Step 3 - to understand the waves behavior in open and enclosure mediums

Individual work

Student name: Luis Andres Ramos

Group: 203058_46

Identification number: 94391765

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019- 31-10
 Introduction

The following work is elaborated in order to address the issues related to the
propagation of electromagnetic waves in open media, with this we can determine the
characteristics necessary for the development and application of the behavior of the
waves in different media considering the characteristics of each medium for its
propagation using laws such as Faraday, Snell, and Maxwell and Huygens principle to
analyze the characteristics of an electromagnetic signal or wave, based on concepts
and development of practical exercises aimed at deepening the issues covered in this
unit.
 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?
3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?
4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?
5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of
waves?
Developing::
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?
R / They are each one of the possible configurations that adopt electromagnetic
waves that travel through the waveguide, a propagation mode is characterized by
satisfying certain boundary characteristics or conditions in theory there is an infinite
world of propagation modes and each one has its cutoff frequency from which it
exists. The propagation modes depend on the wavelength of its polarization and
the dimensions of the guide as each mode has an associated cutoff frequency, the
frequency of the signal to be transmitted must be greater than the cutoff frequency,
in this way the Electromagnetic, energy will be transmitted through the guide
without attenuation.

The longitudinal mode of a waveguide is a particular type of standing wave formed by

waves confined in the cavity. With respect to the transverse modes, it is necessary
to:

𝑎 − 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒: 𝐸𝑍 = 0 𝑦 ∇2 𝐻𝑎𝑍 + 𝐾𝐶2 𝐻𝑎𝑍= 0

𝑏 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 ∶ 𝐻𝑎𝑍 = 0 𝑦 ∇2 𝐻𝑎𝑍 + 𝐾𝐶2 𝐸𝑍= 0

𝑐 − 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒: 𝐸𝑍 = 0 𝑦 𝐻𝑧 = 0

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

R / refers to the property that the waves have to oscillate with more than one

orientation, this usually refers to the so-called transverse waves said polarization
 refers to the direction of the electromagnetic field. In linear polarization, the fields

oscillate in only one direction. In circular or elliptical polarization the fields rotate at

a constant speed in a plane as the wave travels the rotation can have two possible

directions, if the fields rotate in a direction of The right hand with respect to the

direction of the wave displacement is called the right circular polarization, but if

instead the fields rotate in the direction of the left hand it is called the left circular

polarization.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

R / Reflection is the change of direction of the wave movement that occurs in the
same medium in which it was propagated, after having affected the surface of a
different medium, is determined by two laws:

1- The incident ray, the reflected and the normal to the surface at the point of
incidence are in .The same plane

2-The angle of incident ray i ^ and that of reflection r ^ are equal

The angle formed by the incident wave and that reflected with the normal to the separation
surface (in red) is the same. We have represented the wave fronts of the incident wave in
blue and those of the reflected in green.

The reflection does not change the velocity of wave v, nor its frequency f, nor its
wavelength λ. Reflection and Principle of Huygens

The laws of reflection can be deduced by applying the Huygens principle to a wave that
hits a certain angle α on a two-media separation surface. So.

If the wave-emitting focus is far enough from the reflecting surface, in violet in the image,
we can consider the wave flat. When advancing its wave front, its end M will be the first
to find the reflecting surface. This will occur at point A, which, according to Huygens
‘Principle, becomes a new secondary wave emitting center.

The secondary waves generated at point A (marked as a green circle) recede at the same
speed that the incident wave brings. This implies that when the other end D of the incident
front reaches the reflective surface (travels the distance DE), the secondary wave will
have a radius AB (being DE = AB). Taking into account, in addition, that when the end D
reaches the point E, the latter becomes a new, Secondary wave emitting focus, we can
form the right triangles ADE (of the incident wave) and ABE (of the reflected wave), both
equal to having the hypotenuse and the sides DE and AB equal.

From the equality of the triangles, we can deduce that of the angles α and β, and from
these, that of the angles iˆ and rˆ, since they are formed by sides perpendicular
 4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

R/ THE REFRACTION: is the change of direction of the wave movement that occurs
after passing this from one medium to another in which it propagates with different speeds
is governed by two laws:

1-The SNELL law of refraction that marks the relationship between the angle of incidence
î and the angle of refraction 𝑟 ^ and the velocities of the waves in the media 1 and 2, 𝑣1𝑦 𝑣2
according to.

sin(î) 𝑣
= 𝑣1 = 𝑛2,1. Being 𝑛2,1 the index of refraction of the second medium with respect
sin(ȓ) 2

to the first, a dimensionless constant.

