Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Environmental Technology & Innovation

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/eti

Holistic review of hybrid renewable energy in circular

economy for valorization and management
∗
Namrata Bist a,b , , Anirbid Sircar a,b , Kriti Yadav b
a
School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
b
Centre of Excellence for Geothermal Energy, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The world requires genuine endeavors for gradual introduction of sustainable power
Received 2 May 2020 sources to satisfy the future energy needs. Renewable energy (RE) of enormous capacity
Received in revised form 1 July 2020 exists at various geological locations but suffers from intermittent nature. In such
Accepted 16 July 2020
situations, one RE can complement other and improve the system’s efficiency. This is
Available online 18 July 2020
an example of valorization where hybridization improves the quality of a commodity.
Keywords: It has been found out that hybrid of two or more technologies, alongside storage can
Hybrid renewable energy improve framework efficiency. The hybrid energy sources follows up on the idea of
Geothermal hybrids circular economy where the circular progression of resource–product–recycled resources
Circular economy is planned for decreasing both the utilization of raw materials and waste generation. It
Valorization has been found that despite the fact that such projects are expensive at the beginning; in
Sustainable development long term they prove to be advantageous. The paper discusses about the hybrids done
so far and through case studies and economic analysis. It also suggests which hybrid
arrangements can assist each other. The present study examines the major problems
associated with hybrid renewable energy and identifies the solutions. The paper comes
up with a novel low cost hybrid solution of solar and geothermal which is implemented
in the geothermal plant in Gujarat, India. It is discussed that the concept of hybrid
renewable energy when put into a circular economy model, would give solutions that
are affordable, practical and provides societal benefits.
© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Motivation for the research .................................................................................................................................................................... 4
3. The hybrid SAGA ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
3.1. Biogas hybrids .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
3.2. Biomass hybrids ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.3. Solar–Geothermal Hybrids .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.4. Combining solar chimney/wind turbine/geothermal............................................................................................................... 5
4. Hybrid case studies .................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
4.1. Hybrid Solar–Biogas–Biomass for a village situated in Punjab, India ................................................................................... 7
4.2. Hybrid Geothermal–Biomass for Electricity generation in Cornell University..................................................................... 7
4.3. Using simulation software to understand the efficiency of a Hybrid Biogas–Solar PV and Wind system in rural area,
Cuba............................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

∗ Correspondence to: School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar 382007, India.
E-mail address: namrata.bist@spt.pdpu.ac.in (N. Bist).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101054
2352-1864/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054

4.4. Hybrid Solar chimney–Geothermal–Wind ................................................................................................................................ 8

4.5. Hybrid Geothermal–Solar setup for Swami Narayan Temple in Dholera, Gujarat, India .................................................. 8
5. Challenges and vision for the future of hybrid renewable energies: Circular economy ................................................................. 8
6. Conclusion and future perspectives ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Declaration of competing interest.......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
References ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

