VII.

GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY  

VII.A Promoting Democracy and Human Rights Globally  

VII.A.1  Explaining the Globalization of Democracy: Democracy and

the Diffusion of Markets  
Ingo Venzke  

1.   Introduction: Three Dimensions of the Globalization of

Democracy ............................................................................................... 11  
2.   Globalization and Domestic Democratic Governance ..................... 12  
3.   Globalization and the Democratic Justification of International
Public Authority ...................................................................................... 14  
4.   Globalization and the Spread of Democracy ...................................... 15  
5.   Concluding Observations ....................................................................... 19  
6.   References and Further Resources........................................................ 20  

VII.A.2  The EU’s Enlargement Policy and the Promotion of

Democracy: The Case of Turkey  
Valentina Volpe  

1.   Background ............................................................................................... 22  
2.   Materials .................................................................................................... 24  
3.   Analysis: Fulfilling the Copenhagen Political Criteria: the
Turkey 2010 Progress Report................................................................ 25  
4.   Issues: An Additional Enforcement Mechanism: EU Political
Conditionality Implementing Council of Europe Democracy
Standards .................................................................................................. 28  
5.   Further Reading ....................................................................................... 31  
2 GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE CASEBOOK

VII.A.3  The UN Fund on Democracy and the European Instrument

for Democracy and Human Rights: Causality or
Convergence?  
Bruno Carotti  

1.   Background ............................................................................................... 33  
2.   Materials .................................................................................................... 35  
3.   Analysis ...................................................................................................... 35  
4.   Issues.......................................................................................................... 38  
5.   Further Reading ....................................................................................... 41  

VII.A.4  The OAS: Legalizing Norms of Democracy  

Giacomo Delledonne  

1.   Background ............................................................................................... 43  
2.   Materials and Sources .............................................................................. 44  
3.   Analysis ...................................................................................................... 45  
4.   Promoting Democracy in the Americas: A Difficult Balance .......... 47  
5.   Similar Cases ............................................................................................. 48  
6.   Further Reading ....................................................................................... 48  

VII.A.5  Foreign Aid and Democratization: The Case of Zambia  

Giulia Bertezzolo  

1.   Background ............................................................................................... 50  
2.   Materials .................................................................................................... 52  
3.   Analysis ...................................................................................................... 53  
4.   Issues: Can Participation Be an Instrument of
Democratization? .................................................................................... 54  
5.   Further Reading ....................................................................................... 55  

VII.A.6  Guaranteeing Electoral Democratic Standards: The Venice

Commission and “The Code of Good Practice in Electoral
Matters”  
Valentina Volpe  

1.   Background ............................................................................................... 57  
 VII. GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY 3

2.   Materials .................................................................................................... 59  
3.   Analysis ...................................................................................................... 60  
4.   Issues: The Delicate Role of Global Technical Bodies in Setting
National Democratic Standards: the Venice Commission
between Téchne and Politeia ................................................................. 63  
5.   Further Reading ....................................................................................... 66  

VII.A.7 Democracy and Human Rights: Reciprocally Fostering

and/or Restraining Concepts?  
Marco Pacini  

1.   Background ............................................................................................... 68  
2.   Materials and Sources .............................................................................. 69  
3.   Analysis ...................................................................................................... 70  
4.   Issues: Is There a Supranational Concept of Democracy? ................ 71  
5.   Further Reading ....................................................................................... 73  

VII.A.8 UN Transitional Administrations: Kosovo, East Timor and

Iraq  
Elisabetta Morlino  

1.   Background ............................................................................................... 74  
2.   Materials: Norms and Relevant Documents ....................................... 78  
3.   Analysis ...................................................................................................... 82  
3.1.  The Convergence of Legislative, Administrative and Judicial Powers .... 82  
3.2.  Immunity ........................................................................................................... 88  
4.   Issues: Accountability of UN Interim Administrations ..................... 92  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 101  

VII.A.9  C had - Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project: Human

Rights and the World Bank  
Mariarita Circi  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 103  

2.   Materials and Sources ............................................................................ 103  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 104  
4 GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE CASEBOOK

