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r

Hardware and operating

systems
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 • ' •

Q Co mputer language and function

store' to k<wp somcth nq for an
ndcfin tc penod of 1 me. to wvr
on a computer's memory
• bbrevlatlon: a shortened form of
a phrase or word
When we <ommun<cate ur memonse a s< ntence or make cab ulations.
wr usc a lot of different svmhols, sounds an<I irn.iyr ( n rn)n<rrrs only usr
the numbers 0 and I
I lux f known .<s the bmary system.
I he snwlhnr irrnt nf m(nrm.it ion that we can store on 4 computer (0 or I)
<6 called a bit (b), which is an abbrei i atu>n for hmam digit
Fighr hits t<>gether (orm 4 byte (0). ()it(< rent mult iple> uf 4 hvtr .<re
used (o store informatirm

Unh Symbol Equ valent Uni t Symb o l Equ ivalent

K b byte KB 10/4 bytes K lobyte I OtN bytes
Mrli byte Mill 102 • I 8 Megabyte MB 1000 kB
G b byre GB I 024 M 8 ( qabyte 1000 MB
Irb hytr TB 1 024 G 8 Terabytc TB 100008

5COOX xx< s 50 le V >tire rlwt to merc.<sr tlir level, ynu have to multiply the umts on thc
aen arty ) p ><ra lel'I by 1024 and the umts on the nght by I (KK)
' i<

<4)9
~ AS CII
CD ROM Wr gfvr erode toe@eh o(thi lrrter of the alphabet, and to the
rh,>ra< ters r mq>uter usr. s > tlwr we can sturc them Thew r.odes r.onsis<
I >lie figure I a n d ' 0'
211 DVD ASCII (the Ameru.an Standard (:ode for ln(nrrnatfon Ir trrr hangr) u <n
7 bus tu store up to 128 different characrers
Q
fp
El>Don 6<naly CIM<actcf 8>fier y Che re(Mr 6<fwr)f Cluiracler
001001Dt l IS 01otNOD I A 01001001
0010>01 1 0100001 0 6 01001010
I 16 00101101 0I C0001 1 C D1001011
hue 4»
00101111 0100010 0 D D>001100
l ook how h f t be < r d
on a 1 TB ha d d sk CO>11010 0100010 1 ( DIC01101
C011>101 DID00110 01001110
00111111 I 0100011 1 G 01001111
01000000 0 I C01000 01010000
Us ng extended 1<bx ASCII <0 I'p esent riwfartefi
A ct iv i t i e s
aa How many b tv fr onto a /00 MB cD RQM> If ev< ry Rl Ho w m any abbrev<arum> related tr> computers and
letter uses one byte how many leners w 0 f'I> technology do you know n Enql sh' Wr te them n your
exerc se book. Check your deaf on the Internet.
• I Wha t I t he size d fferenre between the different
storaqe devices n each of the pa rs below' CI Ch o ose the correct word n r olrcs n the foKow ng
ol A 100 kB hlc and a4 7 GR DVD scntcnces and wr te them n your exerusc book

6) A 500 ( 8 external hard d sk and a /DD MB CD. ROM
cl A4GB m
emory sick arxl a I TRhard disk.
dl A 10 GB MPS player and an old I 44 MB Roppy disk
• ) An old \1 2 MB pen dnvc and a 500 GR external hard
d sk
ol The smoaeU/lorgesr piece of nformatx>n we can store
on a computer is caKrd 4 h t
8) Different mutt pie> of a byte are used to communicore/
srore informer on
c) Wegv ea voice/rode to each of the leners of the
alphabe( and lo the characters that computers usc

gga UNIT 2
 1.1. Computer functions • ' •

We usc the name har d ~ a r e I'nr the phv'll< at c'onlpi)oi'ills ot lil t <on<am nating: ntroduong
mnure. d rty or poisonous
<.omputer system <lmt wc u i and those wc c' an tnuih and move. hke the mater als that <an pollute or
mouse and th» ki fix>sr<I damage
Software r p rograms rcfi.'r to the data .<nd the mstru<.tions we usc tu , soldered joint: melted piece of
manner I:ml rial.i metal used to connect two
electron < elements m a nrcu I
Cnrnputers < arrv out four differ< nt functions.
' houung: enclosed box that
• In p u t of data usml p< ripheral deii ces. contains most of a computer'I
• Ou t p ut of data usmg penpheral dcvx ex.
• .'itunngdata m thr storage devi<as.
• Pr o cessmg dam m t lie central prorcssmg umt (CPL'I, u«ng the
mi<'roproressur .md the memory.
Computers prur.ess and store mformarion m the form ol rcxh numlx rs.
phiitopraphs. rnu i<. and sn on
When we usr a r rrqiuter tudu eel<'ulat<ons, change th» font ofa tax< or
change tbr rnlours m .i picture, we arc proressing information.

Cd tarn a t q
Components
material
«I<de<enid ilu
housing, mblm
cvc 'Ilo agl' IT<<'da
mothcrboa d
I lh um
b n~
c wkn um <adm um elm«oil c
mercury components
<<
lad, in<'«Un
mnnnor
chrom um

Computcn <onta n a number of

p la ph e alde cm
t o tp l p c ' p h • l d c i n con<am«sung mater«la If yo wa I <o
: how a ay < d id<amp IC uxc t l d a
Inc<ul il co pa

