perfor-
mance in water [72], studied the control of the frequency and
wideband of energy harvesting devices [73], and offered the vi-
bration energy harvesting through the bi-stable systems [74,75].
Many probing works have been concentrated on vibration in
accordance with piezoelectric, to convert the ambient energy into
electrical power [76e80].
The utilization of the piezoelectric materials for power genera-
tion has been reviewed a few decades ago [81,82], and the authors
in Ref. [83] assessed some active wind energy harvesting designs.
Different techniques have been reported in Ref. [84] to improve the
harvested energy. Also, some review have been conducted to
harness energy based on vibrations [85,86]. Wei. [87] introduced
the theory and modeling approaches of vibration energy harvesting
through three methods to improve the system efficiency. The
vortex-induced vibration has been considered in Ref. [88] to classify
this phenomenon into many categories, and different methods for
each category have been assessed. Yildirim et al. [6] reviewed the
methods for improving the performance of VBEH. In another work,
Tran et al. [89] conducted a review on the nonlinear methods which
could increase the efficiency of energy harvesters including the
random loading, the multi-degree freedom (DOF), the internal
resonance, the stopping methods, and the parametric excitations.
Zhang et al. [90] focused on piezoelectric ceramic Ba (Ti0.8Zr0.2)
O3-(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BCZT) in detail. Tarelho et al. [91] conducted a
review on the energy harvesting based on the graphene structure
materials in contact with ionic and non-ionic fluids. Elahi et al. [92]
presented a study on the various mechanisms of energy harvesting
based on the fluid-structure interaction. Fei et al. [93] concentrated
on the properties and applications of AlN piezoelectric for energy
scavenging. Yan et al. [94] tested the performance enhancement of
piezoelectric nanogenerators, based on PVDF.
The usage of piezoelectric for vibrational energy scavenging is
very effective, because a piezoelectric device is simple and light-
weight in comparison to the other energy harvesters. The appli-
cations of piezoelectric devices for harnessing energy in fluid flow
such as wind and water is important because of its potential in the
real life. Additionally, the fluid flow has a high potential to generate
electrical energy in the channel and pipeline. Energy harvesting
from ocean wave motions is being developed, as an alternative
1828 M. Hamlehdar et al. / Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838
energy resource to achieve electrical energy. The usage of piezo-
electric wave energy harvester for energy extraction from the
motion of ocean waves is capable of generating electrical output for
the small electric applications.
In this paper, an overview of energy harvesting is provided, with
a main focus on the usage of piezoelectric in energy harvesting
from fluid flow. In this paper, in section 2, the PEH in wind flow is
reviewed. Variable techniques of energy scavenging by means of
PEH have been presented to enhance the efficiency and harvested
power from the motion of wind flow. The nonlinear mathematical
models are presented to improve the performance and output
power. The research works, conducted on the PEH in the water
flow, are reviewed in section 3. In section 4, the piezoelectric wave
energy harvesters are surveyed.
2. PEH in the wind flow
In the context of ambient energy recovery, energy-harnessing
by fluid-structure interaction has become a hot research area for
power supply with numerous studies reported [95]. Significant
studies have been done on the vibration-based aeroelastic energy
harvesting by means of piezoelectric materials like the flutter-
induced vibrations (FIV), vortex-induced vibrations (VIV),
galloping. The flow-induced vibration is a quite common phe-
nomenon, such as the flapping flags and leafs in the wind, the
flapping water weeds in the flowing water and the swing kelp in
tides. Therefore, researchers have shown great interest in energy
harvesting using piezoelectric materials from the flow-induced
vibration. The flow-induced vibration includes the FIV and VIV,
and the fluids include both liquid flow and air flow. The flow-
induced vibration has proved to be an excellent excitation mech-
anism for vibration-based energy harvesting. Both VIV and FIV are
fluid elastic instabilities, which could cause periodic forces to act on
elastic structure; so that the structural and fluid dynamics are
coupled. The modeling and design techniques have been proposed
to improve the efficiency for the VIV energy harvester [96].
2.1. Energy harvesting from VIV
In the field of energy harvesting from VIV, the most identified
concept is the circular cylinder which is placed in the wake of a
