Chapter 5

Summary and Conclusion

Unemployment is a serious issue in most countries of the world, not only in
India but for some developed countries (e.g. the United States, New Zealand, Spain
and Taiwan) the problem has become severe because of the financial crisis that
developed after 2007 (Wanberg, 2012).
As per NSSO 2011-12, ‘unemployment rate was 2.4 percent for males and
3.7 percent for females as per usual status among all age groups, while the
unemployment rate among the youth (15-29 years) varied between 6.1 percent to
15.6 percent across the different categories’.
According to census 2011 ‘The total population of the country is 1.21 billion
presently. According to the State Census 2011, the most populated state in India is
Uttar Pradesh with a population of 19.96 crores. The least populated state in the
country is Sikkim with a population of 60, 7688. The census of Indian states 2011
reveals that Kerala is the highest literate state in the country with 93.91% of
literacy rates. Bihar is the least literate state with a literacy rate of 63.82%. The
Indian census 2011 state wise shows that Kerala represents the highest sex ratio
with 1084 females per 1000 males while Haryana features the lowest sex ratio in
India with just 877 women per 1000 males’.
(http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php).
Over population is a root of many problems of society as well as for country.
In India, unemployment is a one of the problem. In India, unemployment has
become one of the major challenges of the current economy. India is an
underdeveloped economy and therefore the nature of unemployment here differs
from the one that prevails in a developed economy. The nature and character of
unemployment differs between the two India- the rural India and the urban India.
The levels of unemployment for women are higher than men. The educated youth
tend to be more unemployed than their illiterate counterparts. The educated
unemployed youth are the individuals who are either unemployed due to their high
qualifications. According to Gillin and Gillin- “unemployment is a condition in
which a person able and willing to work normally, dependent upon his earning to
provide the necessities of life for himself and family in unable to obtain gainful
employment”.
The unemployment in India, there are some reasons which are every similar
to that which is present in several other countries, but there are also some reasons
for the unemployment, that is unique to the Indian scenario (Sathish K. Paul).
5.1 Causes of unemployment
There are lots o factors have been create youth unemployment.
Population, Lack of experience, Shortage of jobs or Lack of jobs, Skill mismatch,
Security and Social Restrictions for Women, Illiteracy and ignorance, Low income
or wages.
5.2 Impact of unemployment –
5.2.1 Physical effects include an increase in headaches, stomach aches, sleep
problems, lack of energy, hypertension, heart disease and kidney disease.
5.2.2 Psychological effects include increased hostility, depression, anxiety, stress,
anger, fear, despair, loneliness and social isolation, and decreased self-esteem, life
satisfaction, aspiration levels, concentration and personal identity.
5.2.3 Economic effects include financial costs, spending power, recession.
There are many variables related to psychological aspects which can be
work as buffer either they can aggrevate the problem or these conditions are strong
than they eventually give the person strength to overcome their problems either
their unemployment or other. In the problem some to the agents or variables as
below-
5.3 Social Support
Social support is the emotional support which gives by family, friend and
neighbor. It provide the save and comfortable environment. Social support from
family and friend it play an important role of individuals’ life i.e. reduce stress,
tension, negative thought, loneliness, and provide strength to fight and achieved
their value and goals. ‘Social support refers to: having a group of family and
friends who provide strong social attachments; being able to exchange helpful
resources among family and friends; and the feeling of having supportive
relationship and behaviors (Hobfoll & Vaux, 1993)’.The relationship of family and
friend with unemployed youth contributes to the emotional and social support.
Support of the family and friend increase their self confidence. It provides
predictability, security, help to solve problems, etc. Lack of social support from
family and friend effect the individual’s physical and mental health, and also their
self efficacy.
5.4 Self efficacy