4.   Issues: The “Step-by-Step” Approach to Human Rights

Implementation ..................................................................................... 105  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 106  

VII.A.10  Thinking Human Rights Globally: The Ken SaroWiwa Case  

Emanuela Cocco  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 108  

2.   Materials and Sources ............................................................................ 109  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 111  
4.   Issues: Global Protection for Corporate Human Rights Abuse .... 113  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 115  

VII.A.11 Socio-Economic Human Rights, National Constitutions and

National Courts: The Mazibuko Case  
Mariarita Circi  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 117  

2.   Materials and Sources ............................................................................ 118  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 118  
4.   Issues: Socio-Economic Rights Implementation and Budgetary
Considerations ....................................................................................... 119  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 120  

VII.B. Civil Society and Multinational Corporations  

VII.B.1 The United Nations Global Compact  

Yoav Meer  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 121  

2.   Materials and Sources ............................................................................ 124  
3.   Analysis and Issues: The UN-ICC Partnership, Stakeholder
Compliance, and The GC’s Impact.................................................... 125  
4.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 129  
 VII. GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY 5

VII.B.2  OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: The Aker

Kvaerner Case – Corporate Social Responsibility and Human
Rights at Guantanamo Bay  
Matthias Goldmann  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 131  

2.   Materials and Sources ............................................................................ 133  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 133  
4.   Issues: Soft Horizontal Human Rights Obligations and Their
Limits ...................................................................................................... 134  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 135  

VII.B.3  The Equator Principles: Voluntary Standards in Project

Financing  
Yoav Meer  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 137  

2.   Materials and Sources ............................................................................ 140  
3.   Analysis and Issues: The Creation and Operation of a
Regulatory Instrument through a Public-Private Partnership ........ 141  
4.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 148  

VII.B.4  Does Civil Society Promote Democracy? The Arab Spring and
the EU’s “New Response to a Changing Neighbourhood”  
Valentina Volpe  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 149  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 150  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 151  
4.   Issues: The Problematic “Mantra” of Civil Society Promoting
Democracy ............................................................................................. 154  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 156  
6 GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE CASEBOOK

VII.C. Media  

VII.C.1   WikiLeaks, Global Security and Democratic Control  

Edoardo Chiti  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 158  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 159  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 159  
4.   Issues: Democratic Control and Executive Secrecy in the
Global Legal Space ............................................................................... 161  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 162  

VII.C.2  The Google China Case  

Bruno Carotti  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 163  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 164  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 165  
4.   Issues........................................................................................................ 166  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 167  

VII.C.3 Google Books: Copyright Law or Public Interest?  

Bruno Carotti  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 168  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 169  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 170  
4.   Accessibility: Towards the Public Interest ......................................... 172  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 175  

VII.C.4  The Google – Vivi Down Case: Providers’ Responsibility,

Privacy and Internet Freedom  
Bruno Carotti  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 177  

 VII. GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY 7

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 178  

3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 178  
4.   Content Control and Freedom of Expression: the Quest for a
Balance .................................................................................................... 181  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 183  

VII.C.5 Global Interactions: SpotCloud, a Market for Computing

Power  
Tomasz Koziel  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 184  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 185  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 185  
4.   Issues: Navigating Law in the Cloud: Between Privacy and
Jurisdictional Questions ....................................................................... 186  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 187  

VII.D Global Security  

VII.D.1 The Regulation of Global Security Operations: The Case of

the European Union’s Operation Artemis  
Edoardo Chiti  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 189  

2.   Materials and Sources ............................................................................ 190  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 192  
4.   Issues: Transnational v. National Administrative Law .................... 193  
5.   Similar Cases ........................................................................................... 194  
6.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 194  
8 GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE CASEBOOK

VII.D.2 Unilateral and Universalist Pressures, and the Limits of

Global Security: The United Nations, the Occupying
Countries, and the Reconstruction of Iraq  
Edoardo Chiti  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 196  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 197  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 199  
4.   Issues: Unilateral and Universalist Pressures, and the Limits of
Global Security ...................................................................................... 200  
5.   Similar Cases ........................................................................................... 200  
6.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 201  

