Chapter 7 PDF

BUM1113 Techical Mathematics
Chapter 7 Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Laila Amera Aziz
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
December 8, 2016
Laila Amera Aziz (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)BUM1113 Techical MathematicsChapter 7 Additional TopicsDecember
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Chapter Overview
1 7.1 Right Triangle Applications
2 7.2 Sine and Cosine Laws
3 7.3 Polar Coordinates
4 7.4 Graphs in polar Coordinates
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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Solve right triangle applications.
Apply the law of sine and cosine to solve various problems.
Convert from polar to rectangular coordinates and vice versa.
Find the distance between points in polar coordinates.
Sketch the curves in polar coordinates.
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7.1 Right Triangle Applications
Already been discussed in Topic 4.4
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7.2 Sine and Cosine Laws
The Law of Sines
If A,B,C are the measures of the angles of a triangle, and a,b and c are
the lengths of the sides opposite these angles, then
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
Equivalently,
sin A sin B sin C
= =
a b c
The ratio of the length of the side of any triangle to the sine of the
angle opposite that side is the same for all three sides of the triangle.
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Example
1 Find the length of y in the following figure.
2 Given the following figure, solve the triangle;that is, determine the
remaining side and angles.
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The Law of Cosines
If A,B,C are the measures of the angles of a triangle, and a,b and c are
the lengths of the sides opposite these angles, then
a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
The square of a side of a triangle equals the sums of the squares of

the other two sides minus twice their product times the cosine of their
included angle.
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Example
1 Compute the length x.
2 In triangle ABC the sides are a = 3 units, b = 5 units, and c = 7

units. Find the angles.(Use degree measure.)
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Example
A small fire is sighted from ranger stations A and B. The bearing of the
fire from station A is N 35◦ E, and the bearing of the fire from station B
is N 49◦ W. Station A is 1.3 miles due west of station B.
(a) How far is the fire from each ranger station?
(b) At fire station C, which is 1.5 miles from A, there is a helicopter that
can be used to drop water on the fire. If the bearing of C from A is
S 42◦ E, find the distance from C to the fire, and find the bearing of
the fire from C.
Laila Amera Aziz (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)BUM1113 Techical MathematicsChapter 7 Additional Topics
December
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∠FAB = 90 − 35 = 55
∠FBA = 90 − 49 = 41
∠F = 180 − 55 − 41 = 84
AF 1.3
◦
=
sin 41 sin 84◦
AF ≈ 0.86 miles
BF 1.3
◦
=
sin 55 sin 84◦
BF ≈ 1.07 miles
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December
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∠CAF = 48 + 55 = 103
p
CF = AC 2 + AF 2 − 2 · AC · AFcos 103◦
q
= 1.52 + 0.862 − 2(1.5)(0.86)cos 103◦
≈ 1.89 miles
sin β sin 103◦

=
0.86 1.89
sin 103◦ × 0.86

β = sin −1 ≈ 26◦
1.89
α = 42◦ − β = 16◦
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Exercise I
1 Find the lengths a, b, c, and d in the following figure.

(Answer:a = 5.49, b = 4.48, c = 4.23, d = 1.16)
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Exercise II
2 Town B is 26 miles from town A at a bearing of S 15◦ W.Town C is

54 miles from town A at a bearing of S 7◦ E. Compute the distance
from town B to town C. Round your final answer to the nearest
mile. (Answer:approximately 31 miles)
3 James flies his plane from point A at a bearing of N 32◦ E,

averaging a speed of 143 miles per hour for 3 hours, to get to an
airfield at point B. He next flies N 69◦ W at an average speed of
129 miles per hour for 4.5 hours to a different airfield at point C.
Find the distance from C to A. (Answer : 652.7 miles)
December
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7.3 Polar Coordinates
x
cos θ = so x = r cos θ
r
y
sin θ = so y = r sin θ
r
x2 + y2 = r2
y
tan θ =
x
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Relations between Polar and Rectangular Coordinates
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
x2 + y2 = r2
y
tan θ =
x
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Changing from Polar to Rectangular Coordinate
Example
Plot the following polar coordinates and find the rectangular
coordinates of the following points.

3π
(a) 2,
2
π
(b) −8,
3
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Example
1 Convert the following polar equation to rectangular form.
r = cos θ + 2 sin θ
2 Convert the rectangular equation

q
x 2 + y 2 + ax = a x2 + y2
to polar form, expressing r as a function of θ. Assume that a is a

constant.
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Distance Formula for Polar Coordinates
Let d denote the distance between two points with polar coordinates
(r1 , θ1 ) and (r2 , θ2 ). Then,
d 2 = r12 + r22 − 2 r1 r2 cos (θ2 − θ1 )
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Example
Compute
the distance between the points with polar coordinates
5π π
2, and 4, .
6 6
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Exercise
Sketch the following polar coordinates and find the rectangular

coordinate of each point.
(a) (4, 90◦ )
π
(b) 2,
6
π
(c) −4,
2
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7.4 Graphs in polar Coordinates
Example
θ
Graph the polar equation r = for θ ≥ 0.
π
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December
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December
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Example
Graph the polar equation r = 1 − cos θ.
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December
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Exercise
Graph the polar equations.

1 r = 4 cos θ
2 r = 4 sin 2θ
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BUM1113 Techical Mathematics

Chapter 7 Additional Topics in Trigonometry

Laila Amera Aziz

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

1 7.1 Right Triangle Applications

2 7.2 Sine and Cosine Laws

3 7.3 Polar Coordinates

4 7.4 Graphs in polar Coordinates

By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Apply the law of sine and cosine to solve various problems.

Convert from polar to rectangular coordinates and vice versa.

Find the distance between points in polar coordinates.

Sketch the curves in polar coordinates.

Already been discussed in Topic 4.4

The Law of Sines

The square of a side of a triangle equals the sums of the squares of

2 In triangle ABC the sides are a = 3 units, b = 5 units, and c = 7

sin β sin 103◦

1 Find the lengths a, b, c, and d in the following figure.

2 Town B is 26 miles from town A at a bearing of S 15◦ W.Town C is

3 James flies his plane from point A at a bearing of N 32◦ E,

2 Convert the rectangular equation

to polar form, expressing r as a function of θ. Assume that a is a

d 2 = r12 + r22 − 2 r1 r2 cos (θ2 − θ1 )

Sketch the following polar coordinates and find the rectangular

Graph the polar equations.

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