Advantage/Disadvantage

Various Pros and Cons of Geothermal Energy

The temperature at earth’s core exists at roughly 7200 degrees Fahrenheit. This is due to the decay of
radioactive materials millions of years ago. The high temperature beneath the earth’s surface can produce an
enormous amount of energy that could produce several gigawatts of electricity. Technically speaking,
geothermal energy is a renewable source of energy that can produce energy as long as the Earth exists.

Geothermal energy is clean, sustainable, environment friendly, cost-effective, and reliable. Geothermal energy
resources range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth’s
surface. It can also be found deeper into the Earth’s interior due to the extremely high temperatures and
pressures of molten rock called magma. In the United States, most geothermal reservoirs of hot water are
located in the western states, Alaska, and Hawaii.
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Geothermal energy is a type of energy that can really make it easy for companies to get what they need
without using a lot of fossil fuels in the process. In this article, we’re going to take a closer look at some of the
most important pros and cons that are related to using geothermal energy for your home or for your business
when it comes to energy.

The sooner we get started with alternative energy sources and recognize that fossil fuels makes us less secure
as a nation, and more dangerous as a planet, the better off we’ll be
Various Pros of Geothermal Energy

1. Geothermal Energy is a Renewable source of Energy

Geothermal energy is extracted from the earth’s core and will be available as long as the earth exists. It is therefore
renewable and can be used for roughly another 4-5 billion years. While fossil fuels have an expiry date, renewable
sources like geothermal energy is not going to expire anytime soon.

2. It is Environment Friendly

Geothermal energy is green in all aspects of its production and use! It is actually known for having the least
impact of any power source. When it comes to the process of developing and making it, geothermal power is
practically completely emission-free.
There is absolutely zero carbon used when it comes to the production of this type of power. Also, the whole
procedure can clean out sulfur that may have generally been discharged from other processes.

3. No Fuel Needed

No fuel is used at all during the production and use of energy. Why? Because there is absolutely no mining or
transportation-related to the process, which means that there aren’t trucks emitting fumes and gas, which means
that the atmosphere is not being as affected by the process.
4. Geothermal Energy is Available in Abundant Supply

With geothermal energy, there are no shortages or other sorts of problems that sometimes occur with other types of
power. They are not subject to the same issues as solar or wind power, which means that you won’t get a shortage
because the weather isn’t cooperating with what you want.

There is a practically boundless supply. It is also intrinsically basic and dependable, so you don’t have to worry about it
being more of a hassle than it is actually worth.

5. Significant Savings for Home Owners

There has been a tremendous increase in the number of homeowners who want to utilize geothermal energy for
heating and cooling purposes. The result is that less energy is used for heating homes and offices which results in
significant savings for homeowners.

It might prove expensive initially but 30-60% savings on heating and 25-50% savings on cooling can cover that cost
within a few years. A geothermal heat pump can help you save enough money in energy costs.
6. Smallest Land Footprint

Geothermal energy extracts heat from hot water, the steam from hot water move the turbines that produce
electricity. To extract this energy, a substantial amount of piping is required to be laid underground.
But, thanks to new innovation in the field of technology, geothermal energy has the smallest land footprint of any
major energy source in the world.

The costs are very competitive. As of now, geothermal energy is quite cost aggressive in a few areas where it is
being produced, so you want to keep an eye on how much it is changing the world of energy in the areas where it
is located.

7. Innovation in Technology

When it comes to green energy, geothermal energy is one of the first types that is being explored. New
innovations are coming out for it all of the time, which means that it will likely be easier to deal with some of the
difficulties with the technology as time goes on.

It can also be manufactured underground. New innovations that are coming out are basically guaranteed to be
able to use lower temperatures in future iterations of the technology as well.
8. Almost No Noise Pollution

A geothermal system uses exactly the same principles as a freezer or refrigerator. It operates quietly. It’s a
good system to maintain a good relationship with your neighbors. Traditional heating and cooling systems
produce a lot of noise that can irritate you and your neighbors causing unnecessary disagreements.

9. Free Hot Water Production

As an added advantage, geothermal systems are able to generate some if not all of your hot water at higher
efficiencies than conventional techniques. A simple modification is performed in your geothermal system to
enable it to deliver hot water that can be stored in your water heater for later use.