VII.D.3 Responsibility to Protect, Military Intervention and

Assistance in Rebuilding: The UN and the Libyan Crisis  
Edoardo Chiti  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 202  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 203  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 204  
4.   Issues: The Legal Foundation of Military Intervention, and the
Limits of Assistance in Rebuilding ..................................................... 205  
5.   Similar Cases ........................................................................................... 206  
6.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 206  

VII.D.4 The Composite Regulation of Global Security Operations:

The Case of the European Union’s Operation Atalanta  
Edoardo Chiti  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 207  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 208  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 211  
4.   Issues: The Regulation of Operation Atalanta between
Traditional Public International Law and Global
Administrative Law ............................................................................... 213  
5.   Similar Cases ........................................................................................... 214  
6.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 214  
 VII. GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY 9

VII.D.5 Human Rights and Terrorism: The Use of Passenger Name

Records  
Maria Tzanou  

1.   Background: EU Airlines between a Rock and a Hard Place ......... 215  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 216  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 218  
3.1.  The ECJ PNR judgment and the 2006 Interim PNR Agreement ..........218  
3.2.  The 2007 PNR Agreement ...........................................................................220  
4.   Issues........................................................................................................ 221  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 222  

VII.D.6 Privacy and EU Counter-Terrorism Policy (European Data

Protection Supervisor Opinion no. 2011/C 56/02)  
Patrizio Rubechini  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 224  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 225  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 226  
4.   Issues: The “Equilibrium” Between Security and Personal Data
Protection – “Ad Impossibilia Nemo Tenetur” (excepting the
EU)? ........................................................................................................ 228  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 230  

VII.D.7 The Use of Financial Data to Fight Terrorism: The SWIFT

Case  
Maria Tzanou  

1.   Background: The ‘secret’ operations .................................................. 232  

2.   Materials .................................................................................................. 234  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 238  
4.   Issues........................................................................................................ 239  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 241  
10 GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE CASEBOOK

VIII.D.8 An Indirect Challenge to the Security Council: Abdelrazik v.

Canada (Minister of Foreign Affairs)  
Abigail C. Deshman  

1.   Background ............................................................................................. 242  

2.   Materials and Links ................................................................................ 244  
3.   Analysis .................................................................................................... 247  
4.   Issues: Inter-institutional GAL criticism and the emergence of
horizontal review ................................................................................... 250  
5.   Further Reading ..................................................................................... 252  
 VII. GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY 43

VII.A.4 The OAS: Legalizing Norms of Democracy

Giacomo Delledonne

1. Background

The Organization of American States (OAS) was established in April 1948 by the
Charter of Bogotá (see § V.7 “The OAS and the Inter-American Court of
Human Rights: A Human Rights’ Framework for the Americas” by B. Bonafini).
The Charter formalized the so-called Inter-American System which had been in
place since the 1st Inter-American Conference in Washington (1889-90). At the
very beginning, the Inter-American System mainly had commercial goals: its chief
body was an internal office of the U.S. Department of State, entrusted with
collecting information and statistical data on commerce, production and custom
tariffs of the American States. In the first half of the 20th century, the Inter-
American Conferences adopted recommendations and treaties concerning
consular and diplomatic relations, asylum, extradition, the treatment of foreign
nationals, conflict of laws, intellectual property, and scientific and cultural
cooperation. From the 1930s, the peaceful resolution of controversies and
collective security became the central business of the Inter-American System.
The Inter-American Treaty of Mutual Assistance (Rio de Janeiro 1947) was
a regional agreement for the preservation of security and peace, as envisaged
under Article 52 of the UN Charter. Following this, the OAS was established
with the goal of promoting the peaceful resolution of controversies (the Charter
of Bogotá of 1948). According to Article 1 of the Charter, the OAS is “a regional
agency … within the United Nations” – in fact, it is a fully autonomous
organization. The Preamble of the Charter of the OAS affirms that the American
States are convinced “that representative democracy is an indispensable condition
for the stability, peace and development of the region”. Among the goals of the
OAS, Article 2 of the Charter lists “to strengthen the peace and security of the
continent … to promote and consolidate representative democracy, with due respect for the
principle of nonintervention … to prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure
the pacific settlement of disputes that may arise among the Member States … to
provide for common action on the part of those States in the event of
aggression”, etc.
The principle of non-intervention and the Cold War were serious obstacles
to the real development of a new stage of inter-American cooperation, most of
44 GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE CASEBOOK