piezoelectric cantilever beam, as seen in Fig. 1 [9]. The VIV of cir-
cular cylinders has been developed to convert the ambient vibra-
tion energy into an output power [97e100]. Xie et al. [101]
suggested a flexible piezoelectric cylinder to harness energy from
flow-induced vibrations. The output power and performance of the
harvester were determined by using a one-dimensional mathe-
matical model. For a cylinder with a length and diameter of 40 cm
and 1 cm and the air flow speed of 5 m/s, the shedding could
generate about 103 W of electrical energy under the lowest flexural
resonant frequency of the cylinder.
Fig. 1. Diagram of piezoelectric harvester based on the VIV [9][Reprinted with
permission from Elsevier].
Hobbs and Hu [102] examined a small size power scavenging
device for harvesting wind energy through VIV. A linear array of
four cylinders, connected to the piezoelectric energy transducers,
was vibrated by a uniform flow. They demonstrated that the
generated power depended on several factors including the cylin-
der spacing, the flow speed, and the relevant situation of the cyl-
inder in the array. Also, the flow speed was another important
parameter in the peak power in the VIV frequency, which was 1.6
times higher than the natural frequency of the cylinders. Wen et al.
[103] analyzed a VIV energy harvester system in fluid flow with the
objective to optimize the harvester, based on the VIV pressure.
With this regard, a cuboid-shaped bluff body was considered and
compared to a cylinder-shaped bluff body. Lastly, the output power
of 1 mW could be generated under a 100 kU resistor load with an air
flow velocity of 2 m s-1.
Weinstein et al. [104] purposed an energy harvesting device
with adding a fin to the piezoelectric cantilever, which was excited
by the VIV in the unsteady air flow. They reported that, in cir-
cumstances of small weights along the fin, the resonant flow speeds
could range from 2 to 5 m.s
1. Gao et al. [105] reported a wind
energy harvesting system containing a piezoelectric cantilever
(PEC) with a cylindrical extension. The principle of their work was
based on the energy harvesting from the VIV phenomenon via a
piezoelectric beam, attached to the end of a cylinder. This device
was more efficient than the piezoelectric windmill, eel, and leaf. Dai
et al. [106] suggested a theoretical model for energy capturing by
using a piezoelectric cantilever beam, which was attached to a
circular cylinder. This model was developed based on the nonlinear
distributed-parameter model to harvest energy from VIV, which
was validated by the experimental results of Akaydin et al. [98].
Goushcha et al. [107] harvested the vibration energy, based on the
VIV using a flexible piezoelectric beam. Xu-Xu et al. [108] evaluated
the issue of energy extraction of fluid flow through the VIV of a
circular cylinder in a dual-mass formation. The limitations and
benefits of the redesigning with respect to the absence of the dual-
mass, were also presented. This analysis had a focus on the effi-
ciency improvement of energy extraction.
2.1.1. Energy harvesting from Vortex Street
For a bluff body which is subjected to the fluid flows, since its
edge is in contact with the flows, the fluid pressure achieves the
stagnation pressure. Thus, increasing the flow velocity to a critical
value makes unstable pressure on the whole bluff body. So, the
Vortex Street or the Ka
rm
an Vortex Street occurs as a vortices
configuration. This street involves the vortices that shed from both
sides of the bluff body. It is worth to note that, the using of PEH for
energy scavenging from structural vibration-induced by the wind
has been expanded [109]. For making the periodic oscillation by
considering the Ka
rma
n Vortex Street forces, the piezo-aeroelastic
energy harvesters should have been placed in the wake of a bluff
body to generate the harvested output power [110e112]. The
flapping-leaf is an approach for energy harvesting based on the
Ka
rma
n Vortex Street, which is composed of a flexible membrane
with a piezoelectric polymer PVDF cantilever. By passing the
airflow through the bluff body, the vortices produce the fluctuated
leaf; after that, the PVDF cantilever produces electrical energy
[113].
Dunnmon et al. [114] developed an aeroelastic energy harvester
with some piezoelectric patches placed on a flexible flap. This
harvester was placed at the end of a bluff body and excited by a
uniform axial flow of a flapping flag. They reported an output po-
wer of 2.5 mW in a wind speed of 27 m s-1 with the generator ef-
ficiency of 17%. Li et al. [115] presented a type of flapping-leaf,
which worked based on the aeroelastic flapping. The device was
in dangling cross-flow stalk, which converted wind energy into
 M. Hamlehdar et al. / Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838 1829