Also, during the cooling cycle, the heat extracted from the building is sent to the water heater instead of being
transferred to the ground. This guarantees you free hot water as long as the geothermal system is functioning.
Various Cons of Geothermal Energy

1. Suitable to Particular Region

Everything that deals with geothermal power seems to be really far away from, well, everything that is in and
around the area. Prime destinations are exceptionally zone-specific, so you can’t really find geothermal power
outside of those areas. Also, the prime destinations are frequently a long way from urban areas, which means
that they’re virtually useless when it comes to cities and such.

2. Geothermal Power Has High Initial Costs

For those residential owners who are thinking to use geothermal energy, high upfront costs are
something that turns out to be a huge setback to them. For an average-sized home, the installation of
geothermal heat pumps costs between $10,000 – $20,000 that can pay off itself in another 5-10 years
down the line through significant cost savings.
3. Cost of Powering the Pump

Geothermal heat pumps still need a power source that can run it. The pumps need electricity to run that
can transfer energy from the earth’s core to the home. For a homeowner who is planning to go green, can
use a few solar panels that can power the heat pump to draw energy from the earth’s reservoir.

4. Geothermal Power May Cause Surface Instability

Geothermal has become infamous for causing earthquakes as setting up of geothermal power plants can alter
the land’s structure. A process called hydraulic fracturing is an integral part of building a large scale and
efficient geothermal system power plant that can trigger earthquakes.
5. Environmental Concerns

There are some environmental concerns. Water use is one of the big concerns because geothermal power uses a
lot of water in its processes and such. There are also a number of different compounds that go into the air,
water, and ground as a result of the process, including sulfur dioxide and silica discharges, both of which can
harm the environment if you aren’t careful about it.

Sometimes, you have to deal with some technical difficulties as a result of the way that geothermal power is
used. Misfortunes can occur because of how far the power has to travel, and mistakes can occur sometimes that
makes it difficult for the energy to get to people in an efficient manner.
6. High Temperatures Needed

The process is not exactly an easy one for you to execute. Boring into warmed rock is extremely troublesome. In
order for geothermal processes to begin, you also need the area in question to be at least 350 degrees Fahrenheit,
otherwise, the processes may not occur as you wish them to.
7. May Run Out of Steam

Geothermal heat coming from the reservoir below may die down or run out of steam even after years of activity. The
dry spell may last decades, which is why it’s recommended that you use the heat prudently and not abuse it.
Improper use can also result in a poor distribution of heat.

8. Sustainability Issues

Although most research studies suggest that geothermal reservoirs are permanent, some studies indicate that they can
be depleted if the water is extracted faster than it can replenish itself. This can be a problem for residential heating and
cooling as geothermal energy is used differently when heating and cooling homes than in geothermal power plants.

9. Distribution Costs

In some situations, geothermal energy sites are located further from the population, hence, requiring a vast network
of distribution systems. This only adds up the overall cost of setting up a geothermal system.
GPP COMPARE TO OTHER POWER PLANTS
THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages of GPP
Geothermal power plants have lots of advantages.
 Comparatively ecologically clean. Unlike coal-fired power plants, geothermal ones use a
renewable heat source with a constant supply. Studies have shown that only 6.5% of the total
world potential is involved in the industry, which means that energy will last for many years in
advance. In addition, the amount of greenhouse gas from geothermal power plants is only 5%
in the contrary with coal-fired power plants.

 More energy. Geothermal power stations have great capacity – they can gravely help in meeting
the demand for energy that grows every year, both in developed and developing countries.

 Stable prices. Simple power plants depend on fuel, so the cost of their electricity is varying, based
on the market price of fuel. Since geothermal power plants do not use fuel, they do not need to
take into account its cost, and they can offer their customers stable electricity costs.
 Low operating costs. Geothermal installations require minimal maintenance compared to conventional
power plants. As a result, they are reliable and cheap in operation.

 Renewable and sustainable source. Geothermal energy will never end, unlike non-renewable energy
sources. As long as the earth supports our lives, geothermal energy will exist and geothermal power will
work.

 Permanent power supply. Unlike other renewable energy sources, geothermal one can provide a constant
supply of energy – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, regardless of external factors. For
example, solar panel can produce electricity only during the day, and wind turbines produce energy only
with sufficient wind.

 Small area. They occupy less space than their coal, oil and gas equivalents. Although they will reach far
below the earth’s surface, their area will be negligible.