all in the fields of democracy promotion and socio-economic cooperation. Thus,

the OAS has mainly acted as an organization tasked with protecting collective
security in the American area and, from the 1960s onwards, defending human
rights.
Only following a dramatic shift in the international order and some
traumatic events in Latin America did it become possible to enforce the
commitment to democracy set forth in the Charter of Bogotá. The collapse of
the Soviet Union and its satellites in Central and Eastern Europe was crucial in
enabling the drafting of Resolution 1080 of the General Assembly of the OAS, in
1991. The so-called “Santiago commitment” stressed the substantive duty of
democracy entrenched in the Charter, establishing procedural mechanisms for its
enforcement in the case of “sudden or irregular interruption of the democratic
institutional political process or the legitimate exercise of power by a
democratically elected government” in a given Member State. The first OAS
Election Observation Mission dates back to 1990, in Nicaragua.
On 11 September 2001, following the removal of Alberto’s Fujimori’s
(formally legal but in fact) authoritarian regime in Peru, the OAS adopted the
Inter-American Democratic Charter. Any States refusing to sign it would have
been suspended from the OAS (as was Cuba in 1962). In 2005, a subsequent
meeting of the OAS General Assembly – hosted in Fort Lauderdale, Florida –
adopted a Declaration on The Benefits of Democracy. During the last few years,
the OAS has been engaged in cooperation with the African Union for the
promotion of democracy and good governance.

2. Materials and Sources

- Charter of the Organization of American States

(http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_A-
41_Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.htm);
- The Inter-American Democratic Charter (11 September 2001)
(http://www.oas.org/charter/docs/resolution1_en_p4.htm);
- Declaration of Florida: The Benefits of Democracy (adopted at the Fourth
Regular Session of the General Assembly of the OAS, Fort Lauderdale,
Florida, 7-8 June 2005)
(http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/47352.htm);
- Declarations and Resolutions of the Twenty-First Regular Session of the
General Assembly of the OAS (Santiago, Chile, 3-8 June 1991)
(http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/agres/ag03805E01.pdf);
 VII. GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY 45

- Resolution of the Thirty-Seventh Special Session of the General Assembly

of the OAS (AG/RES. 2 (XXXVII-E/09), Washington, D.C., 4 July 2009),
Suspension of the right of Honduras to participate in the Organization of American
States
(http://www.oas.org/consejo/GENERAL%20ASSEMBLY/37SGA.asp);
- Resolution of the Permanent Council of the OAS (CP/RES. 986
(1806/11), 24 May 2011), Situation in Honduras
(http://www.oas.org/council/resolutions/res986.asp);
- Organization of American States, Election Observation Missions of the
Department of Electoral Cooperation and Observation
(http://www.oas.org/es/sap/deco/moe.asp);
- Model Inter-American Law on Access to Information
(http://www.oas.org/dil/access_to_information_model_law.htm).