electrical energy. This kind of system improved the vibration in

comparison to the conventional flow-parallel fluttering systems,
and it was convenient for the low-cost organic piezo-materials.

2.1.2. Energy harvesting from Helmholtz resonators and turbulent

layer
Ordinarily, for the optimal operation of the energy harvesters, it
is necessary to match the beam frequency and the predominant
frequency of the flow. For matching the resonance frequencies, a
combination of the Helmholtz resonators and the piezoelectric
harvesters have been offered for harvesting the airflow energy
[116,117]. Matova et al. [118] studied a packaged energy harvester,
including the packaged micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
PEH and the Helmholtz resonator. They demonstrated that this
system could be efficient, compared to the unpackaged energy
harvesters, when the viscous effect of the air inside the Helmholtz
cavity was removed by the package. Also, it converted the airflow
Fig. 2. A schematic of the piezoelectric in a flow field and the concept of placing an
energy into the air oscillations for the generation of electrical po- elastic beam into Vortex Street to induce vibration [85] [Reprinted with permission
wer by the piezoelectric harvester. The experimental results from Springer].
showed a maximum output power of 2 mW in an airflow speed of
13 m s-1.
Unlike the other energy harvesting models such as VIV, FIV, or Between these beams, a beam with lead zirconate titanate PZT
acoustic resonance, the turbulence-induced vibration (TIV) could patch could achieve the highest output power at the similar
have a negative influence. However, these types of energy har- orientation of b ¼ 0.
vesting methods, based on vibrations, are valuable for generating
power, particularly where the energy harvesting occurs along an
elastic structure exposed to turbulent flow [119]. In some studies, 2.2. Energy harvesting from FIV
the PEH has been investigated by means of VIV [105,110], flapping
motions [120], hydraulic pressure, and impeller structures [121]. In the FIV energy harvester, the aerodynamic forces produce
Hobeck and Inman [122] harvested energy by using a piezoelectric quick periodic motion through the structure of natural vibration,
grass with considering a distributed parameter model from TIV. and this method would not be appropriate in a liquid flow because
This device, with an array of vertically-erected piezoelectric canti- of high damping [113]. From the energy harvesting point of view,
levers, was designed to achieve the maximum output power at a the piezoelectric energy harvesting device is located in a flow field
highly turbulent internal flow environment. According to the and excited to undergo large limit-cycle oscillation, which could be
experimental measurements, these harvesters could generate an converted into the electrical energy; so, the flow speed has an
output power of 1.0 mW per cantilever in the wind speed of important influence on the performance of the piezo-aeroelastic
11.5 m s
1. Hobeck and Inman [123] developed a numerical model systems. The structure of the FIV energy harvester is demon-
for simulation of the distributed TIV force of a unimorph cantilever strated in Fig. 3, with an airfoil profile, which is placed in the wake
in wind tunnel. of a piezoelectric cantilever beam [127e131].
In the past decade, the characteristics of piezoelectric have been Many efforts in the area of FIV aeroelastic phenomena have been
examined to increase the energy harvesting in the fluid ambient. devoted to harness the energy from airfoil profiles [133e136]. Ju-
Akaydin et al. [124] considered a flexible piezoelectric cantilever nior et al. [17] developed time-domain simulations of cantilevered
beam, located in the turbulent boundary layers and the wakes of plates with embedded piezo-ceramic materials to predict the
circular cylinders at the high Reynolds numbers. This harvester electrical power output of PEH plates. Bryant and Garcia [137]
composed of a PVDF layer and a Mylar substrate. They developed a conducted a time-domain modeling of aeroelastic vibration, as a
computing structure, which met the structural and electrical gov- piezoelectric energy harvesting. This system could be utilized as an
erning equations of the fluid flow solver to confirm the experi- alternative energy source for placement in the urban areas. De
mental results (Fig. 2). The statistical simulations and the Marqui et al. [129] reported a finite-element (FE) model, based on
experimental results had a good agreement for the harvest output the vortex-lattice method, as a piezo-aeroelastic model. The per-
voltage. The peak output power, which was a function of the formance of the model for two electrodes (continuous and
piezoelectric generator position in the wind tunnel, was deter- segmented) was evaluated and compared at different airflow
mined as 0.06 mW. Akaydin et al. [97] assessed the effectiveness of
an aeroelastic energy harvesting from the wakes of circular cylin-
ders, under high Reynolds numbers, by using some piezoelectric
beams in the wind tunnel. Controlling the frequency of the
harvester was significantly effective on the peak output power.
Goushcha [125] tested different piezoelectric beams placed in the
boundary layer of wind flow at a random excitation, caused by
turbulence, which was reported in the work of Andreopoulos &
Agui [126] and Andreopoulos & Honkan [96]. The influence of
distances from the wall and the velocities on the output power
were assayed. The experimental results revealed that the harvester
operation could be improved in the near positions of the wall and
the higher velocities. Also, the electrical power was evaluated and
compared with several beams at different orientations (b, a). Fig. 3. Schematic of an FIV PEH [132] [Reprinted with permission from Elsevier].
1830 M. Hamlehdar et al. / Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838
speeds. The results revealed that the segmented electrodes
enhanced the output power. In another paper, De Marqui et al.
[138] offered a FE model to scavenge the airflow excitation of a
cantilevered plate into electricity, by using an embedded piezo-
ceramic. The proposed model was based on the Doublet lattice
method. The piezo-aeroelastic equations were solved by using the
thin-plate (Kirchhoff) scheme, considering an electromechanical
method and the optimization parameters.
2.2.1. Presentation of nonlinear theoretical and experimental
