Lone Wolf Terrorism – A Brief

Bibliography

Compiled by Greta E. Marlatt

Created September 2013
Last Updated August 2019

This compilation was prepared by the Homeland Security Digital Library,

Naval Postgraduate School, Center for Homeland Defense and Security.
CONTENTS

LONE W OLF TERRORISM – A BRIEF B IBLIOGRAPHY 1

SEARCH TERMS & DEFINITIONS 3
ARTICLES 5
BOOKS 18
REPORTS & DOCUMENTS 28
HEARINGS 34
THESES AND DISSERTATIONS 35
DATABASES & A SSESSMENT T OOLS 37
FILMS & VIDEOS 37

2
SEARCH TERMS & DEFINITIONS

Search terms used to help compile/update this bibliography include:

• (“Lone Wolf” OR “Lone Wolves”) AND (terrorism OR terrorist)

• “Lone Jihad” OR “Jihad Wolves”
• “Lone Offender” AND (terrorism OR terrorist)
• “Loner attacks” AND (terrorism or terrorist)
• “Leaderless resistance” AND (terrorism OR terrorist)
• “individual terrorism”
• (Solo OR Lone OR Single) AND Actor AND (terrorism OR terrorist)

Definitions:

There is no one “universally accepted definition of lone wolf terrorism.” 1 Here are a few representative
ones.

Bakker and de Roy van Zuijdewijn – the outcome from a workshop -- “The threat or use of violence by
a single perpetrator (or small cell), not acting out of personal material reasons, with the aim of
influencing a wider audience, and who acts without any direct support in the planning, preparation and
execution of the attack, and whose decision to act is not directed by any group or other individuals
(although possibly inspired by others).” 2

Dr. Mark Hamm – “someone who acts alone, without the help or encouragement of a government or a
terrorist organization, who acts without the direction or leadership of a hierarchy, someone who
designs the plan and the methods by themselves without any sort of outside support, and who acts
totally alone without the support of any second individual or third individual.” 3

Joel Capellan – “…[various] authors have identified a continuum of lone wolves base on offenders’
levels of connection to, direction, and support from formal terrorist organizations or networks. On one
end of the spectrum, you have isolated lone wolves. These individuals have no formal affiliation, nor
have they received any type of support, material or otherwise, from extremist organizations or
networks. They radicalized, planned, and executed their attacks alone. On the other end, you have
connected lone wolves. While they also operate alone, connected lone wolves belong to formal
terrorism organizations or networks. Consequently, they are under the direct influence of a leader who
provides instruction and support during the planning stage.” 4

1 Joel A. C apellan, “Killing Alone: Can the Work Performance Literature Help Us Solve the Enigma of Lone Wolf
Terrorism?” in Terrorism in America, ed. Robin Maria Valeri and Kevin Borgeson (New York: Routledge,
2018), 177.

2
Edwin Bakker and Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn. Lone Actor Terrorism: Definitional Workshop. Countering Lone-
Actor Terrorism Series No. 2. (London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.): 1.
https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201512_clat_definitional_workshop.pdf

3
Mark Hamm. Lone Wolf Terrorism in America: Using Knowledge of Radicalization Pathways to Forge Prevention
Strategies. YouTube video. (:26-1:00 mins.) National Institute of Justice, 2013.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px-lhuA1ZgA

4
C apellan, “Killing Alone,” 177.

3
Raffaello Pantucci’s Typology Categories 5:

• Loner -- acts alone, no connection with any extremist group

• Lone Wolf -- appear to act alone but have some level of contact with extremists
• Lone Wolf Pack -- group of individuals who are self-radicalized
• Lone Attacker -- individual who acts alone but has clear command and control links with an
extremist group

5
Raffaello Pantucci. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists. (London:
International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), 2011): 14-31.
https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/1302002992ICSRPaper_ATypologyofLoneWolves_Pantucci.pdf

4
ARTICLES

Ackerman, Gary A, and Lauren E. Pinson. “An Army of One: Assessing CBRN Pursuit and Use by Lone
Wolves and Autonomous Cells.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014):
226-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849945

Alakoc, Burcu Pinar. “Competing to Kill: Terrorist Organizations Versus Lone Wolf Terrorists.”
Terrorism and Political Violence 29, no. 3 (2017): 509-532.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1050489

Andrews, John. "Case Study: The Lone Wolf Killer." The Counter Terrorist (August-September, 2009):
6-10. http://www.thecounterterroristmag.com/pdf/augsep09.andrews.lonewolfkiller.pdf

Antinori, Arije. “From the Islamic State to the ‘Islamic State of Mind’: The Evolution of the
‘Jihadisphere’ and the Rise of the Lone Jihad.” European Police Science and Research Bulletin
Issue 16 (Summer 2017): 47-55.
https://bulletin.cepol.europa.eu/index.php/bulletin/article/view/241/206

Appleton, Catherine. “Lone Wolf Terrorism in Norway.” The International Journal of Human Rights 18,
no. 2 (2014): 127-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2014.889390

Baele, Stephane J. "Lone‐Actor Terrorists’ Emotions and Cognition: An Evaluation Beyond

Stereotypes." Political Psychology 38, no. 3 (2017): 449-468.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12365

Bailey, Julius H. "Fearing Hate Reexamining the Media Coverage of the Christian Identity Movement."
Journal for the Study of Radicalism 4, no. 1 (2010): 55-73.
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_for_the_study_of_radicalism/v004/4.1.bailey.html

Bakker, Edwin and Beatrice de Graaf. "Preventing Lone Wolf Terrorism: Some CT Approaches
Addressed." Perspectives on Terrorism 5, no. 5-6 (December, 2011): 43-50.
http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/preventing-lone-wolf

Barnea, Avner. “Challenging the ‘Lone Wolf’ Phenomenon in an Era of Information Overload.”
International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 31, no. 2 (2018): 217-234.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2018.1417349

Barnes, Beau D. "Confronting the One-Man Wolf Pack: Adapting Law Enforcement and Prosecution
Responses to the Threat of Lone Wolf Terrorism." Boston University Law Review 92, no. 5
(October 2012): 1614-1662.
http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume92n4/documents/BARNES.p
df

Bartal, Shaul. “Lone-Wolf or Terror Organization Members Acting Alone: New Look at the Last Israeli-
Palestine Incidents.” Middle Eastern Studies 53, no. 2 (2017): 211-228.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2016.1217844

Bates, Rodger A. "Dancing with Wolves: Today's Lone Wolf Terrorists." Journal of Public and
Professional Sociology 4, no. 1 (2012): 1-15.
http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jpps/vol4/iss1/1

5
Bates, Rodger A. "Tracking Lone Wolf Terrorists." The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology 8,
no. 1 (2016): article 6.
http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jpps/vol8/iss1/6

Bates, Rodger A. and Mara Mooney. “Psychological Operations and Terrorism: The Digital Domain.”
The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology 6, no. 1 (2014): article 2.
http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jpps/vol6/iss1/2/

Becker, Michael. “Explaining Lone Wolf Target Selection in the United States.” Studies in Conflict and
Terrorism 37, no. 11 (November 2014): 959-978.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.952261

———. “A Response to ‘Key Issues and Research Agendas in Lone Wolf Terrorism.’” Studies in Conflict
& Terrorism 39, no. 5 (2016): 472-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1144946

Berntzen, Lars Erik and Sveinung Sandberg. “The Collective Nature of Lone Wolf Terrorism: Anders
Behring Breivik and the Anti-Islamic Social Movement.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 5
(November-December 2014): 759-779. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2013.767245

Beydoun, Khaled A. “Lone Wolf Terrorism: Types, Stripes and Double Standards.” Northwestern
University Law Review 112, no. 5 (2018): 187-215.
https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol112/iss5/6

Böckler, Nils, Jens Hoffmann, and Andreas Zick. "The Frankfurt Airport Attack: A Case Study on the
Radicalization of a Lone-actor Terrorist." Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 2, no. 3-
4 (September-December 2015): 153-163.

Böckler, Nils, Vincenz Leuschner, Viktoria Roth, Andreas Zick, and Herbert Scheithauer. "Blurred
Boundaries of Lone-Actor Targeted Violence: Similarities in the Genesis and Performance of
Terrorist Attacks and School Shootings." Violence and Gender 5, no. 2 (2018): 70-80.
https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2018.0002

Borum, Randy. “Informing Lone-Offender Investigations.” Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1
(February 2013): 103-112.
https://works.bepress.com/randy_borum/60/download/

Borum, Randy, Robert Fein, and Bryan Vossekuil. "A Dimensional Approach to Analyzing Lone
Offender Terrorism." Aggression and Violent Behavior 17, no. 5 (October 2012): 389-396.
https://works.bepress.com/randy_borum/59/download/

Bouhana, Noémie, Emily Corner, Paul Gill, and Bart Schuurman. "Background and Preparatory
Behaviours of Right-Wing Extremist Lone Actors: A Comparative Study." Perspectives on
Terrorism 12, no. 6 (2018): 150-163.
https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-
terrorism/2018/issue-6/a10-bouhana-et-al.pdf

Brighi, Eilsabetta. “The Mimetic Politics of Lone-Wolf Terrorism.” Journal of International Political
Theory 11, no. 1 (February 2015): 145-164.

Brynielsson, Joel, Andreas Horndahl, Fredrik Johansson, Lisa Kaati, Christian Mårtenson and Pontus
Svenson. "Harvesting and Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists." Security
Informatics 2, no. 11 (2013):1-15.
http://www.security-informatics.com/content/pdf/2190-8532-2-11.pdf

6
Byman, Daniel. “How to Hunt a Lone Wolf: Countering Terrorists Who Act on Their Own.” Foreign
Affairs 96, no. 2 (March/April 2017): 96-105.

Capellan, Joel A. “Lone Wolf Terrorist or Deranged Shooter? A Study of Ideological Active Shooter
Events in the US, 1970-2014.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38, no. 6 (2015): 395-413.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1008341

Caroline Joan Picart. "Documenting, Dissecting, and Decrying Terrorism and Anti-Terrorism." Rhetoric
& Public Affairs 9, no. 4 (2006): 693-707.

Carson, Jennifer Varriale and Matthew Suppenbach. “Lone Wolf Terrorism: The New Form of the
Global Jihadist Movement? Evidence from Afghanistan (1997-2013).” The Journal of the Middle
East and Africa 7, no. 4 (2016): 441-453. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2016.1238291

Carter, Jeremy G. and David L. Carter. "Law Enforcement Intelligence: Implications for Self-
Radicalized Terrorism." Police Practice and Research: An International Journal 13, no. 2 (2012):
138-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2011.596685

Chase, Alston. "Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber." Atlantic Monthly 285, no. 6 (June 2000):
41-65. http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2000/06/chase.htm

Chermak, Steven M., Joshua D. Freilich, and Joseph Simone. "Surveying American State Police
Agencies about Lone Wolves, Far-Right Criminality, and Far-Right and Islamic Jihadist Criminal
Collaboration." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33, no. 11 (2010): 1019-1041.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2010.514698

Chorev, Harel. "Palestinian Social Media and Lone-Wolf Attacks: Subculture, Legitimization, and
Epidemic." Terrorism and Political Violence (2017): 1-23.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1341878

Cohen, Katie, Frederik Johansson, Lisa Kaati and Jonas Clausen Mork. “Detecting Linguistic for
Radicals Violence in Social Media.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March
2014): 246-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849948

Cole, Juan. “The Double Standard for ‘Self-Radicalized Lone-Wolf Terrorists.’” The Washington Report
on Middle East Affairs 35, no. 1 (January/February 2016): 16. https://www.wrmea.org/016-
january-february/three-views-terrorism-in-word-and-deed.html

Corner, Emily and Paul Gill. “A False Dichotomy? Mental Illness and Lone-Actor Terrorism.” Law and
Human Behavior 39, no. 1 (February 2015): 23-34.
http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/lhb0000102

Corner, Emily, Noémie Bouhana, and Paul Gill. “The Multifinality of Vulnerability Indicators in Lone-
Actor Terrorism.” Psychology, Crime & Law 25, no. 2 (2019): 111-132.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2018.1503664

Danilović, Nedo and Dragan Manojlović. “Criminology and Victimology Typology Aspects of Terrorism.”
Megatrend Review 10, no. 3 (2013): 65-92.

Danzell, Orlandrew E. and Lisandra M. Maisonet Montañez . “Understanding the Lone Wolf Terror
Phenomena: Assessing Current Profiles.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political
Aggression 8, no. 2 (2016): 135-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2015.1070189

7
de Roy van Zuijdewijn, Jeanine and Edwin Bakker. “Analysing Personal Characteristics of Lone-Actor
Terrorists: Research Findings and Recommendations.” Perspectives on Terrorism 10, no. 2 (April
2016): 42-49.
http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/issue/view/57

Dishman, Chris. “The Leaderless Nexus: When Crime and Terror Converge.” Studies in Conflict &
Terrorism 28, no. 3 (2005): 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100590928124

Ellis, Clare, Raffaello Pantucci, Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn, Edwin Bakker, Melanie Smith, Benoit
Gomis and Simon Palombi. “Analysing the Processes of Lone-Actor Terrorism: Research
Findings.” Perspectives on Terrorism 10, no. 2 (April 2016): 33-41
http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/issue/view/57

Ellis, Patrick D. “Lone Wolf Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Examination of Capability
and Countermeasures.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 211-
225. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849935

Feldman, Matthew. “Comparative Lone Wolf Terrorism: Toward a Heuristic Definition.” Democracy and
Security 9, no. 3 (2013): 270-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2013.792252

Fisogni, Primavera. “Lone Wolves: Updating the Concept of Enemy in the Social Media Age.”
International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 4, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 36-44.
https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2014010105.

