Electrical Power and Energy Systems 52 (2013) 266–269

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Short Communication

A fault diagnosis method for three-phase rectifiers

Wang Rongjie a,c,⇑, Zhan Yiju b, Zhou Haifeng a, Cui Bowen a
a
Marine Engineering Institute, Jimei University, 361021 Xiamen, China
b
School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
c
School of Information Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this article, we proposed a novel method based on principal component analysis and support vector
Received 28 October 2011 machines was presented for fault diagnosis of three-phase rectifiers, in which the principal component
Received in revised form 16 June 2012 analysis of fault signal is used to extract the features corresponding to various fault, then fault types
Accepted 28 March 2013
are identified through the pattern recognition classifier based on support vector machines. The simula-
Available online 28 April 2013
tion result of fault diagnosis of a thyristor in a three-phase full-bridge controlled rectifier shows that
the method can make an accurate identification of fault types as well as the location of the fault elements
Keywords:
for power electronics circuits, and it has an excellent performance for noise robustness and calculation
Support vector machine
Principal component analysis
complexity. Therefore, it is quite practically valuable in the solution to the fault problems for power elec-
Fault diagnosis tronics rectifiers.
Three-phase rectifiers Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
With the development of power electronics technology, the de-
vices of power electronics have become more and more compli-
cated. So have the fault models. It is quite necessary to study
some effective methods for fault diagnosis so as to ensure the
power electronics rectifiers work properly and efficiently [1,2]. In
general, there existing following fault diagnosis algorithms for
power electronics rectifiers: spectral analysis-, direct testing-, dic-
tionary- and expert system-based method [3–6]. In recent years, a
method of fault diagnosis based on neural network has been
widely used to diagnose faults of power electronics systems [7–
9], which, mainly important, does not require exact fault models
or real-time modeling. In addition, the neural network has power-
ful capability of self-learning, parallel processing, and fault toler-
ance. However, the design of its structure lacks of guiding.
Besides, neural network tends to fall into local minima easily dur-
ing the training of the weights of structure. In [10,11], a method of
diagnosis is introduced in which Wavelet transform is used for the
fault features extraction. These methods have ever been put into
practice and run well in fault diagnosis of power electronics de-
vices, the calculation, however, is comparatively complex. There-
fore, based on principal component analysis (PCA) and support
vector machines (SVMs), a method of fault diagnosis is proposed
in this paper for three-phase rectifiers. In which, the analysis of
⇑ Corresponding author at: Marine Engineering Institute, Jimei University,
361021 Ximen, China.
E-mail addresses: Rogr811207@163.com, Jmuwrj@163.com (W. Rongjie),
yjzhan@zd100cn.com (Z. Yiju).
various fault signals through PCA is taken at first, and then fault
types are identified through the pattern recognition classifier
based on SVM.
The paper is organized as follows. The principle of SVM is de-
scribed in Section 2. In Section 3, we introduce an algorithm of
fault diagnosis based on PCA and SVM for three-phase rectifiers. Fi-
nally, the performance of the proposed method is numerically
evaluated in Section 4 while Section 5 is devoted for the concluding
remarks.
2. SVM principle
In [12], proposed by Vapnik and his partners, SVM is a universal
machine learning method based on statistics learning theory, and
it can use hypothesis space of linear function to learn feature space
in high-dimension. SVM can obtain better model reconcilability
performance by finite samples. Moreover, it is easier to improve
the structure and parameters of model.
SVM can be considered as a deriver of optimum classify surface
under linear classification. According to Lagrange optimize
method, the restricted optimize question of classification surface
can be changed into solving maximum, and it can be described
as (1).
X
n
1X n
QðaÞ ¼ ai  ai aj yi yj ðxi  xj Þ ð1Þ
i
2 i;j¼1
where ai is a Lagrange multiplier of every sample. The optimize
classification function in (1) can be solved by the following
equation:

0142-0615/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.03.029
 W. Rongjie et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 52 (2013) 266–269 267