ccm >I p uos a n

HI
Strunu e of • pcimnal <omputc
,Ql

iiac ac andnp<vamg ym Q g
 • •
pa<a: speed, rhythm or frequency
at wh <.h something happens
run: <on<ro> or operate a <om outer
or a software applicat on
hard disk: the ngid magnet c disk
set mode a dnve unn on which
a computer stores inlormat on
Close vp of ah Ihwt p D<e\xx
na>s euvie
I U mt 2
Q Computer elements
2.1. Microprocessor
Computer lustory is very <lovely Imked to the <li > ilnpmcnt of
in«grat< d circuits or chips.
I he mi< roprocessor is an mtegrated mr<uit made up < I milhons of tmv
:ran>i<tora»orkmg tngether to pro<ass the instru< tiuns and dau received
I'r in tlir memorv
• I h e<lock rate acts the pace a t whu.h pr<xesses are cornplrtrd T h c
rlo< k<ununuuusly generates electr» el impulses
!ver! tirn< thr mxroprocessor re< eives an impul» . it < arrx s out an
cpu<at>or> A 4 Gilt mi< roprocessor re<vnves 4 bilbun m>pulses every
seuind
• T o d ay's micropro<e sor c an pnx'ass 64 bits at a time
• A mi<rupr <es r's Ix>wer also depend< on its cache memory.md
the ~peed at whir Ii it rommumratcs «uli the RASI.
2.2. Memory and units of storage
~ RAM
I he <omputer s nmin memory is its RAM f random a«ess memory)
When «e run wi .ipplxaur>n. its mstru< tions and data are copied tu this
mam< ry i th .u the mi<roproressor can use tlu m
This is bec lux<' a« i' slflp, >i><'ll Jcd dl'>k i v l'ry slo»
s>nce RAM <lue n't remm mlnrmation wlien thc computer is switched
off, wc must save our work tu thc hard disk before «e close rhe application
Ot lier wise we' ll loose our work
~ Ca che memory
RAAI cannot work at the same ~peed a< the mu.roprocessor, so a much
faster memury is m tulle<I bet«een <hr RAAI and <hr microprocessor thc
cache memory.
Thc cache memor> ~tore~ the data that the microprocessor u i s most
oft< n
~ ROM BIOS
W'hen you turn un your comput< r, u aut mmtically r heck< the svstem
I'his imtial r.her.k is <.arrive x i t u m g m t r u c n o ns stured m .i <pe< ial reail.
univ memorv thc ROM BIO!i.
lf cvcrvthmg is correct, the Bl()!i starts thr operating ay~tern m the
mam memo<» <o that this svstem <an take control of the u>mputer
A ct iv i t i e s
Rl A >6.bit microprocessor runs at 6 MHr and needs s x <lock cycles to do a
calcu>at on
al Venlythat 4 <an do i m >tron calcu>atons per second
al How many 33 ht <ak.u>eton>can t do every second'
~ St o rage devices • ' •

The llahl stures data tempore«ly Tghen ynu turn ulf the <urn[uller, lhl spin: to rotate very qu < kly around
data disappears a <entral axis

4'e use data storage umts tu permanently sale this data
Storage devices
Magnetic disks
• Ha r d di\k\ arethe most common
maqnetic storage unos.
• T hey store bits by pos t onrng
milhons of I ny magnets n two
possible onentations that represent
'ly and 'I:
• l o acceo a piece of data. the disk
spms around until the read head s
above the area where that piece of
data I\ stored
• External hard disksare very
useful becausethey' re easy to
tran<purl
groove: long hallow <.hahhel
along a surface
USB: acronym for Universal Ser al
Bus
slot narrow opening where
Opticat discs storage dev cescan be inter~ted
• CD.RDMs.DVDs and Blu.ray Discs or connected
(BD) store data in a senes of grooves
on Ihe disc surface
• Thed sc dnve emns a laser onto
the disc and reffects off the flat
areas.
• I he hght ugnal is reflected back
to an opt <al sensor that turns it nto
a digital s qnal '0'or 'I;
• Blu.ray technology uses a spe«al
blue laser that allows us to store
much more nlormation.

Solid-state memory (flash)

these dev ces store nforhust on using
transistorsact ng as swhches These
switches can hp e ther opened or closed
Sol d.state memory devicesmclude
memory cards or pen dnves.which are
also called memory sticks. which we
connect lo the computer through an Pend ve.me oq l a a a haUSBpon
USB port or other slots. ahd <I%he<to Oats

A ct i v i t i e s
L • in your pxer«se book, name ten types of Uoraqp un ts • ig Cony the semences below n your exw«sv brushand
and clasufy them accord ng to whether they are maqnetrr, f 8 the qaps wnh words or phrams
optical nr sol d state dev <es
ol When w v an a p plication. its rnslru<trons and
Me How many nouns can you think of that coffocale w th data are cop ed to the computer s
the verbs'manage'and 'runn Use a dictionary or the bl The store s the dale that Ihe m croprmmmr
Internet to help you, and wr te your ideas in your exercru uu I most often.
hook cl Sol d state memory dev <es store nformatron upng
• ig Q L isten to three descnpt ons of storage devices wt ng as
Which ones are they? dl Dpt <at disc~ ncludeCD-RDMs, and BD<