Gallagher, Martin J. "The 2016 ‘Lone Wolf’ Tsunami-Is Rapoport’s ‘Religious Wave’ Ending?" Journal of
Strategic Security 10, no. 2 (2017): 60-76.
http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol10/iss2/5/

Gajewski, Karen Ann. "Worth Noting." The Humanist 71, no. 2 (March/April 2011): 48.

Gardell, Mattias. “Crusader Dreams: Oslo 2/27, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural
Europe.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 129-155.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849930

Gardell, Mattias. "Urban Terror: The Case of Lone Wolf Peter Mangs." Terrorism and Political Violence
30, no. 5 (2018): 793-811. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1444796

Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed. “Lone Wolf Islamic Terrorism: Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad (Carlos
Bledsoe) Case Study.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 110-128.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849921

Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed and Nathaniel Barr. “The Myth of Lone-Wolf Terrorism: The Attacks in
Europe and Digital Extremism.” Foreign Affairs, 26 (July 2016)
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/western-europe/2016-07-26/myth-lone-wolf-terrorism

Gattinara, Pietro Castelli, Francis O’Connor, and Lasse Lindekilde. "Italy, No Country for Acting Alone?
Lone Actor Radicalisation in the Neo-Fascist Milieu." Perspectives on Terrorism 12, no. 6 (2018):
136-149. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-
terrorism/2018/issue-6/a9-gattinara.pdf

Gibbs, Nancy. "The Fort Hood Killer: Terrified... Or Terrorist?" Time Magazine (November 11, 2009).
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1938698,00.html

8
Gill, Paul and Emily Corner. "Disaggregating Terrorist Offenders: Implications for Research and
Practice." Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 93-101.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12015

———. "Lone‐Actor Terrorist Target Choice." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 34, no. 5
(September/October 2016): 693-705. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2268

Gill, Paul, Emily Corner, and Jeffrey D. Simon. “Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing
Threat.” Crime, Law and Social Change 62, no. 2 (September 2014): 191-194. [book review]

Gill, Paul, John Horgan, Emily Corner, and James Silver. "Indicators of Lone Actor Violent Events: The
Problems of Low Base Rates and Long Observational Periods." Journal of Threat Assessment and
Management 3, no. 3-4 (September-December 2016): 165-173.
http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tam0000066

Gill, Paul, James Silver, John Horgan, and Emily Corner. "Shooting Alone: The Pre‐Attack Experiences
and Behaviors of US Solo Mass Murderers." Journal of Forensic Sciences 62, no. 3 (March 2017):
710-714. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13330

Gill, Paul, John Horgan and Paige Deckert. “Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent
Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorists.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, no. 2 (March 2014): 425-
435. http://broker.edina.ac.uk/521941/1/PMC4217375.pdf

Gordon, Theodore, Yair Sharan and Elizabeth Florescu. “Prospects for Lone Wolf and SIMAD
Terrorism.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 95 (June 2015): 234-251.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.01.013

Griffin, Roger. "Shattering Crystals: The Role of 'Dream Time' in Extreme Right-Wing Political
Violence." Terrorism & Political Violence 15, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 57-95.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550312331292967

Gruenewald, Jeff, Steven Chermak, and Joshua D. Freilich. “Distinguishing “Loner” Attacks from Other
Domestic Extremist Violence.” Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 65-91.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12008

———. “Far-Right Lone Wolf Homicides in the United States.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 36, no.
12 (December 2013): 1005-1024. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2013.842123

Guilmartin, Eugenia K. "Essay: The Lone Wolf and His Pack: Friends and Colleagues are Our Best
Pointers to an Extremist." Armed Forces Journal (February 2010).
http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2010/02/4445592/

Hamoudi, Haider Ala. “‘Lone Wolf’ Terrorism and the Classical Jihad: On the Contingencies of Violent
Islamic Extremism.” Florida International University Law Review 11, no. 1 (Fall 2015): 19-38.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2691003

Hankiss, Agnes. “The Legend of the Lone Wolf.” Journal of Strategic Studies 11, no. 2 (2018): 54-72.
https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.11.2.1668

Harrell, Brian M., Konrad Crockford, Pierre Boisrond, Sarah Tharp-Hernandez and Suzanne Parker.
“Small to Mid-Size Sporting Events: Are We Prepared to Recover from an Attack?” Journal of
Strategic Security 3, no. 2 (June 2010): 55-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.3.2.6

9
Hasisi, Badi, Simon Perry, Yonatan Ilan, and Michael Wolfowicz. "Concentrated and Close to Home:
The Spatial Clustering and Distance Decay of Lone Terrorist Vehicular Attacks." Journal of
Quantitative Criminology (2019): 1-39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-019-
09414-z

HeffronCasserleigh, Audrey, Jarrett Broder and Brad Skillman. “Organizational De-Evolution; the Small
Group or Single Actor Terrorist.” Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and
Technology 64, no. 2 (April 2012): 33-36.
http://www.waset.org/publications/6936

Hervik, Peter and Susi Meret. “Erostratus Unbound: Norway’s 22/7 Converging Frames of War.” Nordic
Journal of Migration Research 3, no. 4 (December 2013): 179-186.

Hewitt, Christopher. “Law Enforcement Tactics and Their Effectiveness in Dealing with American
Terrorism Organizations, Autonomous Cells, and Lone Wolves.” Terrorism and Political Violence
26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 58-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849913

Hill, Chris. "Active Shooter Lessons Learned from the 2011 Norway Attack." The Guardian
Antiterrorism Journal 13, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 25-30. http://www.jcs.mil/content/files/2011-
12/120811093454_FALL2011_public_ver1.pdf

Hofmann, David C. "How ‘Alone’ are Lone-Actors? Exploring the Ideological, Signaling, and Support
Networks of Lone-Actor Terrorists." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (October 2018): 1-22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1493833

Horgan, John, Neil Shortland, Suzzette Abbasciano, and Shaun Walsh. “Actions Speak Louder than
Words: A Behavioral Analysis of 183 Individuals Convicted for Terrorist Offenses in the United
States from 1995 to 2012.” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61, no. 5 (September 2016): 1228-
1237. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13115

Humphrys, Elizabeth. "Your 'Terrorist', Our "Lone Wolves': Utøya in the Shadow of 9/11." Journal of
International Relations Research no. 1 (2012): 72-80.
http://journalofinternationalrelationsresearch.com/#/archive/4570829675

Hunt, Leigh. “Beware the Lone Wolf: Individual Activists Alter the Face of Terrorism, Requiring Law
Enforcement to Keep a Constant Eye Out for the Solo or Small Cell Attack.” Police 37, no. 10
(October 2013): 42-47. http://www.policemag.com/channel/patrol/articles/2013/10/beware-the-
lone-wolf.aspx

Jackson, Paul. “The License to Hate: Peder Jensen’s Fascist Rhetoric in Anders Breivik’s Manifesto
2083: A European Declaration of Independence.” Democracy and Security 9, no. 3 (2013): 247-
269. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2013.802986

Jensen, Richard Bach. “The Pre-1914 Anarchist “Lone Wolf” Terrorism and Governmental Response.”
Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 86-94.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849919

Johnsen, Mathias Holmen. “A Case Study of Anders B. Breivik’s Intergroup Conceptualisation.” Journal
of Terrorism Research 5, no. 2 (May 2014): 1-11
http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/879

Joosse, Paul. “Leaderless Resistance and the Loneliness of Lone Wolves: Exploring the Rhetorical
Dynamics of Lone Wolf Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence 29, no. 1 (2017): 52-78.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.987866

10
Josh Adams and Vincent J. Roscigno. "White Supremacists, Oppositional Culture and the World Wide
Web." Social Forces 84, no. 2 (2005): 759-778. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0001

Kaplan, Jeffrey. "Leaderless Resistance." Terrorism and Political Violence 9, no. 3 (1997): 80-95.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559708427417

Kaplan, Jeffrey and Christopher P. Costa. “On Tribalism: Auxiliaries, Affiliates and Lone Wolf Political
Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 13-44.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849907

Kaplan, Jeffrey, Heléne Lööw and Leena Malkki. “Introduction to the Special Issue on Lone Wolf and
Autonomous Cell Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 1-
12. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.854032

Kolesnikova, Lina. "The Rise of the Lone Wolf Attacker." Crisis Response Journal 8, no. 2 (2012): 34-
35.

Kruglanski, Arie W. and Shira Fishman. "Psychological Factors in Terrorism and Counterterrorism:
Individual, Group and Organizational Levels of Analysis." Social Issues and Policy Review 3,
(2009): 1-44. http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~hannahk/Terrorism_files/PsychologicalFactors.pdf

LaFree, Gary. “Lone-Offender Terrorists.” Criminology & Public Policy 12, no. 1 (February 2013): 59-
62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12018

Lavie-Dinur, Amit, Moran Yarchi, and Yuval Karniel. "The Portrayal of Lone Wolf Terror Wave in Israel:
An Unbiased Narrative or Agenda Driven?" The Journal of International Communication 24, no. 2
(2018): 196-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2018.1453368

Leonard, Cecilia H., George D. Annas, James L. Knoll, and Terje Tørrissen. “The Case of Anders
Behring Breivik – Language of a Lone Terrorist.” Behavioral Sciences & the Law 32, no. 3 (May-
June 2014): 408-422. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2117

Leuschner, Vincenz. "Exzessive Individuelle Gewalt."School Shootings" Und "Lone Wolf Terrorism" Als
Soziale Phänomene." Berliner Journal Für Soziologie 23, no. 1 (March 2013): 27-49. [in German]

Liem, Marieke, Jelle van Buuren, Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn, Hanneke Schönberger, and Edwin
Bakker. "European Lone Actor Terrorists versus “Common” Homicide Offenders: An Empirical
Analysis." Homicide Studies 22, no. 1 (2018): 45-69.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767917736797

Lindauer, Lance. "Rational Choice Theory, Grounded Theory, and their Applicability to Terrorism."
Heinz Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 1-12. http://journal.heinz.cmu.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2012/05/Final-Rational-Choice.pdf

Lindekilde, Lasse, Francis O’Connor, and Bart Schuurman. "Radicalization Patterns and Modes of
Attack Planning and Preparation among Lone-Actor Terrorists: An Exploratory Analysis."
Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 11, no. 2 (2019): 113-133.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2017.1407814

Lindekilde, Lasse, Stefan Malthaner, and Francis O’Connor. “Peripheral and Embedded: Relational
Patterns of Lone-Actor Terrorist Radicalization.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 12, no. 1
(2019): 20-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1551557

11
Lockey, David J. "The Shootings in Oslo and Utøya Island July 22, 2011: Lessons for the International
EMS Community." Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 20,
no. 4 (2012): 1-3. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1757-7241-20-4.pdf

Logan, Matthew H. “Lone Wolf Killers: A Perspective on Overvalued Ideas.” Violence and Gender 1, no.
4 (December 2014): 159-160. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2014.0036

Logan, Matthew H. “Many Wear the Jersey but Few Play for the Team: Misfits Masquerading as
Terrorists.” Violence and Gender 2, no. 1 (2015): 159-160.
https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2015.0003

Madhani, Aamer. "Obama: 'Lone Wolf' Attack is Biggest Concern." National Journal (August 16, 2011).

Madrid, Ruben. "Recognizing Lone Wolf Terrorism." On Guard (August 2012): 4.

http://www.163rw.ang.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120803-060.pdf

Malkki, Leena. “Political Elements in Post-Columbine School Shooting in Europe and North American.”
Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 185-210.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849933

———. "Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism: Global Patterns, Motivations and Prevention." Terrorism
and Political Violence 24, no. 5 (November 2012): 853-854. [book review]
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2012.728928

Marchment, Zoe, Noémie Bouhana, and Paul Gill. “Lone Actor Terrorists: A Residence-to-Crime
Approach.” Terrorism and Political Violence (2018): 1-26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1481050

McCauley, Clark and Sophia Moskalenko. “Toward a Profile of Lone Wolf Terrorist: What Moves an
Individual from Radical Opinion to Radical Action.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1
(January-March 2014): 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849916

McCauley, Clark, Sophia Moskalenko and Benjamin Van Son. “Characteristics of Lone-Wolf Violent
Offenders: A Comparison of Assassins and School Attackers.” Perspectives on Terrorism 7, no. 1
(2013) http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/240/html

McCoy, John and W. Andy Knight. “Homegrown Terrorism in Canada: Local Patterns, Global Trends.”
Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38, no. 5 (2015): 253-274.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.994349

Meloy, J. Reid. “The Operational Development and Empirical Testing of the Terrorist Radicalization
Assessment Protocol (TRAP-10).” Journal of Personality Assessment 100, no. 5 (September-
October 2018): 483-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1481077

Meloy, J. Reid, Alasdair M. Goodwill, M.J. Meloy, Gwyn Amat, Maria Martinez and Melinda Morgan.”
Some TRAP-18 Indicators Discriminate between Terrorist Attackers and Other Subjects of
National Security Concern.” Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 6, no. 2 (June 2019):
93-110. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tam0000119

Meloy, J. Reid, Elmar Habermeyer and Angela Guldimann. "The Warning Behaviors of Anders Breivik."
Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 2, no. 3-4 (September-December 2015): 164-
175. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tam0000037

12
Meloy, J. Reid, and Jacqueline Genzman. "The Clinical Threat Assessment of the Lone-Actor Terrorist."
Psychiatric Clinics 39, no. 4 (2016): 649-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2016.07.004

Meloy, J. Reid, and Jeffrey W. Pollard. "Lone‐Actor Terrorism and Impulsivity." Journal of Forensic
Sciences 62, no. 6 (2017): 1643-1646. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13500

Meloy, J. Reid, and Jessica Yakeley. “The Violent True Believer as a ‘Lone Wolf’ – Psychoanalytic
Perspectives on Terrorism.” Behavioral Sciences & the Law 23, no. 3 (May-June 2014): 347-365.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2109

Meloy, J. Reid and Paul Gill. “The Lone-Actor Terrorism and the TRAP-18.” [Terrorist Radicalization
Assessment Protocol] Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 3, no. 1 (March 2016): 37-
52. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tam0000061

Meloy, J. Reid, Karolina Roshdi, Justine Glaz-ocik and Jens Hoffmann. "Investigating the Individual
Terrorist in Europe." Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 2, no. 3-4 (September-
December 2015): 140-152. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tam0000036

Meyer, Sunniva. “Impeding Lone-Wolf Attacks: Lessons Derived from the 2011 Norway Attacks.”
Crime Science 2, no. 7 (December 2013): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-7680-2-7

Michael, George. "Anders Behring Breivik: A New Breed of Lone Wolf Terrorist?" Journal of
Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International 18, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 14-16.