X
n
of Kernel are corresponding form of high-dimension sample
f ðxÞ ¼ sgnfðx  xÞ þ b g ¼ sgnf ai yi ðxi  xÞ þ b g ð2Þ
in low-dimension space. Choice of Kernel function is depend
i¼1
on Mercer theory, more details are available in [15] for
Based on the concept of kernel function, (xi, xj) in (2) substituted by reference.
K(xi, xj), i.e. the original input space was projected on high-dimen- II.4 Obtain support vector and Lagrange multiplier in qua-
sion space, then this lead to non-linear classification question can dratic equation of each SVM through training samples.
be solved by linear classification method. Step III. The Decision Stage of Fault Type
 III.1 Load parameters of SVM, including X, a⁄, b⁄ and sup-
3. Fault diagnosis method based on pca and svm for three-phase port vector in Step I and II.
rectifiers  III.2 According to (2) and the flow chart of multi-fault
classification as shown in Fig. 2, calculate decision values
A novel fault diagnosis method based on PCA and SVM for of SVMs in Fig. 1 for unknown fault signals xf.
three-phase rectifiers is presented in this paper. Realization step  III.3 Fault was identified on the basis of calculated deci-
of the proposed method are as follow. sion values in Step III.2.

Step I. Extraction algorithm of Fault Feature Based on PCA.

4. Simulation analysis
I.1 Assume that for N learning fault samples X = [x1, x2, ^ ,
xN] is a r dimensions vector, which can be describe as
A three-phase full-bridge controlled rectifier is shown in Fig. 3;
follows.
T there are two major faults in the circuit. They are the faults in sin-
xi ¼ ½si1 ; si2 ; ^; sir  i ¼ 1; 2; ^; N ð3Þ gle thyristor and the faults happening in two thyristors at the same
where sit represents sampling value of xi at sampling point t, t = 1,2, while.
^, r. In this article, the Simulink6.4 simulation toolbox of Matlab
Calculate covariance matrix of fault learning samples by the fol- R2006a is applied for building a simulation model of the fault cir-
lowing equations: cuit, which can be used to simulate the various faults of the three-
phase full-bridge controlled rectifier.
1X N
Mostly in past researches, the faults of each tyristor have been
m¼ xi ð4Þ
N i¼1 diagnosed according to the signal measured at terminals a, b and c.
Although the method has been successfully applied in practice, it
1X N
Cxx ¼ ðxi  mÞðxi  mÞT ð5Þ still has following disadvantages: on one hand, the signal
N i¼1 measured at one terminal can only identify the fault types of two
I.2 Estimate eigenvalue ki and eigenvector vi of Cxx by comput- tyristor. For instance, ua is only used to identify the fault types of
ing Schur decomposition in [13] or singular value decomposi-
tion in [14].
I.3 According to the main contributive rate in [8] (Generally, it is
equal to 85%), estimate the M largest vectors of fault character- Extracted feature of fault signals
istic by the following equation:

1 SVM1 Yes SVM3 Yes

ui ¼ pffiffiffiffi Xv i i ¼ 1; 2; ^; M ð6Þ output=1?
fault 1
output=1?
fault 3
ki
here, X ¼ ½x1  m; x2  m; ^; xN  m. No
I.4 Obtain fault feature of fault signals by (7).
y ¼ AT xf ð7Þ Yes
SVM2
fault 2
output=1?
where A = [u1, u2, ^ , uM], xf is a fault signal. SVM N Yes fault N
output=1?
Step II. Learning Stage
No
II.1 According to 1-a-r idea, construct one SVM for every
fault of power electronics circuits. Fig. 1 shows the SVM- No

based model of faults. other faults

II.2 Construct training sample concourses (X, Y) for each SVM
Fig. 2. Flow chart of multi-fault classification.
in Step II.1. If one sample which belongs to ith SVM, then we
consider the output of SVM as 1, otherwise as 1.
II.3 Choose suitable functions and parameters of Kernel for
SVM with different condition. The functions and parameters L

T1 T3 T5
Sample x f ua a

ub b ud R

uc c
SVM1 SVM 2 SVM N

y n y n y n T4 T6 T2
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1

Fig. 1. SVM model of fault diagnosis. Fig. 3. Three-phase full-bridge controlled rectifier.
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