I rod a I.' ahd op<vlUsasvur (


board: a hat surface of nq d
mater«i where we can mount
and <.onnecl control panels.
elhx tron <. «rcu ts or dev ccs
wire: fine p ecc of flexible metal
that can carry electncal current
Powe supply unn
I U m< 2
2.3. Motherboard and connecting devices
I(you opened up vour computer, could you find and idenrif) the
m ern r i u n d l ite m<rmprnr eu or
How do ihv r>i un' und keyboard rnm<nu<rn <ilv willi lh r n n crnproce«n r>
In ide the <r>inputvr you' ll (ind a Lirge board; « v <.Ill <t the
motherboard. All rl>v orlier « rn p nenr p i the cornpur< r .Ir« o n nv< tv<I
to Il
I>>OSil f lAM r oo uo u l ot . «M ecto
SAIA
<o <uno <
cp<. <P<s I
/
<x p>et
ttaa •
•e
PCI ilol
P I / O Ip PC<.>• I
PO IS l I<
The motherboard is hke a mmiaturc « I > I hv il<ffvreiit < i n p n e nt< are
t he bu<ldmgs, and the bits travel du»n tile streets (r rii bl <k t< hlork T h e
commuinratu n brt»vvn rh< <«rnp nents takes pla<c throuyh set>of
copper wire< called buses
In addition to the mi<.roprocessor and menx>D. tlir motherboard al
mcludes thc followmy. romponrnts
• Sl o t s thar can lie used to exp.in<i or add ne» components, sui.h as a
m dr rn. <«unde.<nl. n tw >rk <.ard and <nun
l hex< slot <.an be I'CI lpenpheral compunent mterconnect) < r
PCI-Express.
• I' h c IDF. (mtegrated devic'e electronics) nr AI'A (advanced
technology attachment) and SAI A (saris( ATA) connectors
<.unnect tiie lmrd disk, C D dnve and DVf) dnve tn the rn<itherlx>.ird
• I h e chipset is a number u( integrated < irru<ts d< «gnvil to pvr(orm
relatvd run<tiun . they i o n t rol the fh w >I lx t t o . in<I fr< rn thv
motherboard
I hev also determme which ape >I nii<rupro<essor. mcmur) and
expansion cards we san usc
• V ar i o us Input / o u t p ut ports
Vee need clectrxal energv to make .<II of this work
I he computer's power supp(< umt tr.ms(orms < 230 V alternating
current mto a low.vonaye direct curr< nt.
~ Co n necting external devices
W'c <Jn physicagy connect dpv>c'es tu the r.omputcr m d<ffercrn w.>ys >mtail: tn put a ir>ftware program
onto a computer or to add
• L' smg. m expansion siut on the hardware <.Omponents to a
m t h e Ix a n l . I « m n er I .> Sour>d card r omputer, tu be ready to use
or a graphics <ard, fnr ex.>mpl . update: replace an older version of
• Bv <penal cunnemnr n n the a program w <h a newer one.
r>ften done onl ne
motherboard, for iur.h devices ai the I
hard diik , DVD dr ii es,>nd so on
• L'i > t>g thi: <.'<I<.'<Iud f) <<in<> Ih<' iuh'
The g ann <sca d dere m nei
l>ark f the compurrr. for example. thi the oualny of the images mewed
I?BB port On Ihe screen

JS/1 <o e cto i Io' OSa 1 0 >AN I I

k <rapa a a d o i vc x p pc" Pv 'ii

I<<<

4~'
pon
S/Pol>

o \P

C)n
Ov p on > OMI P I S AIA pu t usa / O pv t
O ffc<cn<<amputer nor<i o canna<to slots

4'e el<»need to mitall dr i ver that alii» i the devne to uimmunirate

wirh rlu opcratmg sistern
Tlu nprrarmg <?stem automatically install< dover< (nr mn<t devi<as
W' e ran also mi t all nc» <lcvi<r b ? u i ng the i n h » a r i p n v>drd by thr
devi<em<nut.><<urer I d < tin . » < ncerl'.Oui<. On<. ofthefnll n i n g trx le
• Asi srrnrr p i<ra nerre nr h a r d w a r e >n '4'u>dows L ' ie th>i ' ) .I<hi llew
hardware
• fnf o ri ne iohre rn/evos d/iposirii o<(I fermc<), a report on new
dt'i'>cps u> I Ini/i

()per >ting<is em<also havedrvire monger<tint .>firn y< u I view arnl

change device propert i<<, update drivers ur unmsmll iott»are
• Ad m r nrnr n du rd c d r i pusinvosm Lvmdin s.
• G estur de diipoi<tivos mLmux

A ct i v i t i e s
It<g Look at the ports on the back of your computer and draw them n your
exercise book

• I• wn te a I u of the different dev ces thar you could plug nto each of the
Po/TS

IEI W hat are <he i x aud>o connemors shown n the pictureabove used for?

Sl Ot d <clevis ons fr<xtuently uwd connectors, such as the one shown on the
r ght, which have b<wn r< pieced by HOMI <onnectors Why do you th nk th>s has
happrnedi
sr<xi auip<'I
 • ' •

Q So ftware and operating systems

reiour<es: system toots used by
both hardware and software to I hi'ri' I rf' v I<i<i<i t v f) v f ' s il l « J r <
communicate w th each other
• o p e rating system.Alanages the tv<tern resources,making t brin
Rte md vidual document stored
available fur use bv ttie u er and thv apptn.itions
on a computer often grouped
wnh other f les in a folder • Ap pli<atiuns.Varnius tspes
folder. a group of stored files • C'<srd processors: <tt'< rd, km< r
placed n one location,
organised accord ng to <ypc or • !i p readsheets: Fxi vl. C:ali
sublect maner • Presentations: Pi wi rl' int. Impress
desktop: computer s< reen where
we < an sev sons, w ndows and • Da tabase management tools: A«e s . Base
programs, also another name • Dr a wing programs: Pamt. Ibiint Whap I'rn, I'lraw
for a personal <omputer that s

L not portable • An t < virus si ft«a r v. tilei rn p rv. snrs. «eb bruwsers and we< in iil
soft«arv.di me an d i nn
• Pr o g r a m n u n g Iang u agi s. I h<«i p r o grams can be iiu it t i i rvati
other programs and apph<.it ion<
They can even hi used ru develop new opcratmg svstvms

~ Th e operating system
I he < peratmg system is the first <tung that appears «hen you (urn on
your i <nnputer and the last thiny, yuu <i i wh en you re turm ny it ot(
Diff rvnt «imputer can have diffvrrnt ti p v I' s o ftware, but they all
need an operating <extern.
I tie uperatmg svstem provides a w rking environment that rnakrs it
vasy tn acces~ all the venous apphcatu ns, fmd mfnrmation about diffvrvnt
Ivments uf the «. mputer ai«t t i n .inage the liles and folder• .
I'he most user! ofn ratiny, systems are Mn<t n . U nux and Wta< 0!i

aa •

e
Linus oak<a<ink sr<teel de'Ikioo Windowi operating reste desktop

A ct i v i t i e s
KB Wha< s the d fference between an operatmg system. an appl cat on and a
programm nq language' Wr te your answers n your exer<. se hook and eve
e ample< of each one

gg Umv 2
 wuhan we «ant < p m an appiu.atiun, we us< the mnuie to send that • ' •