models
Michelin and Doare [139] presented a model for scavenging
energy based on the FIV of a flexible plate in an axial flow, by using
piezoelectric patches attached to the surface of a flag. The electrical
output and optimization parameters were determined by a
nonlinear statistical model. The results demonstrated that the in-
tensity of the piezoelectric coupling, the wind speed, and the
inertia ratio affected the system efficiency. The maximum har-
vested energy occurred under a high fluid loading when the flap-
ping frequency could be adapted to the output circuit time scale. So,
the flapping frequency was accounted as the most important factor
for the improvement of the harvester efficiency. Kwon [140]
considered a T-shaped piezoelectric cantilever to harvest energy
from fluid flow, based on the aeroelastic FIV. This device made the
Vortex Street structure over the cantilever to respond to axial flow.
The experimental results indicated that a wind speed of 4 m s
1
could be attained under the natural fluid flow. Some designs of
energy harvester, based on flutter, have reported the linear flutter
velocity as a considerable factor, which could improve the har-
vested output power [141]. Bibo and Daqaq [132,142] theoretically
and experimentally evaluated the behavior of a flutter-based piezo-
aeroelastic energy harvesting device, by the combination of base
excitations and aerodynamic loadings at distinct loading forma-
tions. Their results revealed that the wind speed in comparison to
the linear flutter speed could enhance the efficiency of the
harvester in both lower and upper speeds.
In the past few years, many investigations have also been con-
ducted on the introducing nonlinearities in the piezoelectric
coupling energy harvesting. Those have an extensive influence on
the coupling between the environmental excitation and the
harvester to a broader range of frequencies [135,143,144]. Dowell
et al. [145] examined a nonlinear structural of aeroelastic energy
harvesting via piezoelectric transduction and airfoil formations.
One of the most typical configurations for the PEH has been either a
unimorph or a bimorph piezoelectric cantilever beam. Many
studies have been done related to this configuration, with the aim
of increasing the power output [146e149]. Abdelkefi et al. [134]
analyzed a nonlinear model to maximize the electrical power of the
piezo-aeroelastic energy harvesters. Their proposed harvester
contained a rigid airfoil, which was ensured by nonlinear torsional
and flexural springs in the pitch and plunge motions. It was found
that the torsional spring change had the most effect on the har-
vested energy, while the change in the electrical load resistance
was inconsequential on the flutter speed, and the pitch and plunge
motions.
2.3. Energy harvesting from galloping
The galloping piezoelectric energy harvester can be classified
into two types of galloping mechanisms: transverse galloping
[150,151] and wake galloping [152,153]. The transverse galloping
based PEH contains a prismatic construction (square, D-shape, or
triangle, etc.) and piezoelectric materials which are attached to the
free and fixed ends of elastic cantilever beam, respectively, as seen
in Fig. 4. When, the flow velocity exceeds a critical value, the bluff
Fig. 4. An example of a galloping-based PEH [9] [Reprinted with permission from
Elsevier].
body subjected into the airflow, is affected by transverse fluctua-
tions, called galloping. In the wake galloping-based PEH, in addition
of the bluff body attached to the free end of the beam, there is
another bluff body placed in front of it. According to the fact that
vibrations are induced in the spacing distance, the situation of the
front bluff body has an important rule [154e156]. Some authors
have carried out studies to consider the impact of different pa-
rameters on the galloping constructions [157e160].
Sirohi and Mahadik [157] proposed a wind energy harvesting
from transverse galloping with a D-shaped cross-section geometry.
A Quasi-steady approximation was used to estimate the aero-
dynamic force. The power, generated by the piezoelectrics, was
considered as a function of the wind speed; so that the increase in
the wind speed could optimize the output power. Their results
demonstrated a harvested power more than 50 mW in the wind
speed of 11.6 miles per hour. A summary of the piezoelectric energy
harvesters in wind flow studies is shown in Table 1.
3. PEH in water flow
Nevertheless, the hydroelectric systems are mainly used in large
scales for generating electrical power, but water has received great
attention as a small-scale energy resource, to produce electrical
power [161]. Installing energy harvesters in the pipeline could be
used as small-scale devices of energy scavenging. For this reason,
energy harvester devices with piezoelectric techniques have been
developed for the internal fluid flow. In this regard, many studies
have been carried out on energy harvesting based on the using of
the piezoelectric materials in fluid flow in channels. Lee et al. [169]
used a piezoelectric flow energy harvesting device, containing a
cantilevered transducer with one or several piezoelectric material
layers attached to its surface. Fluid moved based on the vibration of
a cantilever, placed in a converging-diverging channel. They used
this structure to power some small-scale systems. The experi-
mental results demonstrated a harvested energy of 20 mW at the
flow rate of 20 L.min-1 and the pressure drop of 165 kPa. Shan et al.
[162] evaluated the water-induced vibration energy harvesting,
based on the VIV and using a piezoelectric made of macro fiber
composite (MFC). The schematic of the energy harvester is shown
in Fig. 5. The experimental results show an output power of 1.32 mw
by considering the numerical data.
Song et al. [163] presented a bicylinder VIV PEH to scavenge
energy in water flow. They investigated the load resistance, cylin-
der diameter, and water speed as the most important parameters to
optimize the electrical power. The maximum harvested energy was
reported as 21.86 mW. In another work, Song et al. [164] considered
a new energy-harvesting system with an upright cylinder to har-
vest the energy undergoing VIV from water flow. The maximum
output power of this harvester was 84.49 mW. The structure of this
harvester is shown in Fig. 6. Shan et al. [72] studied two similar
 M. Hamlehdar et al. / Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838 1831