Unemployment is an ongoing societal issue with negative consequences. Due to
self-efficacy of young adult affected by unemployment. Self-efficacy affects how
individual think, manage and face challenges. Unemployed people gain support
from family, friends, relative and neighbor they motivate, increase self-confidence,
energetic, do work with more refreshment and always positive attitude it means
that high self efficacy report good well being. Bandura (1997) and Flammer (1990)
found that individuals with high self-efficacy beliefs also report strong feelings of
well-being and high self-esteem in general.
 Mary and Good (2005) suggested that ‘employment brings self-esteem and
independence’. ‘Effecting positive changes in efficacy beliefs of unemployed
people has been shown to influence outcomes, such as increased job-search
activity (Van Ryn & Vinokur, 1992)’. Self-efficacy is a person's judgment about
being able to perform a particular activity. According to Albert Bandura, self-
efficacy is- “the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of
action required to manage prospective situations” (1995, p. 2). In other words, self-
efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation.
Bandura described these beliefs as determinants of how people think, behave, and
feel (1994). A related concept is Generalised Self-Efficacy (GSE), which
Schwarzer (1993) defined as “people’s optimistic belief in their ability to cope
with a variety of stressful or challenging situations”. ‘Efficacious people are more
able to persevere in the face of challenges because they believe they can change
situations and behaviours to produce more positive outcomes (Schieman &
Campbell, 2001)’. Bandura and others have found that an individual’s self-efficacy
plays a major role in how goals, tasks, and challenges are approached.
5.5 Mental health
According to Chauhan (1978), “Mental health is a condition which permits
maximum development of physical, social, intellectual and emotional status of the
individual so that he/she can contribute to maximum for the welfare of the society
and realize ideas and aims in life.” Mental health helps to balance the emotion and
personality of people because human behavior depends on the mental condition of
the people. It shows that people are happy or not, confident is also depend on the
mental health. Self efficacy also depends on mental health. Self efficacy helps to
make a difference how people think, feel, and take actions in different-different
situation. When people fell low self efficacy it means that they contained
depression, anxiety, helplessness, depression, etc. it means that their mental health
condition is not good.
‘Unemployment is a pervasive and ongoing societal issue which has well-
documented and demonstrable negative consequences. When compared with
employed people, unemployed people have higher levels of depressive affect
(Feather & Davenport, 1981; Feather & O'Brien, 1986), lower levels of self-esteem
(Muller, Hicks, & Winocur, 1993), and higher incidences of psychological distress
(Banks & Jackson, 1982; Henwood & Miles, 1987)’. Winefield et al. (2002)
suggested that ‘many negative psychological outcomes of unemployment are due
to the influence of the Western work ethic which promotes the perception of a
person being a failure if unemployed. While the experience of unemployment is
generally aversive, the impact on individuals’ psychological well-being is not
uniform, neither it is universal’.
5.6 Justification of the study
It is said that- “education drives the youth and youth drives the society”. An
equilibrium among the three forms a strong, stable and self-reliance nation. A
youth full of knowledge, converts that knowledge into applications of wisdom so
that the society benefits as a whole. Under this condition the educated youth carries
an employment. This provides him the necessary self confidences which satisfy
and boost his urge and imparts him a higher degree of general self efficacy and
apart good mental health. To bind up all these achievements in a line this particular
youth becomes a productive unit of the society. But this is only the 1st side of the
coin. What about the 2nd side of this coin? At this side, also is an educated youth
but they fails to transform himself into a productive unit of the society. They
remain unemployed, and hence low on self confidence and moral. Mentally they
tried to put up a fight but after one point all his efforts goes in vain. The degree of
general self efficacy declines and the concept of social acceptance hold no meaning
for them self as they is almost denied from the fruits of universal acceptance.