< ommand tn the operatmg <iitrm Th e following prix esi then Dkes pist e
load: to open the app«at un and
1. Flu operatmg system Finds thi .ipplx ation on thc hard d»k, <en<hi a make t visible and r< ady to uie
on the computer
ropyof it to the ll <ht. and loads ir nt i the irreen
delete: to remove an anpticat on
2. I he program <i nuw the active appli<.iti n I r rereives data from <lie
or program, a dorument or
ki vlxurd and sends instructions tn the mii r<ipr x r o r th r ough the mformat on from a rle
)peral l<ig iv il'ln
extension: three lett< ri at Ihe end
3. '4'hen «e save the don<ment. thc operatmg system looks For frcr spa< a of a document's name that
un tlx hard disk and transfers thi. dam fnirn rlir mr<nuri to that spate nd«ate Ihe format n wh rh it'i
savlxt
lu pnnr, < lick or. Inrprnirir, and the «urd pro<.assur will send the
SD tsecurc Dig<tall card: a very
i ommand tn the iiperatmg tv<rem. i hn h sends the approprute small flash memory <*rd for usc
ign.ili to th» pnnter <n portable dev rei
S. '4'iten «e <lose thc word prix.ex<or, the «perating il ti m deletes the
applx at< n fri rn thr mrrnurl. though not from the lwr<l <liik

g lll~ll

Functions of the operating system

• h l anages the microprocessor. If severe? appi<catinni.ire pen sr rhe
.<me time. th» operaung system <.aicuiates huw much time tire
micr< prix< ssur i?<oui<l evr tn e*rh nn<
lf one of the<ask is verv urgent. it t.ikr t ip pn n t y
• M an a ges the memory and storage i\'st<'itis, m.ikiiig l) i( <' iv'Illahic
for thc di(fcrent appiu.atiuns
• P r ovides an mter(ase or «orkmg environment for theuser
• Al l <« i commumcauon between applu.at<ons and peripheral
d<'i<(i s.

A ct iv i t i e s
ggg Do you th nk a <omputer <outd work without an operating system?
Why I why not'

Igg Study your computer's opera< ng system and answer the questions.
al <tow can you view the contents of thc hard disk?
hl <sow can you search for ail the text dies w th the extension ' t xt'nn the hard
d sk'
cl <sow do you open an appi cation>
dl How do you <opy a f'<e on the hard disk onto an SD card!
 • •
laptop: portable. I ohtwe qht
computer
standby: a low.power mode uwd
by computers and other
clat<neat equipmem ti> save
I'hP<9)'
Chris a sk h dow
A ct i v i t i e s
ggg Why do you need to
defraqment your her<I d Ik)
IIJ t. nd out how many power.
sav nq opt ons your computer has
wrne them in your exerc. w book
I thur 2
Q Wi ndows operating system
~ Installing and uninstalling programs
II'vnubuvthe prngr>m from ash p, it w>ll br on me r mural ' Dsor
l)v l ) s I l o i evir. n< «ada)». more an<i more people are buvmg all sorts ol
f)r )grams oli itic In<err>et
'4'e can inst >II programs Us>I>I',.Ifi li>stallat»II> «Izafd th >t gui(li'>Us
through the pro< css A sample mstall.it ion pro( ess is de i«bed m thi
I'roc<dure< se< t i >n uf this umt
I'h» Agregnr a qaitar progra)no> tool is very useful I'or addmg anrl
rcinuvmg progr.m>s
~ Ha r d diskmaintenance
• Cl e amng the hard disk. ()ver
t>in , vuur u >mputer a(i>>niulatcs
unnri I . >rvprugrarns.>nd files
You I an clean your d> k .md
delete these progral>1 .I(id tiles
I> my the tix I, l .iherndord e
espacro ra di» u.
• Dc fragmentmgthe hard disk.
'Itic luro d>s s: r rs Iik i n small • • I II
bin(ks • R I I
Over t>me, the cnnlents of a lile
<an bc disper id i«vr man)
vou can ac<assthew' two toots v •
iiiftercnt bl >Iks. <o ac<.rssmg
I < o a Prov a~> • a « n orai •
'.hem is slmc I he drfragincnter ae o r h iai dei »ae v
puts tiwse blocks m urdar
• De tectmg and reps>«ng errors.It's >mportanr tu <.heck thr liard
<hsk m.<asninally
'4'e <.an I hi I k for errors b> nght-<.hi king im the hard disk arul
sl'Ic<t iiig (lie prnprf ((i's <)f')<>in. Propivrlade<. A owl )gue bux will
then appear
Chck on the ll e rram renlas tab ri s ee the toi>ls vuu can u i
~ Sa ving power
It s espc«ally imp< rtant to select the ngiu pin 'cr upt>uns fur laptop .
I'o do this, riii.k on Panel <le rairrral b O p « o n es dp erivrgla.
You ran tell voU< <(iriipU<er t(i go I<>I<istar>dl)I I>i<d('aUII)a>it>cally.
dun ng .i pe«ad o( irw < (ivitv
~ Sy stemupdates
t)peratmg svstems.ire (onstantlv bemg ululated There . ire twu ways m
w h ir h vou < an di t h i s
• I hr oughInlrlo W prograrnas b Vyinduws Update. I his takes vuu
to rd« r u f t s wehpagc «here you can tele< t updates
• I) v a«n .>tmg the automat». updates tool.Actual(sac<one(
aatoma tirns, vu ln i cla W Pa>)el dr <oatral i fc endinncnto v
i aaatcaia iiento b Sfistrn a .
Q Li nux operating system • •

package manager. « I of tools used

There ari. Ihuu»u<ds of I'ree programs for Lmux In tins ivi t<nn wi II to install and un nitall software
learn h<n tu m r.ill pr <grams and to keep our operatmg i« tern ulxl.itrd package~ automat cally

