Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (2019) 1564e1571

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Review

Pathways for sustainable energy transition

Bin Chen a, *, Rui Xiong b, Hailong Li c, Qie Sun d, Jin Yang e
a
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
b
National Engineering Laboratory for Electric Vehicles, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
c
School of Business, Society and Energy, Ma€lardalen University, 72123, Va
€sterås, Sweden
d
Institute for Advanced Technology, Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
e
School of Economic Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Energy transitions are ongoing processes all over the world. While sustainable solutions are envisioned
Received 9 January 2019 for the future, many societies are still under high-carbon and high-pollution energy regime borne by
Received in revised form fossil fuels. How to design pathways towards sustainable energy transition has attracted worldwide
26 April 2019
concerns. Understanding the possible transition pathways of the energy system requires the integration
Accepted 28 April 2019
of new energy technologies, environmental sciences, economics and management. This Special Issue of
Available online 30 April 2019
Journal of Cleaner Production targets to collect the latest research results on sustainable energy systems,
discover innovative avenues and inspiring models and share knowledge on energy system modelling and
Keywords:
Energy transition
management. In this paper, we identify 4 themes on sustainable energy transition pathways including:
Renewable energy systems (1) Sustainable energy economics and management; (2) Renewable energy generation and consumption;
Energy economics and management (3) Environmental impacts of energy systems; and (4) Electric vehicle and energy storage. Theories,
Electric vehicle technologies, innovative models, and successful experiences are discussed accordingly. It is suggested
that creative, robust and audacious strategies in governance, management and education are needed to
boost sustainable energy transition across various scales and sectors.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1564
2. Objectives of this special issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566
3. Overview of the papers included in this special issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566
3.1. Sustainable energy economics and management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566
3.2. Renewable energy generation and consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1567
3.3. Environmental impacts of energy systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1567
3.4. Electric vehicle and energy storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1568
4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1570
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1570

1. Introduction development (Mundaca et al., 2018). With growing concerns on

energy security and climate change, sustainable energy transition
Energy is critical to economic development and human's wel- has attracted worldwide attentions. The history of energy transi-
fare, and is also inextricably linked to the challenges of sustainable tions has been traced in the last ten years (Smil, 2010), those in
European countries (Gales et al., 2007; Allen, 2009; Kander et al.,
2013) and the U.S. (Jones, 2014). Although empirical studies and
* Corresponding author. conceptual frameworks have advanced our knowledge of how the
E-mail address: chenb@bnu.edu.cn (B. Chen).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.372
0959-6526/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 B. Chen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (2019) 1564e1571
transformation of energy systems takes place, the global energy
transition is still underway, from traditional biomass energy to
modern commercial energy (such as electricity) and new renew-
able energy (such as wind and solar energy). The energy transition
is pushing the frontiers in energy modelling, not only with new
technologies, but also towards frameworks capable of representing
the interdependencies between policy making, energy infrastruc-
ture expansion, market behavior, environmental impact and supply
security (del Granado et al., 2018). The sustainable energy transi-
tion is not just a shifting to a new and high-efficiency energy sys-
tem, but also a challenge in terms of making sure the
environmental and social costs, risks and benefits of that shift are
well managed in a way that can be considered sustainable (Sareen
and Haarstad, 2018).
Exploring possible pathways for sustainable energy transition
requires interdisciplinary knowledge concerning advanced tech-
nologies that drive the transition (Child et al., 2018), e.g., renew-
able energy, energy storage, waste to energy, electric vehicles, and
energy efficient technologies. Of the emerging technologies,
renewable energy, energy storage and battery, and electric vehi-
cles are the most popular and representative ones that are closely
related to our daily life. Renewable electricity generation
(excluding hydro) was estimated to account for 8.4% of global
electricity generation in 2017 (BP, 2018). Renewables do play a
significant role in the growth of electricity, contributing almost
50% of the growth in global power generation. Many researchers
suggested using renewable energy as an alternative for fossil fuels.
Yang and Chen (2013) concluded that wind power is an econom-
ically feasible alternative for fossil fuel-based power generation.
The penetration of wind power can bring substantial environ-
mental emission alleviation co-benefits in the whole power gen-
eration sector (Yang et al., 2017). Comello et al. (2018) also
suggested that solar power is positioned to constitute a significant
and growing share of the energy mix. With more and more at-
tentions focused on renewable energy materials and technologies
(such as Jaouen et al., 2011; Mishra and Baeuerle, 2012) and
renewable energy policies (e.g., Zhao et al., 2014; Kilinc-Ata, 2016;
Cullen, 2017), a realizable renewable energy future pointed by
Turner (1999) is coming true gradually. Electric vehicle, a basic unit
of sustainable transport system, has been widely used to limit
greenhouse-gas emissions and reduce petroleum use. Consider-
able efforts have been made to reduce vehicle and battery costs
and improve operation performance. For example, Xiong et al.
(2018a,b,c,d) did a series of work towards a smarter battery
management system used in electric vehicles. Zhang et al. (2018a)
proposed a new technology to predict the remaining useful life of
lithium-ion batteries to assess the battery reliability and mitigate
battery risk. Hiermann et al. (2019) introduced a hybrid genetic
algorithm to optimize the vehicle routing. However, there are still
remaining challenges that preclude the large-scale application of
renewable energy power and electric vehicle. For example, wind
and solar energy are intermittent and depend on local meteoro-
logical conditions and power transmission, which cannot be used
for steady power supply (Notton et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2018). The
operation and maintenance of renewable energy generation
equipment is another challenge as its design life is usually shorter
than the service life (Li and Chen, 2013; Zhang et al., 2018c). In
terms of electric vehicle, the relatively limited capacity of batteries
considerably reduces the operational range of electric vehicles
(Hiermann et al., 2019). To overcome these technological barriers,
cutting-edge technologies are urgently needed to promote the
prosperity of new energy technologies.
Energy, resource and environmental impacts are interlinked.
The focus of energy transition should not be limited to assessing
certain technologies, or studying isolated components and factors
1565
of the energy system (del Granado et al., 2018). With the growing
concerns on energy related environmental pollution and
ecosystem degradation, the research and development of eco-
environmental governance should be addressed to provide clean
and sustainable transition solutions at each level of the concerned
systems (Chen, 2015, 2016; Chen and Lu, 2015). Many studies have
investigated the carbon emission, water consumption, and envi-
ronmental impacts related to energy systems using different
assessment and modelling tools such as exergetic analysis (Chen
et al., 2014), life cycle assessment (Yang and Chen, 2014), input-
output analysis (Fang and Chen, 2018), and data envelopment
analysis (Wang C. et al., 2018). As environmental accounting and
evaluation of energy systems are the basis for the design and
optimization of sustainable energy system from both micro and
macro level, tools for environmental modelling should be
improved to increase the accuracy and robustness. Deepening
environmental modelling studies may unveil a broader picture of
the energy-environment nexus system, which can foster collabo-
rative management to achieve both the targets of energy saving
and emission reduction.