 Low noise work. There is a little noise in the production of geothermal energy. The main source of noise is
the fans that are in the cooling systems. To reduce its level, engineers can install in the generator shops
materials with high damping properties. It helps to reduce noise pollution.
 Energy security. Using local geothermal resources, the need to supply sources from other countries
reduces, which, in turn, lowers dependence on external influences and helps to increase our energy
security.

The availability rate of geothermal energy compared to other renewable energy sources.
Source: Greenmatch Online Edition - The Source of Renewable Heat, Dec’18
Disadvantages of GPP
As it often happens, some advantages can smoothly go into disadvantages, everything will depend from
which side to consider a particular question. No wonder that there are two sides of the same coin.
So, the disadvantages of geothermal power plants.
 Ecological problem. High environmental consumption of fresh water can be a loss for the environment,
which will ultimately lead to its deficit. Liquids extracted from the earth during drilling contain a large
number of toxic chemicals (including arsenic and mercury), as well as greenhouse gases (such as
hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and radon). If they are incorrectly disposed or
treated, they can get into the atmosphere or leak into groundwater and damage the environment and
human health.
 Geographical limits. Geothermal activity is the highest along the tectonic fault lines in the earth’s crust.
Exactly in these places the geothermal energy has the greatest potential. The drawback is that only few
countries can use geothermal resources. Therefore, while having a look at their geographical
peculiarities, such countries are the main producers of geothermal energy: the USA, Iceland, Kenya,
Indonesia, the Philippines, Mexico. No wonder that geothermal power plants in these countries entered
the rating of the largest in the world as of March 2018 (in megawatts).
 Seismic instability. There are reasons to believe that geothermal structures have caused underground
shakings in different parts of the world. Despite the fact that seismic activity is often insignificant, it can
lead to building damage, injuries and death. In 2006, scientists blamed the geothermal exploration
project in Basel (Switzerland) for causing a series of earthquakes. Some of these earthquakes were
estimated in 3.4 points on a Richter scale. Further research in 2011 revealed a strong correlation between
geothermal exploration and seismic activity.

 Expensive construction. Geothermal power plants require significant investments. Although they have
low operating costs, the cost of their construction may be much higher than coal, oil and gas plants. Much
of these expenses concerns the exploration and drilling of geothermal energy resources. Traditional
power plants do not require exploration and / or drilling. What is more, geothermal power plants require
specially developed heating and cooling systems, as well as other equipment that can withstand high
temperatures.
 Possible exhaustion. Studies show that without careful management, geothermal tanks can be exhausted. In
such cases, the geothermal power plant will become unnecessary until the tank is restored. The only
inexhaustible option is to get geothermal energy directly from the magma, but this technology is still in the
process of development. This option is worth investing at least because the magma will exist billions of years.

Fig. 3. Rating of the largest geothermal stations in the world in 2018. Source: The Statistics Portal -
World's largest geothermal stations 2018, Mar’2018
The potential of geothermal energy
Obviously, geothermal energy has a rather serious potential and will play an important role in future. In Europe,
geothermal heat is used for different needs, but most of all – for electricity generation, heating and cooling of
buildings. Only in 2017 in the European Union, particular in France, Italy and the Netherlands, nine new stations
with a new capacity of 75 MW were put into operation. It is expected that by 2023 global geothermal power will
increase to 17 GW, with the greatest increase of capacity in Indonesia, Kenya, the Philippines and Turkey (Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Geothermal energy production and total capacity by region, 2017-2023. Source: Website of the
International Energy Agency - Geothermal energy
Performance and Design of Geothermal Power Plant
1. Mass flow rate of steam, ms:

ms = x mg
Where:
mg = mass of ground water
x = quality after throttling (Process 1  2)

Solving for x:
h1 = h2 = hf2 + xhfg2

2. Turbine Output Wt:

Wt = ms (h3 – h4) et

Where:
et = Turbine efficiency
3. Generator Output:

Wgen = Turbine Output x Generator Eff.

Wgen = ms

4. Heat Rejected in the Condenser

Qr = ms (h4 – h5)
5. Over-all Plan Efficiency

Ec = Turbine Output
mgh1

Ec = ms (h3 – h4) et
mgh1
Sources of Geothermal Energy:

1. Hydrothermal fluids - basically made up of hot water, steam and minerals. It is the only form
of energy currently being top four significant commercial heat and electrical energy supply.