~ Installing and uninstalling programs

I mux uses t»i package manager~ to hilp u rri automatically mimll
.qiph«. lions dnwnloaded from the internet
1. Aii adrr s quuar in theApf<c«crn<ies menu This ii the east< r ii ay to
add and remiive apph< at mn
ih Sln apt<c pac'kage management program. Io upen it, «elec't
Sf<rein« 0 Ad<aim. <ration. I In p r y r am ynrs vou <nore control
«vcr the msmllation pro<.ei
A an r xi mplc. we' ll no» learn hn» tu
inimll .ind umnstall a program m Lmux uimg
tliv fir I m e th<xi 0
a'
• Gn t u the Apftcac<ones menu and
vlrm Airadiry quirar. I'he Aiiadir y
q i«I«r iipficacmneswmdow will appear 0
• Sv le< I the program yo<l want a 0
• ( ' lukon t p hcar r«rr<hinsto apply the
• •

elmnyei
• (' unfirm thc muallatmn by clickmg un
Apli <or.
I mux i ill then downluad the ill« 0
rvqu<rv<l .md m<rall the ncw software. To Ga « s«uo of the d»log«a box«sad to idd and <move<pal«at»ns
uninstall tl<vappl«ation
• (l o b « k t o Apf « a « o n es 0 Aa a d i r I q< iitar.
• I n Ai i aifir I q « i t ar apl n a < i<mrs, < alert tliv program and cluk o n
Apl<car ('art<hi«i .
w ~ i
• I'h e uperatmg ivstem» i ll umnstall the applx ation

~ Ho w to keep your system up to date

In g< t t lie lati st versions «four operating <vst«ns and apph<atinni
• Op v n the(fr slur de acr«afizacinnrs through Sislerna t Inslanal»n process n I nux
rldiitliitslracfuii.
• (h c k unCoinprohar. A list nf reumimended updates we'll uipvar.
('h< k on fnil afar acluaficacmnes to mitall the iele<.tcd updates

A ct iv i t i e s
ggg Q L sian to a br cf descript on of lhe un nslall process for a Linux program.
Make notes to help you remember
Work with a partner and take turns to descnbe the process Can you remember
any of the I nk ng words from Uxrr I i
Listen again to check your descnption.

0III Wrne down several ways m which you can custom se the operating
system user mterface List some ways in which it could be adapted for disabled
people

tii u « .. c upeit g y le
 • •
. connector: a <r>mponent that
connects two dewces m a
network. or n a computer
coax»i' cable w)th nner
conductor en< to)ed by a Rexible
insulating cxtcr or cover
Rbre optic glass < bra r ahlr
L.through whuh I ght ugnals are
transm >ted
h h/<w )eh
hg O
t<xal hehffwk
gga Uun 2
D• Co m puter networks
A computer netwurk i) a set I r nmputers m nnei te<i tu each other sn
t hat tliey r.m share re<ourcm an<I exchange mf mori o n .
We r an divide i.omput>r netw r k s int ) three <a>ego<><». dep> mling on
>licit ) l<e.
• loc al area net»<>rks or LANs
•
•
m c trupohtan area net»orks,made up f i veral I AN)
» id e area network s, < nvenng a r un> ry or ront )non>
I AN< r )n alsu be categonsed a< inrdmg to the way m wh«h the
different rnid.hmes are <'onne< tcd to eai.h other
LANs
Linear St ar Ring
4 4.-4 Pc..
-4l
6.1. Elements in a network
AR compuu r netwnru have a logirai r omponeni. which i<an oper u)ng
system and n)plir.)>ion< that w r k m a network, aml a physical
<omp<incnt io n ne<ting thc difh'r<'Iit «l i rif)>i><'r') to <'ach oth~r
• I' a rh < omputer needs anad>ptor rir network card to s<nrl
mf<irrrwt«)n to the other < um
putcrs . i nd re< eivc rnforrrutrnn hark
• il ia hub dis<nhut<w ag r>f thc inf rmation u re< eiv< ) between thc
nther com puter) in tl)e network
•
It can h< repl.ir e<l by a switch, whu.h sei«ls the data it rccmve oniy
to the rei ipient.
I h i mf r rmation trav< I down a transm)a<ion n» dium, nurmagy
a cable <)m)lar to a telephone wire w)th an kids conne< tor
un the < nrl
Coaxial an<I fibre uptic <able) are also used
a> • s u« I e<lof Co<oat <able slb e ooh« abie
A ct i v i t i e s
ggl We have looked at ih< ad«a«tag<» of uung computer networks <an you
th nk of any disadvantages' Wrne them n your ex«ruse book
6.2. Wireless networks • ' •

• lactromagneti< wavwwave that

SX i<<'li) s rif'li 'orks. kni)wn Js kk'I.A Ss , ''4'irelr'ss I.A'As), use
travels thmugh space
electrumagnetic wavestu transmit data All < mputers need tu love.i transport ng energy Fxamples
« ireless net»urk rard. include light. m crowaves. rad r>
waves or X rays
orks wi t h .> r m i n natrnn of wired Jnd w irel r d e v )<cs usewireless
«< ress pomts (O'Al') th.)'. «e ran usc tu transmit data thruugh wires >r
ale< tr m>gnrtx. waves

6.3. Shared Internet access

(!nmpu ters in J network < an ~hare J smgle Internet r onnectrrn)
( < mputer net» r k s < m < inner I tu the Internet m tw r « i y s

• (i <my,
Internet Conne< tion Sharing! I('S), where all
<s)i)i>)in>)i\ Jtrun s (i)roust) > I « >) if)))ter that I)lust be w i t r i)rri on
. ill rlu t i m
• I.' m g a ro uter, which rietert < Inta and directs rt to and fr m) the
Inl r r n et
ere)1
. ul uu u ] J<r i f t
JD< I ud em
W eri » hei«of>i

i t<I P< J
P< 1
co p i e e twinkpung J )I» ed Ini• ei <o ne<uu

(l n e <bsads.)nl.rg) < I n r t » )r k <barmy, rs <hat the <u>1)f))>le<i ilii Jll Ih<

shat<'d clem<'lit< i)i)is> b!' ) I t r Iii'd ) n Jt )II time~ su thai the uther nsers
r.in .)<ress those elements
!n nver<ome this problem. we <Jn u i n et»o rk storage svstems n d
print servers.