Without a managerial framework and a well-designed energy
market to tackle the energy question, numerous new technologies
for energy efficiency improvement and renewable integration will
not gain the momentum required. There are two main perspectives
of energy-economic nexus: the energy-income perspective and the
energy-economic growth perspective. The former is represented by
the environmental Kuznets curve approach. Suri and Chapman
(1998) examined the EKC hypothesis considering commercial en-
ergy use and environmental consequences. Soytas et al. (2007)
investigated the Granger causality relationship between income,
energy consumption, and carbon emissions. However, Stern (2004)
stated that the EKC results have a very flimsy statistical foundation.
The true relations between income and the environmental issues
should be disentangled using new decomposition and efficient
frontier models. As summarized by Ozturk (2010), the energy-
economic growth perspective focused on bidirectional causality
between energy consumption and economic growth in both the
short- and long-run. The empirical studies conducted mainly focus
on testing the role of energy in stimulating economic growth or
examining the direction of causality between these two variables
(Apergis and Payne, 2011, 2012; Fullerton and Walke, 2019; Murad
et al., 2019). However, there is no consensus neither on the exis-
tence nor on the direction of causality between energy consump-
tion and economic growth. New approaches and perspectives at
different intervals of time should be developed (Ozcan and Ozturk,
2019). The effect of the most commonly used economic in-
struments for energy system regulation, such as loan (Gholz et al.,
2017; Tonn and Berry, 1986; Zhao et al., 2012), energy taxation
(Freire-Gonza lez and Puig-Ventosa, 2019; Wolfson and Koopmans,
1996) and subsidy (Barkhordar et al., 2018; Pani and Perroni, 2018)
have been extensively assessed. There also emerge models for
designing possible pathways for sustainable energy transition from
a macro perspective, such as computable general equilibrium
model (Sue Wing, 2006), the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM3 System
(Bo€ hringer and Rutherford, 2008), granger causality (Kraft and
Kraft, 1978; Wolde-Rufael, 2004), cointegration (Ang, 2008; Lise
and Van Montfort, 2007), multivariate VAR model (Stern, 1993),
error correction model (Altinay and Karagol, 2004), and autore-
gressive distributed lag model (Odhiambo, 2009). Enriching
energy-economic nexus modelling frameworks may allow to better
investigate added-value insights from modelling the interactions
between the main layers, sectors, and components of the energy-
economic system and shed light on economically sound energy
policies (del Granado et al., 2018).
The aim of this Special Issue is to present a problem-oriented
1566 B. Chen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (2019) 1564e1571

forum transcending disciplinary boundaries and explore advanced
technologies and new methodologies for an integrated vision of
sustainable energy transition pathways. Totally 25 papers are
collected in this issue to address a variety of energy science and
technological issues and environmental policy implications as well,
including (1) Sustainable energy economics and management; (2)
Renewable energy generation and consumption; (3) Environmental
impacts of energy systems; and (4) Electric vehicle and energy
storage.
3. Overview of the papers included in this special issue
Twenty-five papers of this Special Issue can be classified into
four themes, as shown in Table 1. The remainder of this section
highlights how each author or team of authors contributed to the
four themes.
3.1. Sustainable energy economics and management

In the perspective of policy design, Green loan and subsidy for

2. Objectives of this special issue
As energy transition covers a wide range of aspects, such as
energy technologies, market behavior, environmental impacts and
policy making, analyzing the interdependencies of different aspects
requires pathways capable to increasing shares of efficient, clean
and new energy technologies (e.g., wind and solar power), to
enlarge investments in infrastructure with clean energy (e.g.,
electric vehicle), to investigate issues of energy and environmental
policy, and to propose regulatory frameworks for the design of
energy markets. The objectives of this special issue include:
(1) Catalyzing the progress of new energy technologies to in-
crease energy supply, improve conversion efficiency, and
alleviate environmental pressure;
(2) Providing cutting edge technologies on improving the per-
formance of electric vehicle.
(3) Unveiling the environmental consequences of energy pro-
duction and consumption and probing into efficient coun-
termeasures to achieve both energy-saving and emission
reduction.
(4) Encouraging practical pathways and examples of best prac-
tice of their implementation in multiple social and economic
contexts, so that more comprehensive sustainable energy
transition pathways can be identified.
promoting clean production innovation by Li et al. (2018)
considered a game on the green loans application for technique
innovation among the government, banks and enterprises, and
addressed the effectiveness of government subsidy and green loan
to improve the clean production. This study constructed serial
profit-risk models that are addressed based on the enterprise
aiming at technique innovation to improve clean production. En-
ergy emission was considered as a measure to catch the production
influences on environment. Results showed that the green loan
subsidy from the government can promote the quality of environ-
ment by decreasing the energy emissions from enterprises. The
subsidy improved both the enterprise intention to technique
innovation and the innovation risks.
Based on a newly built database, the Chinese Residential Energy
Consumption Survey, Price elasticity, block tariffs, and equity of
natural gas demand in China: Investigation based on
household-level survey data by Zeng et al. (2018) estimated the
price elasticity of natural gas requirement for the households and
investigated the factors affecting the consumption of residential
natural gas in China. The non-residential natural gas price was used
as an instrumental variable for the price of residential natural gas to
address the endogeneity problems. Results showed that the natural
gas required by Chinese households responded dramatically to
price change, with a total coefficient of price elasticity
being 0.898. Meanwhile, 0.159% rise in natural gas demand can be

Table 1
Themes of this Special Issue and the papers contained in each theme.