3. Analysis

The Inter-American Democratic Charter seeks to go beyond a purely

international approach, in order to influence the political development of
signatory countries even in the absence of coups or other traumatic events. It
should not be forgotten that the most important factor in the drafting of the
Charter was the breakdown of Alberto Fujimori’s formally legal regime in Peru.
Thus, the Charter sets out how to react to “any unconstitutional alteration or
interruption of the democratic order in a state of the Hemisphere”, a situation that
presents “an insurmountable obstacle to the participation of that state’s
government in the Summits of the Americas process”.
Article 1 of the Charter states that “The peoples of the Americas have a
right to democracy and their government have an obligation to promote and
defend it”. According to Article 3, “Essential elements of representative
democracy include, inter alia, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms,
access to and the exercise of power in accordance with the rule of law, the
holding of periodic, free, and fair elections based on secret balloting and
universal suffrage as an expression of the sovereignty of the people, the
pluralistic system of political parties and organizations, and the separation of
powers and independence of the branches of government”.
If a member of the OAS fails to uphold these essential elements of
democracy, the Charter allows a Member State or the Secretary General of the
Organization to ask for an immediate convocation of the Permanent Council of
the OAS to consider the facts, deploy diplomatic efforts, or use other forms of
political mediation. To date, the Charter has only been invoked in response to
46 GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE CASEBOOK

coups in Venezuela (2002) and Honduras (2009). The latter country had its rights
as a Member State suspended between 2009 and 2011. Other developments, e.g.
in Venezuela, have been more difficult to scrutinize in the light of the Charter.
The Declaration of Florida is more interesting for the purposes of global
administrative law. In particular, the Secretary General of the OAS has been
tasked with preparing a review of the implementation of the Inter-American
Democratic Charter since 2001, and devising “proposals for timely, effective,
balanced, gradual initiatives for cooperation, as appropriate, in addressing
situations that might affect the workings of the political process of democratic
institutions or the legitimate exercise of power”. In 2006, the OAS Secretariat for
Political Affairs (SPA) was created in order to promote democracy and good
governance, and to manage political crises in the Americas. The SPA has a
tripartite structure: its internal branches are the Department of Electoral
Cooperation and Observation, the Department of Sustainable Democracy and
Special Missions, and the Department of State Modernization and Governance.
According to the OAS website, the SPA “coordinates the OAS electoral
missions, develops projects to consolidate democratic governance through
cooperative work with legislatures and government, political parties… and civil
society organizations”. It also “provides advice and assistance in the
modernization of electoral laws, civil and electoral registries, and civil
administration”. Finally, it cooperates with the countries in the region in the
management of crisis or post-conflict programmes.
Some other initiatives are worth recalling. The Inter-American Convention
against Corruption of 1996 expressed a strong commitment to “the combating of
every form of corruption in the performance of public functions” as a necessary
condition for representative democracy. A Mechanism for Follow-Up on its
Implementation (MESICIC) has been established. The Secretariat for External
Relations (SRE) has initiated an exchange of contacts and information with
American non-governmental organizations. The OAS Secretariat of Legal Affairs
(SAJ) has elaborated a collection of Recommendations on Access to Information,
which the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has characterized as a
fundamental human right (see the Claude Reyes case of 19 September 2006).
Following this, the Permanent Assembly of the OAS finally adopted a Model
Inter-American Law on Access to Information in June 2010, which contains
guidelines for legislators on the continent.
 VII. GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY 47

4. Promoting Democracy in the Americas: A Difficult Balance

The Inter-American Democratic Charter has played a crucial role in altering the
balance between promotion of representative democracy in the Americas and the
principle of non-intervention, both of which were founding principles of the
Inter-American System (think, for example, of Woodrow Wilson’s assumptions
about the American system, the Tobar doctrine of non-recognition of
governments installed by coups, and the anti-colonial heritage of the Americas).
The balance has shifted towards the promotion of democracy since the 1990s –
but in a problematic way.
The definition of democracy as a fundamental right and the decision to
treat coups and more subtle threats for democracy equally were very important
innovations. Moreover, democracy became a condition of OAS membership –
which, before the elaboration of the Charter, was much less clear.
Nevertheless, the Charter is remains somewhat vague on what an
“interruption” or an “alteration” of the democratic order is, and provides for
very weak enforcement mechanisms. Perhaps this is an ongoing effect of the
typically international framework in which it was drafted. Another possible
reason for this weakness of the OAS is the difficult coexistence of the United
States and the Latin American countries: the OAS General Assembly, for
instance, recently refused to adopt a proposal, advanced by the U.S., to create a
permanent body to monitor the state of democracy in Member States. That body
could have organized hearings with trade unions and civic groups in order to
collect information on the exercise of public power throughout the Western
Hemisphere. Thus, the organs of the OAS may adopt measures to combat
alterations of the democratic order in a Member State only if the other Member
States ask them to do so.
More encouraging signals can be found in the activity of some of the
internal divisions of the OAS, attempting to put in place the preconditions for
the establishment of democratic regimes by means of consultations with civic
groups, electoral missions, elaboration of model legislation, etc. These trends
seem to indicate that the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of
Member States has been significantly eroded.
As some scholars have noted, however, disagreement exists over what sort
of democracy citizens of the American States are entitled to. In the interim, the
international law tools devised in the Inter-American system should be limited to
the hard core of the elements of formal democracy set out in the Inter-American
Democratic Charter. The meaning of democracy was increasingly questioned in
the years after 2001: representative democracy and the independence of the
judiciary were both undermined by the rise of direct, plebiscitary participation
48 GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THE CASEBOOK