Refraction:

Refraction occurs when a wave passes from one medium with a certain speed to another
with a different one. Notice, in the image on the left, that when v2 <v1 the beam
approaches normal. In the image on the right we see that when v1 <v2 the propagation
direction moves away from normal.
Do not confuse the angle rˆ in cases of reflection and refraction. We have chosen to give
them the same name since it is usual to focus on one or the other
Phenomenon. If you are going to solve an exercise in which you have to study both at the
same time, we recommend that you change the name to any of them. Keep in mind that
the reflected beam remains in the middle of the incident beam. The refracted ray, however,
passes to a different one.
In refraction, the frequency of wave f does not change, but in doing so its velocity v, its
wavelength λ must also change.
Snell's law was discovered experimentally in 1621 by the Dutch scientist Willebrord Snel van Royen
(1580 - 1626), more commonly known as Snell. It was Huygens who gave an explanation to this
experimental law, thus allowing us to deduce it from the beginning of Huygens. We will

Start from the following image.

On the other hand, from the definition of sine, we have in the triangles BAE and AED:

Taking into account that angles α and β

are equal to angles iˆ and rˆ, because they have their respective perpendicular sides, we
can write the Snell law sought:
Where, as we said before, n2.1 is known as the index of refraction of medium 2 with
respect to 1, and is defined as the ratio of the velocity in the first medium between the
velocity in the second.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of

waves?

R/ Also called as Snell-Descartes law is a formula used to calculate the angle

of refraction of light by crossing the separation surface between two means of
propagation of light (or any electromagnetic wave), it states
That the multiplication of the index of refraction within the angle of incidence
with respect to the normal is constant for any ray of light affecting the
separatist surface of two means. That is, the component of the index of
refraction parallel to the surface is constant. Although Snell's law was
formulated
To explain the phenomena of light refraction, it can be applied to all types of
waves crossing a separation surface between two means in which the speed
of wave propagation varies.
 Application exercises:

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident

from the air(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an
intrinsic impedance𝜂2 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the
transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Developing
Teniendo en cuenta el valor de los dígitos del grupo colaborativo y los
Tres dígitos dela cedula (943) reemplazamos valores así:

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 46 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident

from the air(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an
intrinsic impedance𝜂2 = 943 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the
transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

As data, we have to:

𝑓 = 46 𝑀𝐻𝑧 Frequency
𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), incident from the air
𝜂2 = 943 𝛺 , intrinsic impedance

Hallaremos el coeficiente de reflexión:

𝜂2 −𝜂1 943−120𝜋
Γ= = = 0.428 = 0.428 < 180º
𝜂2 +𝜂1 943+120𝜋

Γ = 0,428
Now we find the Refletancia
R = |Γ|2 = 0,183 ∗ 100% = 18,3%
𝑅 = 0,183
Now we find the transmittance.
T = 1 − R = 1 − 0,183 = 0,817 ∗ 100% = 81,7%
𝑇 = 81,7%

Next we find the Reflected power

𝑚𝑊 𝒎𝑾
𝑃𝑟 = |𝑃1− | = 18,3% ∗ 100 = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟑
𝑚2 𝒎𝟐

Find the Transmitted power

𝑚𝑊 𝒎𝑾
𝑃𝑡 = |𝑃2+ | = 81,7% ∗ 100 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟕𝟎
𝑚2 𝒎𝟐

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 46 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming from a

wave generator located 30𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = 943 𝛺
and 10𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative
material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

As data, we have to:

𝑓 = 𝟒𝟔 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺),
𝜂2 = 𝟗𝟒𝟑 𝛺
a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the
generator.