Paper title Author

Theme 1: Sustainable energy economics and management

1. Green loan and subsidy for promoting clean production innovation Li et al. (2018)
2. Price elasticity, block tariffs, and equity of natural gas demand in China: Investigation based on household-level survey data Zeng et al. (2018)
3. Ownership unbundling of natural gas transmission networks in China Dong et al. (2018)
4. Managing agricultural drought in Sweden using a novel spatially-explicit model from the perspective of water-food-energy nexus Campana et al. (2018)
Theme 2: Renewable energy generation and consumption
1. An anomaly identification model for wind turbine state parameters Zhang et al. (2018b)
2. Investigation of the influence of electron avalanche on the crystallinity of backsheet in solar photovoltaic system for sustainable energy Zhang et al. (2018c)
3. Influence of potential induced degradation phenomena on electrical insulating backsheet in photovoltaic modules Zhang et al. (2019)
Theme 3: Environmental impacts of energy systems
1. Trade reshapes the regional energy related mercury emissions: A case study on Hubei Province based on a multi-scale input-output analysis Zhang et al. (2018d)
2. Changing carbon content of Chinese coal and implications for emissions of CO2 Chen et al. (2018)
3. Bibliometric and visualized analysis of China's coal research 2000e2015 Peng et al. (2018)
4. Impact of bus electrification on carbon emissions: The case of Stockholm Xylia et al. (2019)
5. Hybrid life-cycle assessment for energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of a typical biomass gasification power plant in China Yang et al. (2018a)
6. How do population and land urbanization affect CO2 emissions under gravity center change? A spatial econometric analysis Zhang et al. (2018e)
Theme 4: Electric vehicle and energy storage
1. Model predictive control strategy for energy optimization of series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle Wang Y. et al. (2018)
2. Hierarchical power control strategy on small-scale electric vehicle fast charging station Niu et al. (2018)
3. Comparison of decomposition levels for wavelet transform based energy management in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle Wang et al. (2019)
4. Towards a smarter hybrid energy storage system based on battery and ultracapacitor-A critical review on topology and energy management Xiong et al., 2018a
5. Rule-based energy management for dual-source electric buses extracted by wavelet transform Yan et al. (2018)
6. Multidisciplinary optimization of electric-wheel vehicle integrated chassis system based on steady endurance performance Zhao et al. (2018)
7. Experimental investigation on thermal management performance of electric vehicle power battery using composite phase change material Zhang et al. (2018f)
8. State of health estimation of second-life LiFePO4 batteries for energy storage applications Jiang et al. (2018)
9. A mechanism identification model based state-of-health diagnosis of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage applications Ma et al. (2018)
10. A fractional-order model-based battery external short circuit fault diagnosis approach for all-climate electric vehicles application Yang et al. (2018b)
11. On-line life cycle health assessment for lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles Liu et al. (2018)
12. Validation and verification of a hybrid method for remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion batteries Zhang et al. (2018g)
 B. Chen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (2019) 1564e1571
caused by 1% increase in family members, and household in the
north costed 28.8% less natural gas than in the south.
The input-output and multi-agent models are combined by
Dong et al. (2018) in the paper Ownership unbundling of natural
gas transmission networks in China to describe the regime pro-
grams of natural gas transmission, and to evaluate the mandatory
separation of transmission networks from services and production,
according to the accessible data from the year 2014e2016. Three
scenarios including the basic condition (BAU), the ownership
unbundling (STRIP) and the internal reform at company level
(INTREF) were set up. The results showed that STRIP was more
advantageous in promoting the natural gas transmission efficiency
compared with INTREF.
Managing agricultural drought in Sweden using a novel
spatially-explicit model from the perspective of water-food-
energy nexus by Campana et al. (2018) developed a spatially-
explicit and integrated water-food-energy nexus model to
describe the drought influences on the Swedish irrigation sector in
the year of 2013. The simulation results demonstrated that the
drought can dramatically reduce the yield of crop without irriga-
tion, with a yield decrease up to 18 t/ha, about 50% loss than the
possible yield with irrigation. Correspondingly, the water and en-
ergy demand for irrigation to decrease the bad drought influences
and maintain high yields were high, with the peaks up to 350 mm
and 700 kWh per hectare. The developed model in this paper was
able to show guidelines for a comprehensive management system
of drought. Besides, the model had dramatical potentials for usage
in the precision agriculture, especially based on satellite data with
high-resolution.
This section presents methods related to the sustainable energy
economics and management. The concerned studies involve in the
effect of green loan and subsidy on clean production innovation;
the price elasticity, block tariffs, equity of natural gas demand; and
the ownership unbundling of natural gas transmission networks.
The effect of economic tools on the performance of energy systems
were examined from different aspects, which may shed light on the
design and implementation of future energy management in-
centives and policies.
3.2. Renewable energy generation and consumption
Renewable energy, especially solar photovoltaic system and
wind power, plays a significant role in climate change mitigation
and energy transition all over the world. To improve the operation
reliability and efficiency of wind power, the paper, An anomaly
identification model for wind turbine state parameters by Zhang
et al. (2018b) developed an anomaly identification model to realize
abnormal state identifications when the fluctuation ranges of
condition parameters fall into the SCADA alarm threshold. The
paper mainly focused the following issues: (1) a BPNN model
combined with the genetic algorithm was developed to increase
the model prediction accuracy; (2) the state prediction errors were
illustrated using the T-location scale distribution with a shift factor
and an elastic coefficient; (3) an error abnormal index was defined
to indicate the anomaly of wind turbine.
In the paper Investigation of the influence of electron
avalanche on the crystallinity of backsheet in solar photovoltaic
system for sustainable energy by Zhang et al. (2018c), the authors
polarized the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) samples under a
corona discharge configuration. The surface potential caused by the
effect of surface charge accumulation was measured. A differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) test was done according to these
samples. The distribution of surface charge with a bell shape and
three DSC curves were also shown. This study presented aging is-
sues caused by the potential effect and the corona discharge
1567
induced electron avalanche on the backsheet crystallinity in the
solar photovoltaic system.
In the study Influence of potential induced degradation
phenomena on electrical insulating backsheet in photovoltaic
modules by Zhang et al. (2019), the authors analyzed and
compared the partial discharge (PD) discharging characteristics of
PET film and the PD-caused fade of insulation structure. The PET
was pretreated and electrically stressed above the PD inception
voltage (PDIV) for 10, 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively. It was
shown that the discharge magnitude changed as differing the
discharge time under the phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD).
Results also demonstrated that the PET crystallinity increased as
the aging time by utilizing DSC. Therefore, by applying the PRPD
patterns and changes in crystallinity, this paper focused on the
electrical degradation of backsheet, which was able to promote the
long-term service life of PV systems.
The studies in this section focus on renewable energy technol-
ogies. The topics involves in the anomaly identification modelling
for wind turbine state parameters, the crystallinity of backsheet
research in solar photovoltaic system, and the degradation in
photovoltaic modules. The developed methods are expected to
improve the performance of the wind turbine, solar photovoltaic
system and photovoltaic modules for durable and reliable renew-
able energy generation and consumption.