1. Introduction

In the present times, when even most developed nations of the world are intentionally making an effort to shift from
linear economy to circular economy, India is bound to move towards the path that is recuperative and regenerative by
structure. The circular economy is a regenerative closed loop process as opposed to linear economy which is an open cycle
that generally follows take-make-dispose plan ultimately harming the environment (Knowledge map circular economy,
2016). To meet the outpouring demand for energy through conventional resources, is not only impractical but also non
regenerative and catastrophic for the environment. It is a classic example of linear economy (Sariatli, 2017).
Serious efforts needs to be put for a gradual introduction of Renewable Energy (RE) like Wind, Tidal, Solar, Geothermal,
Biomass etc. to meet the future energy demands (Pal et al., 2017). With respect to Indian subcontinent, many researchers
suggest the availability of ample geothermal resources. However, most of India’s geothermal resources fall under the
category of low enthalpy and hence cannot be harnessed efficiently standalone (Singh et al., 2016).
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) has estimated that in the non hydro renewable power generation
will continue growing in the future similar to its growth in the past decade. Fig. 1 shows that RE has shown sharp growth
trends in the history and currently swiftly moving forward towards a bright future (EIA outlooks, 2019). Fig. 2 shows the
associated percentages of total renewable electricity generation capacity in the time period shown in Fig. 1. EIA anticipates
that particularly non hydro renewable generation will keep about 7% annual growth rate and by 2030 generation will reach
2302 billion kWh. In the past 3 decades, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries have
increased the shares of renewable and waste generating capacities up to 3.7%, outpacing the average annual growth rates
of non-renewable generating capacities which is 1.4% (EIA reports, 2019).
In light of sporadic nature of RE such as solar, wind etc., hybrid of at least two technologies, alongside storage can
enhance system effectiveness (Käkönen et al., 2014). Harnessing hybrid RE reduces dependency on fossil fuel for power
generation, helping build a healthier and low carbon footprint circular economy. According to Eziyi and Krothapalli (2014)
such integrations will empower local resources and at the same time, lower the dependency of food prices on oil prices.
Many Indian rural areas have to rely on costly generators for meeting their power needs. They have ample supply of
biomass/biogas which can be combined with other renewable like wind/solar/geothermal (Zhao and Guo, 2015). When
various renewable sources are integrated as a single hybrid system, the strengths of one source offset the shortcomings
of another (Gonzalez et al., 2015). As a result, better efficiency is obatined, higher total output gained and overall cost is
lowered (Rahman et al., 2014).
In case of solar and geothermal hybrid, with about 300 clear sunny days there are geological as well as climatic
advantages in terms of usage of solar energy in India (Prasad et al., 2017). Abundant surface radiation is available
throughout the year which can be used for raising the temperature of geothermal fluid and simultaneously can be utilized
for appreciable power generation (through ORC).
Similarly, villages in remote areas have increasingly been employing wind mills for off-grid usage. Hybrid systems
prove to be very useful as they convert the resources in one form (essentially electricity) and/or store the energy into
other form as shown in Table 1. Aggregated output can be utilized to supply a variety of loads. Increased reliability
may be achievable with hybridization (Al-Falahi et al., 2017); but after numerical analysis and software simulation of
various hybrids researchers have found two factors of prime importance for the designing an improved operational
performance and control & dispatch which are befitting technology selection and generation unit sizing (Khare et al.,
2016). Table 1 briefs about various RE power generation techniques and corresponding energy repository strategy that
might be useful to hybrid systems. A mix of RE with storage when combined with conventional technology such as diesel
generator also could form a hybrid. This might be useful in rural areas.
This paper aims to review the sustainability and cost effectiveness of various hybrid systems. Literature survey suggests
that because of the incessant use and drawbacks of non RE, hybrid renewable energies are growing at a fast rate and hence
are an interesting topic to be studied upon.
This paper tries to connect a novel idea of hybrid renewable energy with circular economy. The concept of circular
economy targets at settling the issue of declining economic resources by treating economic waste as a useful economic
assets (Jørgensen and Pedersen, 2018). Though employment of various hybrid setups are reviewed and thoroughly
discussed here, it is imperative to understand whether they are working in a circular economy. The paper discusses how
hybrid renewable energy model based on circular economy is one of the best implementation examples where energy is
reused in a circular fashion. The challenges associated with energy storage are also thoroughly reviewed and best solutions
are brought forth.
 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054 3

Fig. 1. Electricity generation projection profiles in the past and future.

Fig. 2. Growth of world renewable generation over the total electricity generation.

Fig. 3. The Lindal diagram shows how geothermal energy resources at different temperatures can be applied for a range of applications.
4 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054

Table 1
Energy storage types for different renewable energy power generation technologies.
S.No. Renewable Energy (RE) Energy storage types
1 Biomass Battery
2 Solar PV/Thermal Pumped Hydro
3 Wind Superconducting Magnetic energy storage (SMES)
4 Ocean/Tidal/Wave Hydrogen
5 Geothermal Compressed air