———. “Counterinsurgency and Lone Wolf Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1
(January-March 2014): 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849912

———. "Leaderless Resistance: The New Face of Terrorism." Defence Studies 12, no. 2 (2012): 257-
282. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2012.699724

Monahan, John. “The Individual Risk Assessment of Terrorism.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 18,
no. 2 (May 2012): 167-205. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0025792

Moskalenko, Sophia and Clark McCauley. "The Psychology of Lone-Wolf Terrorism." Counselling
Psychology Quarterly 24, no. 2 (June 2011): 115-126.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2011.581835

Nesser, Petter. "Individual Jihadist Operations in Europe: Patterns and Challenges." CTC Sentinel 5,
no. 1 (January 2012): 15-18.
https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/individual-jihadist-operations-in-europe-patterns-and-
challenges

———. “Research Note: Single Actor Terrorism: Scope, Characteristics and Explanations.” Perspectives
on Terrorism 6, no. 6 (December 2012): 61-73.
http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/231/464

Nijboer, Matthijs. "A Review of Lone Wolf Terrorism: The Need for a Different Approach." Social
Cosmos 3, no. 1 (March 2012): 33-39.
http://socialcosmos.library.uu.nl/index.php/sc/article/view/43.

Pantucci, Raffaello. "Britian Jails "Lone Wolf" Terrorist Isa Ibrahim." Terrorism Monitor 7, no. 23 (July
30, 2009): 3. http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM_007_66.pdf

13
———. “A Death in Woolwich: The Lone-Actor Terrorist Threat in the UK.” RUSI Journal 159, no. 5
(October/November 2014): 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2014.969941

———. "What Have We Learned about Lone Wolves from Anders Behring Breivik?" Perspectives on
Terrorism 5, no. 5-6 (2011): 27-42.
http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/what-we-have-learned

Park, Jisun, and Joon Tag Cho. "Differences between Homicides Committed by Lone and Multiple
Offenders in Korea." Journal of Forensic Sciences 64, no. 1 (January 2019): 163-165.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13821

Parker, David, Julia M. Pearce, Lasse Lindekilde, and M. Brooke Rogers. “Press Coverage of Lone-Actor
Terrorism in the UK and Denmark: Shaping the Reactions of the Public, Affected Communities
and Copycat Attackers.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 12, no. 1 (2019): 110-131.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1494792

Pathé, Michele T., Debbie J. Haworth, Terri-Ann Goodwin, Amanda G. Holman, Stephen J. Amos, Paul
Winterbourne, and Leanne Day. "Establishing a Joint Agency Response to the Threat of Lone-
Actor Grievance-Fuelled Violence." The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 29, no. 1
(2018): 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2017.1335762

Pearson, Elizabeth. “The Case of Roshonara Choudhry: Implications for Theory on Online
Radicalization, ISIS Women, and the Gendered Jihad.” Policy & Internet 8, no. 1 (March 2016):
5-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.101

Peddel, Daniel, Marie Eyer, Michelle McManus and Jim Bonworth. “Influences and Vulnerabilities in
Radicalised Lone-Actor Terrorists: UK Practitioner Perspectives.” International Journal of Police
Science & Management 18, no. 2 (June 2016): 63-76.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355716638686

Perry, Simon, Badi Hasisi, and Gali Perry. "Lone Terrorists: A Study of Run-Over Attacks in Israel."
European Journal of Criminology 16, no. 1 (2019): 102-123.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370818769257

———. "Who is the Lone Terrorist? A Study of Vehicle-Borne Attackers in Israel and the West Bank."
Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 41, no. 11 (2018): 899-913.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1348101

Phillips, Brian J. "Deadlier in the US? On Lone Wolves, Terrorist Groups, and Attack Lethality."
Terrorism and Political Violence 29, no. 3 (2017): 533-549.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1054927

Phillips, Peter J. "Lone Wolf Terrorism." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 17, no. 1
(2011): 1-29. https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-8597.1207

———. “The Lone Wolf Terrorist: Sprees of Violence.” Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public
Policy 18, no. 3 (December 2012): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2012-0010

Phillips, Peter J. and Gabriela Pohl. "Economic Profiling of the Lone Wolf Terrorist: Can Economics
Provide Behavioral Investigative Advice?" Journal of Applied Security Research 7, no. 2 (2012):
151-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2012.656250

14
Pitcavage, Mark. “Cerberus Unleashed: The Three Faces of the Lone Wolf Terrorist.” American
Behavioral Scientist 59, no. 13 (November 2015): 1655-1680.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764215588817

Post, Jerrold M., Cody McGinnis and Kristen Moody. “The Changing Face of Terrorism in the 21st
Century: The Communications Revolution and the Virtual Community of Hatred.” Behavioral
Sciences & the Law 32, no. 3 (May-June 2014): 306-334. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2123

Ranstorp, Magnus. “’Lone Wolf Terrorism’. The Case of Anders Breiv.” S+F: Vierteljahreszeitschrift für
Sicherheit und Frieden 31, no. 2 (2013): 87-92.

Ravndal, Jacob Aasland. "Thugs or Terrorists? A Typology of Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in
Western Europe." Journal of Deradicalization 15, no. 3 (Summer 2015): 1-38.
http://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/view/16

Sandberg, Sveinung, Atte Oksanen, Lars Erik Berntzen and Tomi Kiilakoski. “Stories in Action: The
Cultural Influences of School Shootings on the Terrorist Attacks in Norway.” Critical Studies on
Terrorism 7, no. 2 (2014): 277-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2014.906984

Schuurman, Bart, Edwin Bakker, Paul Gill, and Noemie Bouhana. "Lone Actor Terrorist Attack Planning
and Preparation: A Data‐Driven Analysis." Journal of Forensic Sciences 63, no. 4 (July 2018):
1191-1200. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13676

Schuurman, Bart, Lasse Lindekilde, Stefan Malthaner, Francis O'Connor, Paul Gill, and Noémie
Bouhana. "End of the Lone Wolf: The Typology that Should Not Have Been." Studies in Conflict &
Terrorism 42, no. 8 (2019): 771-778. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1419554

Shehabat, Ahmad, Teodor Mitew, and Yahia Alzoubi. "Encrypted Jihad: Investigating the Role of
Telegram App in Lone Wolf Attacks in the West." Journal of Strategic Security 10, no. 3 (2017):
27-53. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol10/iss3/3/

Silva, Jason R., and Joel A. Capellan. "A Comparative Analysis of Media Coverage of Mass Public
Shootings: Examining Rampage, Disgruntled Employee, School, and Lone-Wolf Terrorist
Shootings in the United States." Criminal Justice Policy Review (2018): 1-30.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403418786556

Simon, Jeffrey D. “Unique Dangers Posed by Lone-Wolf Terrorists.” DomPrep Journal 9, no. 3 (March
2013): 18-19. http://www.domesticpreparedness.com/pub/docs/DPJMar13.pdf

Smith, Brent. "A Look at Terrorist Behavior: How they Prepare, Where they Strike." NIJ Journal no.
260 (July 2008): 2-6. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/222900.pdf

Spaaij, Ramón. "The Enigma of Lone Wolf Terrorism: An Assessment." Studies in Conflict and
Terrorism 33, no. 9 (September 2010): 854-870.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2010.501426

Spaaij, Ramón and Mark S. Hamm. “Endgame? Sports Events as Symbolic Targets in Lone Wolf
Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38, no. 12 (December 2015): 1022-1037.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1076695

———. “Key Issues and Research Agendas in Lone Wolf Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 38,
no. 3 (March 2015): 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.986979

Spencer, Robert. "Jihad Comes to Germany." Human Events 67, no. 10 (March 14, 2011): 19.

15
Steward, Scott. "Oslo, Norway: Lessons Learned from a Successful 'Lone-Wolf' Attack." PoliceOne
(August 2011). http://www.policeone.com/terrorism/articles/4146174-Oslo-Norway-
Lessonslearned-from-a-successful-lone-wolf-attack/

Steyn, Mark. "In Search of 'Why.'" National Review 64, no. 15 (August 13, 2012): 52.

Striegher, Jason-Leigh. “Early Detection of the Lone Wolf: Advancement of Counter-terrorism

Investigations with an Absence or Abundance of Information and Intelligence.” Journal of
Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism 8, no. 1 (2013): 35-53.
https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2013.789596

Stroud, Joe. “The Importance of Music to Anders Behring Breivik.” Journal of Terrorism Research 4,
no. 1 (2013) http://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/jtr/article/view/620

Sweeney, Matthew M. "Leaderless Resistance and the Truly Leaderless: A Case Study Test of the
Literature-Based Findings." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 42, no. 7 (2019): 617-635.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1407480

Syse, Aslak. “Breivik – The Norwegian Terrorist Case.” Behavioral Sciences & the Law 32, no. 3 (May-
June 2014): 389-407. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2121

Tierney, Michael. "Spotting the Lone Actor: Combating Lone Wolf Terrorism through Financial
Investigations." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 4 (2017): 637-642.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-08-2016-0052

Turner-Graham, Emily. “’Breivik is My Hero’: The Dystopian World of Extreme Right Youth on the
Internet.” Australian Journal of Politics and History 60, no. 3 (September 2014): 416-430.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12070

van Buuren, Jelle and Beatrice de Graaf. “Hatred of the System: Menacing Loners and Autonomous
Cells in the Netherlands.” Terrorism and Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 156-
184. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849932

Van der Meer, Bram B. "The Assassination of Empress Elisabeth of Austria: An Investigative
Psychological Analysis of a Lone-actor Terrorist." Journal of Threat Assessment and Management
2, no. 3-4 (September-December 2015): 176-186.
http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tam0000044

Victoroff, Jeff. "The Mind of the Terrorist A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches." Journal
of Conflict Resolution 49, no. 1 (February 2005): 3-42.
http://www.surrey.ac.uk/politics/research/researchareasofstaff/isppsummeracademy/instructors
%20/The%20Terrost%20mind.pdf

Weimann, Gabriel. "Lone Wolves in Cyberspace." Contemporary Voices: St. Andrews Journal of
International Relations 3, no. 2 (Autumn 2012): 75-90. http://doi.org/10.15664/jtr.405

Weinstein, Adam. "Russian Phoenix: The Collective Security Treaty Organization." The Whitehead
Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 8, no. 1 (January 2007): 167-180.

Youn, Bonghan, Sangjin Lee and Jongin Lim. “A Study on the Feasibility of ‘Lone Wolf’ Terrorists in
Korea: Focusing on IS Defector Student Kim’s On0line Behavior.” Journal of Society for e-
Business Studies 20, no. 4 (November 2015): 127-150. [article is in Korean]
http://www.jsebs.org/jsebs/index.php/jsebs/article/view/200

16
Zeman, Tomáš, Jan Břeň, and Rudolf Urban. "Profile of a Lone Wolf Terrorist: A Crisis Management
Perspective." Journal of Security & Sustainability Issues 8, no. 1 (September 2018):5-18.
https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2018.8.1(1)

———. "Role of Internet in Lone Wolf Terrorism." Journal of Security & Sustainability Issues 7, no. 2
(December 2017): 185-192. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2017.7.2(1)

Zierhoffer, Diane M. “Threat Assessment: Do Lone Terrorists Differ from Other Lone Offenders?”
Journal of Strategic Security 7, no. 3 (Fall 2014): 48-62.
http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol7/iss3/4/

Zúquet, José Pedro. “Men in Black: Dynamics, Violence, and Lone Wolf Potential.” Terrorism and
Political Violence 26, no. 1 (January-March 2014): 95-109.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.849920

17
BOOKS

Alrajeh, Dalal and Paul Gill. "A Logic-Based Approach to Understanding Lone-Actor Terrorism." In
Proceedings of the Technical Communications of the 31 St International Conference on Logic
Programming (ICLP) 2015) Cork Ireland, August 31- September 4, 2015, edited by De Vos,
Marina, Thomas Eiter, Yuliya Lierler and Francesca Toni. 1-13. 2015.
http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1433/tc_45.pdf

Bergen, Peter L. United States of Jihad: Investigating America’s Homegrown Terrorist. New York:
Crown Publishers, 2016. 387p.