3.3. Environmental impacts of energy systems
With rising concern about global energy crisis and its influence
on the environment, a change from the current development
paradigm to a cleaner one is on the agenda. However, it is still a
huge challenge for the industries and government to make
reasonable energy and environmental policies to save energy and
reduce environmental impact during the process of managing and
controlling at each level of the concerned systems. To make an
investigation on the regional mercury emissions related to fuel,
taking Hubei Province of China as a case, Trade reshapes the
regional energy related mercury emissions: A case study on
Hubei Province based on a multi-scale input-output analysis by
Zhang et al. (2018d) built a multi-scale model to study the regional
mercury emissions related to fuel driven by local consumption,
domestic and foreign trade. The results showed that as a net
exporter, Hubei had a trade surplus of 4.6t of energy-related mer-
cury emissions, which indicated that a large amount of energy-
related mercury emissions was transferred to Hubei through sup-
ply chains from other regions inside or outside. A tool for
comprehensively understand the regional mercury emissions was
provided in this study to support the robust formulation of
reduction policies.
Inferences regarding the changing carbon content of coal and
the oxidation rate for its consumption, along with the new coal
usage information in China, were used in Changing carbon con-
tent of Chinese coal and implications for emissions of CO2 to
assess the trend in CO2 emissions (Chen et al., 2018). It was esti-
mated that the emissions increased by 158% between 2002 and
2012. Their estimated emissions for the year of 2005 were highly
consistent with data reported by China in its “Second National
Communication” to the UN (NDRC, 2012). Simulation results show
that the China's CO2 emissions in 2005 reported by Second National
Communication are reliable to be used as the baseline for the future
carbon commitments of China.
In Bibliometric and visualized analysis of China's coal
research 2000e2015 by Peng et al. (2018), research on China's coal
industry during 2000e2015 was reviewed in a bibliometric and
visualized manner. They extracted all English-written academic
publications with “coal” in the title by Chinese authors from the
1568 B. Chen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (2019) 1564e1571
Web of Science (SCI-Expanded) database. After examining 16989
articles over this period, the authors found that China's share rea-
ches 28.9% and its annual publications have increased more than
15-times. Engineering chemical, energy fuels, geosciences multi-
disciplinary and environmental sciences are the major subject
categories. The top 20 journals account for 46.0% of the journal
articles by Chinese authors.
Based on a life cycle perspective and different types of appli-
cation scenarios, an optimization model in the paper Impact of bus
electrification on carbon emissions: The case of Stockholm by
Xylia et al. (2019) was applied to find the electric bus chargers and
predict the related carbon emissions. The authors considered fuels
and batteries of electric powertrains related emissions and the two
main factors that affect carbon emissions. Simulation results indi-
cated that, although more routes of the city's bus network can be
electrified by higher battery capacities, there was no decrease of the
total emissions. The lowest life cycle emissions occurred when the
batteries with a 120 kWh capacity were used in electric buses. The
fuel choices dramatically determined the impact of bus network on
environment.
Hybrid life-cycle assessment for energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions of a typical biomass gasification po-
wer plant in China by Yang et al. (2018a) presented a systematic
analysis that combined input-output and process analyses of en-
ergy costs and greenhouse gas emissions through the complete
series of activities related to biomass gasification. Combining the
industrial process, agricultural production and wastewater treat-
ment that were neglected, the energy inputs in the life cycle were
accounted for the main commercial biomass gasification power
plant in China. The results verified the advantages of biomass
gasification power plant than coal-fired power plants in the term of
clean energy and environmental perspectives.
The moving track of a regional level-based gravity centers of
China's CO2 emissions was examined by using a gravity model in
the paper How do population and land urbanization affect CO2
emissions under gravity center change? A spatial econometric
analysis by Zhang et al. (2018e). The impact of urbanization on CO2
emissions was also investigated by using an extended Stochastic
Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology
(STIRPAT) model with the gravity center change. The urbanization
was measured in different dimensions that include both land ur-
banization and population. Besides, a panel data between the year
of 2005 and 2014 and the Spatial Durbin Panel model were applied
for the empirical estimation. The results indicated that the moving
tracks of gravity centers as a whole moved to the northwest over
the research period. The spatial econometric model revealed an
insignificant effect of the population urbanization, which however
had a positive and dramatical spatial spillover effect.
This section summarized research on the environmental im-
pacts of energy systems. The studies mainly involve in the envi-
ronmental accounting of energy systems and driving factors that
determine the generation and distribution of environmental
emissions. It is verified that the trade, carbon content, bus electri-
fication level, and the population and land urbanization co-
determine the amount and distribution of environmental
emissions.
3.4. Electric vehicle and energy storage
To reduce the air pollution and save the fossil energy con-
sumption, many countries have paid much attention to electric
vehicles. However, the management of energy power sources of
electric vehicles still faces many challenges including low usage
efficiency of hybrid power sources, poor management of battery
systems, etc. Model predictive control strategy for energy
optimization of series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle by Wang Y.
et al. (2018) developed a nonlinear model predictive control
strategy involving in the particle swarm optimization technique to
realize the energy management of series-parallel hybrid electric
vehicle. In this method, they firstly designed a nonlinear model
predictive control framework, and used a modified particle swarm
optimization to recede the optimization of horizon. A two-steps
optimization technique was then employed to realize fast compu-
tation. Based on the real data of a bus as well as a driving cycle, the
proposed strategy was verified. It is shown that the series-parallel
hybrid electric vehicle's fuel consumption is reduced by larger
than 10% than that based on CD-CS strategies.
Hierarchical power control strategy on small-scale electric
vehicle fast charging station by Niu et al. (2018) developed a hi-
erarchical power control strategy (HPCS) considering electric ve-
hicles' demand, fast charging stations service (FCS) capability, as
well as FCS daily load fluctuation as a whole with weighted dy-
namic priority and fluctuation smoothing index (FSI). The system
model was assumed according to the demand of each electric
vehicle and the FCS constraints. The results indicated that the
optimal weighted dynamic priority was able to meet the electric
vehicle's urgent demand and the income of fast charging station
operator (FCSO) simultaneously. FSI is described concretely to
reduce the daily load fluctuation as well as the peak load value,
which can reduce the overall power loss. Therefore, the developed
HPCS is able to operate based on a platform with 32-bit processor in
a fast charging station to balance the electric vehicles' demands and
FCSO's profits.
In the study Comparison of decomposition levels for wavelet
transform based energy management in a plug-in hybrid elec-
tric vehicle by Wang et al. (2019), an energy management strategy
(EMS) was developed based on the wavelet transform (WT) to
decrease the damage on batteries induced by the peak and tran-
sient power demands from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The
MATLAB/Simulink was used to construct a hybrid energy storage
system (HESS) that consists of a battery pack, an ultracapacitor pack
and two DC/DC converters. The EMS was assessed under the New
European Driving Cycle. It was shown that the EMS with a 3-
decomposition-level had better simulation results. The perfor-
mance of developed EMS was then verified under another three
typical driving cycles. Finally, the EMS was simulated based on a
hardware-in-the loop platform to validate its feasibility. The
experimental results showed that the EMS based on WT achieved
the highest accuracy when the decomposition level was 3.
