democratization Revolution movement Colonized by the French Colonized by the Spaniards French — The French also burdened Spaniards — Taxation To support the the Vietnamese with an extensive colony, several forms of taxes and taxation system, which included monopolies were imposed. Direct: The income tax on wages, a poll tax on all tithe is the payment of the 10% of an adult males, stamp duties on a wide individual’s annual income to the range of publications and documents, government. The sanctorum is the tax and imposts on the weighing and being paid as support to the church. measuring of agricultural goods The tribute(buwis) is the tax or rent given to the landlord a resident is under. It may be in cash or in kind (tobacco,chickens, produce, gold, blankets, cotton, rice, etc., depending on the region of the country), fixed at 8 reales and later increased to 15 reales. French — imposing forced labor -> Spaniards — Forced Labor (Polo y The Vietnamese were subject to servicio) Polo y servicio is the forced forced labour, heavy taxation and labor for 40 days of men ranging from French monopolies on salt, alcohol 16 to 60 years of age who were and opium obligated to give personal services to community projects. One could be exempted from polo by paying the falla, a daily fine of one and a half real. In 1884, labor was reduced to 15 days. The polo system was patterned after the Mexican repartimento, selection for forced labor Phan Boi Chau — A few scholar- Jose Rizal — While in Europe, José officials collaborated with the French, Rizal became part of the Propaganda but most did not. Among those who Movement, connecting with other refused was a group of several Filipinos who wanted reform. He also hundred scholars who became wrote his first novel, Noli Me Tangere actively involved in the anticolonial (Touch Me Not/The Social Cancer), a movement. The best known among work that detailed the dark aspects of them was Phan Boi Chau, a scholar Spain's colonial rule in the Philippines, from Nghe An Province, trained in the with particular focus on the role of Confucian tradition under his father Catholic friars. The book was banned and other local teachers. In 1885 in the Philippines, though copies were Phan Boi Chau observed at close smuggled in. Because of this novel, range the actions of French troops in Rizal's return to the Philippines in Vietnam Philippines crushing scholar-gentry resistance to 1887 was cut short when he was the colonial overlords. For the next targeted by police. decade he devoted himself to his Rizal returned to Europe and studies and finally passed the regional continued to write, releasing his examination with highest honors in follow-up novel, El Filibusterismo (The 1905. During the following five years, Reign of Greed) in 1891. He also he traveled about the country making published articles in La Solidaridad, a contacts with other anticolonial paper aligned with the Propaganda scholars and seeking out in particular Movement. The reforms Rizal the survivors of the Can Vuong advocated for did not include movement, with whom he hoped to independence—he called for equal launch a rebellion against the French. treatment of Filipinos, limiting the power of Spanish friars and representation for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes (Spain's parliament).