C ontents: Americans for ISIS -- All-American al-Qaeda -- Who are the terrorists? -- Lone wolves -- Pre-
crime -- Leader-led jihad -- JihadinAmerica.com -- Exporting jihad : Americans abroad -- Tracking the
terrorists -- The Boston bombers -- Future jihad

Boaz, Clair Kreger. White Supremacy Groups. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 2003. 80p.

C ontents: White Supremacy groups use terrorist attacks to recruit new members / Brad Knickerbocker –
What supremacy is a leaderless movement / Howard L. Bushart, John R. Craig, and Myra Barnes -- The
Internet is changing the face of the white supremacist movement / Les Back -- Racist video games target
youth on the Internet / Anti-Defamation League -- More women are joining the white supremacist movement
/ Jim Nesbitt -- White power music is an effective recruiting tool / Adam Cohen -- The making of a white
supremacist / T.J. Leyden, interviewed by Intelligence report -- Lone wolf terrorists are more
dangerous than organized white supremacist groups / Katherine Seligman -- White supremacy groups
are expanding their international ties / David E. Kaplan, Lucian Kim, and Douglas Pasternak -- White
nationalists must organize in order to protect European Americans / European-American Unity and Rights
Organization -- The white race must be preserved / Bishop Alma White -- White people are the creators of all
worthwhile culture and civilization / Matthew Hale.

Borchgrevink, Aage. A Norwegian Tragedy: Anders Behring Breivik and the Massacre on Utøya.
Malden, MA: Polity, 2013. 299p.

Bouhana, Noémie, Stefan Malthaner, Bart Schuurman, Lasse Lindekilde, Amy Thornton, and Paul Gill.
"Lone‐Actor Terrorism: Radicalisation, Attack Planning and Execution." In Routledge Handbook of
Terrorism and Counterterrorism, edited by Andrew Silke, 112-124. New York: Routledge, 2018.

Bringuel, Andrew J. Terrorism Research and Analysis Project: (TRAP): A Collection of Research Ideas
Thoughts, and Perspectives. Washington, DC: Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation,
2011.

C ontents: v. 1. Radical Islam’s Manipulation of the media – Actors analysis & capability of knowledge –
Incorporating contextual sensitivity and meta-cognition into intelligence and law enforcement training --
Spotting and assessing potential confidential human sources using the group analysis protocol (GAP) --
Terrorism and counterfeiting : a synopsis of critical issues and research opportunities -- Behavioral clues to
deception in counter-terrorism situations : critique and prospectus -- The role of emotion in predicting
violence -- Animal and environmental rights extremists and crime : setting forth a research agenda -- The
false allure of torture -- What is lone wolf terrorism? : A research note -- Right-wing extremism and
military service -- Making bullets dance : drugs and "small players" in small wars.

Bromark, Stian and Hon Khiam Leong. Massacre in Norway: The 2011 Terror Attacks on Oslo and the
Utøya Youth Camp. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, Inc. 224p.

18
Brynielsson, Joel, Andreas Horndahl, Fredrik Johanasson, Lisa Kaati, Christian Mårtenson and Pontus
Svenson. "Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists" In 2012 European
Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, 22-24 August, 2012. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE
Computer Society, 2012: 197-204.
https://www.foi.se/download/18.7fd35d7f166c56ebe0bffc0/1542623690297/Analysis-of-weak-
signals_FOI-S--4093--SE.pdf

Capellan, Joel A. “Killing Alone: Can the Work Performance Literature Help Us Solve the Enigma of
Lone Wolf Terrorism?” In Terrorism in America, edited by Robin Maria Valeri and Kevin Borgeson,
175-188. New York: Routledge, 2018.

Cooper, Abraham. "From Big Lies to the Lone Wolf: How Social Networking Incubates and Multiplies
Online Hate and Terrorism*." In The Changing Forms of Incitement to Terror and Violence: The
Need for a New International Response, edited by Alan Baker, 21-33. Jerusalem, Israel:
Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2012.
http://jcpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/INCITEMENT_TO_TERROR_4.pdf.

Davis, Danny W. The Phinehas Priesthood: Violent Vanguard of the Christian Identity Movement.
Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2010.

C ontent: Introduction – The Christian Identity or Scriptural Israel Identity movement and its world view --
Leaderless resistance and the "lone wolf" strategy -- The modern Phinehas Priesthood, fact or fiction? -
- Phinehas Priests? or not? : the anti-abortion warriors -- Eric Rudolph -- C layton Lee Waagner, James
C harles Kopp and Paul Ross Evans – C onclusion

Deflem, Mathieu (ed.). Terrorism and Counterterrorism Today. Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald,
2015. 259p.

C ontents: How has criminology contributed to the study of terrorism since 9/11? / Gary LaFree and Laura
Dugan -- Terrorism as gravitational attraction / Mark Cooney and Nicole Bigman -- Terrorism and genocide /
Bradley Campbell -- The social construction of terrorism / C ynthia A. Karaffa -- The emergence of lone
wolf terrorism: Patterns of behavior and implications for intervention / Brent L. Smith, Jeff
Gruenewald, Paxton Roberts and Kelly R. Damphousse -- Second order terrorism / Willem de Lint -- Terrok: A
hybrid perpetrator in individualized terrorism warfare / Thomas Kron, Andreas Braun and Eva-Maria Heinke --
Suicide attacks and the social structure of sacrifice / Jason Manning -- Prosecuting terrorism: Challenges in
the post-9/11 world / C hristopher A. Shields, Brent L. Smith and Kelly R. Damphousse -- Postmodern torture
and the conceits of the war on terror / Michael Welch -- C hanges in local law enforcement brought about by
9/11 / Gregg W. Etter, Sr. -- State legitimacy and terrorism: Implications for counterterrorism policy /
Jennifer C . Gibbs.

Feldman, Matthew. "Terrorist ‘Radicalising Networks’: A Qualitative Case Study on Radical Right Lone-
Wolf Terrorism." In Expressions of Radicalization: Global Politics, Processes and Practices, edited
by Kristian Steiner and Andreas Önnerfors, 39-60. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
http://lib.bvu.edu.vn/bitstream/TVDHBRVT/18375/1/978-3-319-65566-6.pdf

Fredholm, Michael (ed.). Understanding Lone Actor Terrorism: Past Experience, Future Outlook, and
Response Strategies. New York: Routledge, 2016. 311p.

C ontents: Introduction: Lone Actor and Autonomous Cell Terrorism, Michael Fredholm 1. Historical Lessons:
An Overview of Early Anarchism and Lone Actor Terrorism, Richard Bach Jensen 2. World War A:
C ontemporary Anarchists and Extreme Left Perpetrators, José Pedro Zúquete 3. Extreme Right Perpetrators,
Miroslav Mareš and Richard Stojar 4. Environmental-Extremist and Animal Rights Single Issue Perpetrators,
Elżbieta Posłuszna and Miroslav Mareš 5. Jihadists, Al-Qaida, and the Islamic State, Michael Fredholm 6.
Targeting Herself: Female Lone Actors, Hanna Runeborg 7. Fixated Individuals and the State’s Response:
Networked Security, Jelle van Buuren 8. School Shootings and Lone Actor Terrorism, Leena Malkki 9. The
Active Shooter Threat: Profiling Perpetrators for Preemptive Prevention, Joshua Sinai 10. Lone Actor
Terrorism and CBRN Weapons, Michael Fredholm 11. Inside the Mind of the Lone Actor, Knut Sturidsson 12.
C ountering Lone Actor Terrorism: Networked Security Focused on Deeds, Not Thoughts, Michael Fredholm 13.
C ountering Lone Actor Terrorism: Weak Signals and Online Activities, Lisa Kaati and Fredrik Johansson 14.

19
 The Non-violent Lone Actor: The Insider Threat in Information Security, Joshua Sinai 15. Future Outlook and
Response Strategies, Michael Fredholm Appendix: Lone Actor Terrorism, a Lifestyle Phenomenon?, Michael
Fredholm and Hanna Runeborg

Gill, Paul. Lone-Actor Terrorists: A Behavioural Analysis. London: Routledge, 2015. 192p.

C ontents: 1. Introduction -- 2. Who are the lone-actor terrorists? -- 3. The behavioural underpinnings of lone-
actor terrorism -- 4. Why go it alone? -- 5. The role of the internet -- 6. Mental illness and lone-actor
terrorism -- 7. C omparing lone-actor terrorists -- 8. A situational crime prevention approach -- 9. Lone actor
terrorist dilemmas.

Gordon, Theodore J., Elizabeth Florescu, Jerome C. Glenn, and Yair Sharan (eds.). Identification of
Potential Terrorists and Adversary Planning: Emerging Technologies and New Counter-Terror
Strategies. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2017. 132p.

C ontents: … Arije Antinori – The “Swarm Wolf”: Understanding to Prevent the Evolution of Terror… Jerome C.
Glenn – Global Collective Intelligence System to Support Efforts to Prevent Lone Wolf Terrorism…

Gordon, Theodore J., Yair Sharan and Elizabeth Florescu. Lone Wolf Terrorism Prospects and Potential
Strategies to Address the Threat. Washington, DC: The Millennium, 2015. 193p.

Guillemin, Jeanne. American Anthrax: Fear, Crime, and the Investigation of the Nation’s Deadliest
Bioterror Attack. New York: Times Books, 2011. 309p.

C ontents: Prologue: the bioterrorism threat – The diagnosis – The crime – New York – “We have this anthrax”
–The postal victims – Threat perceptions – Lone Wolf – Laws, regulations and rules – Gone awry – To War –
The strong desire for justice – Living proof – Odd man out – C onclusion.

Haerens, Margaret. Domestic Terrorism. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2015.

C ontents: How should the domestic terrorism threat be assessed or defined? Homegrown terror isn't just
Islamist / Risa Brooks -- The definition of domestic terrorism is too broad / Ms. Smith -- There are many
misconceptions about the threat of domestic terrorism / Jack Levin -- Domestic terrorism is a persistent
threat in the United States / Scott Stewart -- The threat of domestic terrorism is often overlooked / Daryl
Johnson -- What groups present the greatest risk of domestic terrorism? Islamic radicalization is a danger to
US security / Melvin Bledsoe -- The threat of Islamic radicalization has been exaggerated / Faiza Patel --
Growing threat of extreme right-wing violence / Peter Bergen and Jennifer Rowland -- Right-wing extremists
should not be classified as a major threat to US security / Jonah Goldberg -- Lone-wolf terrorism is a
growing threat / Jim Kouri -- The threat of the lone-wolf terrorist is exaggerated / Scott Stewart --
How might the threat of domestic terrorism be averted or prevented? Profiling would help identify potential
domestic terrorists / Tim Sorrick -- Profiling is a flawed counterterrorism policy / Elizabeth Goitein and Faiza
Patel -- Empowering communities and local law enforcement is essential to counterterrorism efforts / Janet
Napolitano -- Better outreach to the American Muslim community should improve counterterrorism efforts /
Toni Johnson -- C onfronting prejudice and hate speech is key to addressing the domestic terrorism threat /
Kenneth Robinson -- How should domestic terrorism be treated? Why should I care that no one's reading
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev his Miranda rights? / Emily Bazelon -- Domestic terrorism suspects should be interrogated
before being read their Miranda rights / Daniel Greenfield -- Domestic terrorists should be prosecuted in
civilian courts / Melanie Getreuer -- Boston bomber acted as "enemy combatant" / Michael M Rosen --
Different standards should not be applied to different kinds of domestic terrorists / Jill Filipovic -- Domestic
terrorists should be charged with treason / Lauren Prunty.

Hamm, Mark S. and Ramón Spaaij. The Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism. New York: Columbia University
Press, 2017. 322p.

C ontents: Introduction: the age of lone wolf terrorism -- Identifying commonalities among lone wolf terrorists
-- Old wine in new skin : reimagining lone wolf terrorism -- The American lone wolf terrorist : trends, modus
operandi, and background factors -- The roots of radicalization -- The enablers -- Broadcasting intent : the
key to preventing lone wolf terrorism -- Triggering events -- The radicalization model of lone wolf terrorism --
The Little Rock military shooting -- The Pittsburgh police shooting -- Lone wolf sting operations -- Lone wolf
terrorism and FBI mythmaking -- Conclusion: aftermath : countering lone wolf terrorism -- Appendix: list of
cases -- Notes -- Index.

20
Hamm, Mark S., and Ramón Spaaij. "Media, Popular Culture and the Lone Wolf Terrorist: The
Evolution of Targeting, Tactics and Violent Ideologies." In Routledge International Handbook of
Visual Criminology, edited by Michelle Brown and Eamonn Carrabine, 177-189. New York:
Routledge, 2017.

Hemmingby, Cato, and Tore Bjørgo. The Dynamics of a Terrorist Targeting Process: Anders B. Breivik
and the 22 July Attacks in Norway. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. 131p.

Hesterman, Jennifer L. Soft Target Hardening: Protecting People from Attack. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press, 2015. 299p.

C ontents: … -- The Lone-Wolf – Mexican cartels cross the border…

Hesterman, Jennifer L. The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus: An Alliance of International Drug Cartels,

Organized Crime, and Terror Groups. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2013.

C ontents: … -- The Lone-Wolf – Gangs: Evolving and Collaborating…

Jarvis, Lee, Stuart Macdonald, and Thomas M. Chen (eds.). Terrorism Online: Politics, Law and
Technology. New York: Routledge, 2015.