2. Geopressurized brines - Represent a special subset of hydrothermal fluids typically

found at depths exceeding 3km and is characterized as hot water existing at pressures
above the normal hydrostatic gradient and containing dissolved methane.

3. Hot dry rock - Is a water free, impermeable rock at high temperature and practically
drilling depth to extract energy, high pressure water may be injected through one or more
wells to create new or to enhance existing natural fracture systems with limited access to
groundwater flow.

4. Magma - Is characterized bye or partially molten rock with temperatures reaching as high as 1,200 C
The Geothermal Power Plant in the Philippines

1. Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant – 33MW (Albay)

2. Makiling – Banahaw (Mak-ban) Geothermal Power Plant – 330MW (Los Banos, Laguna)

3. TongononGeothermal Power Plant – 112.5MW (Leyte)

4. Palimpinon Dauin Geothermal Power Plant – 112.5MW (Negros Oriental)

1. A liquid dominated geothermal plant with a single flash separator receives water at 204 C. The separator
pressure is 1.04 Mpa. A direct contact condenser operates at 0.034 Mpa. The turbine has a polytropic
efficiency of 0.75. For a cycle output of 50 mw what is the mass flow rate of the well-water in kg/s?

Solution:
At 204 C
hf = 870.51 kJ/kg
At 1.04 Mpa
hf = 770.38 kJ/kg
hfg = 2009.2 kJ/kg
hg = 2779.6 kJ/kg
Sg = 6.5729 kJ/kg
At 0.034 Mpa
hf = 301.40 kJ/kg
hfg = 2328.8 kJ/kg
Sf = 0.9793 kJ/kg.K
Sfg = 6.7463 kJ/kg.K
h3 = h4 = @ 1.04 Mpa
= 2779.6 kJ/kg
Solving for h4:
S3 = S 4
= (Sf + xSfg)4
6.5729 = (0.9793 + x4 (6.7463))
x4 = 0.829

h4 = hf + x hfg
h4 = 301.4 + 0.829 (2328.8)
= 2232.3 kJ/kg
Solving for the mass flow to the turbine, ms:
Wt = ms ( h3 –h4) et
50000 = ms (2779.6 – 2232.3) (0.75)
ms = 121.8 kg/s
Solving for the quality x2 (after throttling)
h2 = h 1
h1 = (hf + xhfg)2
870.51 = 770.38 + x2 (2009.2)
x2= 0.049836
Solving for the mass flow rate of the well-water:
ms = x 2 m g
121.8 = 0.049836 mg
mg = 2444 kg/s
2. In a geothermal power plant, the mass flow rate of ground water is 400 kg/s and the quality after
traveling is 20% if the turbine power is 80 MW. What is the change in enthalpy of steam at the inlet
and outlet of the turbine.

Solution:
Wt = ms (h3 – h4)
Wt = ms ∆h

Solvining for ms:

ms = xmg
= 0.20 (400)
= 80 kg/s

Thus;

80,000 = 80 ∆h
Thus;
∆h = 1000 kJ/kg
3. A geothermal power plant draws a pressurized water from well at 20 Mpa and 300 C. To produce a steam water
mixture in the separator, where the unflashed water is removed, this water is throttled to a pressure of 1.5 Mpa.
The flashed steam which is dry and saturated passes through the steam collector and enters the turbine at 1.5
Mpa and expands to 1 atm the turbine efficiency is 85% at a rated power output of 10 MW. Calculate the overall
plant efficiency.

Solution:
At 1.5 Mpa
h3 = 2792.2 kJ/kg
S3 = 6.4448 kJ/kg.K

At 1 atm., 100 C
hf = 419.04 kJ/kg
hfg = 2257 kJ/kg
Sf = 1.3089 kJ/kg
Sfg = 6.048 kJ/kg.K
S3 = S 4
S3 = Sf + x4 Sfg
6.4448 = 1.3069 + x4 (6.0480)
= 2336.40 kJ/kg