and strong elective executives. The actual effectiveness of the Inter-American

Democratic Charter will probably be challenged by the more recent
establishment of other regional organizations, e.g. the Bolivarian Alliance for the
Peoples of Our America or the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR).
Venezuela, which had objected to the characterization of democracy as a
representative regime in the Inter-American Democratic Charter, is the most
prominent member of the former organization. These differing views will
probably be a significant obstacle to full acceptance of the attempts by the OAS
to legalize some kind of democracy.

5. Similar Cases

- African Charter on Democracy, Elections, and Governance of the African

Union (2007)
(http://www.africa-
union.org/root/AU/Documents/Treaties/text/Charter%20on%20Democ
racy.pdf).

6. Further Reading

a. “The Inter-American Democratic Charter: Charting a course to

irrelevance” 27 January 2011
(http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2011/01/inter-
american_democratic_charter);
b. R. ADAM, “Organizzazione degli Stati americani”, in Enciclopedia del diritto,
XXXI, Milan (1981), p. 164 et seq.;
c. N. ALLEN, “The Union of South American Nations, the OAS, and
Suramérica”, 1 ILS Journal of International Law 44 (2010);
d. D.S. BERRY, “Non-Democratic Transitions: Reactions of the OAS and
CARICOM to Artistide’s Departure”, 33 Syracuse Journal of International Law
and Commerce 249 (2005-2006);
e. M. CAMERON, “The Inter-American Democratic Charter and the
Evolution of Democracy in Latin America: Strengths, Weaknesses and
Recommendations” 9 September 2011
 VII. GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY 49

(http://blogs.ubc.ca/cameron/2011/09/11/the-inter-american-
democratic-charter-and-the-evolution-of-democracy-in-latin-america-
strengths-weaknesses-and-recommendations/);
f. S. CASSESE, “Global Standards for National Democracies?”, Rivista
trimestrale di diritto pubblico 701 (2011);
g. E. DANNENMAIER, “Trade, Democracy, and the FTAA: Public Access to
the Process of Constructing a Free Trade of the Americas”, 27 Fordham
International Law Journal 1066 (2004);
h. E. LAGOS, “Organization of American States”, International Encyclopedia of
Laws – Intergovernmental Organizations;
i. A.F. PEREZ, “Mechanisms for the Protection of Democracy in the Inter-
American System: Lockean vs. Aristotelian Constitutions”, The Catholic
University of America, Columbus School of Law, Legal Studies Series, WP
no. 2007-2;
j. T.D. RUDY, “A Quick Look at the Inter-American Democratic Charter of
the OAS: What Is It and Is It ‘Legal’?”, 33 Syracuse Journal of International
Law and Commerce 237 (2005-2006);
k. S.J. SCHNABLY, “The OAS and Constitutionalism: Lessons from Recent
West African Experience”, 33 Syracuse Journal of International Law and
Commerce 263 (2005-2006);
l. C. SCOTT, “A Perspective from Honduras’ Civil Society Truth
Commission: Speaking notes for a presentation to the March 9, 2011,
Hearing on Honduras Convened by the Standing Committee on Foreign
Affairs, House of Commons, Canada”
(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1788572).