PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
What is Philosophy?
- is the science that seeks to organize and systemize
all fields of knowledge as a means of understanding
and interpreting the totality of reality.
- systematic and logical explanation of the nature,
existence, purpose and relationships of things,
including
human beings in the universe.
Main Branches of Philosophy
1. Metaphysics – deals with the first principles, the
origin an essence of things, the causes and end of
thing.
- it is the science of existence.
2. Epistemology – deals with knowledge and with
ways of knowing.
- Conceptua
- Perceptual
– Intuitive
3. Axiology – deals with purposes and values.
- Ethics
4. Logic – deals with the correct way of thinking.
Major Philosophies of Education
1. Idealism – (Platonic) Reality consists of
transcendental universal, form, or ideals which are
the object of
true knowledge.
(DECS order No. 13 s 1998 – Revised rules and
regulation on the teaching of religion in public
elementary
and secondary schools)
2. Naturalism – This opposed to idealism. This is the
view that the whole of reality is nature.
3. Pragmatism – a tendency, movement, or more
definite system of thought in which stress is place
upon
critical consequence and values as standard for
explicating philosophic concept, and as a test of
truth lies
in its practical consequence and that the purpose of
conduct. Facebook Group:
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- James
- Chiller
- Dewey
4. Supernaturalism – has a purpose to educate the
individual for his life here on earth and to prepare
for
the life beyond.
Humanism – places human being over in above
worldly things.
5. Realism– universals are independent of
antecedent to and more real than the specific
individual
instances in which they manifest.
6. Progressivism– dominated by the technological
experimental advancement which have so
powerfully shaped our modern culture.
(DECS order No. 57 s 1998 – Clarification on the
changes in the Social Studies Program, WH for 3rd
year
(2)
and Economics for 4th year)
(DECS order No 91 s. 1998 – Changes in the THE
program of the NSEC)
Some important features of Progressivism
1. The child as the centre of the educational process.
2. It emphasizes learning by doing.
Advocates of Progressivism =John Dewey and
William Kilpatrick
7. Existentialism
- Puts emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual.
- Existence precedes, that is, essence is created by
existence.
- Human nature is a product of existence.
- Holds the view that human existence, or the human
situation is the starting point of thinking.
– It emphasizes concreteness of the individual.
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- It values the freedom of choice, individual dignity,
personal love, and creative effort.
(DECS order no. 65 s. 1998 – revised Guidelines on
the selection of honor students in secondary level)
(DECS order no. 10 s. 1998 – Revised system of
rating and reporting of student performance for
secondary
schools)
Freedom of choice is an important value of
existentialism and is determined or affected to a
large extent several factors among which are the
following:
1. Influence of the family especially the parents.
2. Influence of peers and associates.
3. Religious orientation
4. Social approval
5. Cultural patterns
6. Financial status
7. Psychological traits
8. Sex
9. Health and physical fitness
10. Education
8. Positivism- a philosophical movement
characterized by an emphasis upon science and
scientific method as the only source of knowledge.
9. Relativism- a doctrine of relationism or relativity –
a theory that knowledge is relative to the limited
nature of the mind and the condition of knowing.
10. Materialism- it maintains that all events are not
true to the nature of independent reality and that
holds that absolutely true knowledge is impossible.
11. Empiricism- it spouses that legitimate human
knowledge arises from what is provided to the mind
by the senses or by introspective awareness through
experience.
-hence it believes on education through
12. Romanticism- it questioned the notions of the
enlightenment that had dominated Europe in the
early 18th century.Facebook
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13. Epicureanism
- philosophical teaching about nature and ethics that
was derived from the writing of Epicurus.
- this philosophy base its knowledge on sense
perception, asserting that sensations are invariably
good.
(3)
14. Hedonism
- it centers on pleasure
- learning is pleasurable
15. Utilitarianism
- it believes that any moral theory that value of
human actions, policies, and institutions by their
consequences in men’s experience or by general
welfare of all person affected by them.
16. Communism
- disregard basic human rights and educates the
young for subservience to the state.
17. Fascism
– conceives that the state is an absolute.
18. Progressivism
- it emphasizes that educational concern must be on
the child interest, desires, and the learners freedom
as
an individual rather than the subject matter.
19. Essentialism
- it ascribes ultimate reality to immense embodied in
a thing perceptible to the senses.
The Educational Philosophies of Frontier Thinkers of
Education
1. SOCRATES
a. The end of life is knowledge.
b. Knowledge is virtues
c. “Know thyself”Facebook Group:
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2. PLATO
a. Each person should devote his life to that which
he is best fitted to do.
b. The function of education is to determine what
each individual is by nature fitted to do.
c. Social justice (Give what is due to whom it is due)
d. Intellectual aristocracy (The rule of the
intellectual elite)
3. ARISTOTLE
a. Virtue is not possession of knowledge but state of
the will.
b. The end of education is knowledge alone, but the
union of the intellect and the will or knowledge
express in action.
c. Reality, not ideas but the performance, is the
highest function.
d. Adaptation of education to the form of
government.
e. Objective and scientific not introspective method
of education
4. Comenius
a. Development of the whole life.
b. Follow the order of nature.
c. Training for character.
d. Both sexes should be included in education.