Table 1
Summary of the studies about PEHs in wind flow.

Authors technique Brief Title Highlights Ref.

Xie et al. VIV Piezoelectric harvester based on flow- Investigating the performance of a flexible piezoelectric cylinder by using a one-dimensional [101]
induced model, the generated power: 103 W, (2012).
Hobbs and VIV Tree-inspired piezoelectric A linear array of four cylinders attached to piezoelectric transducers in the wind was studied, [102]
Hu (2012).
Wen et al. VIV Modeling of fluid kinetic energy Optimization of the harvester based on a cuboid-shaped bluff body and output power of 1 mW [103]
harvester was presented, (2014).
Weinstein VIV Piezoelectrics in air conditioning Presenting a piezoelectric energy harvesting device based on VIV with adding a fin in unsteady [104]
et al. air flow, (2012).
Gao et al. VIV Piezoelectric cantilevers with a Energy harvester containing a piezoelectric beam attached to the end of a cylinder in the wind [105]
cylindrical extension was reported, (2013).
Dai et al. VIV Nonlinear analysis of piezoelectric Study of piezoelectric cantilever beam attached to a circular cylinder based on the nonlinear [106]
distributed model, (2014).
Goushcha VIV Flexible beam in fluidic energy Harvesting vibration energy based on VIV using a flexible beam piezoelectric, (2014). [107]
et al.
Xu-Xu et al. VIV VIV of a circular cylinder The efficiency, based on a circular cylinder in a dual-mass formation, was improved, (2016). [108]
Dunnmon Flapping Aeroelastic limit cycle oscillations The piezoelectric patches placed on a flexible flap in a wind speed of 27 m s-1 were presented, [114]
et al. (2011).
Li et al. Flapping Wind harvester using cross-flow A type of flapping-leaf based on aeroelastic flapping converted wind energy into electrical [115]
fluttering energy, (2011).
Hobeck and TIV Artificial piezoelectric grass in TIV A piezoelectric grass and a distributed parameter model of TIV were considered, (2012). [122]
Inman
Hobeck and TIV Statistical model in TIV A numerical model was presented for the distributed TIV force of a unimorph cantilever, [123]
Inman (2014).
Matova et al. TIV Harvesting by a micromachined A packaged harvester, involving a MEMS piezoelectric and a Helmholtz resonator, generated [118]
piezoelectric 2 mW energy, (2011).
Akaydin et al. TIV Piezoelectrics for unsteady flows Flexible piezoelectric cantilever beams were located in the turbulent boundary layers for [124]
generating 0.06 mW, (2010).
Akaydin et al. TIV Wake of a cylinder Wakes of circular cylinders were assessed, under high Reynolds numbers by using piezoelectric [97]
beams, (2010).
Goushcha TIV Piezoelectric transduction in Different piezoelectric beams were considered in a turbulent boundary layer, (2015). [125]
turbulent boundary layers
Junior et al. FE Electromechanical finite element Time-domain modeling of cantilevered plates with embedded piezoceramic materials was [17]
model carried out, (2009).
Bryant and FE An aeroelastic vibration harvester Time-domain modeling of a piezoelectric was used as an alternative energy source for urban [137]
Garcia areas, (2009).
De Marqui FE Piezoaeroelastic analysis of a FE model was implemented, based on the vortex-lattice method for piezoelectric, (2010). [129]
et al. generator wing
De Marqui FE Analysis by the Doublet-Lattice The FE model, by using an embedded piezo-ceramic, was used, (2011). [138]
et al. Method
Michelin and FIV Efficiency of piezoelectric flags in A nonlinear model of the FIV for a flexible plate, located in an axial flow using piezoelectric [139]
Doare axial flows patches were reported, (2013).
Kwon FIV A T-shaped piezoelectric cantilever A T-shaped piezoelectric cantilever was presented based on the aeroelastic flutter, (2010). [140]
Bibo and FIV Aerodynamic of single piezoelectric Flutter-based piezo-aeroelastic energy harvesting device was investigated, (2013). [132,142]
Daqaq generator
Dowell et al. FIV Nonlinear Aeroelasticity Analysis of the nonlinear structure of piezoelectric transduction and airfoil formations, (2003). [145]
Abdelkefi FIV Analysis of piezoaeroelastics A nonlinear model was analyzed to avoid subcritical bifurcation of piezo-aeroelastic harvesters, [134]
et al. (2012).
Sirohi and Galloping Wind harvester for low-power Galloping-based piezoelectric generated a harvested power more than 50 mW in the wind [157]
Mahadik sensors speed of 11.6 miles per hour, (2011).

transducers to harvest energy from a fluid-flow in a small channel.

