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Introduction to lab equipment and

TITLE :
making of Networking cable.

DATE OF
: 18th Sept, 2019
EXPERIMENT

Lab Number : 01

NAME : ___________________

ROLL NO : ___________________

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Objective:
Learn and design networking cable (Ethernet cable) in different style.

Equipment:
Crimping Tool.
RJ 45 Connector.
Cutter.
Networking Cable.

Theory:
To connect two or more computers or networking devices in a network, network cables are
used. There are three types of network cables; coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-optic.
But in this lab, we focus on twisted pair cable which are used commonly in networking.
Coaxial cable:
This cable contains a conductor, insulator, braiding, and sheath. The sheath covers the
braiding, braiding covers the insulation, and the insulation covers the conductor.

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Specifications of coaxial cables:

Type Ohms AWG Conductor Description

RG-6 75 18 Solid copper Used in cable network to provide cable Internet service and
cable TV over long distances.
RG-8 50 10 Solid copper Used in the earliest computer networks. This cable was
used as the backbone-cable in the bus topology. In
Ethernet standards, this cable is documented as the
10base5 Thicknet cable.
RG-58 50 24 Several thin This cable is thinner, easier to handle and install than the
strands of RG-8 cable. This cable was used to connect a system with
copper the backbone-cable. In Ethernet standards, this cable is
documented as the 10base2 Thinnet cable.
RG-59 75 20 - Solid copper Used in cable networks to provide short-distance service.
22

Twisted-pair cables:
The twisted-pair cable was primarily developed for computer networks. This cable is also
known as Ethernet cable. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this cable.
This cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires. Every two wires are
twisted around each other to form pair. Usually, there are four pairs. Each pair has one
solid color and one stripped color wire. Solid colors are blue, brown, green and orange. In
stripped color, the solid color is mixed with the white color.
Based on how pairs are stripped in the plastic sheath, there are two types of twisted-pair
cable; UTP and STP.
• In the UTP (Unshielded twisted-pair) cable, all pairs are wrapped in a single
plastic sheath.
• In the STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, each pair is wrapped with an additional
metal shield, then all pairs are wrapped in a single outer plastic sheath.

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Category Max Bandwidth/support Ethernet Description

supported signals rate standard
speed
Cat 1 1Mbps 1MHz Not used for This cable contains only two pairs (4 wires).
data This cable was used in the telephone
network for voice transmission.
Cat 2 4Mbps 10MHz Token Ring This cable and all further cables have a
minimum of 8 wires (4 pairs). This cable was
used in the token-ring network.
Cat 3 10Mbps 16MHz 10BASE-T This is the first Ethernet cable that was used
Ethernet in LAN networks.
Cat 4 20Mbps 20MHz Token Ring This cable was used in advanced Token-ring
networks.
Cat 5 100Mbps 100MHz 100BASE-T This cable was used in advanced (fast) LAN
Ethernet networks.
Cat 5e 1000Mbps 100MHz 1000BASE-T This cable/category is the minimum
Ethernet requirement for all modern LAN networks.
Cat 6 10Gbps 250MHz 10GBASE-T This cable uses a plastic core to prevent
Ethernet cross-talk between twisted-pair. It also uses
a fire-resistant plastic sheath.
Cat 6a 10Gbps 500MHz 10GBASE-T This cable reduces attenuation and cross-
Ethernet talk. This cable also potentially removes the
length limit. This is the recommended cable
for all modern Ethernet LAN networks.
Cat 7 10Gbps 600MHz Not drafted This cable sets a base for further
yet development. This cable uses multiple
twisted-pairs and shields each pair by its
own plastic sheath.

Fiber optic cable:

This cable consists of core, cladding, buffer, and jacket. The core is made from the thin
strands of glass or plastic that can carry data over the long distance. The core is wrapped
in the cladding; the cladding is wrapped in the buffer, and the buffer is wrapped in the
jacket.

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RJ-45 Connector:
To make a cable we need some kind of connector at its ends to properly plug in to devices.
So, connector used to construct twisted pair cable or ethernet cable is called as RJ-45
connector.

Ethernet cable/Twisted-pair cables:

In the mid-1980s, the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) and the EIA
(Electronic Industries Association) began developing methods for cabling buildings, with
the intent of developing a uniform wiring system that would support multivendor products
and environments. In 1991, the TIA/EIA released the TIA/EIA 568 Commercial Building
Telecommunication Cabling standard. And firstly introduced 568 cable designing.
What is 568?
In the world of structured cabling systems, the cryptic number 568 refers to the order in
which the individual wires inside a CAT 5 cable are terminated.
The 568 standards were actually developed by the TIA (Telecommunications Industry
Association) and the EIA (Electronics Industry Association) in America to reduce
confusion in their industry. These were then adopted by other standards organizations
around the world.

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The AT&T "Standard" (Founded in 1885 as American Telephone and Telegraph

Corporation)
Before the TIA/EIA standard was created in 1985 AT&T the giant telecommunications
company had been developing at its research labs newer and faster computer networks.
These networks were designed to run over existing telecommunications infrastructure, this
used USOC as its termination method. To provide backward compatibility for a single line
phone AT&T created its own way of terminating cables for UTP networks; this
specification was named 258A. 258A started to become well known and widely used
(especially in the USA) and UTP networks became more and more popular.
In 1991 TIA/EIA produced new standard which was named EIA/TIA-568. Although
similar to the existing AT&T method of terminating twisted pair cables the new standard
provided backward compatibility for phones that used two pairs instead of just one. In
1994, the existing standard was revised and renamed TIA/EIA 568A, the existing AT&T
standard 258A was included and referred to as TIA/EIA-568B. As both these standards
were popular and widely used, they were both adopted into the International Standards of
structure cabling system.

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The configuration T568B was used most commonly due to its distributed wiring sequence.
T-568A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

Color coding is as like for pins 1- 8 is as;

1- Green and white dotted
2- Green
3- Orange and white dotted
4- Blue
5- Blue and white dotted
6- Orange
7- Brown and white dotted
8- Brown
T-568B Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

Color coding is as like for pins 1- 8 is as;

1- Orange and white dotted
2- Orange
3- Green and white dotted
4- Blue
5- Blue and white dotted
6- Green
7- Brown and white dotted
8- Brown

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RJ-45 Crossover Ethernet Cable

Color coding is as like for pins 1- 8 is as;

1- Green and white dotted -------------------- Orange and white dotted
2- Green -------------------- Orange
3- Orange and white dotted -------------------- Green and white dotted
4- Blue -------------------- Blue
5- Blue and white dotted -------------------- Blue and white dotted
6- Orange -------------------- Green
7- Brown and white dotted -------------------- Brown and white dotted
8- Brown -------------------- Brown.

Or

Orange and white dotted (pin 1)

Orange (pin 2)
Green and white dotted (pin 3)
Blue (pin 4)

Blue and white dotted (pin 5)

Green (pin 6)
Brown and white dotted (pin 7)
Brown (pin 8)

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Difference between Straight-Through and Crossover Ethernet Cable:

Straight through is used in communication between two different devices while cross
over is used in same devices level.
For Switch to router, Switch to PC or server, Hub to PC or server, and
For Switch to switch, Switch to hub, Hub to hub, Router to router, Router Ethernet port to
PC NIC, PC to PC etc.

Task 1:
Build a straight through and Cross over twisted pair cable for networking use.

Task 2:
Differentiate between Straight through and cross over configurations and make comment
why T568B standard is most commonly used and effective.

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