2. Motivation for the research

In order to bring Gujarat on the renewable map of the world, on the initiatives of Government of Gujarat, an unrivaled
geothermal plant was setup in Swami Narayan Temple in Dholera, Gujarat for electricity generation and space heating
& cooling by Centre of Excellence for Geothermal Energy (CEGE). The plant utilizes geothermal energy through Ground
source heat pump (GSHP) to provide comfort cooling up to 14 ◦ C in a hall of the temple without using HVAC (Heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning). Additionally, the plant is generating electricity up to 20 kW utilizing Organic rankine
cycle (ORC). But the waste water from the system is streamed into a dump, consequently being wasted. There is no
immediate direct utilization of this water like irrigation, drinking etc. because of high dissolved salt content.
The current scenario which fits into a linear economy model may change to a sustainable circular economy model
when the current system is integrated with another renewable energy. The benefits reaped out of this would be two. One
would be improved enthalpy of geothermal water and other would be reuse of the waste water from the GSHP and ORC.
The improved enthalpy through the hybrid renewable sources could be utilized for varied usages as given in Fig. 3. It is
pivotal to comprehend which RE source would be a counterpart for the current framework in order to receive the most
extreme rewards of hybridization, which will be examined in the upcoming sections of this paper.
Hybridization leads to an increase in enthalpy of geothermal water, which can be utilized for efficient power
generation. This setup could also be coordinated with power grid. Many hybrid renewable energy arrangements are
investigated systematically across the world. This paper investigates a few low cost hybrids and proposes the best hybrid
solution for the area of interest.

3. The hybrid SAGA

Many hybrid RE setups have been studied by researchers. The available literature suggests combination of geothermal
with solar energy was found to be the most popular choice. Researchers carried out regional investigations for combined
geothermal and solar PV systems. Examples may be cited from Mexico (Lentz and Almanza, 2006), Nevada (USA) (Greenhut
et al., 2010) and Australia (Zhou et al., 2013). The next in line comes the attempts to hybridize the existing geothermal
systems with biomass, which has been extensively worked upon by researchers in New Zealand (Thain and DiPippo, 2015)
and Italy (Seethamraju et al., 2014). Researchers also presented schemes for power generation, air liquefaction and drying
or heating/cooling by developing synergies between a geothermal and biomass plant (Malik et al., 2014).
Nakao et al. (2015, 2017) proposed that there exists potential to develop highly efficient hybrid geothermal power
plants in combination with other energy sources such as biomass, solar heat, exhaust heat from fuel cells in Japan. Some
of the hybrids are stated as follows:

3.1. Biogas hybrids

Biogas burns without smell or residue, similar to liquefied petroleum gas or compressed natural gas. The substitution
of oil by biogas in internal combustion engines has also helped in solving problems related to deteriorating environmental
conditions and emissions (Bhatti et al., 2015). It generates a very small carbon footprint, as the emission generated when
biogas is burned is already part of the carbon cycle of the atmosphere (Abbasi et al., 2011).
Kumaravel and Ashok (2012) designed a hybrid setup of a biomass gasifier along with solar cell and others support
equipments and successfully demonstrated how such hybrids can meet a primary load demand in remote locations. Liu
(2016) termed arrangement of biomass as a logistic process and highlighted the fact that biomass-to-energy conversion
process can be carried out in a number of ways such that they results in unlike cost and CO2 emissions. The power
generation via biomass and biogas must also be encouraged in rural areas as it will generate employment for locals.
Giraud and Salamesh (2011) studied about hybrid system of renewable sources of energy, specifically the solar PV,
biogas and biomass which are improving the living standards and quality in rural areas alongside solving the problem
of global warming. Hybrid systems can meet sustained load demands, are more consistent and cost per unit of power
generated is found to be lower compared to unit price from a standalone system (Kavali, 2013).
 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054 5

3.2. Biomass hybrids

Lukawski et al. (2013) carried out investigations to understand the feasibility of covering the heat demand of the
Cornell University campus using two potentially economical viable energy sources widely available in the Northeast,
namely: low-temperature geothermal and biomass. According to the study, Enhanced geothermal system (EGS) would
provide buffer from the price volatility of fossil fuels and would be economically superior to many other energy sources
including decentralized coal and oil boilers. The hybrid geothermal–biomass systems would be most advantageous in
locations where district heating systems are fueled by fossil fuel boilers.
The university adopted a number of steps to cater to the requirements of its collective population standing close to
30,000 and to achieve their target of a non-carbon or carbon-neutral green campus in 3 to 4 decade’s time. They look
forward to establish a suitable and efficient hybrid system amongst different kinds of renewable energy sources such as
solar, geothermal, biogas, etc.
Working under the able-guidance of Climate Action Plan (CAP), the research and development efforts have been
ongoing to bring to light such hybrid co-generation system Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) and biogas would be
a valorized product in near future. The system will be capable of supplying the campus’ complete heating demand. The
system will also generate considerable amount of electricity, and would subsequently cut CO2 emissions by more than
40% (Beckers et al., 2015).