Fig. 5. Schematic of MFC PEH [162] [Reprinted with permission from Elsevier].
piezoelectric energy harvesters with tandem cylinders, by means of
VIV in water. The performance of the downstream harvester was
dependent on the water velocity, so that the output power was
obtained as 533 mW at the water velocity of 0.412 ms-1.
Hassan et al. [165] utilized a model based on piezoelectric
Discharging the flow around a D-shaped bluff-body, which was
connected to a cantilever beam piezoelectric, motivated the VIV to
convert kinetic energy into electricity. The output voltage was
estimated at 0.7 V, while it could be increased after optimization.
The most common kind of energy harvester based on the K
arma
n
Vortex Street (called as the eel energy harvester), comprises a
flexible membrane with PVDF. The eel energy harvester can
generate power in a wide range according to the system size and
flow speed. The first research based on the eel structure was con-
ducted by Taylor et al. [166] and Allen and Smits [110] to convert
mechanical energy into electrical power. Allen and Smits studied
the behavior of a flexible piezoelectric membrane, placed in the
wake of a bluff body, based on the Ka
rma
n Vortex Street, to extract
energy from fluid motion. Tang et al. [128] conducted an analytical
modeling of flutter-mill to harness electrical energy from fluid flow.
The principle of their harvester was based on the vibration, caused
by the aeroelastic effects, same as the eel schemes of Allen and
Smits [110] and Taylor et al. [166].
1832 M. Hamlehdar et al. / Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838
Fig. 6. Schematic of VIV PEH [164] [Reprinted with permission from Elsevier].
Wang and Ko [109] designed an interesting piezo-aeroelastic
energy harvesting system, based on the Karman Vortex Street.
Their considered system included a PVDF, attached to the end of a
flexible diaphragm, and a pressure chamber was embedded under
this diaphragm where the water passed. The pressure in the
chamber diverted the diaphragm in the upward direction. There-
fore, it was possible to generate the energy, caused by the dia-
phragm oscillations, with the piezoelectric film. The results
presented a maximum voltage of 2.2 V and instantaneous power of
0.2 mW, by using the FE model. Also, Wang et al. [167] used the same
water flow energy harvester, based on the Ka
rma
n Vortex Street
with the placement of the bluff body at the center of the chamber.
Koyvanich et al. [168] offered an energy harvesting system to
convert the energy from fluid flow into an electrical output by
utilizing piezoelectric materials. This system relied on the principle
of a flexible piezo-film as a transducer attached to the end of a bluff
body with the aim of generating vortices in water flow. They re-
ported the maximum output power of 0.18 mW and a harvested
output voltage of 6.6 mV at the load of 1 MU.
It is worthy to notice that the motion fluid is a fundamental
component of the point-of-care (POC) devices. For this reason, the
utilization of micro-pumps has received much attention. Some
micro-pumps such as reciprocating membrane pumps are based on
the volume change, caused by a deflected membrane [169]. This
function is usually attained by the piezoelectric actuators, mainly
the lead zirconate titanate PZT ceramics [170]. The piezoelectric
pump is a micro-pump, which is used in the fluid flow with low
rates. The micro-pump performance could be analyzed through
numerical modeling in the operating conditions. So, this approach
is one of the best ways to achieve an optimal design for the micro-
pumps. In this regard, remarkable research works have been con-
ducted to calculate the flow rate in the kinematic aspects. The
principle of these models is based on the motion of the piezo-
electric membrane to make a volume change. However, these
proposed models have not considered the dynamic behavior of
micro-pumps [171e174]. Most of the experimental and modeling
studies have been concentrated on the valve-less micro-pumps.
Fig. 7 demonstrates the structure of a valve-less micro-pump, as a
single-chamber piezoelectric pump. When a reciprocating piezo-
electric disc moves from one side to another side in a flow, the inlet
pressure Pin increases to the outlet pressure Pout by pumping of the
fluid flow like water [175].
.The first piezoelectric valve-less micro-pump was developed by
Stemme [171] in order to reduce the wear and fatigue of valve, by
using a flow-rectifying diffuser/nozzle elements. Ullmann and Fono
[175] presented a dynamic model to determine the dynamic
behavior of the piezoelectric pumps. Their proposed model was
adapted based on the kinematic model, by considering the accel-
eration of the fluid in the nozzles. In the next work of Ullmann and
Fono [176], a model was simulated to optimize the performance of a
piezoelectric valve-less pump. The performance of this system was
analyzed based on the experimental investigation of the parame-
ters such as the driving frequency and the inlet/outlet length and
diameter of the leading pipes. Zhang and Wang [177] reported a
fuel delivery system by means of fairly extensive modeling of a
piezoelectric valve-less micro-pump. In the structure of micro-
pumps, there is another element, named the valvular conduit,
which has higher volumetric efficiency than the nozzle/diffuser
elements [178]. Morris and Fo €rster [179] also considered a circular
piezoelectric micro-pump actuator. The optimal geometric and
material parameters were achieved based on the FE method.
Recently, a copolymer as poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-
trifluoroethylene) has been developed in microfluidics. Xu and Su
[180] reported a microfluidic pump of PVDF-TrFE (vinylidene
fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene), which was a PVDF. In the other
work, Xia et al. [181] used a micro-pump based on PVDF-TrFE with
an actuator, which had an actuation deflection of 80 mm in an
electric field of 90 V/mm. The micro-pump was implemented as an
electromechanical actuator for a nozzle-diffuser type micro-pump.
Pabst et al. [182] presented the approach of all inkjet-printed
piezoelectric polymer for the PVDF-based actuators. Table 2
shows a summary of the studies about the PEH in water flow.
4. Piezoelectric wave harvesting
Ocean wave energy with the global potential of generating 2 TW
power has been discovered as a steady source of energy harvesting
[184,185]. Generally, the density of the ocean wave energy in
comparison to other renewable energy resources is higher, which is
evaluated to be 4e30 times higher than that of wind energy [186].
Therefore, it is very important to develop wave energy converters
in the context of ocean wave energy harvesting. In other words, the
ocean wave energy has the potential of generating power, because
of its sustainability. Today, the issue of wave energy converters and
the financial subject associated with their applications, has a great
importance, because of the energy crisis and the environmental
concerns [187].The wave energy conversion (WEC) devices have a
Fig. 7. Structure of a valve-less micro-pump [173] [Reprinted with permission from
Elsevier].
 M. Hamlehdar et al. / Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838 1833

Table 2
Summary of the studies about the PEHs in water flow.

Authors technique Brief Title Highlights Ref.