The topic of research is over this 2nd side of the coin i.e. on the
educated but unemployed youth – who had to fight a hard battle to get them
recognized. This study will focus on individual general self-efficacy, mental health
and perceived social support and their influence on the experience of
unemployment. The researcher had chosen only civil service coaching
institute/centers because it is not practically easy as well as possible to contact with
the unemployed persons. The study focused and selected only graduate and post
graduate unemployed youth. There are a number of factors which affect their
psychological well-being or mental well-being like if they receive low or less
social support than their mental health or self-efficacy may be affected and due to
less social support they gain negative perception and their mental thinking will be
changed during unemployment. In this study researcher investigated and co-related
how general self-efficacy, perceived social support and mental health affect the
educated unemployed youth.

“Perceived Social Support, General Self-Efficacy and Mental Health of

Educated Unemployed Youth”

5.7 Objectives

• To study perceived social support among educated unemployed youth

• To assess the general self-efficacy of educated unemployed youth
• To analyze the mental health and its status of educated unemployed youth
• To evaluate the impact of demographic on perceived social support, general
self-efficacy and mental health of educated unemployed youth
• To identify relationship between perceived social support and general self-
efficacy of educated unemployed youth
• To analyze relationship between general self-efficacy and mental health of
educated unemployed youth
• To find out the relationship between mental health and perceived social support
of educated unemployed youth

5.8 Delimitation of this study

• The study was delimited to the few coaching institute of Delhi and Ghaziabad
which only provide civil services aspirants with proper guidance and
meaningful exposure for the civil services examination.
• The study was delimited to the respondents of 25 and above years who are
unable to find a suitable job according to their talent and skill and join a civil
service coaching class after their graduation or post graduation.

5.9 Methodology
5.9.1 Research Design: The study was descriptive in nature, which refers to the
description of social situations, social events, social systems, social structures, etc.
The description is made on the basis of scientific observation; hence it is expected
to be more accurate and precise than casual. Survey method was used to examine
the research. It is the method which involves a systematic and comprehensive
study of a particular community, organization, group etc., with a view to the
analysis of social problem and the presentation of recommendations for its
solution.

5.9.2 Locale of the study: The study was conducted in the coaching institute of
Ghaziabad and Delhi which provide civil service coaching.
5.9.3 Sampling Technique: Purposive sampling was used in the research. It is
also known as judge mental sampling. In this sampling the researcher purposively
chooses persons who, in his judgement about some appropriate characteristics
required of the sample members, are thought to be relevant to the research topic
and are easily available to him. The division of the population is based on age,
sex, no. of siblings (including you), your birth order, nuclear or joint family,
graduate, post graduate, time applied for civil service, and time duration in
coaching institute.
5.9.4 Sample selection and distribution: The sample size was 1400 EUY adults,
who have completed their graduation or post graduation. They left their higher
education at least 2 years before and they searching a job since 2 year but they
cannot getting it and take a coaching classes of CS. Researcher chooses 13
different CI in Delhi namely Patanjali IAS, Dhistri IAS, Jagrati IAS, Dhey IAS,
Shihanta IAS, Dhermendra Sociology, Nirman, G.S. World, Samundra Solution
and Saraswati and in Ghaziabad namely Shresth IAS, Shikhar IAS and Gurukul.
Following steps which were taken in selection of the CS-
• The researcher made a list of all the coaching institutes (provide CS coaching)
belonging to the Delhi and Ghaziabad city with the help of telephone directory.
• Researcher contacted to the head of coaching institutes and explained the
purpose of the study and selected those institutes which gave permission for the
survey.
• Finally thirteen coaching institute gave permission to the researcher for their
survey.
• Researcher distributed General Information blank sheet to all the candidates
available in the institute. And then the researcher selected only those candidates
who fulfilled the criteria of the study.
• Three tools namely Perceived Social Support Scale, General Self Efficacy Scale
and Mental Health Checklist were distributed to the educated unemployed
youth and all the important and necessary instructions were given to them and
after they filled it up, the questionnaire was collected back from the EUY.
• Finally the researcher selected three CI from Ghaziabad and ten CI from Delhi.

