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1. Introduction
The development of wind power generation has grown considerably during the last years.
The use of wind generators forming groups denominated wind farms, operating together
with conventional sources of energy in weak grids has also increased [1]. The increased
penetration of wind energy into the power system over the last few years is directly
reflected in the requirements for grid connection of wind turbines. These codes are
becoming more and more demanding, requiring wind farms to behave more and more as
conventional power plants in the power system. Therefore it is essential to analyze the
characteristics of wind generators during the network disturbances [2].
Currently, most of the grid requirements address low voltage ride-through (LVRT) and grid
support capabilities of the wind generators. The LVRT requirement specifies that wind
generators need to remain connected to the grid when an abnormal grid voltage is detected
(e.g. during short-circuit faults). The grid support capability specifies wind generators to assist
the power system by supplying ancillary services, such as voltage control, to assure a safe and
reliable grid operation. Power electronics based solutions for grid interfacing of wind turbines
seem to be a very promising technology that can cope with these grid requirements.
The configurations of variable speed wind generation that employ direct drive synchronous
generators with permanent magnet and rotor field excitation, present noticeable advantages
such as the decoupled control of the generators active and reactive power, the improvement
of system efficiency and the fact that the machine stator frequency is decoupled from the
grid frequency. The stator converter uses a high frequency switching PWM converter to
achieve high control performance with low harmonic distortion, [3].
Due to those aspects in a worldwide basis and specifically in Brazil, there is a trend to install
a large amount of wind power based on that technology. The interaction with the grid
becomes increasingly important then. This can be understood as follows. When all wind
generators would be disconnected in case of a grid failure, these renewable generators
will—unlike conventional power plants—not be able to support the voltage and the grid
frequency during and immediately following the grid failure. This would cause major
problems for the system stability [3].
496 Wind Turbines
With the perspective of integration of more wind parks in Brazil the Grid National Operator
(ONS) already has set requirements for the behavior of the wind generators protection.
Instead of disconnecting them from the grid, the wind generators should be able to follow
the characteristic shown in Fig. 1.
Only when the grid voltage goes below the curve (in duration or voltage level), the wind
generators is allowed to disconnect. When the voltage is in the gray area, the wind
generators should supply reactive power. In this paper a method is proposed that makes it
possible for wind generators using direct drive synchronous generators to stay connected to
the grid during faults.
(
S = Ps + jQs = Vq I q − jI d ) (1)
3
V′ = mVDC (2)
2 2
The pulse-width modulation index m is the control variable of the PWM converter. Equation
(2) is valid for 0 ≤ m < 1.
Reactive power is controlled directly by the reactive current Iq. If the converter is to operate
with unity power factor, the reference for the reactive current must be set equal to zero. The
output signals in the converter model are the pulse modulation.
6. Results
The simulation studies were performed considering a new operational practice that
recommends to keep the wind generators in operation even during the fault period. The
evaluation of reactive power injection during the fault will be performed on two conditions:
the first is the adopted by Brazilian grid code which does not require the reactive power
injection. The second injects reactive power following the EON curve.
6.1 Case I
The wind park generation at bus 2 was simulated using the full capacity of the park at 2
MW rated power on each synchronous generator. The short circuit was located near bus 1,
starting at t = 1s, and lasting for 500 ms.
Fig. 9 shows the voltage profile on PCC during the fault period. It is observed that voltage
dip is below the minimum of the ONS curve adopted in Brazil, consequently in this case the
wind park is disconnect of the grid due the under voltage relay trip. For this case the voltage
at the PCC does not return to nominal value due to instability problem on the system. The
system transient stability was also affected due to wind park to be disconnected as shown in
Fig. 10.
With the adoption of the reactive injection criteria it is observed that the voltage profile is
over the limit of the ONS curve. Thus the wind park is maintained connected to the grid
increasing the ride-through capacity.
1.1
0.9
Terminal Voltage (p.u)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Terminal voltage (reactive curve injection)
0.4
Tensão terminal (zero reactive injection)
0.3 ONS ride-through curve
0.2
0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (sec)
0.5
with reactive injection curve)
with zero reative injection)
0
-1
-1.5
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time (sec)
0.16
grid side active and reactive power (p.u)
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
-0.02
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (sec)
6.2 Case II
The wind park generation at bus 6 was simulated using the full capacity of the wind park at
2 MW rated power on each synchronous generator. The short circuit was located near bus 6,
starting at t = 1s, and lasting for 200 ms. Fig. 12 shows the voltage profile on PCC during the
fault period. It is observed that the voltage dip is 0.65 p.u for the case of zero reactive
injection, whereas for the case of following the reactive power injection curve the voltage
dip is 0.8 p.u. and the reactive current support is provided within 20 ms after the fault
detection in accordance with the E.ON regulation requirement. Thus the reactive power
injection curve improves voltage profile and the ride-through capability.
Reactive Power Control of Direct Drive Synchronous Generators
to Enhance the Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability 503
1.05
1
With zero reactive injection
0.95 With reactive injection curve
Terminal voltage (p.u.)
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (sec)
0.06
0.05
Gride Side reactive power (p.u.)
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
With zero reactive injection
-0.01
With reactive injection curve
-0.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Timpe (sec)
0.18
0.16
0.14
With zero reactive injection
With reactive invection curve
Grid side active power (p.u.)
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
-0.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Timpe (sec)
-16
-18
With zero reactive injection
With reactive injection curve
-20
-22
rotor angle (deg)
-24
-26
-28
-30
-32
-34
-36
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (sec)
7. Conclusion
In this chapter, it was explored the performance of alternative voltage control strategies
applied to direct drive synchronous wind generators, more specifically with permanent
magnetic (PMSG). The reactive power control of the grid-side converter is investigated for
voltages purposes. The E.ON fault response code for wind farms is taken as the base case
for the study. The simulated results presented in this chapter have considered that the
proposed operational procedure has kept running during the fault period (ride-through
capability) the wind generators, and also offers the possibility to supply reactive power
during the voltage dip in order to facilitate voltage restoration. This is possible with the
control of the grid side converter. The results have demonstrated that the consequence of
this new approach is positive in the sense of maintaining transient voltage and rotor angle
stability, once a variable speed wind generator technology, as direct drive synchronous
generator is used.
8. References
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turbines,” grid support capability in uninterrupted operation during grid faults.
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[2] A.D. Hansen, L.H. Hansen, “Wind turbine concepts market penetration over ten years
(1995 to 2004)’, Wind Energy, 2007, 10, (1), pp. 81–97
[3] J. P. A. Vieira, M. V. A. Nunes, A. C. Nascimento, S. R. Silva, U. H. Bezerra, M. F.
Medeiros Júnior, “Analysis of Ride-Through With the Integration of Direct Drive
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Nordic Wind Power Conf. NWPC 2006, Helsinki, Finland, May 2006.
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[7] M. V. A. Nunes, J. A. Peças Lopes, H. H. Zurn, U. H. Bezerra, R. G. Almeida, “Influence
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Energy Conversion, Vol. 19, NO. 4, December 2004.
[8] Grid Code: High and Extra High Voltage, E. ON Netz GmbH Tech. Rep., 2006, Status: 1.
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Hill, 1994.
[10] P. M. Anderson, A. A. Fouad, “Analysis of Faulted Power Systems” Ames, Iowa: Iowa
State Univ. Press, 1995.
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506 Wind Turbines
[12] N. Jenkins, J.B. Ekanayake, L. Holsworth, X. Wu, “Dynamic modeling of doubly fed
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