Based on the existing literature, the paper Towards a smarter
hybrid energy storage system based on battery and ultra-
capacitor - A critical review on topology and energy manage-
ment by Xiong et al. (2018e) reviewed the structures and EMSs of
HESSs consisting of the battery and ultracapacitor. This study pre-
sented rules-, optimization- and intelligent-based control algo-
rithms on energy management. Several typical implementations
were presented in detail, and the optimal methods to develop the
EMSs for HESSs were suggested. The study also highlighted the key
challenges of the current methods and provided potential road-
maps for developing algorithms based on big data and machine
learning techniques to manage the HESSs efficiently.
Rule-based energy management for dual-source electric
buses extracted by wavelet transform by Yan et al. (2018) studied
the energy management of a dual-source electric bus. To realize
efficient energy transfer, a rule-based control strategy using
wavelet transform was developed to assign the energy flow among
the energy units. The power demands by components with high
and low frequencies were decomposed and reconstructed by using
the wavelet transform theory. The high frequency-based power
demand was allocated to the super capacitor, and the low
 B. Chen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (2019) 1564e1571
frequency-based one was allocated to the battery pack or power
grid. Such energy allocation can decrease the damage induced by
the rapid change of power and the surge load on the battery pack
and power grid. The performance of the developed method was
verified by the benchmark solved by dynamic programming under
both a real driving cycle and the standard China bus driving cycle,
and positive experimental results were presented.
Multidisciplinary optimization of electric-wheel vehicle in-
tegrated chassis system based on steady endurance perfor-
mance by Zhao et al. (2018) presented a developed chassis system
for an electric-wheel vehicle, consisting of hub motor driving,
differential-assisted steering, and semi-active suspension systems.
The three subsystems were coupled and interact with each other,
which codetermine the vehicle's driving performance. The opti-
mization of vehicle chassis system parameters was conducted by
considering the coupling relationships among the three sub-
systems. Based on the modelling results of the steering road feel,
steering energy consumption, steering sensitivity, the driving en-
ergy consumption, as well as semi-active suspension riding com-
fort, the evaluation index “Steady Endurance Performance” was
developed for electric-wheel vehicles.
To improve the performance of battery management system,
several papers focused on battery aging and thermal characteristics
to improve the usage safety. Experimental investigation on
thermal management performance of electric vehicle power
battery using composite phase change material by Zhang et al.
(2018f) designed a battery thermal management system applying
the kaolin/expanded graphite/paraffin composite. Based on the
comparisons of the different thermal properties of ternary com-
posites, the composite with 10 wt% expanded graphite and 10 wt%
kaolin was chosen as the optimal one for the thermal management
testing. The testing results showed a conductivity of bigger than
6 W/(m$K) without any visible leakage after 30 min at 60  C. During
the test, the battery cell temperature was kept under 45  C even
under 4C discharge rate, and the temperature differences between
cells were lower than 5  C. The composite has reduced the battery
pack temperature by 25.77% under 4C rate, and the temperature
differences of battery cells can be greatly reduced once the phase
change occurs.
State of health estimation of second-life LiFePO4 batteries for
energy storage applications by Jiang et al. (2018) identified the
aging mechanisms and estimated the state of health of lithium-ion
batteries. This study selected six retired LiFePO4 battery cells to
conduct acceleration aging tests under three typical loading pro-
files for energy storage application purposes. The battery aging
mechanisms were investigated using the incremental capacity
analysis and IC peak area analysis techniques. The aging pattern has
been observed within all batteries with the lithium inventory (LLI)
and active material loss on negative electrodes (LAMNE). The LAMNE
and LLI were studied quantitatively to detect the aging mechanism
similarities and differences of batteries under different loading
profiles. The paper developed and compared three types of
regression methods to predict the battery available capacity.
A battery health diagnostic method based on the half-cell model
was developed in the paper A mechanism identification model
based state-of-health diagnosis of lithium-ion batteries for en-
ergy storage applications by Ma et al. (2018) to investigate the
aging mechanisms that cause the battery capacity fade quantita-
tively. The parameters of half-cell model were identified using the
particle swarm optimization algorithm to describe the battery ag-
ing mechanisms quantitatively that derived from parameter vari-
ations. The robustness and reliability of the approach were
evaluated and verified based on the cells’ database following
different degradation trajectories. The approach, which fused the
data and model, can be applied to different types of battery
1569
chemistries and working modes.
A fractional-order model and a first-order RC model were used
in A fractional-order model-based battery external short circuit
fault diagnosis approach for all-climate electric vehicles appli-
cation by Yang et al. (2018b) to simulate the electrical behaviors of
battery cells with the external short circuit (ESC) fault. The elec-
trolyte leakage behavior was recognized by using the random for-
ests (RF) method. A three-step diagnosis algorithm to identify the
battery ESC fault and electrolyte leakage was developed. The
detection results of the leakage condition were predicted based on
a pre-trained RF classifier according to a root mean square error
(RMSE) indicator. Several experimental cases validated that all ESC
cells can be detected accurately using the developed method.
On-line life cycle health assessment for lithium-ion battery
in electric vehicles by Liu et al. (2018) developed a battery state of
health evaluation method according to on-line measurable pa-
rameters. Ten different aging features were extracted from the
loading current, terminal voltage and critical time during common
operations, such aging features were further combined to obtain a
better adaptability to complex working conditions of batteries. The
battery state of health was evaluated based on a mapping model
that indicated the capacity space from the feature space. The least
squares support vector machine algorithm was used to train the
model for low computation burden. The experimental results
showed that the aging feature and the capacity were highly related
and the capacity estimation error was less than 0.05.
To decrease the amount of training data, a fusion method based
on the particle filter and relevance vector machine was proposed in
the paper Validation and verification of a hybrid method for
remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion batteries by
Zhang et al. (2018g) to build a battery aging model for predicting
the battery remaining useful life. Using the developed technique,
the amount of training data can be decreased to 30% of the com-
plete aging data. In this study, a validation and verification frame-
work by using the Monte Carlo simulation was also developed to
decide the model noise level and number of particles of particle
filter. Within a prediction horizon of 560 cycles, the calibrated
particle filter is able to predict battery failure time accurately with a
failure time only 18 cycles smaller than the true value.
Electric vehicles and energy storage have attracted more and
more attention. The developed methods in this section focus on
addressing issues of battery state estimation and thermal man-
agement, and the energy management of electric vehicles. These
methods are expected to improve the battery safety and reliability,
and the energy efficiency of electric vehicles during usage.
