Engineering

MEC2403-Lecture 8
Stress Transformation, Principal Stresses
Objectives:
1) To analyze stresses under combined
loading
2) To find principal stresses and their
corresponding angles in which they
happen.
3) To re-asses the stresses in beams and
rods.

MEC2403-Lecture 8 2
Introduction to stress elements:

Stress elements are a useful way to represent

stresses acting at some point on a body.

MEC2403-Lecture 8 3
Maximum stresses on a bar in tension

MEC2403-Lecture 8 4
Maximum stresses on a bar in tension

MEC2403-Lecture 8 5
 Introduction:
The most general state of stress at a point may be
Introduction represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

Same state of stress is represented by a different

set of components if axes are rotated.

The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

MEC2403-Lecture 8 6
   0;
z
    0
zx xz zy yz

(b)

General state of stress Plane stress

MEC2403-Lecture 8 7
Introduction

Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of the

cubic element are free of stress. For the illustrated
example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected to

forces acting in the mid-plane of the plate.

State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.

MEC2403-Lecture 8 8
Plane Stress

 Normal stress – x
 subscript identifies the face on which the
stress acts
 Sign Convention
 Tension positive
 compression negative

MEC2403-Lecture 8 9
Plane stress

Shear Stress -  xy
– Two subscripts
 First denotes the face on which the stress acts
 Second gives the direction on that face

Sign convention
 Positive when acts on a positive face of an element in
the positive direction of an axis
 Negative when acts on a positive face of an element in
the negative direction of an axis

MEC2403-Lecture 8 10
Stress Elements and Plane Stress
 When working with stress elements, keep in mind that only one
intrinsic state of stress exists at a point in a stressed exists at a
point in a stressed body, regardless of the orientation of the
element used to portray the state of stress.

 We are just rotating axes to represent stresses in a new coordinate

system (Meaning no rotation in element)

MEC2403-Lecture 8 11
Note: Element rotation is merely for visualization convenience!!!

MEC2403-Lecture 8 12
Stress Elements and Plane Stress

Say, for plane

stress in xy plane,
only the x and y
faces are subjected
to stress

MEC2403-Lecture 8 13
Why rotating coordinate system

 The stress system is known in coordinate system xy. We are

interested in the rotated coordinate system x1y1.

 WHY ??? A material may yield or fail at the maximum value of  or

. This value may occur at some angle other than  =0.

MEC2403-Lecture 8
14
 Why are stress transformation important?
Or, What we want to calculate?
 Max/min normal stresses -> Principal stresses
 Max in-plane shear and overall max shear

Finding the angle  is part

of the problem!!!

MEC2403-Lecture 8 15
Transformation of Plane Stress
Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx  0   xA   x A cos  cos   xy A cos sin 
  y A sin  sin    xy A sin   cos
 Fy  0   xyA   x A cos sin    xy A cos  cos
  y A sin   cos   xy A sin  sin 

The equations may be rewritten to yield

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2

MEC2403-Lecture 8 16
Principal Stresses
The previous equations are combined to yield
parametric equations for a circle,

 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 max, min       xy
2
2  2 
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
By considering Note : defines two angles separated by 90o
 x' y'  0
MEC2403-Lecture 8 17
Maximum Shearing Stress
Maximum shearing stress occurs for  x   ave

2
  y 
 max  R   x    xy
2
 2 
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and
offset from  p by 45o
 x  y
    ave 
2

MEC2403-Lecture 8 18
 Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
Determine the principal stresses from
2
Fig. 7.13 x  y  x  y 
 max,min       xy
2
For the state of plane stress shown, 2  2 
determine (a) the principal planes, (b) the
principal stresses, (c) the maximum Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
shearing stress and the corresponding
2
normal stress.  x  y 
 max      xy
2
 2 

x  y

 
2

MEC2403-Lecture 8 19
 Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy 2 40
tan 2 p    1.333
 x   y 50   10
2 p  53.1, 233.1
Fig. 7.13
 p  26.6, 116.6
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa
 x  10 MPa Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x  y 
 max,min       xy
2
2  2 

