AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS (ECE-635)

TUTORIAL NO. – 1(Physical layer)

1. Radio antennas often work best when the diameter of the antenna is
equal to the wavelength of the radio wave. Reasonable antennas range
from 1 cm to 5 meters in diameter. What frequency range does this
cover?
2. Multipath fading is maximized when the two beams arrive 180
degrees out of phase. How much of a path difference is required to
maximize the fading for a 50- km-long 1-GHz microwave link?
3. A regional telephone company has 10 million subscribers. Each of
their telephones is connected to a central office by a copper twisted
pair. The average length of these twisted pairs is 10 km. How much is
the copper in the local loops worth? Assume that the cross section of
each strand is a circle 1 mm in diameter, the density of copper is 9.0
grams/cm3, and that copper sells for 3 dollars per kilogram.
4. How many frequencies do a full duplex QAM -64 modem use?
5. Ten signals, each requiring 6000 Hz, are multiplexed on to a single
channel using FDM. How much minimum bandwidth is required for
the multiplexed channel? Assume that guard bands are 200 Hz wide.
6. Three packet-switching networks each contain n nodes. The first
network has a star topology with a central switch, the second is a (bi-
directional) ring, and the third is fully interconnected, with a wire
from every node to every other node. What are the best-, average-, and
worst-case transmission paths in hops?

7. In a typical mobile phone system with hexagonal cells, it is forbidden

to reuse a frequency band in an adjacent cell. If 840 frequencies are
available, how many can be used in a given cell?
8. Define the following parameters for a switching network:
 N = number of hops between two given end systems
 L = message length in bits
 B = data rate, in bits per second (bps), on all links
 P = packet size
 H = overhead (header) bits per packet
 S = call setup time (circuit switching or virtual circuit) in seconds
 D = propagation delay per hop in seconds
a. For N = 4, L= 3200, B = 9600, P = 1024, H = 16, S = 0.2, D = 0.001,
compute the end-to-end delay for circuit switching, virtual-circuit
packet switching, and datagram packet switching. Assume that there
are no acknowledgments.
b. Derive general expressions for the three techniques of part (a), taken
two at a time (three expressions in all), showing the conditions under
which the delays are equal

9. If a binary signal is sent over a 3-kHz channel whose signal-to-noise

ratio (SNR) is 20dB, what is the maximum achievable data rate?
10.Why is the downstream data rate limit for dial up modem 56 kbps?
Assuming the bandwidth of a telephone channel is 4000 Hz.
11.D-AMPS has appreciably worse speech quality than GSM. Is this due
to the requirement that D-AMPS be backward compatible with
AMPS, whereas GSM had no such constraint? If not, what is the
cause?
12.Suppose that A, B, and C are simultaneously transmitting 0 bits, using
a CDMA system with the chip sequences of Fig. 2-45(b) (Tanenbaum)
. What is the resulting chip sequence? Suppose a CDMA receiver gets
the following chips (-1+1-3+1-1-3+1+1), which stations transmitted,
and which bits did each one send?
13.Is an oil pipeline a simplex system, a half-duplex system, a full-
duplex system, or none of the above?
14. A beam of light moves from one medium to another medium with
less density. The critical angle is 60°. Do we have refraction or
reflection for each of the following incident angles? Show the bending
of the light ray in each case.
a. 40°
b. 60°
c. 800