3.3. Solar–Geothermal Hybrids

The potential of geothermal–solar PV hybrids have been investigated by Astolfi et al. (2011) and Ghasemi et al. (2014).
It is the most popular choice of hybridization. A research describes a geothermal/solar–thermal hybrid plant design that
utilizes low-temperature geothermal heat to provide feed water heating in a CSP plant that operates at a much higher
temperature (Turchi et al., 2014). The research also compares the Hybrid plant and Stand-alone CSP plant on the basis of
their input power and output power. According to experiments and analysis carried out, the geothermal energy allows
power plant output from the hybrid plant to increase by about 8% relative to stand alone CSP plant with the same solar–
thermal input. The result shows that geothermal energy is converted to electricity at an efficiency of 1.7 to 2.5 times
greater than would occur in a stand-alone, binary — cycle geothermal plant. Zhou et al. (2013) summarized a number of
studies that proposed geothermal/solar–thermal hybrids. They assumed an ORC binary-cycle plant and studied a design
that provided solar heat into the power cycle working fluid.
Developing countries have installed solar power plants and have started power generation using solar energy (Mitra,
1985) As a result, the seasonal heat storage systems need to be modified and improved. Li et al. (2016) focuses on
upgrading the Solar and Geothermal energy and emphasizes on development of certain techniques to achieve this.
However, both Geothermal and Solar energies have merits and some demerits. Solar energy provides an opportunity
for power generation by use of two different processes: Photovoltaic, wherein photons are directly converted into electric
energy and another one is solar–thermal technologies, where a thermodynamic cycle can be employed. In a low-enthalpy
geothermal reservoir, the geothermal water can be heated up by solar radiation. The low capacity factor problem of solar
energy could be compensated by the geothermal energy with a high capacity factor. The quality of both geothermal and
solar energies may be upgraded by optimized hybrid configurations (Bergermann and Partner, 2002).

3.4. Combining solar chimney/wind turbine/geothermal

Limited number of high-temperature fields is a major drawback of the geothermal resources and there are plenty of
locations on the globe which have low-temperature geothermal reservoirs (Bayer et al., 2019). Atia et al. (2017) and Taylor
et al. (2013) focused on electricity generation from low enthalpy geothermal reservoir mainly by applying ORC; but these
members may have environmental and maintenance problems mainly in rural areas. The hybrid of solar, geothermal and
wind energies is one of the best combinations. This hybrid system uses heat from the geothermal, concept from solar
chimney and power generation using wind turbine.
The electricity production by solar chimney is proportionate to the intensity of solar radiation, an area of the glass
roof and chimney height. Thus, power output will be reduced during night time (Bergermann, 2011). But in combination
with geothermal chimney height will be the only most influencing parameter. The utilization of exergy loss from the
geothermal field and solar chimney could give potential electricity production.
As is shown in Fig. 4, the hybrid technology has three main elements; geothermal system for heat supply, Solar Chimney
and, Wind Turbine. Hot geothermal fluid is fed to the pond. The air above the pond will be heated and rises to the
chimney, causing rotation of turbine blades to produce electricity. The mathematical calculations consider heat transfer
from pond to air. For this, heat loss from the pond needs to be calculated by utilizing a heat loss calculation method from
the swimming pool (Jalilinasrabady, 2004; Jalilinasrabady et al., 2013-B). Heat loss value will be less because the pond is
covered by a chimney. Total heat loss from a pond is contributed by evaporation, convection, radiation, conduction, and
rain but major contributing factors are evaporation and convection (Svavarsson, 1990). They analyzed that heat loss by
radiation, conduction, and rain is approximately 1/10th (10%) of the total heat loss by convection and evaporation. This
value of total heat loss from the pond will help in estimating the amount of geothermal fluid which needs to be supplied
6 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of geothermal, solar and wind energy where hot geothermal fluid is fed to pond heating air above it which moves the
wind turbine and produces electricity.