 20  302  402
 max  70 MPa
 min  30 MPa
Fig. 7.14
MEC2403-Lecture 8 20
 Example 7.010
Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2
  y 
 max   x    xy
2
 2 

 302  402
Fig. 7.13
 max  50 MPa
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa
 s   p  45
 x  10 MPa
 s  18.4, 71.6

The corresponding normal stress is

   y 50  10
    ave  x 
2 2
   20 MPa

Fig. 7.16
MEC2403-Lecture 8 21
 Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
450 mm
Determine an equivalent force-couple
250 mm
system at the center of the transverse
30 mm section passing through H.
100 mm
Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
at H.
Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 600 N magnitude is
applied to end D of lever ABD. Determine (a) the
normal and shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y axes, (b) the
principal planes and principal stresses at the point H.

MEC2403-Lecture 8 22
 Sample Problem 7.1

600 N
SOLUTION:
T= 270 N.m
Determine an equivalent force-couple system
at the center of the transverse section
passing through H.
Mx =150 N.m
P  600N
T  600N0.45m  270 N.m
M x  600N0.25m  150 N.m

Note: Shearing force P does not Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses at H.
cause any shearing stress at point H.

y  
Mc

150 N.m0.015 m  56.6 MPa
4  0.015
4
I 1

 xy  
Tc

270 N .m0.015 m  50.9 MPa
J 1
2  0.0154

 x  0  y  56.6 MPa  y  50.9 MPa

MEC2403-Lecture 8 23
Sample Problem 7.1

56.6 MPa Determine the principal planes and

calculate the principal stresses.
50.9 MPa
2 xy 250.9
tan 2    1.799
p
 x  y 0  56.6
2 p  60.9,1800  60.90  119.1

 p  30.5, 59.5

 x  y    y 
2

 max,min    x    xy2
2  2 
0  56.6  0  56.6 
2

  50.9
86.5 MPa
  
2

2  2 

 max  86.5 MPa

 min  29.9 MPa
29.9 MPa

MEC2403-Lecture 8 24
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
With the physical significance of Mohr’s circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.

For a known state of plane stress  x , y , xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max, min   ave  R
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
MEC2403-Lecture 8 25
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state of

stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

For the state of stress at an angle  with respect

to the xy axes, construct a new diameter X’Y’
at an angle 2 with respect to XY.

Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.

MEC2403-Lecture 8 26
 Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:

P P
x  ,  y   xy  0  x   y   xy 
A 2A
Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:

Tc Tc
 x   y  0  xy  x y   xy  0
J J

MEC2403-Lecture 8 27
 Example 7.02

Fig. 7.13

For the state of plane stress shown, (a) construct

Mohr’s circle, determine (b) the principal planes,
(c) the principal stresses, (d) the maximum SOLUTION:
shearing stress and the corresponding normal
stress. Construction of Mohr’s circle
   y 50   10
 ave  x   20 MPa
2 2
CF  50  20  30 MPa FX  40 MPa
R  CX  302  402  50 MPa

MEC2403-Lecture 8 28
Example 7.02
Principal planes and stresses
 max  OA  OC  CA  20  50
 max  70 MPa
 min  OB  OC  BC  20  50
 min  30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2 p  
CP 30
2 p  53.1
 p  26.6

MEC2403-Lecture 8 29
Example 7.02

Maximum shear stress

 s   p  45  max  R     ave

 s  71.6  max  50 MPa    20 MPa

MEC2403-Lecture 8 30
 Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown, determine (a) the

principal planes and the principal stresses, (b)
the stress components exerted on the element
obtained by rotating the given element
counterclockwise through 30 degrees. SOLUTION:
Construct Mohr’s circle
 x   y 100  60
 ave    80 MPa
2 2
R CF 2  FX 2  202  482  52 MPa