C ontents: 1 Terrorism online: a new strategic environment; 2 Lone actor terrorist use of the Internet and
behavioural correlates; 3 Hacktivism as an emerging cyberthreat: case study of a Turkish hacktivist group; 4
An updated cost-benefit view of cyberterrorism; 5 Cyberterrorism and Moral Panics: a reflection on the
discourse of cyberterrorism; 6 C yberterrorism, criminal law and punishment-based deterrence. 7 State
surveillance in cyberspace: a new perspective on digital data practices by intelligence and security services8
Transatlantic collaboration in countering cyberterrorism; 9 The use of force as a response to cyberterrorism;

Jenkins, Brian Michael. Stray Dogs and Virtual Armies: Radicalization and Recruitment to Jihadist
Terrorism in the United States since 9/11. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2011.
https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP343.html.

———. Would-be Warriors: Incidents of Jihadist Terrorist Radicalization in the United States since
September 11, 2001. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2010.
https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP292.html.

Kaplan, Jeffrey, Heléne Lööw and Leena Malkki. Lone Wolf and Autonomous Cell Terrorism. New York:
Routledge, 2015. 266p.

C ontents: Introduction / Jeffrey Kaplan, Heléne Lööw, and Leena Malkki -- On tribalism: auxiliaries, affiliates,
and lone wolf political violence / Jeffrey Kaplan and Christopher P. Costa -- C ounterinsurgency and lone wolf
terrorism / George Michael -- Law enforcement tactics and their effectiveness in dealing with American
terrorism: organizations, autonomous cells, and lone wolves / Christopher Hewitt -- Toward a profile of lone
wolf terrorists: what moves an individual from radical opinion to radical action / Clark McCauley and Sophia
Moskalenko -- The pre-1914 anarchist " lone wolf" terrorist and governmental responses / Richard Bach
Jensen -- Men in black: dynamics, violence, and lone wolf potential / José Pedro Zúquete -- Lone wolf Islamic
terrorism: Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad (Carlos Bledsoe) case study / Daveed Gartenstein-Ross /
C rusader dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the quest for a monocultural Europe / Mattias Gardell --
Hatred of the system: menacing loners and autonomous cells in the Netherlands / Jelle van Buuren and
Beatrice de Graaf -- Political elements in post-Columbine school shootings in Europe and North America /
Leena Malkki -- Lone wolf terrorism and weapons of mass destruction: an examination of capabilities and
countermeasures / Patrick D. Ellis -- An army of one: assessing CBRN pursuit and use by lone wolves and
autonomous cells / Gary A. Ackerman and Lauren E. Pinson -- Detecting linguistic markers for radical violence
in social media / Katie C ohen, Fredrik Johannson, Lisa Kaati, and Jonas C lausen Mork.

Likar, Lawrence E. "Nihilistic Terrorists: Fanatical Cells, Lone Wolves, and Hybrid Groups." In Eco-
Warriors, Nihilistic Terrorists, and the Environment, 107-136. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2011.

21
Kaati, Lisa and Pontus Svenson. “Analysis of Competing Hypothesis for Investigating Lone Wolf
Terrorists.” In Proceedings of the 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics
Conference (EISIC 2011). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society, 2011, p. 295–299

Michael, George. Lone Wolf Terror and the Rise of Leaderless Resistance. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt
University Press, 2012. 254p.

C ontents: The Evolution of strategy, war, and conflict -- Leaderless resistance and the extreme right --
Eco-extremism and the radical animal liberation movement -- The strategic implications of the new world
order -- The Wiki revolution and the new people power -- Weapons of mass destruction and leaderless
resistance -- The global Islamic resistance movement -- C onclusion: toward a fifth generation of warfare?

Neumann, Peter R. Radicalization. New York: Routledge, 2015. 4 vols.

Contents: Machine generated contents note: v. I MODELS AND THEORIES -- pt. 1 Definitions --
1.Radicalization: what does it mean? / David R. Mandel -- 2.The trouble with radicalization / Peter R.
Neumann -- 3.The concept of radicalization as a source of confusion / Mark Sedgwick -- pt. 2 Models, theories
and approaches -- 4.Mechanisms of political radicalization: pathways toward terrorism / Sophia Moskalenko --
5.The staircase to terrorism: a psychological exploration / Fathali M. Moghaddam -- 6.Joining the cause: Al-
Muhajiroun and radical Islam / Quintan Wiktorowicz -- 7.Social movement theory and the study of terrorism /
Jeroen Gunning -- pt. 3 Psychology -- 8.Cheshire-Cat logic: the recurring theme of terrorist abnormality in
psychological research / Andrew Silke -- 9.Holy warriors: exploring the psychological processes of jihadi
radicalization / Andrew Silke -- 10.Terrorist (e)motives: the existential attractions of terrorism / Keith
Hayward -- pt. 4 Grievances and strains -- 11.The causes of terrorism / Martha Crenshaw -- 12.The strange
career of strain and breakdown theories of collective action / Steven M. Buechler -- pt. 5 Ideology and frames
-- 13.Framing processes and social movements: an overview and assessment / David A. Snow -- 14.Ideology,
framing processes, and Islamic terrorist movements / Scott C. Byrd -- pt. 6 Micro-mobilization and
recruitment -- 15.Recruitment to high-risk activism: the case of Freedom Summer / Doug McAdam --
16.Recruitment processes in clandestine political organizations: Italian left-wing terrorism / Donatella Della
Porta -- 17.Social networks and the jihad / Marc Sageman -- v. II ISSUES AND DEBATES -- pt. 1 C onflict,
repression, and counterterrorism -- 18.Relational dynamics and processes of radicalization: a comparative
framework / Chares Demetriou -- 19.Repression and rebellion / Mohammed M. Hafez -- 20.Violence and the
political system: the policing of protest / Donatella Della Porta -- pt. 2 Violent and non-violent radicalization --
21.Radical beliefs and violent actions are not synonymous: how to place the key disjuncture between
attitudes and behaviors at the heart of our research into political violence / James Khalil -- 22.Contextualizing
radicalization: the emergence of the "Sauerland-Group" from radical networks and the Salafist movement /
Stefan Malthaner -- pt. 3 The role of religion -- 23.Three theories of religious activism and violence: social
movements, fundamentalists, and apocalyptic warriors / Heather Selma Gregg -- 24.Religion as a cause of
terrorism / Mark Juergensmeyer -- 25.The rationality of radical Islam / Karl Kaltenthaler -- pt. 4 Suicide
terrorism -- 26.Genesis of suicide terrorism / Scott Atran -- 27.Palestinian suicide terrorism in the Second
Intifada: motivations and organizational aspects / Assaf Moghadam -- pt. 5 Lone actors -- 28.The
enigma of lone wolf terrorism: an assessment / Ramon Spaaij -- 29.Bombing alone: tracing the
motivations and antecedent behaviors of lone-actor terrorists / Paige Deckert -- pt. 6 Online
radicalization -- 30.Cyberculture and the endurance of white power activism / Robert Futrell -- 31.You too can
be Awlaki! / Alix N. Levine -- 32.C ombining social network analysis and sentiment analysis to explore the
potential for online radicalisation / Alan F. Smeaton -- pt. 7 Foreign fighters -- 33.The rise of Muslim foreign
fighters: Islam and the globalization of jihad / Thomas Hegghammer -- 34.Should I stay or should I go?
Explaining variation in Western jihadists' choice between domestic and foreign fighting / Thomas
Hegghammer -- 35.Jihad after Iraq: lessons from the Arab Afghans / Mohammed M. Hafez -- v. III GROUPS
AND PLACES -- pt. 1 Western jihadists -- 36.Europe's angry Muslims / Robert S. Leiken -- 37.The Atlantic
divide / Marc Sageman -- 38.Al Qaeda's London branch: patterns of domestic and transnational network
integration / Jytte Klausen -- 39.Joining jihadi terrorist cells in Europe: exploring motivational aspects of
recruitment and radicalization / Petter Nesser -- pt. 2 Middle Eastern jihadists -- 40.Anatomy of Egypt's
militant Islamic groups: methodological note and preliminary findings / Saad Eddin Ibrahim -- 41.Terrorist
recruitment and radicalization in Saudi Arabia / Thomas Hegghammer -- 42.From marginalization to
massacres: a political process explanation of GIA violence in Algeria / Mohammed M. Hafez -- pt. 3 Jihadists
elsewhere -- 43.Black Widows: the Chechen female suicide terrorists / Khapta Akhmedova -- 44.Why Boko
Haram exists: the relative deprivation perspective / Daniel Egiegba Agbiboa -- 45.Jihadist radicalization in
East Africa: two case studies / Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens -- 46.Islam, militancy, and politics in Pakistan:
insights from a national sample / Jacob N. Shapiro -- pt. 4 Far-right -- 47.White boys to terrorist men: target
recruitment of Nazi skinheads / Randy Blazak -- 48.A neo-nationalist network: the English Defence League
and Europe's Counter-Jihad Movement / Hans Brun -- pt. 5 Left-wing -- 49.Why peasants rebel: the case of
Peru's Sendero Luminoso / C ynthia McClintock -- 50.The Naxalites and the Maoist movement in India: birth,

22
 demise, and reincarnation / Dipak K. Gupta -- 51.The psychopolitical formation of extreme left terrorism in a
democracy: the case of the Weathermen / Ehud Sprinzak -- v. IV DE- AND COUNTER-RADICALIZATION -- pt.
1 Theory and concepts -- 52.How terrorist campaigns end / Audrey Kurth Cronin -- 53.Rehabilitation of
Islamist terrorists: lessons from criminology / Samuel J. Mullins -- 54.Turning away from terrorism: lessons
from psychology, sociology, and criminology / John G. Horgan -- 55.Promoting exit from violent extremism:
themes and approaches / Anja Dalgaard-Nielsen -- 56.Disengagement and deradicalization / C hristopher
Boucek -- pt. 2 Interventions and exit -- 57.Processes of disengagement from violent groups of the extreme
right / Tore Bjørgo -- 58.Exit from terrorism: a qualitative empirical study on disengagement and
deradicalization among members of ETA / Fernando Reinares -- 59.Leaving underground organizations: a
sociological analysis of the Italian case / Donatella Della Porta -- 60.Mentoring in relation to violent
extremism: a study of role, purpose, and outcomes / Lynn Davies -- pt. 3 C ollective de-radicalization --
61.Lions tamed? An inquiry into the causes of de-radicalization of armed Islamist movements: the case of the
Egyptian Islamic Group / Omar Ashour -- 62.De-radicalization in Algeria: successes and failures / Omar
Ashour -- pt. 4 Individual de-radicalization -- 63.Extremist disengagement in Saudi Arabia: prevention,
rehabilitation and aftercare / C hristopher Boucek -- 64."Deradicalisation" and Indonesian prisons /
International Crisis Group -- 65.De-radicalising the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE): some preliminary
findings / Malkanthi Hettiarachchi -- 66.Deradicalisation, the Yemeni way / Marisa L. Porges -- pt. 5 C ounter-
radicalization policies -- 67.The "three rings" of terrorist rehabilitation and counter-ideological work in
Singapore: a decade on / Kumar Ramakrishna -- 68.Countering radicalization in America: lessons from
Europe / Lorenzo Vidino -- 69.The problem with `radicalization': the remit of `Prevent' and the need to
refocus on terrorism in the UK / Anthony Richards.

Olson, Dean T. Tactical Counterterrorism: The Law Enforcement Manual of Terrorism Prevention.
Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 2012.

Olsson, Peter Alan. The Making of a Homegrown Terrorist: Brainwashing Rebels in Search of a Cause.
Westport, CT: ABC-CLIO, 2014. 212p.

Pantziarka, Pan. Lone Wolf: True Stories of Spree Killers. London: Virgin, 2002.

Patten, Meredith L. and Amanda S. Twilliger. “The Solo Crusader: Theodore Kaczynski and Timothy
McVeigh.” In A New Understanding of Terrorism Case Studies, Trajectories and Lessons Learned,
edited by M.R. Haberfeld, and Agostino Von Hassell, 37-57. New York: Springer, 2009.

Phillips, Peter. “The Economic Analysis of Lone Wolf Terrorism.” In Understanding Terrorism: A Socio-
Economic Perspective, edited by Raul Caruso and Andrea Locatelli, 159-191. Bingley, UK:
Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2014.

Phillips, Peter J. In Pursuit of the Lone Wolf Terrorist: Investigation Economics and New Horizons for
the Economic Analysis of Terrorism. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2013. 207p.

Pinkerton, Jaye. Handbook of Lone-Wolf Terrorism and Fighters. Delhi: University Publications, 2012.

C ontents: Chapter 1 -- Introduction to Lone-Wolf Fighter; Chapter 2 -- Lone Wolves in Asia; Chapter 3 --
Lone Wolves in Europe; C hapter 4 -- Lone Wolves in the United States.

Pisoiu, Daniela (ed.). Arguing Counterterrorism: New Perspectives. New York: Routledge, 2014. 301p.