Fig. 5. Block diagram of hybrid power plant which utilizes solar PV, biogas and biomass which through generators and inverters produces electricity.

Fig. 6. Design steps for designing a parabolic trough collector.

to the pond which acts as the heat source. The geothermal water can be directly fed to pond or another option is to design
a closed-loop system which can be thought of as a heat exchanger that would transfer heat from geothermal water to
fresh water in the pond.
This system provides continuous stable wind to rotate the turbine blade. Thus this hybrid technology may result in
electricity generation in locations where direct utilization of geothermal resources is limited to bathing purposes such as
Africa and the Middle East.
 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054 7

Table 2
Depiction of per unit cost of energy production using standalone biogas, PV and hybrid biogas–PV setup.
S.No. Renewable setup Unit cost generation (Rs.)
1. Standalone biogas 4.2
2. Standalone PV 22
3. Hybrid biogas–solar PV 5–6

4. Hybrid case studies

4.1. Hybrid Solar–Biogas–Biomass for a village situated in Punjab, India

The study focused on a village situated in Punjab with human population of around 4000, with one cattle for every
two people. With the available quantity of human waste and animal dung, researchers suggest a biogas plant can be set
up. Also, solar radiation is around 4.7 kWh/(m2 day) on an average. Keeping in consideration the above source availability,
the study proposes a biogas and solar plant of 350 kW and 400 kW capacities respectively. As a part of cost estimation
exercise, the author first gathered all information related to total land area, power consumption, raw material, total annual
sun-shine hours, etc. This was followed by selection of proper equipments and machinery such as PV collectors, wiring,
digester parameters, etc. The block diagram of this arrangement is shown in Fig. 5.
The study suggested that a 1750 kWp power plant could be set up in village which includes 1000 kW Biomass power
plant, 350 kW Biogas and 400 kW Solar PV power plant. Hybrid power plant per unit cost generation is Rs. 5.67/kWh.
It would utilize solar energy, biogas and biomass as fuels in a combined cycle power plant to provide clean energy. The
calculations showed that a standalone biogas plant would annually generate energy with per unit cost of Rs. 4.2. On the
other hand, the mere solar PV plant would generate with per unit cost reaching as high as Rs. 22, as presented in Table 2.
The utilization of solar energy and biomass in synchronization thus is a very efficient option for electrification of remote
rural areas (Kaur and Singh, 2016).

4.2. Hybrid Geothermal–Biomass for Electricity generation in Cornell University

The researchers at University of Cornell carried out investigations to implement standards for construction activities
and took steps to utilize their forest management and related community programs to offset inevitable CO2 emissions.
They tried to hybridize geothermal and biomass systems. Before the work was started for hybridization, the University
campus already had following equipments as part of its infrastructure: (a) Two natural gas turbines of 15 MWe capacity,
(b) A hydro-electric plant of 1.1 MWe capacity, and (c) A photo-voltaic array of about 1.8 MWe capacity (Aguirre, 2014).
There is often this concern that how hybrid system would fit the different environments during summer and winter.
Answering to these queries, the researchers maintained that during summers, the geothermal system would generate
electricity. However, during cold winter days, the same system would cover most of the heating load by conversion of
pre-treated biomass to synthesis gas and subsequent combustion of this gas into already-in-place natural gas boilers.
Since Cornell has bio-crop cultivation available on its own land-holdings, there is no scarcity of biomass. A fixed-bed type
gasifier has been proposed whose conversion efficiency can be taken to be 85% as reported by Ptasinski (2008). However,
Gibbons and Wright (2009) alerts regarding a few technical issues which might be faced while shifting from natural gas
to synthesis gas, including but not limited to increased corrosion and erosion of piping and equipments, overheating, etc.
Since the previous studies establish that most of the local geothermal resources are of low-grade quality, the research
team found it essential to run simulations in order to explore in deep and double-validate the techno economic potential
of the proposed combined system of geothermal and biogas energy. This study at Cornell mainly investigated a base case
scenario, where in they also updated the former scholarly works of Tester et al. (2010) and Lukawski et al. (2013). The
team ran simulations on GEOPHIRES, i.e., GEOthermal Energy for Production of Heat and Electricity ‘‘IR’’ Economically
Simulated. It incorporates details such as current geothermal drilling costs, the local geothermal gradient (Aguirre, 2014),
capital and operation and maintenance cost, conversion efficiency, etc.
The researchers aim to ensure that geothermal system does not remain idle in hot scorching summer. Hence they
have suggested the use of ORC for power generation. Beckers et al. (2014) showcase some of the direct applications and
co-generation schemes of geothermal hybrid.
The cost ascertained from GEOPHIRES stood close to US $217 million for installation of a complete system which would
supply the heating demand of above 98 percent of the campus and would cut CO2 emissions significantly, by above 40
percent or equivalent to 94,000 metric tons.
Along with an improvement in overall efficiency, other kind of synergies can also be developed. The surplus heat can
be sold to adjoining dwellers, or can be used for space heating, for vegetable production in greenhouses, in swimming
pools in recreational parks, etc. Thus, even geothermal reservoirs having low enthalpy can be made profitable (Kapp and
Kreuter, 2008). In a nutshell, a stand-alone geothermal system which did not have much utility can be converted to a
highly profitable and efficient system using the hybrid concept.
8 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054

