NATION AND

NATIONALISM
Bayan/banua • the authority to govern a country
without external interference
Nation • a feeling of attachment to one’s
homeland
• a state ruling over a nation
Nation-building
• indigenous Filipino concepts of
community and territory that may be
Nation-state related to nationalism

• a group of people with shared

Patriotism language, culture and history

Sovereignty • a project undertaken with the goal of

strengthening the bond of the nation
Differentiate Nation, Nation-State, State.

Give examples.
Vocabulary Words
• Bayan/banua – indigenous Filipino concepts of community
and territory that may be related to nationalism
• Nation – a group of people with shared language, culture
and history
• Nation-building – a project undertaken with the goal of
strengthening the bond of the nation
• Nation-state – a state ruling over a nation
• Patriotism – a feeling of attachment to one’s homeland
• Sovereignty – the authority to govern a country without
external interference
Nation, State, Nation-State
Nation-State
• A state
governing a
nation
Nation State
• A group of people that
shares a common
• A political entity that
culture, history, wields sovereignty
language and other over a defined
practices like religion, territory
affinity to a place, etc.
• Nation – community of people that are believed to share a
link with one another based on cultural practices, language,
religion or belief system and historical experience.
• State – states have laws, taxation, government and
bureaucracy (means of regulating life within the territory).
• Nation-State – is a fusion of the elements of the nation
(people/community) and the state (territory)
• The development started in Europe during the period of
Enlightenment. The classical nation-states of Europe began
with the Peace of Westphalia in the seventeenth century.
4 paths of development of Nation-states
1. From State – members of the bureaucracy (lawyers,
politicians, diplomats) eventually moved to unify the
people within the state to build the nation-state.
2. From Nation – intellectuals and scholars laid the
foundations of a nation and worked towards the formation
of political and eventually diplomatic recognition to create
a nation-state.
3. Taken by Asian and
African people, the path
involved breaking off from a
colonial relationship,
especially after the World
War II.
4. A fourth path is through
secession by people who
are already a part of the
existing state.
Nation and Nationalism
• 3 theories about the roots of Nation
• The First theory involves primordialism which argues that
a national identity has always existed and nations have
ethnic cores.
• Second theory states that nation, national identity and
nationalism are products of the modern condition and are
shaped by modernity. It suggests that nationalism and
national identity are necessary products of capitalism,
industrialization, secularization, and urbanization.
• Third theory, the constructivist approach maintains that nationalism
is socially constructed and imagined by people who identify with a
group. Benedict Anderson argues that nations are imagined
communities. The nation is seen as imagined because the community
comes a “deep, horizontal comradeship that maintains harmonious
co-existence. He also emphasized the role of mass media in the
construction of the nation.
Nation and Bayan
• In the Philippines, many believe that the project of nation-
building is a continuing struggle up to the present. Historians
imply that the nineteenth century brought a tremendous change
in the lives of the Filipinos, including the articulation of nation
that led to the first anti-colonial revolution in Asia through
Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan.
• Many scholars worked hard to
understand the local Filipino
concepts of community and
nation.
• Examples:
• Virgilio Enriquez: Ama ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
• Prospero Covar: Ama ng
Pilipinohiya at Teorya ng
Pagkataong Pilipino
• Zeus Salazar: Proponent of
Pantayong Pananaw and Bagong
Kasaysayan
• Indigenous intellectual movements like Sikolohiyang Pilipino and
Bagong Kasaysayan introduced the concepts of Kapwa and Bayan.
• Kapwa is an important concept
in the country’s social relations.
Filipino interaction is mediated
by understanding one’s affinity
with another such as “ibang
tao” and “di ibang tao”. From
this concept comes other
notions such a pakikipagkapwa,
pakikisama and pakikipag-
ugnayan.
• In the field of history, a major movement in the indigenization
campaign is led by Bagong Kasaysayan, founded by Zeus Salaza, which
advances to the concept of Pantayong Pananaw. In understanding
Filipino concepts of community, the Bayan is an important Filipino
concept. Bayan or Banua is loosely defined as the territory where the
people live or the actual community they are identifying with.
• Bayan / Banua encompasses both the spatial community as
well as the imagined community. The concept of bayan
clashed with the European notion of nacion during the
Spanish colonialism. The proponents of Pantayong Pananaw
maintain the existence of a great cultural divide that
separated the elite (nacion) and folk/masses (bayan) as a
product of the colonial experience.
 Kartilya ng Katipunan
• Sa pagkakailangan, na ang lahat na nag-iibig pumasok sa
katipunang ito, ay magkaroon ng lubos na pananalig at kaisipan
sa mga layong tinutungo at mga kaaralang pinaiiral, minarapat
na ipakilala sa kanila ang mga bagay na ito, at ng bukas
makalawa’y huag silang magsisi at tuparing maluag sa kalooban
ang kanilang mga tungkulin.
• Ang kabagayang pinag-uusig ng Katipunan ito ay lubos na dakila
at mahalaga; papagisahin ang loob at kaisipan ng lahat ng
tagalog sa pamamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa,
upang sa pagkakaisang ito’y magkalakas na iwasan ang
masinsing tabing na nakabubulag sa kaisipan at matuklasan ang
tunay na landas ng katuiran at kaliwanagan.
• dito’y isa sa mga kaunaunahang utos, ang tunay na pag-ibig sa
bayang tinubuan at lbos na pagdadamayan ng isa’t isa.