C ontents: Introduction / Daniela Pisoiu and David Scheuing -- Part I Roots and cultures -- 1. The rhetorical
origins of the US war on terror / Carol K. Winkler -- 2. Western responses to terrorism in the 1970s / Ondrej
Ditrych -- 3. The power of terrorism frames: responses to non-Islamist lone-wolf terrorism in
Europe / A. Maurits Va Der Veen -- Part II Phenomenology -- 4. Beween insurrection and "reformism":
public discourses of twenty-first century Greek armed groups / Anastassia Tsoukala -- 5. When terrorist talk
back / Daniela Pisoiua and Nico Prucha -- 6. Plenty of oxygen: terriorism, news media and the politics of the
Australian security state / David G. Holmes and Rebeka Sullivan -- 7. Jihadist terrorism in Europe: what role
for media? / Sybille Reinke De Buitrago -- 8. C ounterterrorism as contested terrain: performative
contradictions and "autoimmune disorder" / Ramaswami Harindranath -- PartIII Anatomy 9. The elusive
essence of evil: constructing Otherness in the coalition of the willing / Jack Holland -- g10. The discourse on
political Islam and the "War on Terror": roots, policy implications and potential for change / C orinna Mullin --
11 The multiple contexts of Russian counterterrorism frames: the framing process and discursive field /

23
 Aurélie Campana -- 12. The hunter and the hunted: metaphors of pursuit, prey and the intractability of
difference in post 9/11 American counterterrorism discourse / Deborah Wills and Erin Steruter.

Posluszna, Elzbieta. Environmental and Animal Rights Extremism, Terrorism, and National Security.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd., 2015.

Richman, Aaron and Yair Sharan (eds.) Lone Actors – An Emerging Security Threat. Amsterdam: IOS
Press, 2015. 270p.

Contents: The Threat of Lone Actors' Terrorism / Jeffrey D. Simon -- Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding
the Growing Threat / Grace N. Parker -- The Terror Next Door: A Security Analysis of the Escalating Threat of
Lone Wolf Terrorists / Arije Antinori -- Gen-T. Terrorist Infosphere and i-Volution of Lone Wolf Terrorism /
Jacob Negranu, Asher Vaturi, Yair Sharan -- Biological and Chemical Agents in the Hands of Lone Actors – A
Different View / Gary C. Kessler -- Lone Operator C yberterrorism from the Perspective of a Hacker / Joseph
M. C rane, Sr. -- Case Studies / Major Nisan Malik Hasan, Terrorist or Criminal? / C aroline Joan S. Picart -- The
Radicalization of American Lone Wolves in Real/Reel Worlds: Strategically Mapping the Role of the Internet,
and Beyond, in the C ases of Colleen LaRose (Jihad Jane) and the Tsarnaev Brothers (the Boston Marathon
Bombers) / C ountering and Responding to the Threat / Jari Kaivo-Oja -- Comparative Analysis of
C ounterinsurgency Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan: New Foresight Approaches to C ounterinsurgency
Operations with Special Focus on Lone Wolf Terrorism / Richard J. C hasdi -- Center for Radicalization
Prevention: A Model of Government Response to “Lone-Wolf” Terrorist Assaults / C . Crawford Mechem --
Medical Response to Lone Actor Incidents / Ramón Spaaij -- Lone Actors: Challenges and Opportunities for
C ountering Violent Extremism / Tsvi Bisk -- The War on Islamism / Legal and Ethical Aspects/ Elizabeth
Florescu -- Lone Actors – Ethical and Legal Considerations / Michael Vesely -- Legal Responses to Lone Wolf
Terrorism / Foresight and Policy Aspects / Nikolay Pavlov -- European Union's Counter-Terrorism Policy and
the Problem of Lone Actors / Sheila Ronis, Richard C hasdi -- A Lone Wolf Visionario in the American Midwest /
Ety Richman -- The Need for Integrated Municipal Planning for Rail Security the Jerusalem Light Rail Project /
Theodore Gordon, Yair Sharan, Elizabeth Florescu -- Possible Evolution of Lone Wolf and SIMAD Terrorism /
Asher Vaturi, Yair Sharan -- Lone Wolves and Black Sheep in the Modern Urban Jungle – Loneliness as a
Source for Terror Threats in Modern C ities

Seligman, Katherine. “Lone Wolf Terrorists are More Dangerous than Organized White Supremacist
Groups.” In White Supremacy Groups, edited by Claire Kreger, 45-47. Farmington Hills, MI:
Greenhaven Press, 2003.

Sheehan, Michael A. Crush the Cell: How to Defeat Terrorism without Terrorizing Ourselves. New York:
Crown Publishers, 2008.

Shetfall, Mordecai G. Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze. New York: NAL Caliber,
2005.

Simi, Pete, Andrew J. Bringuel, Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich, Gary Lafree, and Lynn Maskel.
"What is Lone Wolf Terrorism?: A Research Note." In Terrorism Research and Analysis Project:
(TRAP): A Collection of Research Ideas, Thoughts, and Perspectives, edited by Andrew J.
Bringuel, chap. 311. Washington, DC: Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2011.

Simon, Jeffrey D. The Alphabet Bomber: A Lone Wolf Terrorist Ahead of His Time. Lincoln, NE:
Potomac Books, 2019.

———. "Technology and Lone Operator Terrorism: Prospects for a Fifth Wave of Global Terrorism." In
Terrorism, Identity and Legacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence, edited by Jean E.
Rosenfeld, 44-65. New York: Routledge, 2011.

———. Lone Wolf Terrorism: Understanding the Growing Threat. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books,
2013. 320p.

C ontents: The growing threat of lone wolf terrorism -- Who are the lone wolves? -- Why lone wolves are so
dangerous -- Where are the women? -- Lone wolf assassins -- Strategies for dealing with lone wolf terrorism -

24
 - Uncovering the lessons learned -- A look toward the future -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Defining lone wolf
terrorism.

Simpson, Patricia Anne and Helga Druxes. Digital Media Strategies of the Far-right in Europe and the
United States. New York: Lexington Books, 2015. 291p.

C ontents: Introduction : digital media strategies of the far right in Europe and the United States / Patricia
Anne Simpson and Helga Druxes -- Swastikas in cyberspace : how hate went online / C hip Berlet and Carol
Mason -- The lone wolf comes from somewhere, too / Øyvind Strømmen and Kjetil Stormark --
Mobilizing on the fringe : domestic extremists and antisocial networking / Kyle Christensen, Arian Spahiu,
Bret Wilson, and Robert D. Duval -- Hijacking academic autonomy : neo-aryanism and internet expertise /
Alexandar Mihailovic -- Identity, tradition, sovereignty : the transnational linkages of radical nationalist
political parties in the European Union / Glen M.E. Duerr -- Manipulating the media : the German new right's
virtual and violent identities / Helga Druxes -- The imitated public sphere : the case of Hungary's far right /
Domonkos Sik -- Right-wing campaign strategies in Sweden / Lara Mazurski -- The identitarian movement :
what kind of identity? : is it really a movement? / Fabian Virchow -- Singing for race and nation : fascism and
racism in Greek youth music / Alexandra Koronaiou, Evangelos Lagos, and Alexandros Sakellariou -- "The
order of the vanquished dragon" : the performance of archaistic homophobia by the union of orthodox banner
bearers in Putin's Russia / Alexandar Mihailovic -- Pure hate : the political aesthetic of Prussian blue / Patricia
Anne Simpson -- The new "great white hope?" : white nationalist discourses of race, color, and country in the
career of Mexican boxer Saúl "Canelo" Álvarez / Justin D. García -- The roots of East German xenophobia /
Freya Klier.

Smith, Brent L., Jeff Gruenewald, Paxton Roberts, and Kelly R. Damphousse. "The Emergence of Lone
Wolf Terrorism: Patterns of Behavior and Implications for Intervention" In Terrorism and
Counterterrorism Today, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 89-110. UK: Emerald Group Publishing
Limited, 2015.

Spaaij, Ramón. Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism: Global Patterns, Motivations and Preventions.
Dordrecht; New York: Springer, 2012. 119p.

1. Introduction -- 2. A note on method. Chronology of lone wolf terrorism in 15 countries, 1968-2010;

Qualitative case studies -- 3. Definition of lone wolf terrorism. The social construction of terrorism; What is
lone wolf terrorism? -- 4. Incidence and evolution. Lone wolf terrorism in its historical context; Incidence and
lethality; lone wolf terrorism across space and time -- 5. Motivations and ideologies -- 6. Influences and
radicalization. Theorizing radicalization; Personal circumstances and social backgrounds; Sociocultural and
political influences; lone wolf terrorism and inversion -- 7. Modus operandi. Planning for terror; Targets;
Weapons -- 8. Responses. Legalistic responses; Repressive responses; Conciliatory responses -- 9.
C onclusions and outlook -- Appendix: Chronology of lone wolf terrorism in 15 countries, 1968-2010 -- A note
on sources.

Steiner, Kristian and Andreas Önnerfors. Expressions of Radicalization: Global Politics, Processes and
Practices. Cham: Palgrave Macmillian, 2018. 374p.

Introduction / Andreas Önnerfors, Kristian Steiner -- Terrorist ‘Radicalising Networks’: A Qualitative

Case Study on Radical Right Lone-Wolf Terrorism / Matthew Feldman -- Who Is Shaping Your Agenda?
Social Network Analysis of Anti-Islam and Anti-immigration Movement Audiences on C zech Facebook / Josef
Šlerka, Vít Šisler -- Moving the Mainstream: Radicalization of Political Language in the German PEGIDA
Movement / Andreas Önnerfors -- Political Radicalization in Israel: From a Populist Habitus to Radical Right
Populism in Government / Dani Filc -- Loving Violent Arabs: A Study of Radicalism Within the Israeli Messianic
Movement / Kristian Steiner, Anders P Lundberg -- Dealing with the Intimate Enemy: Civil Society and Ethno-
Religious Conflict in Contemporary India / Sarbeswar Sahoo -- Contexts of Radicalization: An Inductive Meta-
Analysis of 41 Case Studies of Contentious Elections / Megan Reif Dyfvermark -- The Perfect Storm: A Study
of Boko Haram, Religious Extremism, and Inequality in Nigeria / C aroline Varin -- Patterns of Disengagement
from Violent Extremism: A Stocktaking of Current Knowledge and Implications for C ounterterrorism / Anja
Dalgaard-Nielsen -- Hizb al-Tahrir: Its Ideology and Theory for Collective Radicalization / Mohammad Iqbal
Ahnaf -- C ounter-Radicalization as Counter-Terrorism: The European Union Case / Bruno Oliveira Martins,
Monika Ziegler -- Conclusions Kristian Steiner, Andreas Önnerfors

25
Stepanova, Ekaterina. “Lone Wolves and Network Agents in Leaderless Jihad (The Case of the Boston
Marathon Bombing Cell). In Perseverance of Terrorism: Focus on Leaders edited by Marko
Milosevic and Kacper Rekawek, 50-63. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2014.

Stern, Jessica. Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: Ecco, 2003. 368p.

C ontents: Pt 1. Grievances that give rise to holy war. Alienation; Humiliation; Demographics; History;
Territory -- pt. 2. Holy war organizations. Inspirational leaders and their followers; Lone-wolf avengers;
C ommanders and their cadres; The ultimate organization: networks, franchises, and freelancers; Conclusion,
policy recommendations.

Turrettini, Unni. The Mystery of the Lone Wolf Killer: Anders Behring Breivik and the Threat of Terror
in Plain Sight. New York: Pegasus Books, 2015. 336p.

Vittori, Jodi. Terrorist Financing and Resourcing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

C ontents: Terrorism cannot live on idealism alone -- Terrorist groups’ resourcing menu -- The evolution of
terrorism financing -- The multi-nationals of terrorism -- State sponsored groups -- Medium autonomy
groups: franchises and bundled support -- Lone wolf groups -- All the rest: shell states, state sponsoring
groups, and transnational corporation groups.

Vollers, Maryanne. Lone Wolf: Eric Rudolph: Murder, Myth, and the Pursuit of an American Outlaw.
New York: HarperCollins, 2006.

Walker, Clive (ed.). Contingencies, Resilience and Legal Constitutionalism. London: Routledge, 2015.
152p.

C ontents: Legal perspectives on contingencies and resilience in an environment of constitutionalism : an

overview / C live Walker -- Lone wolf terrorism in Norway / Catherine Appleton -- Managing 'civil
contingencies' in Australia / Michael Eburn -- The power to react : review and discussion of Canada's
emergency measures legislation / John Lindsay -- 'Keep calm and carry on' : informing the public under the
C ivil C ontingencies Act 2004 / Rebecca Moosavian -- Emergency powers and the withering of the Royal
Prerogative / Andrew Blick -- The governance of emergency arrangements / C live Walker -- Terrorism and
counterterrorism in the US : the question of responsible policy-making / John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart --
Homeland security : definitions and accountability / Amos N. Guiora.

Wexler, Stuart. America’s Secret Jihad: The Hidden History of Religious Terrorism in the United States.
Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2015. 417p.

C ontents: Twisted theology: the synagogue bombings of 1957-1958 -- Genesis: the C hristian identity
movement -- The days of Noah: the 1962 Ole Miss integration riots and the 1963 murder of Medgar Evers --
The desecrated sanctuary: the 1963 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing -- The blood of martyrs: the
1964 (Neshoba County) Mississippi burning murders -- The grapes of wrath: Black militant reaction and the
urban riots of 1964-1965 -- The alpha: the failed attempts to assassinate Martin Luther King, Jr. 1958-1967 -
- The omega: the final plot to assassinate Martin Luther King, Jr. 1967-1968 -- Tribulation: outrage and the
investigation into who really killed King -- The end of an age: the fragmentation of the radical right in the
1970s -- The tenth plague: the Atlanta child murders, 1979-1981 -- Jeremiah's warriors: the Order, the CSA,
and the 1984 murder of shock jock Alan Berg -- Tim McVeigh's Bible: the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing --
Zealous for honor: lone-wolf terrorism through the new millenium -- Revelations: apocalyptic religious
terrorism post-9/11.