Wt = ms (h3 – h4) et
10,000 = ms (2792.2 – 2336.4) 0.85
ms = 25.81 kg/s
At 20 Mpa
h1 = 1333.30 kJ/kg
At 1.5 Mpa
hf = 844.89 kJ/kg
hfg = 1947.3 kJ/kg
h1 = h2 = hf + x2 hfg
1333.3 = 844.9 + x2 (1947.3)
x2 = 0.25

ms = x 2 m g
25.81 = 0.25 mg
mg = 103 .24 kg/s
Then;

eplant = Turbine Output

mg h1

= 10,000
103.24 (1333.33)

eplant = 0.0726 or 7.26%

4. A flashed steam geothermal power plant is located where underground hot water is available as
saturated liquid at 700 kPa. The well head pressure is 600 kPa the flash steam enters a turbine at 500 kPa
and expands to 15 kPa when it is condensed the flow rate from the well is 29.6 kg/s. Determine the power
produced in kW.

Solution:
h1 = hf at 0.70 Mpa
= 697.22 kJ/kg.K
At 500 kPa:

hf = 640.23 kJ/kg
hfg = 2108.5 kJ/kg
h3 = hg @ 0.50 Mpa

h1 = h2 = hf + x2 hfg
697.22 = 640.23 + x2 (2108.5)
X2 = 0.27
ms = 0.027 mg
= 0.027 (29.6)
= 0.80 kg/s

From Moiller Chart:

h4 = 2211 kJ/kg

Then;
Power = ms (h3 –h4)
= 0.80 (2748.7 – 2211)

Thus;
Power = 430.16 kW
5. In a certain geothermal area studies show that 1,500.000 kg/hr of pressurized ground water is available at
2500 psi a and 620 F. The water will be throttled to 250 psia to produce water steam and this mixture will be
passed through a water separator to remove the water droplets so that saturated steam at 250 psia is available
at the entrance of steam turbine or the proposed power plant other data are as follows;

Discharge pressure of turbine - 25 in.Hg vacuum

Turbine Engine Efficiency - 75%
Mechanical Loss - 1.5% of shaft power
Generator Effficiency - 97%

Assume Atmospheric pressure to be 30in.hg. Determine the maximum amount of power in kW that the plant
can generate.

Solution:
At 2500 psi (17.232 Mpa) and 620 F (326.667 C)
h1 = 1490.0 kJ/kg
At 250 psi (1.7232 Mpa)
hf = 875 kJ/kg
hfg = 1921 kJ/kg
h3 = hg @ 1.7232 Mpa
= 2796 kJ/kg

h1 = hf + x2 hfg
1490.9 = 875 + x2 (1921)
X2 = 0.3206

ms = x 2 m g
= 0.3206 (1,500,000)
= 480,915 kg/hr

P4 = 30 – 25 =5 in.Hg
= 0.016932 Mpa
 From Moiller Chart:
h4 = 2085 kJ/kg

Then;

Shaft Power = (480,915/3600) (2796 – 2085) (1 – 0.015) (0.75)

= 70,167 kW

Thus;

Plant Output = 70,167 (0.97)

= 68,062 kW
6. The mass flow rate of ground water in a 20 MW geothermal power plant is 150 kg/s and its enthalpy is
1000 kJ/kg. If the quality after traveling is 28% and the overall plant efficiency is 20%, what is the mass flow
rate of steam entering the turbine?

Solution:
ms = xmg

Solving for mg:

eplant = Turbine Output

mg h1
0.20 = 20,000
mg(1000)

mg = 100 kg/s
ms = 0.28 (100)

Thus;

ms = 28 kg/s
7. The turbine power of a geothermal power plant is 2 MW and the enthalpy at the inlet of the
turbine is 2500 kJ/kg. Steam flows at the rate of 2.5 kg/s. If the enthalpy at the outlet of the
condenser is 300 kJ/kg and the temperature rise of the cooling water is 10 C. What is the volume flow
rate of the cooling water?

Solution: Solving for h4:

Wt = ms (h3 – h4)
Vw = mw 2000 = 2.5 (2500 – h4)
ρw h4 = 1700 kJ/kg

Solving for mw:

Qw = Q r
Mw (4.187) (10) = 2.5 (1700 -300)
mw = 83.59 kg/s
Vw = 83.59
1000
= 0.08359 m^3/s
Thus;
Vw = 300.924 m^3/hr
8. In a geothermal power plant the enthalpies of the ground water and the turbine inlet are 1500 kJ/kg and
3500 kJ/kg respectively if the enthalpy of the hot water in the flash tank is 700 kJ/kg and the mass flow rate of
steam is 15 kg/s, what is the mass flow rate of the ground water?