4. Conclusions
This Special Issue collected high-quality papers on theories and
practices concerning sustainable energy transition. Expect high-
efficiency energy technologies, it has been shown that re-
searchers are becoming aware of the growing importance of ex-
ternalities and economic performance of energy systems. This
resulted in increased number of studies that addressed issues
closely related to sustainable energy transition from the aspects of
clean energy technologies and infrastructures, sustainable energy
economics and management, and environmental impacts of energy
systems. For example, the effect of green loan and subsidy on clean
production innovation, the price elasticity, block tariffs, and equity
of energy demand were discussed; the optimization of the opera-
tion and maintenance of renewable energy were presented; envi-
ronmental consequences, especially carbon emissions of both
traditional fossil fuels and renewable energy systems were evalu-
ated; the energy management plans of electric vehicles were
designed to improve the energy efficiency, safety and reliability.
1570 B. Chen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (2019) 1564e1571
The technologies, optimization models, externalities, and success-
ful experiences were investigated and helpful recommendations
for transition pathways were made, which deepened the under-
standing of sustainable energy transition and provide inspiration to
catalyze clean, efficient and sustainable energy system design.
The subject of sustainable energy transition is a very important
component for present and future research on sustainable devel-
opment. Interdisciplinary approaches that collected in this Special
Issue to develop sustainable solutions for energy transition are
critical for addressing many challenges we are facing, e.g., how to
efficiently use clean energy, how to minimize the environmental
consequences of energy use, and how to innovate policy tools to
guarantee the steady transition to sustainable energy system. The
findings in this paper may help to identify research trends and key
points of sustainable development in terms of energy transition.
Readers of these articles are provided with not only comprehensive
and up-to-date literature reviews of the methodological progress
that has been made in the evaluation and regulation of sustainable
energy systems, but also R&D of clean, reliable and high-efficiency
technologies, especially renewable energy and electric vehicles that
may shed light on cleaner production.
However, there are still barriers that preclude the sustainable
transition of energy systems, e.g., most of the studies only focus on
one specific aspect of sustainable energy system such as energy
efficiency, environmental impacts or economic performance,
whereas comprehensive analysis with respect to the nexus of en-
ergy, environment and economic development in sustainable
transition is ignored. Even though how to identify and manage the
anomaly during the operation and maintenance of renewable en-
ergy generation equipment and how to optimize the performance
of electric vehicles were discussed in this Special Issue, the com-
bined use of renewable energy and electric vehicle should be
further emphasized to create the possibility of breaking the ties
between driving and burning fossil fuels. Therefore, future research
should focus on seeking answers for the barriers highlighted above
to move towards sustainable energy systems. More efforts are
necessary for further the development and integration of new and
high efficiency energy technologies that are economically feasible
and environmentally friendly, for example, integrating the opera-
tion of electric vehicles and renewable generation in a smart dis-
tribution system. Future studies should also address composite
indicators for sustainable development of energy system, which
require the combination of technological, environmental and eco-
nomic perspectives and the commitment towards multidisciplinary
methodological approaches.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the authors for the time and significant effort
they have devoted to preparing their papers. We would also like to
thank all of the peer reviewers for their valuable comments that
ensure the quality of papers in this special issue. This work was
supported by the National Key Research & Development Program of
China (2018YFF0216000), Strategic Priority Research Program of
Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDA20100104), National Science
Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (71725005), and
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 71961137009).
References
Allen, R.C., 2009. The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Altinay, G., Karagol, E., 2004. Structural break, unit root, and the causality between
energy consumption and GDP in Turkey. Energy Econ. 26, 985e994. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2004.07.001.
Ang, J.B., 2008. Economic development, pollutant emissions and energy
consumption in Malaysia. J. Policy Model. 30, 271e278. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jpolmod.2007.04.010.
Apergis, N., Payne, J.E., 2012. Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-
growth nexus: evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Econ. 34,
733e738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.04.007.
Apergis, N., Payne, J.E., 2011. The renewable energy consumption-growth nexus in
Central America. Appl. Energy 88, 343e347. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.apenergy.2010.07.013.
Barkhordar, Z.A., Fakouriyan, S., Sheykhha, S., 2018. The role of energy subsidy re-
form in energy efficiency enhancement: lessons learnt and future potential for
Iranian industries. J. Clean. Prod. 197, 542e550. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jclepro.2018.06.231.
Bo€hringer, C., Rutherford, T.F., 2008. Combining bottom-up and top-down. Energy
Econ. 30 (2), 574e596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.03.004.
BP, 2018. accessed on 2019-1-1. www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-
economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy.html.
Campana, P.E., Zhang, J., Yao, T., Andersson, S., Landelius, T., Melton, F., Yan, J., 2018.
Managing agricultural drought in Sweden using a novel spatially-explicit model
from the perspective of water-food-energy nexus. J. Clean. Prod. 197,
1382e1393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.096.
Chen, B., 2015. Ecosystem metabolism framework, metrics and indicators towards
sustainable society design and management. Ecol. Inf. 26, 3e5. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.09.009.
Chen, B., 2016. Energy, ecology and environment: a nexus perspective. Energ. Ecol.
Environ. 1 (1), 1e2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-016-0017-8.
Chen, B., Dai, J., Sciubba, E., 2014. Ecological accounting for China based on extended
exergy. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 37, 334e347. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.rser.2014.05.022.
Chen, B., Lu, Y., 2015. Urban nexus: a new paradigm for urban studies. Ecol. Model.
318, 5e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.010.
Chen, X., Huang, J., Yang, Q., Nielsen, C.P., Shi, D., McElroy, M.B., 2018. Changing
carbon content of Chinese coal and implications for emissions of CO2. J. Clean.
Prod. 194, 150e157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.128.
Comello, S., Reichelstein, S., Sahoo, A., 2018. The road ahead for solar PV power.
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 92, 744e756. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.rser.2018.04.098.
Child, M., Koskinen, O., Linnanen, L., Breyer, C., 2018. Sustainability guardrails for
energy scenarios of the global energy transition. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 91,
321e334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.079.
Cullen, R., 2017. Evaluating renewable energy policies. Aust. J. Agr. Resour. Econ 61,
1e18. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12175.
del Granado, P.C., van Nieuwkoop, R.H., Kardakos, E.G., Schaffner, C., 2018. Model-
ling the energy transition: a nexus of energy system and economic models.
Energy Strat. Rev. 20, 229e235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2018.03.004.
Dong, J., Sha, S., Li, X., Xu, J., Dai, W., Duan, H., 2018. Ownership unbundling of
natural gas transmission networks in China. J. Clean. Prod. 195, 145e153.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.173.
Fang, D., Chen, B., 2018. Linkage analysis for water-carbon nexus in China. Appl.