MEC2403-Lecture 8 31
Sample Problem 7.2

Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max  OA  OC  CA  max  OA  OC  BC
tan 2 p    2.4
CF 20  80  52  80  52
2 p  67.4
 max  132 MPa  min  28 MPa
 p  33.7 clockwise

MEC2403-Lecture 8 32
 Sample Problem 7.2

  180  60  67.4  52.6

Stress components after rotation by 30o
 x  OK  OC  KC  80  52 cos 52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  y  OL  OC  CL  80  52 cos 52.6
correspond to stress components on the
 xy  KX   52 sin 52.6
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2  60  x  48.4 MPa
 y  111.6 MPa
 xy  41.3 MPa
MEC2403-Lecture 8 33
Appendix

MEC2403-Lecture 8 34
 Recall:
Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
 cos2    sin  cos
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45   
A0 2 A0

MEC2403-Lecture 1 35
Plane Stress

 First we know x, y, and

xy,
 Consider a new stress
element
– Located at the same point
in the material as the
original element, but is
rotated about the z axis
– x’ and y’ axis rotated
through an angle 

MEC2403-Lecture 8 36
Plane Stress

 The normal and shear stresses acting on the

new element are:
 x ,  y , x y
' ' ' '

 Using the same subscript designations and

sign conventions described.
 Remembering equilibrium, we know that:

x y  y x
' ' ' '

MEC2403-Lecture 8 37
 Plane Stress
 State of stress at a point is known for
a given orientation of an element of
material.
 Given some other orientation, ,
the state of stress in a element
with orientation  can be
determined.

 Consider a wedge shaped element

 Inclined face same as the x’ face of
inclined element.

MEC2403-Lecture 8 38
 Plane Stress
 The section face is ΔA. The
horizontal face have an area of ΔA
sin ; vertical face is ΔA cos .
 Construct a FBD showing all the
forces acting on the faces. This is
done by multiplying the stress
components on each face by the
area upon which they act.
 Summing forces in the x and y
directions.

MEC2403-Lecture 8 39
Remembering trigo
identities!!

MEC2403-Lecture 8 40
 How to find Principle Stresses
 Principle Stresses:
x   y  x   y 
2

max,min      2xy
2  2 
 Orientation of Element: 2xy
tan2p  p = principle angles associated

Note : defines two angles separatedby 90o x   y with the principle stresses

The solution has two roots, p1 and p2. The values of 2p1 and 2p2 are 180º apart, so p1 and p2 is 90º apart.
Therefore, the planes o which the principles stresses act are mutually perpendicular.

 Substitute for p in the x   y x   y

stress transformation x1   cos2  xy sin2
equation for 2 2

 This tell us which principle stress is associated with which principle angle
MEC2403-Lecture 8 41
Cont’d
 The planes on which the principals stress act is principal planes.
 NO shear stress on the principal planes

MEC2403-Lecture 8 42
 Cont’d

x   y  x   y 
2
 Principle Stresses: max,min      2xy
2  2 

 Principle Angles defining 2xy

tan2p 
the Principle planes: x   y
MEC2403-Lecture 8 43
 How to find Max Shear Stress
 Maximum in-plane shear stress:
 x   y 
2

max  R     2xy
 2 
Note: Because shear stress on perpendicular planes have equal
magnitudes, the max positive and negative shear stress differ only in sign

x   y
 Orientation of Element: tan2s  
2xy
 Proper direction of max
can be determined by
substituting s into the x   y
xy   sin2  xy cos2
stress transformation 2
equation for
Which face has positive shear stress and
which the negative should be clear now

MEC2403-Lecture 8 44
Cont’d
What normal stresses act on the planes with maximum shear stress?

 Average normal stress:

x   y
  ave 
2

MEC2403-Lecture 8 45
MEC2403-Lecture 8 46