5. LOCKE
a. “Tabula rasa” or “blank paper” theory
– a child is born with a blank mind (neither good or
bad)
b. Education can shape the pupil according to the
will of the teacher.
c. Formal discipline
– Training gained in one area can be applied in
another area.Facebook Group:
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(4)
6. Rousseau
a. Development of the child according to his nature.
b. Man should live a simple life.
c. The child, the important
d. Use of instinctive tendencies as the starting point
of education
7. Peztalozzi
a. Education as the process of organized growth.
b. All education should be founded upon laws of
natural development of the child.
c. Use of object in teaching.
d. Emphasis on method and technique of teaching.
8. HERBART
a. Doctrine of apperception
b. Education should be specific.
c. Mind is a unity, possessing but one power, that of
entering into relation with its environment.
9. FROEBEL
a. Self-activity as the means of development.
b. Play, spontaneous activity, manual and industrial
development are utilized to promote self-realization.
c. Process of education determined by the nature of
the child.
10. Spencer
Knowledge that is best for use in life is also best for
the development of power.
Emphasis on physical education.
Importance of science in the curriculumFacebook
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11. WILLIAM JAMES
Mental activity is functional.
Knowledge is instrumental.
It is consequences that make the choice good or bad.
12. JOHN DEWEY
Education is life
Education is growth
Education is a social process
Education is a continuous reconstruction of
experiences.
13. JESUS CHRIST
Right relationship with God should precede all kinds
and types of education.
“But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and His
righteousness, and everything shall be added unto
you”
(Matthew 6:33)
Education should be used for service.
“Give thyself” is the philosophy of service of Jesus.
FUNCTION OF PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
1. Provide guidelines in the formulation of the - No savior/s paradise, faith on God, no scriptures.
educational policies and programs and in the -The third eye helps one to see things in addition to
construction of curricula. what our two eyes show us, and should be attuned
2. Provide direction toward which all educational to the things around us.
effort should be exerted. Emphasizes silent meditation, aiming to awaken the
3. Provide theories and hypothesis which may be mind in each person.
tested for their effectiveness and efficiency. 4. Muslim Philosophy
4. Provide norms or standards for evaluation Islam
purposes. - Emphasized a total commitment in faith obedience,
Importance of Philosophy of Education to the and trust to one and only God.
Teacher Koran, its sacred book is the word of God.
(5) Each person will be tried on the judgment when
1. Provides the teacher with basis for making his Allah will judge all souls.
decision concerning his work.Facebook Group: Believes in paradise, an oasis of flowing water,
https://www.facebook.com/groups/teacherlicensu pleasant drinks, food and sensual delights.
reexam/ Five Pillars of Islam:
Website: http://www.teacherph.com/ – 1. Belief in one God
2. Help the teacher develop a wide range of interest, – 2. Prayer
attitudes, and values concomitant to his professional (6)
life as teacher. – 3. Fasting
3. Makes a teacher more aware of his own life and – 4. Alms giving
work, and makes him more dynamic, discriminating, – 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca
critical and mentally alert. 5. Christian Philosophy
4. Philosophy of education saves time, money and God is the Creator of all things
effort Philosophical Foundation of Education Jesus is the Messiah, Christ, Son of God Facebook
A. Hinduism Group:
– (Dharma), characterized by honesty courage, https://www.facebook.com/groups/teacherlicensure
service, faith, self-control, purity, and non-violence exam/
Dharma can be achieved through Yoga Website: http://www.teacherph.com/
Believes that one should be able to control and Human being is a sinner who requires redemption
regulate his desires, not to devote life to sensual Jesus came down to earth to redeem mankind
pleasure success. Baptism is necessary for salvation
Religion should be practical. There is life after death
God is truth and the best way to seek the truth is by
practicing non-violence (Ahimsa)
B. Buddhism
Believes that personal gratification is the root of
suffering in the world.
The teaching of Buddha centered on four noble
truths:
1. All life is suffering, pain, and misery
2. Selfish craving and personal desire.
3. Suffering can cease.
4. Way to overcome this misery is through following
the Eight Fold Paths
2. Chinese Philosophies
Confucianism,
- an essentially optimistic system of belief, argued
that those who were naturally virtuous should, while
behaving with loyalty and respect, help to govern
their country by maintaining their independence and
criticizing their rulers if necessary: The government
served its citizens, rather than the reverse.Facebook
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Taoism,
- by contrast, taught that humans should withdraw
from culture and society, devoting themselves to
meditation and, like water, adapt themselves to
natural forces.
3. Japanese Philosophy
Zen Buddhism