Shan et al. VIV MFC piezoelectric in the water Water-induced vibration based on VIV by using an MFC piezoelectric, generated power of [162]
vortex 1.32 mw, (2014).
Song et al. VIV MFC piezoelectric cantilever A bicylinder VIV piezoelectric harvester in water flow, which generated the power of [163]
with bicylinder 21.86 mW, (2015).
Koyvanich et al. VIV Microscale piezoelectric in A flexible piezo-film as a transducer was attached to the end of a bluff body, (2015). [168]
water way
Song et al. VIV VIV from water using PZT An upright cylinder harvester undergoing VIV from water flow, the harvested output power [164]
was 84.49 mW, (2015).
Shan et al. VIV Tandem piezoelectric with Two similar piezoelectric energy harvesters with tandem cylinders in water were designed, [72]
cylinders (2016).
Hassan et al. VIV Piezoelectric transducer for Piezoelectric transducers harvested energy from fluid flow in a small channel, (2016). [165]
vibration energy
Taylor et al., Allen eel Harvesting by eel The first research based on the eel structure composed a flexible membrane with PVDF, [110,166]
and Smits (2001).
Tang et al. eel Cantilevered flexible plates in Analytical modeling of flutter-mill for harnessing electrical energy from fluid flow was [128]
axial flow used, (2009).
Wang and Ko Karman Harvesting from flow-induced A piezo-aeroelastic energy harvesting system based on the Karman vortex street was [109]
Vortex Street vibration offered, (2010).
Wang et al. Karman A Piezoelectric based on the The water flow energy harvester based on the K
arma
n Vortex Street with a bluff body at the [167]
Vortex Street ka
rma
n vortex street center of the chamber was considered, (2011).
Lee et al. transducer Energy harvesting in internal Cantilevered transducer with one or several piezoelectric material layers were attached to [183]
fluid flow its surface, (2015).
Stemme micro-pump Valve-less diffuser/nozzle The first piezoelectric valve-less micro-pump was studied, (1993). [171]
Ullmann et al. micro-pump Piezoelectric valve-less Pump A dynamic model for the piezoelectric pump was designed, (2001). [175]
Ullmann micro-pump Dynamic model for valve-less The performance of a piezoelectric valve-less pump was optimized, (2002). [176]
pump
Zhang and Wang micro-pump Valve-less micro-pump with Fairly extensive modeling of piezoelectric valve-less micro-pump was conducted, (2006). [177]
ring-type actuator
Morris and Forster micro-pump Circular piezoelectric for a FE method was considered for a circular piezoelectric micro-pump actuator, (2000). [179]
micro-pump
Xu and Su micro-pump Polymer-based micro-pump A microfluidic pump of PVDF-TrFE was investigated, (2005). [180]
diaphragm
Xia et al. micro-pump Electroactive microfluidic pump A micro-pump, based on PVDF-TrFE with actuato,r was studied, (2006). [181]
Pabst et al. micro-pump Inkjet-printed piezoelectric The approach of all inkjet-printed piezoelectric polymer for the PVDF-based actuators was [182]
presented, (2013).

wide variety in comparison to wind energy [188]. From a particular platform moored in a bed, and exited through a buoyant absorber.
point of view, the energy harvesting from ocean wave motion could This converter with two buoys increased the piezoelectric gener-
be considered as an alternative or self-contained power source. In a ator performance. Vinolo et al. [196] developed a WEC device by
research work, the piezoelectric effect was applied to extract 50 kW
of electrical energy per meter of wave [189]. The available power of
ocean energy, as a sustainable energy resource, is accounted for
around 2e3 kW/m2 [190]. Also, because of the obtainable perfor-
mance on piezoelectric harvesters for absorbing energy from wave,
this harvester is known as one of the most useful energy generating
technologies. The previous studies have concentrated on the de-
vices for harvesting energy from sea waves by piezoelectric, which
mainly contain the heaving and pitching bodies, flexible mem-
branes on the ocean surface, and bodies fixed to the ocean bottom
[191].
Recently, the frequency up-conversion technique has been
known to reduce the frequency inconsistency between the energy
harvesting devices and their surroundings [192]. The frequency up-
conversion method is applied for different purposes such as the
generators for low-velocity rotary equipment, and the ocean wave
energy harvesting devices for buoys [73]. Some studies have been
performed to use this approach in the WEC devices. Priya [193]
used the frequency up-conversion technique in the piezoelectric
windmill design by using a mechanical gear. In this system, the
number of gear teeth enhanced the input frequency. Also, the
incorporation of the piezoelectric harvesters into the mooring of
the heaving-based or pitching-based systems have been demon-
strated in some cases [194,195]. Zhang and Lin [186] offered
piezoelectric vibrators for a WEC system based on the frequency
up-conversion technique. The absorbed wave energy was delivered
to piezoelectric vibrators, which were armed in a fluctuating Fig. 8. The structure of a vertical cantilever column with piezoelectric [199] [Reprinted
with permission from Elsevier].
1834 M. Hamlehdar et al. / Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838

Fig. 9. Schematics of energy harvester buoy [197] [Reprinted with permission from Elsevier].