Williams, Clive. "Case Study - the Puzzling Case (from a Western Perspective) of Lone Terrorist
Faheen Khalid Lodhi." In The Faces of Terrorism: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by David
Canter, 63-74. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

26
Wither, James K. and Sam Mullins (eds.) Combating Transnational Terrorism. Sofia: Procon, 2016.
282p.

C ontents: Defining Terrorism / Alex P. Schmid -- Strategy and Tactics of Terrorism / Dina Al Raffie -- Terrorist
Innovation / James Howcroft -- Terrorism and Crime / Sam Mullins, James K. Wither, and Steven R. Monaco -
- Terrorism, Media, and the Rise of the Internet / Eric Young -- Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction /
Robert B. Brannon -- Jihadist Foreign Fighters and 'Lone Wolf' Terrorism / Sam Mullins -- Role of the
Security Forces in C ombating Terrorism / James K. Wither -- Intelligence-led Policing in Counter-Terrorism: A
Perspective from the United Kingdom / Peter Clarke -- Legal Issues in C ombating Terrorism / Dean L.
Dwigans -- Talking to Terrorists / James K. Wither -- Countering Violent Extremism / Sam Mullins -- Counter-
Terrorist Financing / John Sawicki -- Interagency Cooperation in Counter-Terrorism / Iztok Prezelj and Joe
Airey -- C omprehensive Strategy for Combating Terrorism / Joseph B. King

27
REPORTS & DOCUMENTS

Alfaro-Gonzales, Lydia, et al. Report: Lone Wolf Terrorism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University
(2015).
http://georgetownsecuritystudiesreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/NCITF-Final-Paper.pdf

Anti-Defamation League. Criminal Proceedings: A Timeline of U.S. Terror Cases. New York: Anti-
Defamation League, 2011.
https://web.archive.org/web/2012*/http://www.adl.org/terrorism/Criminal_Proceedings.pdf

Antinori, Arije. The “Jihad Wolf” Threat: The Evolution of Terror Narratives between the (Cyber-)
Social Ecosystem and Self-Radicalization “Ego-System.” 1 st European Counter Terrorism Centre
(ECTC) Conference on Online Terrorist Propaganda, 10-11 April 2017. The Hague: Europol
Headquarters, 2017.
https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/antinoria_thejihadiwolfthreat.pdf

Asal,Victor, Kathleen Deloughery, Ryan D. King. Understanding Lone-Actor Terrorism: A Comparative

Analysis of Violent Hate Crimes and Group-Based Terrorism. College Park, MD: National
Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OPSR_TP_TEVUS_Comparing-Lone-Actor-
Terrorism_Hate-Crimes_Group-Terrorism_2013-508.pdf

Bakker, Edwin and Beatrice De Graaf. Lone Wolves: How to Prevent this Phenomenon? Hague:
International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 2010.
https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/16557.

Bakker, Edwin and Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn. Lone Actor Terrorism: Definitional Workshop.
Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 2. London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.
https://rusi.org/publication/occasional-papers/lone-actor-terrorism-definitional-workshop.

———. Lone Actor Terrorism: Toolkit Paper 1: Practical Guidance for Mental Health Practitioners and
Social Workers. Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 9. London: Royal United Services
Institute, 2016.
https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201512_clat_definitional_workshop.pdf

———. Lone-Actor Terrorism: Policy Paper 1: Personal Characteristics of Lone-Actor Terrorists.

Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 5. Hague: International Centre for Counter Terrorism
– The Hague, 2016.
http://icct.nl/publication/personal-characteristics-of-lone-actor-terrorists/

Beltgens, Maurits and Serguei Batsanov. "Lone Wolf CBRNE Capabilities: Lessons from Norway."
CBRNE Resource Network (August, 2011).
http://news.cbrnresourcenetwork.com/newsDetail.cfm?id=63 OR http://www.cbrne-terrorism-
newsletter.com/resources/2011%20-%20Lone%20Wolves'%20CBRNe%20Capabilities.pdf.

Bjelopera, Jerome P. American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat. CRS Report No.
R41416. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011.
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=692921.

———. Domestic Terrorist Threat: Background and Issues for Congress. CRS Report No. R42536.
Washington, DC: Congressional Research Office, 2013. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=730658.

28
Borum, Randy. "Moving Away from a Lone-Wolf Mindset." Extermis Project (November, 2012).
http://extremisproject.org/2012/11/moving-away-from-a-lone-wolf-mindset/

Brynielsson, Joel, Andreas Horndahl, Fredrik Johansson, Lisa Kaati, Christian Martenson, and Pontus
Svenson. "Analysis of Weak Signals for Detecting Lone Wolf Terrorists." IEEE - European
Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC), 22-24 August 2012, 2012.

Buggy, Commander Kate. Under the Radar: How Might Australia Enhance Its Policies to Prevent ‘Lone
Wolf’ and ‘Fixated Person’ Violent Attacks? Canberra, ACT: Defence College, Centre for Defence
and Strategic Studies (CDSS), 2016.
http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Buggy_IPSP_Final.pdf

Carafano, James Jay. After Oslo: Lessons for the United States. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation,
2011. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/07/after-oslo-attacks-lessons-for-the-
united-states.

Cohen, Katie. Who Will Be a Lone Wolf Terrorist? Mechanisms of Self-Radicalisation and the Possibility
of Detecting Lone Offender Threats on the Internet. FOI-R--3531—SE. Stockholm: Swedish
Defence Research Agency, 2012. http://www.foi.se/ReportFiles/foir_3531.pdf

Da Silva, João Raphael. ‘Jihadist Terrorism’ and EU Responses: Current and Future Challenges. Wien,
Austria: Austria Institut für Europa-und Sicherheitspolitik, 2017.
https://www.aies.at/download/2017/AIES-Fokus--2017-06.pdf.

Danish Security and Intelligence Service. The Threat from Solo Terrorism and Lone Wolf Terrorism.
Soborg, Denmark: Center for Terroranalyse, Danish Security and Intelligence Service, 2011.
https://www.pet.dk/~/media/Engelsk/the_threat_from_solo_terrorism_and_lone_wolf_terrorism
_-_engelsk_version_pdf.ashx

Department of Defense. Independent Review Panel Related to Fort Hood. Protecting the Force:
Lessons from Fort Hood. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, 2010.
http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/DOD-ProtectingTheForce-Web_Security_HR_13Jan10.pdf.

Downing, Michael P. and Matt A. Mayer. Preventing the Next “Lone Wolf” Terrorist Attack Requires
Stronger Federal-State-Local Capabilities. Backgrounder no. 2818. Washington, DC: Heritage
Foundation, 2013. http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2013/pdf/bg2818.pdf

Ellis, Clare and Raffaello Pantucci. Lone-Actor Terrorism Policy Paper 4: ‘Leakage’ and Interaction with
Authorities. Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 8. London: Royal United Services
Institute, 2016.
http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CLAT-Series-8-Policy-Paper-4-RUSI.pdf

Ellis, Clare and Raffaello Pantucci. Lone-Actor Terrorism Toolkit Paper 2: Practical Guidance for
Security Practitioners. Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 10. London: Royal United
Services Institute, 2016.
http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/201604_CLAT_Toolkit-Paper-2.pdf

Ellis, Clare, et al. Lone-Actor Terrorism: Analysis Paper. Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 4.
London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.
https://rusi.org/publication/occasional-papers/lone-actor-terrorism-analysis-paper

Ellis, Clare, et al. Lone-Actor Terrorism: Final Report. Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 11.
London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.
http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/201604_CLAT_Final-Report.pdf

29
Feve, Sebastien and Kelsey Bjornsgaard. Lone-Actor Terrorism: Database Workshop. Countering Lone-
Actor Terrorism Series No. 3. London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.
https://rusi.org/publication/occasional-papers/lone-actor-terrorism-database-workshop.

Gable, Gerry and Paul Johnson. Lone Wolves: Myth or Reality? Ilford, UK: Searchlight, 2012?.
http://www.lonewolfproject.org.uk/resources/LW-complete-final.pdf.

Gill, Paul, John Horgan and Paige Deckert. Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-
Actor Terrorists: A Routine Activity Analysis of Five Lone-Actor Terrorist Events. University Park,
PA: International Center for the Study of Terrorism, 2012.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OPSR_TP_ARC-Lone-Actor-Routine-Activity-
Analysis-Report_Aug2012-508.pdf

Hamm, Mark S. and Ramón Spaaij. Lone Wolf Terrorism in America: Using Knowledge of Radicalization
Pathways to Forge Prevention Strategies. Terre Haute, IN: Indiana State University, 2015.
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248691.pdf

Hendel, Yoaz. The Lone Terrorist. Ramat Gan, Israel: Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2009.
http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/docs/perspectives86.pdf.

"HSDL Featured Topic: Lone Wolf Terrorism." https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=721556.

Inserra, David. Terror Plot 62: Lone-Wolf Terrorist Attacks in the U.S. and Canada Call for Renewed
Vigilance. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, 2014.
http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/10/terror-plot-62-lone-wolf-terrorist-attacks-in-
the-us-and-canada-call-for-renewed-vigilance

Instituut voor Veiligheids- en Crisismanagement. Lone Wolf Terrorism. Rotterdam, Netherlands:

Instituut voor Veiligheids- en Crisismanagement, 2007.
https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.transnationalterrorism.eu/tekst/publications/Lone-
Wolf%20Terrorism.pdf

Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. The Lone Terrorist Attacks Still Continue in Jerusalem
and in Other Areas. They are Caused by a Combination of Factors, Including Incitement,
Supportive Public Atmosphere, Economic Frustrating Political Circumstances; Difficulties,
However, they are Probably Not Orchestrated by the Terrorist Organizations. Ramat Hasharon,
Israel: The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, 2009.
http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/data/pdf/PDF_09_142_2.pdf

Inter-University Center for Terrorism Studies. The Lone Wolf Terrorist: Past Lessons, Future Outlook,
and Response Strategies. Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, 2018.
http://www.potomacinstitute.org/academic-centers/international-center-for-terrorism-studies-
icts/icts-reports/2316-the-lone-wolf-terrorist-past-lessons-future-outlook-and-response-
strategies-report

International Association of Chiefs of Police. Lone Terrorists. Alexandria, VA: IACP, 2012.
http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/IACP-COT_LoneTerrorists__FINALAug12.pdf.

Kaati, Lisa and Pontus Svenson. "Analysis of Competing Hypothesis for Investigating Lone Wolf
Terrorist." 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, IEEE, 12-14
September, 2011.

Keatinge, Tom, and Florence Keen. Lone-Actor and Small Cell Terrorist Attacks: A New Front in
Counter-Terrorist Finance? London: Royal United Services Institute, 2017.

30
 https://rusi.org/publication/occasional-papers/lone-actor-and-small-cell-terrorist-attacks-new-
front-counter.

Lenz, Ryan and Mark Potok. Age of the Wolf: A Study of the Rise of Lone Wolf and Leaderless
Resistance Terrorism. Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center, 2015.
http://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/downloads/publication/lone_wolf_special_report.pdf

Lieberman, Joseph I. and Susan M. Collins. A Ticking Time Bomb: Counterterrorism Lessons from the
U.S. Government’s Failure to Prevent the Fort Hood Attack. Washington, DC: Senate Committee
on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 2011.
http://www.hsgac.senate.gov//imo/media/doc/Fort_Hood/FortHoodReport.pdf

Liem, Marieke, Jelle van Buuren, and Hanneke Schönberger. Cut from the Same Cloth? Lone Actor
Terrorists versus Common Homicide Offenders. The Hague: International Centre for Counter
Terrorism, 2018. https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ICCT-Liem-et-al-Cut-from-the-
Same-Cloth-April2018.pdf

MacLean, Jesse. Can “Dangerous Speech” be used to Explain “Lone Wolf” Terrorism? Vancouver, BC
Canada: Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society, 2014.
http://library.tsas.ca/media/TSASWP14-11_MacLean.pdf

Marret, Jean-Luc and Emmanuel Clavaud. Oslo Terrorist Attacks: Analysis, Consequences and Lessons
Learned. Paris: Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique (FRS), 2011. http://transatlantic.sais-
jhu.edu/transatlantic-topics/Articles/homeland-security/TSP4_Oslo_08.2011.pdf.