Energy 225, 682e695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.058.
Freire-Gonz alez, J., Puig-Ventosa, I., 2019. Reformulating taxes for an energy tran-
sition. Energy Econ. 78, 312e323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.11.027.
Fullerton, T.M., Walke, A.G., 2019. Empirical evidence regarding electricity con-
sumption and urban economic growth. Appl. Econ. 51, 1977e1988. https://
doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1529405.
Gales, B., Kander, A., Malanima, P., Rubio, M., 2007. North vs south: energy transition
and energy intensity in Europe over 200 years. Eur. Rev. Econ. Hist. 11 (2),
219e253. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1361491607001967.
Gholz, E., Awan, U., Ronn, E., 2017. Financial and energy security analysis of China's
loan-for-oil deals. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 24, 42e50. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.erss.2016.12.021.
Hiermann, G., Hartl, R.F., Puchinger, J., Vidal, T., 2019. Routing a mix of conventional,
plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicles. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 272, 235e248. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.06.025.
Jaouen, F., Proietti, E., Lefevre, M., Chenitz, R., Dodelet, J.-P., Wu, G., Chung, H.T.,
Johnston, C.M., Zelenay, P., 2011. Recent advances in non-precious metal
catalysis for oxygen-reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Energy
Environ. Sci. 4, 114e130. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00011f.
Jiang, Y., Jiang, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, W., Gao, Y., Li, N., 2018. State of health estimation
of second-life LiFePO4 batteries for energy storage applications. J. Clean. Prod.
205, 754e762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.149.
Jones, C.F., 2014. Routes of Power: Energy and Modern America. Harvard University
Press, Cambridge.
Kander, A., Malanima, P., Ward, P., 2013. Power to the People: Energy in Europe over
the Last Five Centuries. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Kilinc-Ata, N., 2016. The evaluation of renewable energy policies across EU coun-
tries and US states: an econometric approach. Energy Sustain. Dev. 31, 83e90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2015.12.006.
Kraft, J., Kraft, A., 1978. On the relationship between energy and GNP. J. Energy Dev.
3, 401e403. www.jstor.org/stable/24806805.
Li, J.S., Chen, G.Q., 2013. Energy and greenhouse gas emissions review for Macao.
Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 22, 23e32. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.rser.2012.11.072.
Li, Z., Liao, G., Wang, Z., Huang, Z., 2018. Green loan and subsidy for promoting clean
production innovation. J. Clean. Prod. 187, 421e431. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jclepro.2018.03.066.
 B. Chen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 228 (2019) 1564e1571
Liu, D., Song, Y., Li, L., Liao, H., Peng, Y., 2018. On-line life cycle health assessment for
lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles. J. Clean. Prod. 199, 1050e1065. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.182.
Lise, W., Van Montfort, K., 2007. Energy consumption and GDP in Turkey: is there a
co-integration relationship? Energy Econ. 29, 1166e1178. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.eneco.2006.08.010.
Ma, Z., Wang, Z., Xiong, R., Jiang, J., 2018. A mechanism identification model based
state-of-health diagnosis of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage applica-
tions. J. Clean. Prod. 193, 379e390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.074.
Mishra, A., Baeuerle, P., 2012. Small molecule organic semiconductors on the move:
promises for future solar energy technology. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51,
2020e2067. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201102326.
Mundaca, L., Busch, H., Schwer, S., 2018. ‘Successful’ low-carbon energy transitions
at the community level? An energy justice perspective. Appl. Energy 218,
292e303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.146.
Murad, M.W., Alam, M.M., Noman, A.H.M., Ozturk, I., 2019. Dynamics of techno-
logical innovation, energy consumption, energy price and economic growth in
Denmark. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 38, 22e29. https://doi.org/10.1002/
ep.12905.
NDRC, 2012. National development and reform commission. In: Second National
Communication On Climate Change Of The People's Republic Of China. China
Economic Publishing House, Beijing.
Niu, L., Zhang, P., Wang, X., 2018. Hierarchical power control strategy on small-scale
electric vehicle fast charging station. J. Clean. Prod. 199, 1043e1049. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.174.
Notton, G., Nivet, M.-L., Voyant, C., Paoli, C., Darras, C., Motte, F., Fouilloy, A., 2018.
Intermittent and stochastic character of renewable energy sources: conse-
quences, cost of intermittence and benefit of forecasting. Renew. Sustain. En-
ergy Rev. 87, 96e105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.007.
Odhiambo, N.M., 2009. Energy consumption and economic growth nexus in
Tanzania: an ARDL bounds testing approach. Energy Policy 37, 617e622. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.077.
Ozcan, B., Ozturk, I., 2019. Renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus
in emerging countries: a bootstrap panel causality test. Renew. Sustain. Energy
Rev. 104, 30e37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.020.
Ozturk, I., 2010. A literature survey on energy-growth nexus. Energy Policy 38,
340e349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.024.
Pani, M., Perroni, C., 2018. Energy subsidies and policy commitment in political
equilibrium. Energy Econ. 71, 149e160. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.eneco.2017.12.013.
Peng, B., Guo, D., Qiao, H., Yang, Q., Zhang, B., Hayat, T., Alsaedi, A., Ahmad, B., 2018.
Bibliometric and visualized analysis of China's coal research 2000e2015.
J. Clean. Prod. 197, 1177e1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.283.
Sareen, S., Haarstad, H., 2018. Bridging socio-technical and justice aspects of sus-
tainable energy transitions. Appl. Energy 228, 624e632. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.apenergy.2018.06.104.
Smil, V., 2010. Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects. Praeger Pub-
lishers, Santa Barbara, CA.
Soytas, U., Sari, R., Ewing, B.T., 2007. Energy consumption, income, and carbon
emissions in the United States. Ecol. Econ. 62, 482e489. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ecolecon.2006.07.009.
Stern, D.I., 1993. Energy and economic growth in the USA: a multivariate approach.
Energy Econ. 15, 137e150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(93)90033-N.
Stern, D.I., 2004. The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Dev.
32, 1419e1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.03.004.
Sue Wing, I., 2006. The synthesis of bottom-up and top-down approaches to climate
policy modeling: electric power technologies and the cost of limiting US CO2
emissions. Energy Policy 34 (18), 3847e3869. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.enpol.2005.08.027.
Suri, V., Chapman, D., 1998. Economic growth, trade and energy: implications for
the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecol. Econ. 25, 195e208. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00180-8.
Tonn, B., Berry, L., 1986. Determinants of participation in home energy audit loan
programs - discrete choice model results. Energy 11, 785e795. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0360-5442(86)90017-4.
Turner, J.A., 1999. A realizable renewable energy future. Science 285, 687e689.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5428.687.