Solution:

ms = xmg

Solving for x:
h2 = hf + xhfg
= hf + x(hg – hf)
1500 = 700 + x(3500 – 700)
x = 0.2857 or 28.57%

Then;
15 = 0.2857 mg
Thus;
mg = 52.50 kg/s
9. A flashed steam geothermal plant has pressurized under ground water available at 102 kg/cm^2 and 240 C.
In order to produce steam-water mixture, the ground water is passed and throttled to 5.4 kg/cm^2 in a steam
separator. The dry steam produced in the separator is fed to double flow impulse and reaction turbine with
guaranteed engine efficiency of 85%. The turbine is directly coupled to a 3phase, 60 Hz., 80% power factor,
13800-V air cooled generator. Exhaust is to be direct-contact spray type main condenser designed to operate a
vacuum of 647.5 mm of Hg. Generator efficiency is 95%, ground water is 459 kg/s. What is the enthalpy of
steam water mixture in the steam separator?

Solution:

At P1 = 102.kg/cm (10 Mpa) and t1 = 240 C

Thus;

From table, h1 = 1038.10 kJ/kg

10. Based on the data In prob. 9, what is the enthalpy of the steam entering the turbine.

Solution:

At P3 = P2 = 5.4 kg/ m^2 (0.53 Mpa)

h3 = hg = 2751.3 kJ/kg

Thus,

h entering = 2751 kJ/kg

 11. Based on the data in prob. 9, What is the enthalpy of the exhaust steam.

Solution:
At P3 = P2 = 0.53 Mpa
At P4 = - 647.5 mmHg + 760 mmHg S1 = Sg = 6.8017 kJ/kg
= 112.5 mmHg = 0.015 Mpa S3 – S4 = Sf + xSfg
hf = 225.94 kJ/kg 6.8017 = 0.7549 + x4 (7.2536)
hfg = 2373.1 kJ/kg x4 = 0.8336
Sf = 0.7549 kJ/kg h4 = hf + x4hfg
Sfg = 7.2536kJ/kg.K = 225.94 + 0.8336 (2373.1)

Thus;
h4 = 2204.15 kJ/kg
12. Based on the data prob. 9, what is the mass flow rate of the steam entering the turbine?

Solution:

At P2 = 5.4 kg/cm^2 = 0.53 Mpa

hf = 649.78 kJ/kg
hfg = 2101.5 kJ/kg
h1 = h2 = hf + x2hfg
1038.1 = 649.78 + x2 (2101.5)

Then;

ms = x2 mg
= 0.1848 (459.33)

ms = 84.88 kg/s
13. Based on the data prob. 9, what is the actual power generated by the plant in MW.

Solution:

Power Output = ms (h3 – h4) (et x egen)

= 84.88 (2751.3 – 2204.15) (0.85 (0.95))
= 37501.98 kW

Thus;

Power Output = 37.50 MW

14. Based on the data 9, what is the apparent power developed by the generator in kVA?

Solution:

Apparent Power = Power Output

Power Factor

= 37501.98
0.80
Thus;

Apparent Power = 46877.475 kVA

14. Based on the data prob. 9, How many cubic meter per hour of fresh water that must be supplied
to the main condenser if water from cooling tower enters the condenser at 35 C and leaves at 48 C?

Solution:

Qr = Q w
ms (h4 – h5) = mw Cpw Atw

At; P4 = P5; h5 = 225.94 kJ/kg

84.88 (2204.15 – 225.94) = mw (4.187) (48 – 35)

mw = 3084.83 kg/s
= 11,105,393.49 kg/hr

Vw = mw
pw
= 11,105,393.49
1000

= 11,105.393 m^3/hr
15. Based on the data in prob 9, How many production well are needed to supply the plant with pressurized
water if each well has a capacity of 127,200 kg/hr?

Solution:

No. of wells = mass of the ground water

capacity of each well

= 459.33 (3600)kg/hr
127,200 kg/hr
Thus;

No. of wells = 13 wells

16. Based on the data prob. 9, Determine the thermal efficiency of the geothermal plant?

Solution:

eplant = Turbine Output

mf h1

= 37501.98. .
(459.33) (1038.1)

Thus;

eplant = 0.0788 or 7.88%

 Thank You
Mother Fuckers!!!!