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Biological Classification
Meaning of biological classification-A systematic arrangements of plants and animals in
groups or categories according to established criteria is called as classification.

Biological classification is the procedure of arranging organism into group and sub group on the
basis of their similarities and dissimilarities and placing the group in a hierarchy of categories

Importance of biological classification1It is not possible to study every organism. Study of

one or two organism of a group gives sufficient information about the essential features of the
group.

2. It helps in the identification of new organism.

3. Classification helps in knowing the relationship amongst different group of organism.

4. The organism of past cannot be studied without a proper system of classification.

In ancient time there have been many attempts to classify living organisms but there were not
any scientific criteria for their classification.

According to an ancient system animals were divided into five categories -1. Domestic animals
2. Wild animals 3. Flying animals 4. Creeping animal’s 5.marine animals

Living organisms were classified on the basis of their usage that is food, clothing, and shelter.

Aristotle was the first to classify living organisms scientifically.[384BC-322BC] He was the first to
divide organisms into two groups.

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2m- Stem [soft and flexible]

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Enaima

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Medium- Woody stem In the presence of RBC

Thick woody stem –TRUNK In the absence of RBC

Plants and animals first time given the status of kingdom by Carlous Linnaeus.

Two Kingdom classifications

Characteristics of two kingdom classification

Plantae Animalia
Cell wall is present Cell wall is absent
Locomotion is absent Locomotion is present
Nutrition is autotrophic Nutrition is heterotrophic
Responds to external stimuli is poor Responds to external stimuli is well developed
Contractile vacuole is absent Contractile vacuole is present
The organisms that put into both groups .

Plantae Animalia
Bacteria-unicellular, prokaryotes Protozoa

hetreotrophs
Fungi Invertebrates
Algae Vertebrates
bryophytes Multicellular,Euk.
Pteridophytes Autotrophs
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Drawbacks of two system classification

 No differentiation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
 No differentiation between unicellular and multicellular
 No differentiation between autotrophs and heterotrophs
 This classification is not appropriate because it does not able to explain difference between
organisms it placed similar organisms.

 Having features of both plants and animals is known as dual organisms. like
chlamydomonas (cell wall is present , autotrophic )-(plantae) – (show
 locomotion ,contractile vacuole)- (animalia) , euglena (cell wall is absent and
show locomotion—animalia),(autotrophic—plantae).

Three kingdom classification

It was given by Haeckel.

Protista
[morphological complexity and tissue level is absent]

Unicellular and eukaryotes protozoa , slime moulds

Multicellular and eukaryotes Fungi,

algae
Prokaryotes and unicellular bacteria Autotrophic

Heckle placed this classification but today only one classification is present that is
unicellular eukaryotes = protozoa, slime moulds.

Four kingdom classification

 It was given by Copeland.
 Earlier known as MYCHOTA but later changed to MONERA by dauherty and allens.
 It included prokaryotic (bacteria)
 First of all bacteria was differentiation by Copeland not heckle.

Five kingdom classification

 It was given by R.H.WHITTAKER

Fungi = features….

Complexity of cells structure -----prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Complexity of body organization ----- unicellular and multicellular

Mode of nutrition ------- autotrophic and heterotrophic

=parasites
=saprophytic

Reproduction---sexual and asexual =holozoic

Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary relationship----primitive and advanced

Drawbacks of five kingdom classification = 1.algae differentiate into three groups, in monera
[blue green algae that is prokaryotic] , in protista [ dinoflagelates and diatoms that is unicellular and
eukaryotic] ,in plantae [ algae is green red and blue that is multicellular and eukaryotic]

2. no position given to viruses.

Six kingdom classification