Wang, C., Olsson, G., Liu, Y., 2018. Coal-fired power industry water-energy-emission
nexus: a multi-objective optimization. J. Clean. Prod. 203, 367e375. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.264.
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Sun, Y., You, S., 2018. Model predictive control strategy for
energy optimization of series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle. J. Clean. Prod. 199,
348e358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.191.
Wang, C., Xiong, R., He, H., Zhang, Y., Shen, W., 2019. Comparison of decomposition
levels for wavelet transform based energy management in a plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle. J. Clean. Prod. 210, 1085e1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jclepro.2018.11.082.
Wolde-Rufael, Y., 2004. Disaggregated industrial energy consumption and GDP: the
case of Shanghai, 1952e1999. Energy Econ. 26, 69e75. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0140-9883(03)00032-X.
Wolfson, D.J., Koopmans, C.C., 1996. Regulatory taxation of fossil fuels: theory and
policy. Ecol. Econ. 19 (1), 55e65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(96)00040-
7.
Xiong, R., Li, L., Tian, J., 2018a. Towards a smarter battery management system: a
1571
critical review on battery state of health monitoring methods. J. Power Sources
405, 18e29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.10.019.
Xiong, R., Tian, J., Shen, W., Sun, F., 2018b. A novel fractional order model for state of
charge estimation in lithium ion batteries. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. https://
doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2018.2880085.
Xiong, R., Zhang, Y., He, H., Zhou, X., Pecht, M., 2018c. A double-scale, particle-
filtering, energy state prediction algorithm for lithium-ion batteries. IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron. 65, 1526e1538. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2017.2733475.
Xiong, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., He, H., Peng, S., Pecht, M., 2018d. Lithium-ion battery
health prognosis based on a real battery management system used in electric
vehicles. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2018.2864688.
Xiong, R., Chen, H., Wang, C., Sun, F., 2018e. Towards a smarter hybrid energy
storage system based on battery and ultracapacitor-A critical review on topol-
ogy and energy management. J. Clean. Prod. 202, 1228e1240. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.134.
Xylia, M., Leduc, S., Laurent, A.B., Patrizio, P., van der Meer, Y., Kraxner, F., Silveira, S.,
2019. Impact of bus electrification on carbon emissions: the case of Stockholm.
J. Clean. Prod. 209, 74e87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.085.
Yan, M., Li, M., He, H., Peng, J., Sun, C., 2018. Et al. Rule-based energy management
for dual-source electric buses extracted by wavelet transform. J. Clean. Prod.
189, 116e127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.054.
Yang, J., Chen, B., 2013. Integrated evaluation of embodied energy, greenhouse gas
emission and economic performance of a typical wind farm in China. Renew.
Sustain. Energy Rev. 27, 559e568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.024.
Yang, J., Chen, B., 2014. Global warming impact assessment of a crop residue gasi-
fication projectda dynamic LCA perspective. Appl. Energy 122, 269e279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.02.034.
Yang, J., Song, D., Wu, F., 2017. Regional variations of environmental co-benefits of
wind power generation in China. Appl. Energy 206, 1267e1281. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.016.
Yang, Q., Zhou, H., Zhang, X., Nielsen, C.P., Li, J.S., Xu, X., Yang, H., Chen, H., 2018a.
Hybrid life-cycle assessment for energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions of a typical biomass gasification power plant in China. J. Clean. Prod.
205, 661e671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.041.
Yang, R., Xiong, R., He, H., Chen, Z., 2018b. A fractional-order model-based battery
external short circuit fault diagnosis approach for all-climate electric vehicles
application. J. Clean. Prod. 187, 950e959. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jclepro.2018.03.259.
Zeng, S., Chen, Z.M., Alsaedi, A., Hayat, T., 2018. Price elasticity, block tariffs, and
equity of natural gas demand in China: investigation based on household-level
survey data. J. Clean. Prod. 179, 441e449. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jclepro.2018.01.123.
Zhang, J.W., Cao, D.K., Cui, Y.C., Wang, F., Putson, C., Song, C., 2019. Influence of
potential induced degradation phenomena on electrical insulating backsheet in
photovoltaic modules. J. Clean. Prod. 208, 333e339. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jclepro.2018.10.057.
Zhang, Y., Xiong, R., He, H., Pecht, M., 2018a. Long short-term memory recurrent
neural network for remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion batteries.
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 67, 5695e5705. https://doi.org/10.1109/
TVT.2018.2805189.
Zhang, Y., Zheng, H., Liu, J., Zhao, J., Sun, P., 2018b. An anomaly identification model
for wind turbine state parameters. J. Clean. Prod. 195, 1214e1227. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.126.
Zhang, J.W., Cao, D.K., Cui, Y.C., Putson, C., Song, C., Huang, P., 2018c. Investigation of
the influence of electron avalanche on the crystallinity of backsheet in solar
photovoltaic system for sustainable energy. J. Clean. Prod. 189, 169e175. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.302.
Zhang, P., Zhang, Y., Ren, S., Chen, B., Luo, D., Shao, J.A., Zhang, S.H., Li, J.S., 2018d.
Trade reshapes the regional energy related mercury emissions: a case study on
Hubei Province based on a multi-scale input-output analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 185,
75e85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.013.
Zhang, G., Zhang, N., Liao, W., 2018e. How do population and land urbanization
affect CO2 emissions under gravity center change? A spatial econometric
analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 202, 510e523. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jclepro.2018.08.146.
Zhang, X., Liu, C., Rao, Z., 2018f. Experimental investigation on thermal manage-
ment performance of electric vehicle power battery using composite phase
change material. J. Clean. Prod. 201, 916e924. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jclepro.2018.08.076.
Zhang, Y., Xiong, R., He, H., Pecht, M., 2018g. Validation and verification of a hybrid
method for remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion batteries. J. Clean.
Prod. 212, 240e249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.041.
Zhao, H., Guo, S., Fu, L., 2014. Review on the costs and benefits of renewable energy
power subsidy in China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 37, 538e549. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.061.
Zhao, T., Bell, L., Horner, M.W., Sulik, J., Zhang, J., 2012. Consumer responses towards
home energy financial incentives: a survey-based study. Energy Policy 47,
291e297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.070.
Zhou, S., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Clarke, L.E., Edmonds, J.A., 2018. Roles of wind and solar
energy in China's power sector: implications of intermittency constraints. Appl.
Energy 213, 22e30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01.025.
Zhao, W., Wang, Y., Wang, C., 2018. Multidisciplinary optimization of electric-wheel
vehicle integrated chassis system based on steady endurance performance.
J. Clean. Prod. 186, 640e651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.157.