4.3. Using simulation software to understand the efficiency of a Hybrid Biogas–Solar PV and Wind system in rural area, Cuba

The progress of any country is directly associated with their per capita energy consumption. The energy demands are
increasing and to meet these demands, the share of renewable energy is increasing significantly (Gupta, 2008). However, a
considerable part of rural population still lives far away from power grids (Gupta, 1989). In one such scenario, researchers
considered a hybrid system of biogas, solar PV and wind for meeting the energy requirements of a milk and meat farm
in Cuba. They used Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) simulation software to understand the
conversion efficiency, economics and environmental consequences, if any.
The standalone systems of solar or biogas currently in function around the globe are facing a lot of operational
problems. This is because solar panels are way expensive and generate electricity only during presence of sun in the sky,
whereas in a biomass plant, there ought to be high ash content along with generation of some pollutants. But combining
them together would optimize the generation conditions. Since power generation from a biogas and biomass plants can
be controlled, they are termed as controlled energy sources (Singh and Singh, 2014) while solar PV is an uncontrolled
source as it wholly depends on the climatic conditions.
Considering the challenges which lie in electrification of remote rural areas especially the high installation and
distribution costs, the option of developing off-grid and combined hybrid systems in India has to be considered (Guanghui
and Weiguo, 2011). This surely will assist in lowering the present dependence on fossil fuels (Ganguli and Singh, 2010).

4.4. Hybrid Solar chimney–Geothermal–Wind

Authors analyzed a project with ambient temperature 15 ◦ C, assuming a circular pond with 20 m diameter (Jalili-
nasrabady, 2004). The analysis showed that geothermal water (90 ◦ C) flow rate of 6.4 kg/s is required to maintain the
pond temperature equal to 65 ◦ C. A solar chimney of 15m diameter and 10m height was assumed to be installed above
the pond. These assumptions and calculations lead to an evaluation that air velocity inside the chimney will reach to 19.5
m/s and generate 441 kW and 335 kW of electricity with a power coefficient of 0.59 (Betz’s limit) and 0.45 respectively.
The water discharged from the pond can then be utilized for direct applications (Svavarsson, 1990).
Such hybrid systems aid renewable energy resources to become a solution to shortcomings of other energy resources.
Locations, where direct utilization of geothermal resources is limited to bathing purposes such as Africa and the Middle
East, this hybrid technology, may result in electricity generation. This system provides continuous stable wind to rotate
the turbine blade. A pilot-scale solar chimney of Manzanares in Spain generates 36 kW electricity for 7 years. Chimney
tower was 196.6 m tall and the collector has a diameter of 244m. This system will provide a solution for solar chimney’s
low efficiency during night time, visual environmental impact.