< Ic>5 0 tw R ctiv i t i e s

<aura odc r v th s i r h
a u<i oI 5% In your exer< sr hook draw J
diagram of a local area network
made up of two compun rs w th
wired connect ons and two wnh
wireless connections

aa) w t Cgi Use theInternet to f nd out

what Bluetooth technology s
Netwwk «nh a iha ed )io age syste Jn d• pnnr ie ver

Hard areand xw'JI sd)y)>c g g

 • ' •

' default:an oot on thats sclccted

automat cally Unless an
alternatrve <I ipn l ' c d by thc
Use<
9 Sharing resources in Windows
~ Sh aringa printer
kx ili> .> furca pnnter. you <.Jn pnnt documents Iron> .U>v nimputrr In
the network
l. I' < open the pnnl< rs and faxes folder, go I > lmnu W hlrpreloral v
faxes. You iwi il < .inr i i i t thr >ugh the Pa>ref de control.
fh lhght chck on the pnnter tlat yuu want tu slur , m<l ielri < Comparrlr.
3. Salem Cunrparlir eoa unpresura.
if>' «I »a nl to Uii J pr n lt l'I «l f «lilct<'\I tu Jllull ii'I < n l p U>l'I > n the
net» r k . v< u lu i r t w o o pt>oni
• Ma ke tlw print< r thr deuult pnntrr
lu d i t h i , go I > lrni t o h. ' tf<ssitioi dere d h h l r preiorai > f ar r i .
R>ght.ihck < n tlie pnnter vou «ant and select Est»I freer nnrlu
l iirpresura prr dcterini»» d » .
• Se len <lie net» r k pnnter througli tlu apph<.ation iuu are uimg

~ Sh aring files and folders

kt'e c' an lrt i«her neiw<irk users see <iur files, and .«« i i tilin on >thrr
n I I p UI <' I

Sharing a folder
1. Right ilirk n t he folder that iou i .mt to sharc and <clem Conlparr<r
y « gart dad.
fh ' i elei t C on<pnr t i r e o a <ar pr<<irn l a r e d.

Accessing a shared loldcr

l. c. u t< l»<nu h. t frs sinosde red.
1. Select l br i qnipos del grupo de tray«<to.
3. Double-<I».k on the rornputer «here thc shared folder <s locarrd
Th<s ii'dl yl'i e luu J< ci'll tu Jll tile Iesoune s >i>ared by Illa< r< nip«ter

»
e

I UNI T 2
Q Sharing resources in Linux • ' •

privileges: level of access a user i

~ Sh aringa computer allowed. act ons a user can <.arry
out or <onegurauon he (she
I in<<i let i o u shares «im p u tr r i it h t he r u~er~, but still kit p iu u t can use
ni n i.imfigurat<onand personal filr
I i <reste v u r u s er ac<ount, gn to Six(vina h Ad i m m . t ra< i<in 0
fi ua nos ygrupo<.
A « indo» i <II Jpp<.'J(, <chere vou ran add and delete users and scc the
char.n ti nit « I ea c h une

>aau •
andes

I< i(i'Jt<'J f<<'w User, chck ) r. I i i ( ui ir ii i u a n o . t o : r t l i r u ser d <m l f

you cl«k on the Pri<'i feei os del usr(ariu mb, you < .m select the new user's
prnileres.

~ Sh aring a printer
l u ~hare a prmtrt inst.<lied on another < >inputer m thc network. i m<
need tu m<mll it .is .<network p nn t r r un v< ur own cump u t< r
(io ii S<s(cora t Ad i n ir n<trac<ori
h irnpremras <unpen th p u n ter
« >If>It<I(at>i n tool, Con/i g u r a r < on de
ia iriipreiiira. ) Iere vuu < an in>nil
and manage pont<'r
I 4 so «i
('li< k on s(acro ' «r i u a ll mori
pnnters

~ Sh aring folders
To,<«cii .<shared folder unvd nn an >ther «r nputer <n rhe I ir al
network, g i to i.ngarrs W Rcd.
l)oubli < l<ck on < wnrkgroup to sir the cumputers m tint group Select
une from the gr up to recce~~<ts shared file~
To store a fulder «n yuur u» n <uinputer wnh other cumputers, nght
click m t .it ti Ider and tele< tOpcmaes de coinpar(in d n. You' ll need t<
spe«ty l«iw that folder « ill I« shared.
• sr k in<brc coinpa r ( i d o ithe name
ul the tuiuer that <sgnmg tu be
hared
• Co m m(a r i ni a desi r ipt <on uf thi
~bared Iuld r
(;hck on Crear rorrr par(irido, then
i lect Ai<adir foi pe r« n aos
«id o n rd ti c u i n en(r in t he tinal «< nd L Stored folder «or

' <\".'., 'I', '«I oocfli oa <vu gg

 Installing and uninstal ling
a program in Windows
Install ng programs rs easy Simply follow tt'e w card's
nstruct ons A • * • c uo aawa •
Pay anent on to all thc mes~age~ that appr ar nn the
screen
You need to stay at the computer througtiuut the
process. as the wizard will ask you for nformat on several
I mes rir may ask you lo mak«a der s on
Remember that wc have to pay for most computer
program'i
us ng and dislnbut ng program~ atqu rrv! in rither ways
might be illegal

4. Once you' ve accepted the agreement a w ndow will

Ii appear that w II let you customise your copy of the

program Enter your name. company name. and so on

z~ c~ aaw e •

How to install a program

1. Put the nstallationCO n the COdnve or double.
click ur thc nstallaton fle The nstallat on wizard S. The wizard will cont nue by ask ng for the product
wit open senal number Th s allows you to regnter the product
so that you' ll rece ve program updates