*As the wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material:

We find the phase constant

Developing:

• Como la pared está hecha de un material no magnético y no disipativo:

• Encontramos la fase constant

𝑤𝜂0 (2𝜋 ∗ 46 ∗ 106 )120𝜋

𝛽= = = 𝟎, 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎
𝑐0 𝜂 (3 ∗ 108 )943 𝛺

𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂1 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂1
𝜂1 + 𝑗𝜂2 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)

120𝜋 + 𝑗943𝑇𝑎𝑛(0,385 ∗ 0.1𝑚)

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 104Ω = (𝟑𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎𝟏𝒊)Ω
943 + 𝑗120𝜋𝑇𝑎𝑛(0,385 ∗ 0.1𝑚)
-Since we obtained this input impedance seen from the first interface, the
first reflection coefficient can be calculated:

𝜂 −𝜂
Γ1 = 𝜂𝑖𝑛+𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟕𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 + 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝒊 = 𝟎, 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟕 < −𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟓°
𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒

- first transmission coefficient:

τ = 1 + Γ1 = 1 + (3.376 ∗ 10−5 + 0.0027𝑖) = 1 + 0.0027𝑖
b- Determine in [percentage] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power that is
transmitted to the receiver.

- We found The magnitude of the maximum electric field:

+ +
E𝑦1 | = (1 + [Γ])E𝑦1 = 1.48 ∗ 200 = 296𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑀𝐴𝑋

-Percentage of transmitted power

Is

𝑇1 = 1 − [Γ]2 = 1 − 0.82372 = 0.3215 ∗ 100% = 32,15%

-The reflection coefficient on the second face of the wall is calculated as:

𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 − 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
Γ2 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 + 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑

Which results in a transmittance equivalent to:

- The power transmitted from the generator to the receiver is obtained as a
product of the two transmissions:

𝑇2 = 1 − [Γ2 ]2 = 0.67 = 67%

𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑇2 = 32.15 ∗ 67 = 21.5%

3- An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown

in the graph.
 Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.
Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B,
forming an angle of𝜃 𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the
total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is
𝟗𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒎 thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is
necessary to identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive
index.
Solution:

 Ice refractive index is: 1.31

 air refractive index: 1
 θ_a = 44.9 °
 Incident angle on ice: 45.1
 Find angle of refraction at point B.

𝑛1 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃1 = 𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃2 =
1.31𝑆𝑒𝑛(44.9°)
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃2 = = 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃2 = 0.9244
1.00029

𝜽𝒃 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟎𝟕°

The angle of refraction for point c is:

𝜃𝑐 − 𝜃𝑏 = 90 − 68,07 = 21.93°
And for the index of the determined material C is:
0.92
1.00029 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑛(68.07) = 𝑛2 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(21.93) = = 𝑛2 = 2.48
𝑠𝑒𝑛(21.93)
.Having determined that the refractive index is 2.48; the closest material is
diamond, with an absolute refractive index of 2.42
-We have to for the last material (Glass the refractive index is 1.5)
-We find the angle of refraction at point D.

𝑛1 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃1 = 𝑛2 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃2

2.48 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(21.93) = 1.5 ∗ sen(𝜃𝐷 )

2.48 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(21.93)
(𝜃𝐷 ) = sen−1 ( )
1.5
(𝜽𝑫 ) = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝟑°

Now we will find the distance of D = dAB + dBC + dCD

x
dAB = tan(𝜃𝑏 ) =
943𝑚𝑚

x = 943𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(68.07) = 2342.24𝑚𝑚

dBC = x = 943𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(21.93) = 41.87𝑚𝑚
dCD = x = 943𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan(38.22) = 81.89𝑚𝑚

D = dAB + dBC + dCD

D = (258.31) + (41.87) + (81.89) = 382.8mm = 0.38m
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1: We analyze how electromagnetic waves suffer the phenomena of

reflection and refraction according to the means in which they propagate to determine
their speed and direction, concluding it by Snell's law and fixed angle.

Conclusion 2: We use refractive indices (n) determined by the ratio of the speeds of
light in a vacuum and the speed in another medium to solve the different exercises
proposed by the guide.
Bibliography :

Chen, W. (2005). The electrical engineering manual. Boston: Academic Press, (pp. 519-524). Recovered
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Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law [Video]. Recovered from. Obtenido de

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140

Ltd, W. J. (2003). Propagation of electromagnetic waves. Wireless fixed broadband. (pp. 31-51).
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Woodwell, G. (2016). Reflection and refraction. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science. Recovered from.
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