4.5. Hybrid Geothermal–Solar setup for Swami Narayan Temple in Dholera, Gujarat, India

A simulation study was carried out for the study area Dholera, Gujarat, India (Bist et al. 2020). The researchers have
demonstrated efficient electricity generation using hybrid solar and geothermal energy. The geothermal water from heat
pump was input to a Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) where a primary fluid increases the fluid temperature drastically up
to 110 ◦ C–120 ◦ C. Duratherm 450 was taken as primary fluid due to its non toxicity, organic nature, economic viability and
thermal stability and longer service life. Once the desired temperature is obtained, the fluid is then passed to an existing
ORC and efficient electricity upto 20 kW was generated. When the primary fluid passes from PTC the temperature of
fluid rises drastically, to control the temperature of primary fluid thermostat is placed. The research area already has
an existing ground source heat pump (GSHP) and ORC of 20 kW capacity. The researchers designed a PTC according to
standard dimensions using design software CREO. The researchers carried out simulation on the software Engineering
equation solver (EES). The entire process is as shown in Fig. 6. An overall efficiency improvement of 10% was observed
by the process and the residual water was utilized. The process is a circular process and the concept of valorization and
management was demonstrated.
As shown in Table 3, based on the calculations the researchers came up with the following dimensions of the PTC
which would be most efficient for the system (Bist et al., 2020).
The concentration ratio obtained by the simulation is very high. The study utilizes the unused geothermal water of low
enthalpy, through PTC enhances the enthalpy of water and utilizes it for electricity generation. This is a classic example
of valorization where the value of a commodity is improved through hybridization. The process also fits into a circular
economy as all the components works in a closed loop system.

5. Challenges and vision for the future of hybrid renewable energies: Circular economy

With any development project it is irrefutable that there are challenges. First challenge is to develop a hybrid system
for a location. It can be tricky to develop same plan for every system. Strategic planning is required and the system need to
be tailor made for each setup depending on the geological location. After detailed analysis the present authors have come
to a conclusion that the most efficient system for the study area in Gujarat, India can be Solar–Geothermal or Biogas–
Geothermal. The area is geologically feasible for Solar–Geothermal–Biogas–Biomass. Collaboration of the any two or more
 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054 9

Table 3
Simulation on EES provided the following dimensions for an efficient PTC.
S.No. Parameter Value
1 Rim angle (phi_r) 70
2 Aperture width (m) 3
3 Focal length (m) 1.071
4 Height (m) 2.1
5 Length of parabola (m) 2
6 Concentration ratio 68.20
7 Aperture area (m2 ) 6
8 Diameter (mm) 14
9 Velocity (m/s) 52

Table 4
Storage technology classification based on storage class.
Storage class Storage technology
Access oriented Supercapacitor
Flywheel
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
High-power battery
Capacity oriented High-energy battery
Hydrogen energy storage