OIelDRAW9„, • ~ • •

4rwwa a
c&m c ~ rh w ta
swwtww s 0

2. Cack on the I nk to nstall the program.
3. You will now see the I cence «greemem that hsts
conditions of installer on You have to read n and
accept it If you don I au.r pt it, the program will not
oe installed
6. Select the mstallat on type you want In our
example. there are three opt ons
• Im r a locrdntiprco. Standard nstallat on — nstalls
the program us ng the most common
configuration and f les

gg UNIT 2
 • l nsrolodon compocto. gas c nstallat on —om ls Uninstalling programs
sume rarely used f les and funct ons Th s saves a
lut of space If you want to umnstall a program, go to the folder
where n's saved and look for an executable file called
• In s rolocron personolrzodo. Custom inst illa< on
Un nstall or s m lar
allows you to choose the tools ries and program
features you want Oouble.click on that folder to open the wizard that w II
gu de you through the unxistall process. You can also use
the Agregoi o quitor progromos roof. which u part icularty
ur w a r~ xxwe useful for un nstalling programs
In this example, we' ll umnstall the program we ve lust
nstalled
t. W hen you open the executable file, the un nstall
w rard anil appear
2. Select the program elements you wish to un nsrall
In this <ase select everything This means that the
whole program will be removed

7. You <hen need to select the installal on directory

and dec de f yriu want lo add a qu <k launch «on
for the proyrafir ufi ltu tli'ski<)f)

rm w• <~ xxw u a

3. The un nstall process will now start The text w II

show wh ch elements are be ng deleted, and the
progress bar will tell you how much of the uninslall
process has been completed

B. The nsrallatiun will now start A proyri ss bar w B tell

you how mur h of tire nslallation has been
rompletrxf

You may need to restart W ndows to complete rhe

un nslall pro<ass

• ' •

<ustomue: to make. deugn or mstall something to

somebody's exa<t specifications
Once the nstallat on process has fin shed. you' ll
' qui<k faun<hi<on: <on that allows us to start a program
normally need to restart your computer The program will or appl cal on w the s ngle rl ck
then be ready to use.

tii" ' e e « xl ufrwd y inrun' g g

 a

Installing and uninstal ling a program

in Linux using Synaptic
• ' •
Install ng programs in t nux s easy On page 29 we ww an example of how to
mstall and unrnstall a program using the Aiiodrr ygurtor opkcociones tool
dialogue box: a type of temporary
w ndow that appears in order to In th s sec.r on we' ll learn how to do this usmg the Synapt < package
ask for nformation or management program. wh ch you <an open hy going '.o 5«terna t Admrnistrocidn.
nstruct ons frr>m thv user

m Qwie w e xwm
• e o wwa w w e
i « e uw d ~ (• i
iffrx a mum m ' 0 n < i I ei xi
Q(

Qw ~ w
,<Pm r w w

On <he ref<.hand s de of the d a<ague box you' ll see the different categones of
• u pack ig<'s,ind appl <a< on\
lhe packages and applications are I sted on the nght
g fs< e a e ivw x
« d Ihe boxes for the apphcalions that are
u r em already ns«riled,ire mark<<I We <.an sear<.h
f<v a hy theme us ng the left hand panel. or hy
f pl» a ~ o <luk ng on Buscor and entennq a des< r pt on eu
Opuons on the Atmrn i<re<ran menu of the program
In the example shown we have searched Oc ua d ka
for 'assisted design packages'.

o P

n
<1
u

To choose the program you want from the

I st double cl ck on I or right <kck and select
Morcor poro Insrolor, as shown m the picture
on the nght
F nally, cl ck on the Apkcor or Recorgor
hunon on the toolbar Once the changes are
< unarmed, the opera< ng system w II download
the necessary f les and install the apphcauon

gg Uter 2
 lo umnstall an applrcat on us ng Synapt c, wa <h for the apphcation you
want lo remove r ght.chck on n and serect Mercer poro desimtolor
<ompletomente. A confirmation message w II appear

o Q w

• '

u
0
rr .
u
1 '

When you click on Morcor you' ll return to Synapt c's main w ndow b ut now
the parts of the package you re gomg to un nstall will be marked w th a cross

'f •
u
o
o
r

Before the un nstall process starts. a final dialuque box w ll appear Synaptic
will remind you that th s s your last chance to check the I st of <hanges marked
before they' re appl ed
The un nstall process w II start when you cl ck on Apli<ar.
After a short ume which will vary depending on the size of the pa<keg»
be ng deleted. a wmdow w II appear to tell you that the changes have been
successfully apphed and the process has firn<had