McCauley, Clark and Sophia Moskalenko. “Two Possible Profiles of Lone-Actor Terrorists.” p. 84-91 IN
Looking Back, Looking Forward: Perspectives on Terrorism and Responses to It. Strategic Multi-
layer Assessment Occasional White Paper, edited by Hriar Cabayam, Valerie Sitterle and Matt
Yandura. Washington, DC: Strategic Multi-Layer Assessment Office, 2013.
http://www.ctcitraining.org/docs/LookingBack_LookingForward_2013_09.pdf#page=88

McCauley, Clark, Sophia Moskalenko and Benjamin Van Son. Characteristics of Violent Lone-
Offenders: A Comparison of Assassins and School Attackers. College Park, MD: National
Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Reponses to Terrorism, May 2014.
https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_LoneActorViolentOffenderComparisonAssassinSchoolAtt
acker_May2014.pdf

Neset, Siri Merethe, Daniel Heradstveit and G. Matthew Bonham. The Lone Wolf behind the Norwegian
Tragedy: The Ideological Foundations of Anders Behring Breivik. Paper presented at the
International Society of Political Psychology, Annual Convention, July 2012.
http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/gmbonham/The_Lone_Wolf.pdf

Palombi, Simon and Benoît Gomis. Lone Wolf Terrorism Policy Paper 2: Attack Methodology and
Logistics. Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 6. London: Chatham House, 2016.
http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/201602_CLAT_Policy-Paper-2_v2.pdf

Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists.
London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), 2011.
https://icsr.info/wp-
content/uploads/2011/04/1302002992ICSRPaper_ATypologyofLoneWolves_Pantucci.pdf

Pantucci, Raffaello, Clare Ellis, and Lorien Chaplais. Lone-Actor Terrorism: Literature Review.
Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 1. London: Royal United Services Institute, 2016.
https://rusi.org/publication/occasional-papers/lone-actor-terrorism-literature-review

31
Parent, Richard B. and James O. Ellis, III. Right-Wing Extremism in Canada. Vancouver, BC Canada:
Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society, 2014.
http://library.tsas.ca/media/TSASWP14-03_Parent-Ellis10.pdf

Perliger, Arie. Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America’s Violent Far-Right. West Point,
NY: Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 2012.
https://www.ctc.usma.edu/v2/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ChallengersFromtheSidelines.pdf

Phillips, Brian J. Who’s Afraid of a Lone Wolf?: Terrorist Actors, State Capacity, and Attack Lethality.
Prepared for presentation at the “Disaggregation in Terrorism Studies” workshop at the Peace
Science Society (International) annual meeting in Philadelphia, Oct. 9, 2014.
http://www.michael-findley.com/uploads/2/0/4/5/20455799/phillips_lone_wolf_pss.pdf

Phillips, Peter J. Female Lone Wolf Terrorism – The Economic Analysis of Uniquely Gendered Lived
Experiences. Toowoomba, Queensland: University of Queensland, 2013.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2347881

———. Geographic Profiling of Lone Wolf Terrorists: The Application of Economics, Game Theory and
Prospect Theory. Presented at the Workshop on Strategic Aspects of Terrorism, Security, and
Espionage, SUNY, Stony Brook, 2014.
http://eprints.usq.edu.au/25573/7/Phillips_SATSE_2014_AV.pdf

———. The Lone Wolf Terrorist: Sudden Sprees of Violence. Darling Heights, Queensland: University of
Southern Queensland, 2011. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1976102.

———. Lone Wolf Terrorism: Prudence in the Lone Wolf’s Planning and the Time Delay between Acts of
Lone Wolf Terrorism. Toowoomba, Queensland: University of Queensland, 2011.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2149894.

———. Prospect Theory, Lone Wolf Terrorism and the Investigative Process. Toowoomba, Queensland:
University of Queensland, 2012. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2102481

———. The Theory of the Rise of the Lone Wolf Terrorist: Diseconomies to Scale and Terrorism at the
Smallest Scale of Production. Toowoomba, Queensland: University of Queensland, 2013.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262106

Pope, Katharine. Nidal Hasan: A Case Study in Lone-Actor Terrorism. Washington, DC: George
Washington Program on Extremism, 2018.
https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/Nidal%20Hasan.pdf

Ramakrishna, Kumar. Countering the Self-Radicalised Lone Wolf: A New Paradigm? RSIS
Commentaries, 019-14. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Singapore: Nanyang
Technological University, 2014.
http://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10220/19963

Rhodes, Keith. Diffuse Security Threats: Information on U.S. Domestic Anthrax Attacks. GAO-03-
323T. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2002.
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=440311.

Rubin, David. Combating the Lone-Wolf Attack. London: David Rubens Associates, 2012.
http://www.davidrubens-associates.com/PDFS/DRA_Combating_the_Lone-
Wolf_Attack_April2012.pdf.

32
Smith, Melanie, Sabine Barton and Jonathan Birdwell. Lone Wolf Terrorism Policy Paper 3: Motivations,
Political Engagement and Online Activity. Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series No. 7. London:
Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2016.
http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CLAT-Series-7-Policy-Paper-3-ISD.pdf

Smith, Brent L., Paxton Roberts, Jeff Gruenewald and Brent Klein. Patterns of Lone Actor Terrorism in
the United States. Baltimore, MD: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses
to Terrorism (START), 2014.
http://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_ATS_PatternsofLoneActorTerrorismUS_ResearchBrief.pdf

Teich, Sarah. Trends and Developments in Lone Wolf Terrorism in the Western World: An Analysis of
Terrorist Attacks and Attempted Attacks by Islamic Extremists. Herzliya, Israel: International
Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT), 2013.
http://www.ctcitraining.org/docs/LoneWolf_SarahTeich2013.pdf

Tennessee Homeland Security. Lone Offender Threat 2011. http://www.infragard-etn.org/wp-

content/uploads/2011/03/Lone_Wolf_Offender_Threat.pdf

United States. Department of Justice. Amerithrax Investigative Summary: Released Pursuant to the
Freedom of Information Act. Washington, DC: Dept. of Justice, 2010.
http://www.justice.gov/amerithrax/docs/amx-investigative-summary.pdf.

Upadhyay, Akshat. Anatomy of Lone Wolf Terrorism: Special Emphasis on Countering Violent
Extremism. New Delhi, India: Centre for Land Warfare Studies, 2017.
https://claws.in/images/publication_pdf/592593824_MP-69-Akshat-Text-30.08(1).pdf

Webster, William H. Final Report of the William H. Webster Commission on the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, Counterterrorism Intelligence, and the Events at Fort Hood, Texas, on November 5,
2009. Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2009.
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=717443.

Wiskind, Claire. Lone Wolf Terrorism and Open Source Jihad: An Explanation and Assessment.
Herzliya, Israel: International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ITC), 2016.
https://www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/ict-lone-wolf-osint-jihad-wiskind.pdf

33
HEARINGS

United States. Congress. House Committee on Homeland Security. Homegrown Terrorism: The Threat
to Military Communities Inside the United States (Majority Investigative Report). Washington,
DC: Congress, House Committee on Homeland Security, 2011.
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=693956.

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Findings of the Department of
Defense Independent Review Related to Fort Hood Hearing before the Full Committee of the
Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress,
Second Session, Hearing Held January 20, 2010. Washington, DC: GPO, 2010.
http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS126855.

———. Findings of the Department of Defense Independent Review Relating to Fort Hood: Hearing
before the Full Committee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One
Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, January 20, 2010. Washington, DC: GPO, 2010.
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=18224.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. The Findings and Recommendations
of the Department of Defense Independent Review Relating to Fort Hood Hearing before the
Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second
Session, January 21, 2010. Washington, DC: GPO, 2011. http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo7655.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. A
Ticking Time Bomb: Counterterrorism Lessons from the U.S. Government’s Failure to Prevent the
Fort Hood Attack. Washington, DC: GPO, 2011. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=717306.

United States. Congress. Senate. Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. Violent
Islamist Extremism, the Internet, and the Homegrown Terrorist Threat. Washington, DC: GPO,
2012. https://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/July/IslamistReport.pdf.

34
THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

Bandel, Peter D. “A Wolf in Military Clothing: A Case Study Examination of Lone Wolf Terrorism and
the Roles and Responsibilities of Government Agencies.” Master’s thesis, University of Central
Florida, 2012.
http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/et d/CFE0004507

Cedros, Christopher R. “Lone-wolf Terrorist Radicalization and the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Ensuring
Mutual Cooperation Between At-Risk Muslim Americans and Local Communities.” Master’s thesis,
Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=788379

Coultas, Bryan T. “Crowdsourcing Intelligence to Combat Terrorism: Harnessing Bottom-up Collection

to Prevent Lone-Wolf Terror Attacks.” Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2015.
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=765304

Dickenson, Lewis. “Lone Wolf Terrorism. A Case Study: The Radicalization Process of a Continually
Investigated & Islamic State Inspired Lone Wolf Terrorist.” Master’s thesis, Malmö University,
2015.
http://hdl.handle.net/2043/19258

Eby, Charles A. "The Nation that Cried Lone Wolf: A Data-Driven Analysis of Individual Terrorists in
the United States since 9/11." Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2012.
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=710310.

Galea, Samantha. "Islamic Terrorism in the Age of Social Media: Lone-Offender Terrorism." Master’s
thesis, University of Malta, 2017.
https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/25954

Gall, Julie M. “Domestic Lone Wolf Terrorists: An Examination of Patterns in Domestic Lone Wolf
Targets, Weapons and Ideologies.” PhD diss., George Mason University, 2014.
http://hdl.handle.net/1920/9164

Giron, Alisha A. “The Year of the Lone Wolf: How Self-Radicalized Domestic Terrorist of 2015
Influenced America’s Preparedness.” Master’s thesis, New Mexico State University, 2016.

Hallgarth, Jacob G. "A Framework for Violence: Clarifying the Role of Motivation in Lone-Actor
Terrorism." Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2017.
http://hdl.handle.net/10945/52984

Holder, James M. “The Lone Wolf Threat: A Different Approach.” Master’s thesis, National Defense
University, 2016. http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=AD1010555

Joosse, James Paul. “Leaderless Resistance, Radical Environmentalism, and Asymmetrical Warfare.”
PhD diss., University of Alberta, 2014.
http://hdl.handle.net/10402/era.39487

Kuster, Robert E., II. "The Tipping Point of Terror: Motivations of the American Lone Wolf." Master’s
thesis, Georgetown University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10822/760897

Lee, Walter A. “Finding the Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing: Ways to Distinguish and Deter Lone-Wolf
Terrorists.” Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2015.
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=765305

35
Ludwick, Keith W. “The Legend of the Lone Wolf: Categorizing Singular and Small Group Terrorism.”
PhD diss., George Mason University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/10616

Mourad, Mourad. “Tailoring Violent Extremism Prevention: A Targeted Intervention Model.” Master’s
thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2018. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=821377

Murphy, Billy J. "Timelines and Indicators in Lone Wolf Terrorism Attack Mobilization." Master’s thesis,
University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, 2018.
https://dspace.library.colostate.edu/handle/10976/166936

Novozhilova, Olesya. “Looking at Differences in the Amount of Violence Caused by Lone Wolves Versus
Terrorist Organizations.” Master’s thesis, California State University, Sacramento, 2016.
http://hdl.handle.net/10211.3/171139

Pennington, Jeremy Lee. "Analytical Method for the Identification of Lone Wolf Terrorist." Master’s
thesis, American Public University System, 2011.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2041939.

Shif, Jolene. “Ridicule and the Radical Islamist Narrative: Countering Internet Radicalization and
Recruitment of Islamist Lone Wolf Terrorists.” Master’s thesis, American Public University System,
2012.
http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/679/671445/shif-2012.pdf

Springer, Nathan R. "Patterns of Radicalization: Identifying the Markers and Warning Signs of
Domestic Lone Wolf Terrorists in Our Midst." Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2009.
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=29620.

Stephenson, John D. "Countering Terrorism: Engagement, Development, Deterrence." Master’s thesis,

Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=10979.

Stottlemyre, Sonia M. “The Effect of Country-Level Income on Domestic Terrorism: A Worldwide

Analysis of the Difference between Lone-Wolf and Group Affiliated Domestic Terrorism.” Master’s
thesis, Georgetown University, 2014.
http://hdl.handle.net/10822/709882

van der Heide, Liesbeth. "Individual Terrorism: Indicators of Lone Operators." Master’s thesis,
University of Utrecht, 2011.
http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2011-0902-202354/UUindex.html.

Whiteford, Jacob. “Lone Wolf Terrorism: An Emerging Challenge to National Security.” Master’s thesis,
University of Notre Dame, Australia, 2012.

Wright, Lynn M. “The Emerging Threat of Domestic Terrorism: A Systematic Review of Evolving Needs,
Threats, and Opportunities. Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2014,
http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44693

36
DATABASES & ASSESSMENT TOOLS

Global Institute of Forensic Research. Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol-18 (TRAP-18).

North Tonawanda, NY. https://www.gifrinc.com/trap-18-manual/

Hamm, Mark, and Ramón Spaaij. Lone Wolf Terrorism in America: Using Knowledge of Radicalization
Pathways to Forge Prevention Strategies, 1940-2013. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium
for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2017. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36107.v1

National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. The Terrorism and
Extremist Violence in the United States (TEVUS) Database. College Park, MD: START, 2009-2017.
https://www.start.umd.edu/research-projects/terrorism-and-extremist-violence-united-states-
tevus-database
TEVUS Portal - https://www.start.umd.edu/tevus-portal

C ontents: this source integrates four open-source data sets: The American Terrorism Study (ATS); The Global
Terrorism Database (GTD); The U.S. Extremist C rime Database (ECDB); and the Profiles of Perpetrators of
Terrorism in the United States (PPT-US).

FILMS & VIDEOS

Hamm, Mark. Lone Wolf Terrorism in America: Using Knowledge of Radicalization Pathways to Forge
Prevention Strategies. YouTube video. 7:32 mins. National Institute of Justice, 2013.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px-lhuA1ZgA

Lone Wolf Terrorism. C-SPAN video, 1:32:52 mins. Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near
East Policy, July 31, 2017. https://www.c-span.org/video/?431938-1/discussion-examines-lone-
wolf-terrorism-threat

“Lone Wolf” Terrorism. CSPAN video, 2:15:18 mins. Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute for Policy
Studies, July 27, 2016.

The Rise of the Lone Wolf. YouTube video. 11:50 mins. Southern Poverty Law Center. 2015.
https://youtu.be/M7tpWFF0KtQ

Worth, Katie. “Lone Wolf Attacks Are Becoming More Common – and More Deadly.” In Gunned Down:
The Power of the NRA by Michael Kirk. PBS Frontline, 2015
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/lone-wolf-attacks-are-becoming-more-common-and-
more-deadly/

37