means of some low-cost disk piezoelectric elements, which were
attached to the buoyant structures. This piezoelectric was excited
by the wave motion to generate output power.
Most of the piezoelectric wave energy harvester cases have been
considered to be fixed on the sea bed, but this approach is costly
and typically appropriate in the shallow ocean. Moreover, it is clear
that the amount of the ocean wave energy in the intermediate and
deep ocean, which has a high wave, is larger than the one in the
shallow water [197]. Burns [198] studied a wave energy harvester,
made up of a buoy floating, placed on the ocean surface, while
several anchor chains were fixed on the ocean bed. The harvester
worked based on the interaction of an array of piezoelectric micro-
thin films, placed between the buoy and chains. Xie et al. [189,199]
studied a cantilever attached to the piezoelectric patches, which
was mounted to the ocean bottom to extract the ocean wave energy
from the longitudinal wave motion. In the conducted research by
Xie et al. [199], a power harvester, including a vertical cantilever
column, was mounted on the sea bed and expanded to the ocean
surface. The generated output power was caused by the interaction
between the piezoelectric patches attached to the column and the
longitudinal motion of the waves. The structure of the presented
piezoelectric is shown in Fig. 8.
Wu et al. [197] developed a convenient and cost-effective
approach for energy harvesting from ocean waves using piezo-
electric joined cantilever. This harvester, composed of piezoelectric
joined with the cantilever, attached to a floating buoy, to generate
power from the intermediate and deep ocean waves. Fig. 9 displays
the schematics of the mentioned energy harvester buoy.
Some energy conversion techniques have been developed to
harvest flowing water energies in the oceans and rivers, using
piezoelectric materials. In past decades, researches employed the
base energy harvesters of eel to extract the potential of flowing
power in the ocean or river water flows. This energy harvesting
device works by using the undulating movement of PVDF, caused
by vortices behind a bluff body to the motion of a swimming eel. In
this context, Taylor et al. [166] created and utilized eels to convert
mechanical energy into electrical power from the ocean. They
tested the intended eel in a flow tank with 9.5 inch of length, 3 inch
of width, and 150 mm of thickness. The harvested voltage was
determined as 3 V at the water speed of 0.5 m s-1. Also, the effi-
ciency of the harvester could be improved if the flapping frequency
and the VIV frequency were compatible together.
In summary, the energy harvesting from ocean wave motions
has been developed as an alternative energy source to achieve
electrical energy. The usage of piezoelectric wave energy harvester
for energy extraction from the motion of ocean waves, as an
effective technique, is capable of generating electrical output for
small electric applications. A summary of the studies about the
piezoelectric wave energy harvesters is tabulated in Table 3.

Table 3
Summary of the studies about piezoelectric wave energy harvesters.

Authors Brief Title Highlights Ref.

Priya Modeling of the piezoelectric windmill The frequency up-conversion technique in the piezoelectric windmill design was used, (2005). [193]
Zhang and Ocean wave energy converters Piezoelectric vibrators were designed for a WEC system based on the frequency up-conversion [186]
Lin technique, (2011).
Vinolo et al. Ocean kinetic energy converter WEC device was utilized by means of low-cost disk piezoelectric elements, (2013). [196]
Burns Ocean wave energy conversion A wave energy harvester contained an array of piezoelectric micro-thin films, (1987). [198]
Xie et al. Energy harvesting from transverse ocean Cantilever attached to the piezoelectric patches, (2014). [189]
waves
Xie et al. Potential of piezoelectric for sea waves Piezoelectric patches were attached to a vertical cantilever column, mounted on the sea bed, (2014). [199]
Wu et al. Ocean wave energy harvesting A cost-effective approach was presented for piezoelectric wave energy harvester from the ocean, (2015). [197]
 M. Hamlehdar et al. / Renewable Energy 143 (2019) 1826e1838
5. Conclusion and suggestion for future works
The energy harvesting device, as a stable power source to power
electronic devices and wireless electronics, has received much
attention. Hence, the piezoelectric materials could be used to
convert vibration energy into electrical energy in devices which
could function in the self-powered systems. The PEH from fluid
flow motions is reviewed in this paper. The performances of
piezoelectric fluid energy harvesters, various types of piezoelectric
harvesting devices, and piezoelectric materials are studied. Various
types of energy harvesting mechanisms, based on vibration by
using piezoelectric, have been studied in order to identify their
advantages and weaknesses. Also, in order to develop the PEH
performance, several mathematical models have been presented in
the literature as a fundamental models for future studies.
In the last decades, it was demonstrated that energy harvesting
could be one of the best alternative sources of energy to power
electronic devices. Thus, variable techniques of energy harvesting
by using piezoelectric in fluid flow, have attracted much attention.
Because of its simple geometries and components, many advan-
tages have been shown for the piezoelectric energy harvesting
devices to generate output power from mechanical vibrations en-
ergy. The development of vibration power harvester, based on the
intended modeling of piezoelectric, would make the piezoelectric
harvester as an alternative energy source in the urban areas. Since
for the wind energy harvester, the wind speed has been known as a
key parameter, investigation of this parameter could enhance the
efficiency of the harvester. In order to achieve a higher power
output of energy harvester from water flow in residential water
pipelines, the frequency of the harvester should be increased.
Regarding the wave energy harvesters using piezoelectric mate-
rials, it would be expected that the converters with two buoys in-
crease the piezoelectric generator performance. It is also suggested
to conduct the fundamentals of biomimetic in future energy har-
vesting devices. At last, by considering the safety issues, the
investigation of piezoelectric in energy harvesting from oil pipe-
lines are recommended.
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