• r wr w r r i am Nw ww«r
4
c aws anti<naos
8 s
uw M p 4~

-ard a'r a "d no<ra' ng syurms g g

 What 'i the d fference between a bn and a byte>
How many different numbers can be reprvu nted with
four hns'
• 8 Do the follow ng <onversmns
• H o w many K>B are there m 2 G>B?
• H o w many MiB are there in I 110>
• H o w many b H are there n I TR>
• H o w many MiB are there in 4 096 K B>
• H o w many GB are there in 10 ' byte~'
M If extended ASCII has eiqht b ts. hr>w many d fferent
<haracters can n represent>
• EB Look at the extended ASCII table Prov ded at the
tnx? nn nq of the un I Study the sequence fupowed
by the b nary d qns that represent the success vn letters
of the alphalx I Then complete the table n your
exerc se book
• Wh en you' ve fin shed, wrne HI.LLO' using only the
numbers 0 and I
M N ame four penpheral nput dev res, four penpheral
output devices, and four per pheral nput/output
devices
RS What s am
icroprocessur> What furors determine a
microprocessor's performance'
M H ow many bytes of memory <ould 4 4 GH< 64.bn
microprocemor communx.at ng w th the RAM
at 1066 MH> read n one se<ond'
RR A 16.bn microprocemor runs at 266 GH> and needs
four clock cycles to do * r air ulat on How many
tdkulatiufi\ tan I do per second?
How many 64 bn calculat ons can n do every u r onrl'
• EB In your exert se book, wnte a I st ol ap the types of
memory Ihat you know about. and descnbe ttwm
ID> What s the d fference between a hie and a folder'
• II What does a graph cs <ard do>
IEII What s the motherboard' Name some of ts
elements and descnbe the r funcuon
IBI Look at Ihe verb~ Lx low What are their noun forms?
i n>l a g , updat e sto r e app l y
Check n a d ctionary. Wnte senten<es n your exercise
book us ng these nouns
• BB Where do you th nk you' ll f nd the computer's
microprocessr>r and mr mory>
L?Nri 2
Rffg F nd out what the d fferen<.e is between a ser al bus
and a parallel bus Wh ch of the two transm I>data
more quickly'
Rfg Look at the Rustrat on below In your exerc se book.
wrne down the names of ea<h port, choosing from the
fopowinq l>st.
t>SR port PS/2 mouse and keytxurd <onnix.lor
VGA port. DVI port, aud o <unnix tr>rs,
local network connector IEEE port, HDMI port.
opt cal outpuL eSAIA port
4 4 0 I I I
c 0 I H
EBB Wnte three I sts of operatmg systems. applicat on
programs and prngramminq lanquages respect vely,
choo> ng frum lhe fopow>nq.
WOKI, Powe>P(xnL No<ton, Y >I>no,
W namp. Visual Bas c, Casd W ndows /, Chac
Mac OS. Pa nt. Wrner Linux MSN.
Ex<.el, Lugo
lfll @ I >ten to a speaker expla nmq why tv mportam
to keep your operating system up to dah and to
defragment your hard d sk
4? Make notes wh le you I >ten
6? Now wrne a short paragraph to summanse the ma n
po nts
IBB Draw a s mple mage usmg a graphic des gn
program (e 0 Pa nt or Drawl. Then save n n thr<w
d fferent fr>rmats I bmp Ipq and g fl
What s the d fference between these thr<w formatH
EE
Oi Files are stored on the computer hard d sk n small
blocks Oo you thmk there s any knk between the sile
nf thew blocks fragmentat on of the hard disk. and the
speed at which you ran ac<el\ informalx>n?
EBB You want to sel up 4 computer network for an off co
so that the dilferi nt <omputers can share f les, folder~
and a pnnter
4? What is the name nf the device required to share
information!
6? Draw a d agram showing how to connect two
personal computers. a laptop computer and a
pr nter
cf Complete the d agram by addmg what you n<wd n
orderto share Internet access
 ll)
6

aal In Linux you can u(e thecone<(or can el sar wdor
opt on in the Iugares menu to share folders w th
computers anywhere n (he world. F nd out what you
could do using this.
hwd ~ ') T xfxda»
• Ne t works:
al LANI dre w relessnetworks.
bl L(xdt networks dre known as WLAN(
cl Servers alkiw kxdf networks to ronnect tn the
I n II' f n ( I
dl The hub d str butes aq of the mformation it rece ves
to ag of the other computers n the network.

\I Eg) What does thc d agram below (how' D raw it n your

exer< se book and label the following dev ces

Ik I I W
G w nw • wm hub mod e m . l a ptop w Ihvnrehss network (I d
mfxuv (vile(
O~ rdw h vw aowml , xr rxsi w elkhi d(iv'i'i pti I foul( . '
i • X W

• Doe s W ndows have aI m lar tool'

aal In your r xerc Ie txiok wr te down the (orre('I

statement(s) in ea<h sect on below
• Me mory:
al ROM BIOS is a special type of read. only memory
that runs a system check when you turn on the
computer
b) RAM works at the same speed as the
m croprocessor
c) I he cache memory stores the data that the
m <roprocessor uses most ohen but R's slower than
RAM
d) The hard d sk s Nster dnd hd\ d gfl'dli'i mp d(n )
than thc RAM
• S( o fdge Ufirts:
dl Flash strirdqr' un ts strirr ddtd rn grooves on a
rehe(t ve surface A laser I shone onto th s surface
to read Ihe data Talking points
bl Op tical storage devces store nformation usinq
tranustors that funct on asopen or closed tea In groups. discuss the follow ng statement Y ou
w (ches don'I always need a very powerful <omputer
lt'I morc m portant to <onsrder factors I ke the energy
cl The onentat on of small maqnets is used to re< ord
radiated by Ihe murmur no se levels and the presence
dale on mdqnet I storage un ts
of contam nat ng matenals
dl It ard d sks are magnet c sloraqe un Is, wh le
memory sticks are flash storage un ts a)a Imag ne that you swnch on your computer
open a draw ng program draw an obpxt. save t. 'v)
• T h e operatmg system:
pnm t, close the program and shut down Ihe
al Only manages the microprocessor computer
bl Provides a workmg environment so Ihdt the user Work n small groups and take turns
can commumcate wnh the computer lo explam what has happened n Ihe (cntral
cl Manages the microprocessor and the memory, but processmg unn,
does not manage the storage systems
tat Wo rk n pairs todraw a d aqram of thc network
dl Al lows communication between applicat ons dnd i nstaued n the IT clamroom and find out wh ch of t s
penpheral devices resources are shared

lldfowdii' arid opdratkl• gg

 Hardware and operating systems
Copy and complete the chart in your exercise book with the words shown below.

Computers use the sys t em, which uses only Comb nations
of the numbers '0'and'1'
Ldngoage
Asc Rbinary code can tx used to store lepers of lhe alphabet
dnd other symbols.

Ddt d m put through penpheral dev cet

Data storage
Fun<tlap
Data procesung

Data output through penpheral dev ces

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Memor cs RAM and

Elements
Storage dev cet and sol d.state

Motherboard w th slots c onnenions and

Managesthe

Manages the memory and the storage systems

Functions
Prriv des a n or w o rk ng environment for the user

Allows commun cat on between appl cations and pvr pheral

devices

Examples W ndows , Mac Ch

Used tu share resources and information

Locdl Jfi'd networks or LANI

Types vsv
s area networks made up of several LANI

- Wid«area networks, crivenng a country nr continem

Network i.ard n each computer

,Elements of \woe tf

Transm ss on medium (w re)

wireless Data s transmitted us ng electromagnet c waves

• n terface • m etropulrtan • e xchdngi • m <.rnprocessor

• <ache • nods • m agnet i. • L mux
• o pt cal • h ndfy • hub • R OM

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