CHEM 314

4:00-5:00 MW, ChE Lab 1

1st SEMESTER AY 2015-2016
Engr. Benedict S. Marzan, ChE

INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPY
A major class of analytical methods is based on
the interaction of electromagnetic radiant
energy with matter.
INTERACTION BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION AND MATTER
 We know from our observation of rainbows that
visible light (white light) is composed of
continuum of colors from violet to red.
 If a beam of light is passed through a beaker of
water, it remains white.
 But what if it is added with potassium
permanganate, what would be the result?
 In this case, the electromagnetic radiation is
visible light and we can see the effect of
absorption of some of the light with our eyes.
 However interactions between electromagnetic
radiation and matter take place in many ways
and over a wide range of radiant energies.
 What is Electromagnetic Radiation????
The nature of electromagnetic radiation
baffled scientist for many years. At times light
appears to behave like a wave; at other times it
behaves as though it were composed of small
particles.
―wave-particle duality‖
 Light waves can be represented as oscillating
perpendicular electric and magnetic fields.
 The fields are at right angles to each other and
to the direction of propagation of the light.
THE NATURE OF RADIANT ENERGY
NATURE OF RADIANT ENERGY

 Properties of radiant  Properties of radiant

energy based on the energy on based on the
properties of wave: properties of photons
PROPERTIES OF RADIANT ENERGY

1. Frequency,v 2. Velocity of propagation, c

- the number of crests

passing a fixed point - Radiation travelling
per second described through vacuum =
by the electromagnetic
2.9979x108 m/s
wave.

1 Hertz(Hz) = 1
cyle/s(cps)
PROPERTIES OF RADIANT ENERGY

3. Wavelength, ʎ 4. Wave Number, v

- The distance between -The number of waves per

adjacent crests of the centimeter
wave in a beam of -unit of wave number in per
radiation cm of ―KAISER‖
- The ratio of the velocity
to the frequency
- Units: m,cm,nm,microns
5. Amplitude
- the maximum of the
vector from the origin to a
point displacement of the
oscillation.
6. plane-polarized light
- Wave confined to one
plane.
 Monochromatic Light  Polychromatic Light
- Light of only one - Light that consists of
wavelength more than one
wavelengths
PROPERTIES OF RADIANT ENERGY
 The velocity and wavelength are related to the
frequency by the expression:
c
v

 In some cases it is more convenient to consider
light as stream of particles. We call particles of
light PHOTONS. And energy content E of a
photon is directly proportional to frequency
hc
E  hv 

HOW DOES ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
INTERACT WITH MATTER?
 We know from quantum number mechanics
that energy is really just a form of matter, and
that all matter exhibits the properties of both
waves and particles.
 How ever, matter composed of molecules,
atoms, or ions, which exists as solid or liquid or
gas, exhibits primarily the properties of
particles.
 When light strikes a sample matter, the light
may be absorbed by the sample, transmitted
through the sample, reflected off the surface of
the sample, or scattered by the sample.
 Samples can also emit light after absorbing
incident light; such a process is called
luminescence.
INTERACTIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH
MATTER

 The interaction of light with matter can take

many forms
MATTER
•Transmission
Radiation Source •Refraction
•Reflection
•Absorption
•Polarization
1.Transmission
a. Dispersion- the splitting up of white light to
seven constituent colors on passing through a
transparent medium
b) Refraction - is the bending of a wave when it
enters a medium where it's speed is different.
 The speed of light is slower in various materials than it is in
a vacuum or outer space.

 When the light passes into a material at an angle, the light

beam is bent or refracted according to Snell's Law and the
index of refraction of the material.

 But also, the speed of light through a material varies

slightly with the wavelength or frequency of the light.

 Thus, each wavelength is refracted at a slightly different

angle when passing through a material at an angle. This
spreading out of the beam of light is called dispersion or
chromatic dispersion.
2. Absorption
 the way in which the energy of a photon is taken
up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom.
Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed
into internal energy of the absorber

 the reduction in intensity of a light wave

propagating through a medium by absorption of a
part of its photons is often called attenuation
 Interaction by absorption is only possible when
the energy of the radiation is exactly equivalent
to energy requirement for a specific transition
i.e the energy of the exciting photon must
match the energy difference between the
ground state and the excited state of the
absorber.
3. Scattering
 associated with the re-emission of radiation by
entities of a system in all directions
 Depending on the size of the medium, scattering is
identified as:
 Tyndall effect – type of scattering affected by media
particles of colloidal dimensions
 Rayleigh Scattering – scattering affected by molecules
aggregates if dimensions are less than the wavelength
of radiation
 Raman Scattering – quantized scattering
TYNDALL EFFECT
RAYLEIGH SCATTERING
RAMAN SCATTERING
REFLECTION
Phenomena Related to Light Scattering
(a) Reflection — Light scattered in the opposite direction of incident light.

(b) Refraction — Light scattered in the forward direction combines with the incident
beam to give rise to the phenomenon of refraction. The physical effect of this
combination is to make the transmitted light appear as though it has travelled more
slowly through the sample than through a vacuum.
index of refraction = n = velocity of light in vacuum
velocity of light in substance

(c)Diffraction — Superposition of scattered waves from individual atoms or molecules in

the sample. If the sample is highly ordered, diffraction pattern periodicity in the
distribution of atoms and molecules in the sample can be used to deduce or infer
the relative positions of atoms in a sample.
REFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
4.Polarization
 light vibrating in all directions is made to
vibrate in only one direction
SPECTRAL REGIONS

 The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible

frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

 The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low

frequencies used for modern radio communication to gamma
radiation at the short-wavelength (high-frequency) end, thereby
covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a
fraction of the size of an atom.