5.10 Tools used in the study:

1. General Information (or Background Information) developed by Investigator
2. Perceived Social Support (PSS) Scale by Mary E. Procidano and Kenneth
Heller (1983)General
3. Self Efficacy Scale (Hindi and English) by Shonali Sud, Ralf Schwarzer &
Matthias Jerusalem (1998)
4. Health Check List by Pramod Kumar (1992)
5.11 Major Findings

5.11.1 Overall levels of PSS, GSE and MH among EUY

It was found that the majority of EUY 976 (69.71%) went through high level of
PSS the minority of the respondents 424 (30.29%) indicate low social support. In
the GSE, majority of respondents 812 (58%) indicated low self efficacy of EUY
and the minority of the respondents 588 (42%) indicated high self efficacy of
EUY. In MH, the result of EUY revealed that only respondents of 118 (8.43%)
indicated very good mental health, some respondents 178 (12.71%) indicated good
mental health, some respondents 334 (23.86%) indicated average mental health,
the majority of respondents 721 (51.5%) indicated poor mental health and the
minority of respondents 49 (3.5%) indicated very poor mental health.
It can be interpreted in PSS, that majority of the educated unemployed youth
experienced good social support. This can be said that parents’ of educated youth
who are unemployed are more understanding, supportive, caring and helpful. It
indicate that the good relationship present between youth and their parents’. Youth
share their problems, parents does not pressurize the youth for search a other job
because they know that they try work hard for achieve their goal on the other hand
friends play important role in providing support.
It can be interpreted in GSE, that majority of the educated unemployed
youth showed low self-efficacy. This can be said that youth who are unemployed
gave a civil service exam several times but does not find success that’s why their
self-efficacy becomes low.

It can be interpreted MH, that majority of the educated unemployed youth

showed poor mental health conditions. This can be said that youth who are
unemployed fell more unsuccessful because they tried to reach their goal but
cannot success. Due to this failure they cannot do study very well, negative thought
occur in their mind, cannot share their feelings, thoughts, compress their emotions
and so on.

5.11.2 Demographic profile of respondents

Respondents belongs to the age range of 25-27 i.e. 1160 (82.85%) and 240
(17.14%) belongs to more than 28 years, 1024 (73.14%) were male and 376
(26.85%) were female. 12 (0.85%) respondents are single child, 30 (2.14%) had
one siblings and 1088 (77.71%) had 2 and more siblings. Majority of 740 (52.85%)
respondents had nuclear family and minority of 660 (47.14%) respondents had
joint family. Out of 1400, minorities of the 84 (6%) respondents are married and
majority of the 1316 (94%) respondents are unmarried.
 In education area the majority of the respondents were graduate 948
(67.71%), 52 (3.71%) were perusing post graduate and 400 (25.57%) were post
graduate. Most of the respondents 908 (64.85%) were applied for civil service, 308
(22%) respondents applied only one time and 184 (13.14%) respondents applied
more than two times. Large number of respondents 1300 (92.85%) take a coaching
class during one year and 100 (7.14%) respondents take a coaching class two and
more year.

5.11.3 Demographic factors of PSS of EUY

The various demographic variables such as birth order, educational qualification

and time applied for civil service is found significantly associate with the PSS
which is significant at 0.01% level and 0.05% level and it help to conclude that
GSE is dependent on the respective variables. The null hypotheses that there is no
significant association between different demographic variables (birth order,
educational qualification and time applied for civil service) and PSS is tested by
using chi square. The χ2 values is significant at p<0.01 and p<.05. The result
indicates that there is direct relationship between two variables. Hence the null
hypothesis that there is no significant association in different demographic
variables (birth order, educational qualification and time applied for civil service)
on PSS of educated unemployed youth is rejected.

5.11.4 Demographic factors of GSE of EUY

The various demographic variables such as age, no. of siblings, birth order, type of
family, marital status, educational qualification, time applied for civil service and
time duration in coaching is found significantly associate with the GSE which is
significant at 0.01% level and 0.05% level and it help to conclude that GSE is
dependent on the respective variables. The null hypotheses that there is no
significant association between different demographic variables (age, no. of
siblings, birth order, type of family, marital status, educational qualification, time
applied for civil service and time duration in coaching) and GSE is tested by using
chi square. The χ2 values is significant at p<0.01 and p<.05. The result indicates
that there is direct relationship between two variables. Hence the null hypotheses
that there is no significant association between in different demographic variables
(age, no. of siblings, birth order, type of family, marital status, educational
qualification, time applied for civil service and time duration in coaching) and GSE
of EUY is rejected.

