CHAPTER

SPECTROSCOPY
AND
SPECTROMETRY
 TERM OF SPECTROSCOPE
• The term of spectroscope derives from two root words: the latin word
spectrum meaning image and the Greek word skopein meaning view.

• Spectroscope is an instrument that permits visual observation of spectra.

Instruments that record a spectral image on a photographic plate.
Basic of spectroscope
• Light enters the slit (S) and is made
parallel by the collimating lens (C).
Prism (P) disperses the light, which
is the focused by the telescope lens
(T) along curve (F).
• It can be seen that red is dispersed
least and violet most.
 SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Instead of an eyepiece or photographic plate, a photoelectric cell that used and
can measure how much of each color appears. The prism is rotated so that only
a narrow portion of the spectrum is received by the detector at any time. The
instrument is then called a spectrometer.

Spectrophotometer is same operation with spectrometer but whole operation

is done automatically and the results are fed to a recorder that inks in a
complete record of the spectrum.
PRINCIPLE OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER
 SPECTROSCOPY
• Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and
electromagnetic radiation as a function of the wavelength or frequency of
the radiation.
• Spectroscopy is focus to the atoms and molecules absorb and emit
electromagnetics radiation (EMR).
• By measuring the amount and the characteristics of the EMR absorbed and
emitted, the concentration particular molecules present in a sample can be
measured or gain structural information.
 SPECTROSCOPY
• Spectroscopic methods ultimately rely on measuring
characteristics of electromagnetic radiation, which travels through
space as a wave.
• Example of spectroscopy : astronomical spectroscopy,
absorption spectroscopy, biomedical spectroscopy, energy
dispersive x-ray spectroscopy.
 SPECTROMETRY
• Spectrometry is a method of studying and measuring a specific spectrum,
and it’s widely used for spectroscopic analysis of sample materials.
• Spectrometry measure interaction between light and matter and the reactions
and measurements of radiation intensity and wavelength.
• Example of spectrometry : mass spectrometry
 DIFFERENCESS BETWEEN
SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTROMETRY
SPECTROSCOPY
the science of studying the interaction
between matter and radiated energy.
It’s the study of absorption characteristics of
matter, or absorption behaviour of matter,
when subjected to electromagnetic radiation.
Spectroscopy doesn’t generate any results
it’s simply the theoretical approach to science.
SPECTROMETRY
the method used to acquire a quantitative
measurement of the spectrum
helping in the quantification of, for example,
absorbance, optical density or transmittance.
results are generated
practical application
 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

• One of the ways atoms and molecules interact with electromagnetic radiation is to
absorb it.
• This occurs because atoms and molecules can exist in different states that have
different, but quantized, energy level.
• If the energy of incoming EMR matches the energy differences between two
quantum states, then the radiation can be absorbed.
• This process forms the basis for all common forms spectroscopy, including UV-
Visible, Infrared (IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Radio wavelength
Infrared wavelength
Ultraviolet wavelength
X-ray wavelength
Gamma ray
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
PROPERTIES SYMBOL CHARACTERISTICS

Speed c Electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum travel at 2.998x 108 m/s.

Amplitude A Maximum length of the electric field vector.

Frequency v Number of oscillations a wave makes per unit time and is typically measured
in hertz, Hz or 1/s or s-1
Wavelength λ Peak to peak distance of the wave. Wavelength are typically measured in
meters. E.g : 380 nm
Energy E Impact electromagnetic radiation has on matter. When it interacts with
matter, it is useful to think of EMR as a discrete particle that contains a
fixed amount of energy that can be transferred to ana atom or molecule.
That discrete particle is called a photon.