Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Group members
• NAME:
1. Lee Jian Ru 0318132
2. Darren Loong Chi Yoong 0318029
3. Chong Kai Xiang 0322935
4. Kiing Kiu Chun 0318727
5. Hiew Li Ming 0319941
6. Hong Kai Yin 0323361
7. Chee Wei Shan 0319572
8. Michelle Lee Ern Hui 0319703
9. Lily Then 0313973
10. Lau Chin Sheng 0317899
11. Willliam Goh Ming Hann 0317949
History of Ceramics
-Ceramics that date back to at least 24,000 BC. Flourished
in Upper Egypt about 8,000 BC.
• High Hardness
• Environmental friendly
-100% natural materials.
Disadvantages of Ceramic
• Temperature
-Ceramic is cold when used as flooring and can be quite
uncomfortable during cold climate.
-density of ceramic.
-during hot climate, warm ceramic tile takes a long time
to cool.
• Ceramic installation
-intensive installation, hard and heavy and they need to
be
installed using a variety of mortars, grouts, and tools.
-higher labor cost.
Disadvantages of Ceramic
• Ceramic Tile Weight
-Ceramics are quite heavy, which means that they may not
always be appropriate for upper story installations.
• Hard Flooring
-difficult and uncomfortable to stand on.
-Unlike resilient floors, hard tile ceramics cannot be softened
using padded underlayments.
-not suitable at environments where people will be forced
to stand for long periods of time.
Properties of Ceramics
• Ceramics are best known as brittle solids particularly
suited for withstanding high temperatures but, in fact, the
different materials used in ceramics can gives them a
wide range of properties.
Clay:
- The basic clays found in stoneware clay body formulas are high-
temperature refractory clays. Each group of clays provides specific attributes to the
total clay body formula, including fired strength, shrinkage and plasticity.
Fillers:
- Fillers reduce clay body shrinkage and warping in the drying and firing
stages. If the amount of filler is too high, the clay body's plastic qualities will be
decreased.
TYPES OF CERAMIC
1. STONEWARE
Composition :
• Fluxes:
Fluxes help lower the melting point of heat-
resistant clays and fillers and increase the glass
formation in a clay body. Using the wrong flux or
an incorrect amount can have disastrous
consequences.
TYPES OF CERAMIC
• 1. STONEWARE
FUNCTION :
• Artware
• Chemical ware
• Cookware
• Drainpipe
• Kitchenware
• Tableware
• Tile
TYPES OF CERAMIC
Manufacturing process
1. STONEWARE of stoneware pipes
TYPES OF CERAMIC
2. Fireclay
Alumina:
It is also named alumminium oxide. It has high thermal conductivity and good
electrical insulator which makes it suitable for making ceramics.
Silica:
It is also named silicon dioxide. It is a major constituent of sand. It has high
thermal stability and is a good electrical insulator, same as alumina.
TYPES OF CERAMIC
• 2. Fireclay
FUNCTION :
• Sink
• Bathtub
• Tiles
• Crucible
• Firebricks
TYPES OF CERAMIC
• 2. Fireclay
Manufacture process of fireclay
TYPES OF CERAMIC
3. Earthenware
• Earthenware is also called low fired clay because it is normally matured
at low temperature
• Finer than stoneware
• Porosity, high water absorbtion of 5-8%
• Must be glazed to prevent water absorbtion
• small cracks in glaze is permeable to water
• Less suitable for sanitary ware compared to vitreous china
• Not translucent and are more easily to chipped, less strong than
stoneware
• There are two main types of glazed earthenware:
1 ) creamware 2) tin-glazed
TYPES OF CERAMIC
• Roofing
CHARACTERISTICS :
• Used for exterior and interior.
• Produced in modular size with matching piece for corners, wall
bases and nosing.
• Heavier coat glazing for floor tiles than wall tiles.
• Made in small sizes for composing intricate patterns for use in mural
on floors and walls.
• Smoother, brighter and more impervious than glazed tiles.
• Glazed or unglazed.
TYPES OF PRODUCTION
• MOSAIC TILES
ADVANTAGES :
• Hard wearing
• Frost proof
• Resistant to chemical
• Unglazed mosaic used for wet area eg: swimming pools
• Good slip resistance
TYPES OF PRODUCTION
• MOSAIC TILES
Indoor Outdoor
TYPES OF PRODUCTION
• Quarry tiles
outdoor
Garden Step-tiled
TYPES OF PRODUCTION
• Quarry tiles
Indoor
Kitchen Toilet
Quarry tiles
Quarry Tile
Advantages Disadvantages
1)Slip –resisting 1) easy being
2)Inexpensive stained
(does not require glaze) (no glaze,
3)Durable liquid
penetrates
easily)
2) mold and
fungus occurs