5.11.5 Demographic factors of MH of EUY

The various demographic variables such as age, no. of siblings, birth order, type of
family, marital status, educational qualification, time applied for civil service and
time duration in coaching is found significantly associated with the MH which is
significant at 0.01 and 0.05% level and it help to conclude that MH was dependent
on the respective variables. The null hypotheses that there is no significant
association between different demographic variables (age, no. of siblings, birth
order, type of family, marital status, educational qualification, time applied for
civil service and time duration in coaching) and MH is tested by using chi square.
The χ2 values is significant at p<0.01 and p<0.05. The result indicates that there is
direct relationship between two variables. Hence the null hypotheses that there is
no significant association between in different demographic variables (age, no. of
siblings, birth order, type of family, marital status, educational qualification, time
applied for civil service and time duration in coaching) and MH of EUY is
rejected.

5.11.6 Correlation between PSS and GSE of EUY

The result indicates that there is positive relationship between perceived social
support and general self efficacy of educated unemployed youth. It means that
perceived social support of EUY increase general self efficacy of EUY also
increase of educated unemployed youth and vice versa. The result reveal that the
p<.01 which indicate that the null hypothesis which states that there is no
significant difference between perceived social support and general self-efficacy of
EUY was rejected. Hence, the alternative hypothesis was accepted.

5.11.7 Correlation between PSS and MH of EUY

The result indicates that there is positive relationship between the perceived social
supports and the mental of educated unemployed youth. It means that perceived
social support of EUY increase mental health also increase of educated
unemployed youth and vice versa. The result reveal that the p<.05 which indicate
that the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between
mental health and perceived social support of EUY was rejected. Hence, the
alternative hypothesis was accepted.

5.11.8 Correlation between GSE and MH of EUY

The result indicates that there is negative correlation relationship between General
self efficacy and Mental Health of educated unemployed youth. It means that there
is no impact of increase or decrease of general self efficacy on mental health of
educated unemployed youth and vice versa. The result reveals that the p>.05 which
indicated that the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference
between self-efficacy and mental health of EUY was accepted. Hence the
alternative hypothesis was rejected.

5.12 Conclusion
Researcher found that educated unemployed youth still by getting good support by
the family and friend they have low self-efficacy, beside this there mental health
condition also poor. If these conditions persist for a longer period then their mental
health conditions become poorer and poor. This situation may lead to some
individual’s in pathetic conditions. So this is the time they definitely require
services and help to improve their mental health. Right now the guidance services
should be given to these people for checkout the situations, these services should
be like that they positively changes their mind sets in special reference to self
efficacy mental health and bring in them positivity. Coaching institute easily could
provide these services like small lecture, distributing pamphlet and folder about
how to developed good mental health and self-efficacy.

5.13 Recommendations for the future research

• Comparative study on the two

cities i.e. Delhi and Ghaziabad could be determined.
• Comparative study on civil services’ respondents and different filed respondents
could be determined.
• Comparative study on the different streams with same coaching institute.
• Analyzed the relationship between parents and teachers support in reference of
respondents.
• Analyzed the stress of the respondents’ parents and coaching institute teacher.
• Study on college going students (pursuing graduate and post graduate) who
taking a coaching of civil service could be analyzed.
• The others demographic variables related to the coaching institutes could also
be analyzed.
• Analyzed the students’ achievement of goals since establishment of the
coaching institute till present.
• Comparative study between parents and youth relationship, parents’ stress
regarding youth career
• In depth study on respondents who taking a coaching class of civil service.

5.14 Implications of the study

• The study gives information about the demographic variables in relation to PSS,
GSE and MH.
• It provides a great of information respondents about PSS, GSE and MH.
• The study gives information about the levels of PSS, GSE and MH of EUY.
• The study also gives information about the relationship between PSS, GSE and
MH of EUY.
• The study would spread awareness regarding PSS, GSE and MH of EUY.
• The study would also help to provide parents to prevent unpleasant conditions
of their wards.
• Results of this study also provide other information in research area.
• The present study only based for the EUY responses.