hybrids will be a closed loop, sustainable and efficient model. Along with the hybrid system, the second challenge is Energy
storage. The most essential part of a standalone hybrid RE system is to have stable, dependable power supply with required
power quality. Schoenun (2003) investigated that out of various energy storage methods, underground Compressed Air
Energy Storage (CAES) and pumped hydroelectric storage technologies are cost efficient. They however are dependent
on geographical locations and are efficient in case of giant grid-scale energy storage applications. Batteries are the most
commonly used energy storage option in scattered hybrid RE. Battery storage systems face barriers because of their critical
dependence on durability and system cost. It is also very difficult to understand the state of charge (SOC) and state of
health (SOH) of batteries (Coleman et al., 2008; Rodrigues et al., 2000; Kim, 2010; Gould et al., 2009; Christophersen,
2020). Therefore, more thrust is required on the research areas of battery performance and durability at low cost. In
terms of access orientation and capacity orientation, storage technology might be distributed as per Table 4.
The third challenge is to store energy mostly during night time and uninterrupted supply of energy. Researchers have
deliberated on thermal energy storage (TES) systems used along with the parabolic trough collectors (Herrmann and
Kearney, 2002). Successful demonstrations have been displayed on the use of heat transfer fluids (HTFs) as a prospective
storage medium. But since HTFs are way expensive, they drastically increase the budget of thermal storage systems. The
variation of load and weather conditions as well as limited periods of availability of solar radiation lead to a mismatch
between heat duty available at a time and that required to meet the energy demand profile. When instances of cloud
passing are regular and frequent, the turbines may trip if no additional thermal source is provided to guide the system
out of this disturbance. As such, a TEG will store energy during periods of sunshine and will facilitate its delivery at a
future point of time or during unfavorable weather conditions. Thus, the purpose of a TES is to extend the operational
window of system. Geyer (1991) has provided a very important outline of the suitability of TES to solar power setups.
While designing a TES, there are a few crucial requirements: easy control, compatibility between heat exchanger, heat
transfer fluid and storage material. The thermal storage may use either the sensible heat or the latent heat. While sensible
heat refers to energy storage by rising temperature of a body, latent heat involves the storage through heat of transition
from one state to another.
Solar Two Project, a 10 MW first model facility, used molten salt TES. The prototype was successful and no major
operational problems were encountered. After conducting a detailed study Pacheco and Gilbert (1999) proposed a more
efficient and novel storage concept. Herrmann et al. (2003) conducted a performance and capital analysis taking into
consideration the experience garnered from operation of Solar Electric Generating Systems (SEGS) in the California Mojave
Desert. These SEGS plants have uniqueness in that they are capable of releasing power according to a utility’s peak power
demands.
The high equipment cost associated with solar energy conversion makes it necessary to figure out different suitable
schemes which can cut power losses during different levels of conversion so as to prevent the cost of power generation
from exceeding that of conventional energy sources. Bejan et al. (1981) paid attention to behavioral details of collectors
and also worked on their optimization. Their research was studied by Manfrida (1985) who understood the features of
collectors and proposed an approach to help select the design which will best suit an experiment’s requirements.
All the three above mentioned challenges and their solutions points towards development into a circular economy. As
defined by the 7th Environmental Action Programme of the European Commission, ‘‘Circular Economy is where nothing
is wasted and where natural resources are managed sustainably and biodiversity is protected’’ (EU Environment Action
10 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054

Fig. 7. Stages of circular economy for renewable energy.

Programme to 2020, 2020). It empowers to change the conventional linear relationship of ‘‘Resource–Product–Waste &
Emission’’ into a circular relationship of ‘‘Resource–Product–Resource’’ as depicted in Fig. 7. The hybrid renewable energy
generation and utilization model is one of the best examples of Circular economy where the energy is reused in a circular
fashion.
The idea of the circular economy also stands with the United Nations Development Program for sustainable develop-
ment goals. By implementation of the concept of circular economy, a part of SGDs can be practiced to benefit economy,
society and environment and to accomplish human well beings for both current and later generations (Source: UNCRD).

6. Conclusion and future perspectives

The above examinations point that hybrid RE setups are exceptional in overcoming one another’s drawbacks as well
as accentuating efficiency of the system. The energy production and exploitation through hybrid concept is one of
the best examples of circular economy where the energy is reused in a circular manner. In most of the geographical
locations renewable energies discussed above (Geothermal, Solar, Wind, Biomass, Biogas) are easily available. The capital
expenditure in setting up the plants is more but the operating expenditure is very less and the machinery is less complex
than the usual machineries being used in electricity generation by traditional mechanisms. Also their usage imposes less
threat to the environment.
With the wind and solar PV advancements, it is imperative that renewable energy production will increase in the
upcoming times at a record rate, but the sporadic nature of these sources will generate issues in grid incorporation. If
these systems are operated autonomously or as a microgrid system utilizing energy storage, there are increased chances
of control and power supervision. The reduction in the problems associated with intermittent nature of RE enhances the
hybridization benefits. They also make the system efficient and dependable.
After detailed analysis of the study area which is a village, present authors have come to a conclusion that the most
efficient system for the study area can be Solar–Wind–Geothermal or Solar–Geothermal as these are cost effective and
geologically complementary to each other. The authors are hopeful that this implementation (first on the map of India)
will be one of the leading examples for hybridization, sustainable future and circular economy; not only in India but also
in the World.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
 N. Bist, A. Sircar and K. Yadav / Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 (2020) 101054 11

Acknowledgments

Authors gratefully acknowledge the Centre of Excellence for Geothermal Energy (CEGE), India and Pandit Deendayal
Petroleum University, Raisan, Gujarat, India for the facilities support. Authors gratefully acknowledge the Government of
Gujarat, India for funding this project.

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