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Solution
The heat transfer coefficients and the fouling factors on tube and shell side of a heat exchanger are given.
The thermal resistance and the overall heat transfer coefficients based on the inner and outer areas are to be
determined.
Assumptions
1 The heat transfer coefficients and the fouling factors are constant and uniform.
Analysis (a) The total thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length is
1 R fi ln(Do / Di ) R fo 1
R
hi Ai Ai 2kL Ao ho Ao
1 (0.0005 m 2 .C/W)
R
(700 W/m .C)[ (0.012 m)(1 m)]
2 [ (0.012 m)(1 m)]
ln(1.6 / 1.2) (0.0002 m 2 .C/W)
2 (380 W/m.C)(1 m) [ (0.016 m)(1 m)]
1
Outer surface
(700 W/m2 .C)[ (0.016 m)(1 m)] D0, A0, h0, U0 , Rf0
0.0837C/W Inner surface
(b) The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner and the Di, Ai, hi, Ui , Rfi
outer surface areas of the tube per length are
1 1 1
R
UA U i Ai U o Ao
1 1
Ui 317 W/m 2 .C
RAi (0.0837 C/W)[ (0.012 m)(1 m)]
1 1
Uo 238 W/m 2 .C
RAo (0.0837 C/W)[ (0.016 m)(1 m)]
Page 1
Problem 2.
Water at an average temperature of 110°C and an average velocity of 3.5 m/s flows through a 5-m-long
stainless steel tube (k = 14.2 W/m ·°C) in a boiler. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are Di = 1.0
cm and Do = 1.4 cm, respectively. If the convection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface of the tube
where boiling is taking place is ho = 8400 W/m2 ·°C, determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of
this boiler based on the inner surface area of the tube.
Solution
Water is flowing through the tubes in a boiler. The overall heat transfer coefficient of this boiler based on
the inner surface area is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Water flow is fully developed.
2 Properties of water are constant.
3 The heat transfer coefficient and the fouling factor are constant and uniform.
The thermal resistance of heat exchanger with a fouling factor of R f ,i 0.0005 m 2 .C/W is determined
from
1 R f ,i ln(Do / Di ) 1
R
hi Ai Ai 2kL ho Ao
1 0.0005 m 2 .C/W
R
(23,324 W/m2 .C)[ (0.01 m)(5 m)] [ (0.01 m)(5 m)]
ln(1.4 / 1) 1
2 (14.2 W/m.C)(5 m) (8400 W/m .C)[ (0.014 m)(5 m)]
2
0.00475C/W
Then,
1 1 1
R
U i 1340 W/m 2 .C
U i Ai RAi (0.00475C/W)[ (0.01 m)(5 m)]
Page 2
Problem 3.
A long thin-walled double-pipe heat exchanger with tube and shell diameters of 1.0 cm and 2.5 cm,
respectively, is used to condense refrigerant 134a by water at 20°C. The refrigerant flows through the tube,
with a convection heat transfer coefficient of hi = 5000 W/m2 ·°C. Water flows through the shell at a rate of
0.3 kg/s. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger. Answer: 2020 W/m2 ·°C
Solution
Refrigerant-134a is cooled by water in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer coefficient is
to be determined.
Assumptions
1 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube material is highly conductive and its
thickness is negligible.
2 Both the water and refrigerant-134a flow are fully developed.
3 Properties of the water and refrigerant-134a are constant.
Properties The properties of water at 20C are (Table A-15) Cold water
998 kg/m 3
D0
/ 1.004 10 6 m 2 /s
Di
k 0.598 W/m.C
Pr 7.01
Analysis The hydraulic diameter for annular space is
Dh Do Di 0.025 0.01 0.015 m
Hot R-134a
The average velocity of water in the tube and the Reynolds number are
m m 0.3 kg/s
Vavg 0.729 m/s
Ac D 2 Di 2 (0.025 m) 2 (0.01 m) 2
o (998 kg/m )
3
4
4
Vavg Dh (0.729 m/s)(0.015 m)
Re 10,890
1.004 10 6 m 2 / s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore flow is turbulent. Assuming fully developed flow,
hDh
Nu 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(10,890) 0.8 (7.01) 0.4 85.0
k
and
k 0.598 W/m.C
ho Nu (85.0) = 3390 W/m2 .C
Dh 0.015 m
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes
1 1
U 2020 W/m 2 .C
1 1 1 1
hi ho 5000 W/m2 .C 3390 W/m2 .C
Page 3
Problem 4.
Steam in the condenser of a steam power plant is to be condensed at a temperature of 50°C (hfg = 2383
kJ/kg) with cooling water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser
at 18°C and leaves at 27°C. The surface area of the tubes is 42 m2, and the overall heat transfer coefficient
is 2400 W/m2·°C. Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of
the steam in the condenser. Answers: 73.1 kg/s, 1.15 kg/s
Solution
Steam is condensed by cooling water in the condenser of a power plant. The mass flow rate of the cooling
water and the rate of condensation are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 50C is given to be hfg = 2383 kJ/kg and specific heat of
cold water at the average temperature of 22.5C is given to be cp = 4180 J/kg.C.
Analysis The temperature differences between the steam and the cooling water at the two ends of the
condenser are
T1 Th,in Tc,out 50C 27C = 23C
Steam
T2 Th,out Tc,in 50C 18C = 32C 50C
and 27C
T1 T2 23 32
Tlm 27.3C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(23 / 32)
Then the heat transfer rate in the condenser becomes
18C
Q UAs Tlm (2400 W/m2 .C)(42 m2 )( 27.3C) = 2752 kW
The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of Water
condensation of steam are determined from
50C
Q [m c p (Tout Tin )] coolingwater
Q 2752 kJ/s
m cooling = 73.1kg/s
water c p (Tout Tin ) (4.18 kJ/kg.C)(27C 18C)
Q 2752 kJ/s
Q (m h fg ) steam
m
steam 1.15 kg/s
h fg 2383 kJ/kg
Page 4
Problem 5.
A double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is to heat water (cp = 4180 J/kg·°C) from 25°C to 60°C at a rate
of 0.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water (Brine) (cp = 4310 J/kg·°C) available at
140°C at a mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 0.8 cm. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 550 W/m2·°C, determine the length of the heat
exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.
Solution
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and geothermal fluid are given to be 4.18 and 4.31 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Q [m
c p (Tout Tin )] water (0.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(60C 25C) = 29.26 kW
Q 29.26 kW
Q [m c p (Tin Tout )] geot.water
Tout Tin 140C 117.4C
cp
m (0.3 kg/s)(4.31 kJ/kg.C)
Q 29.26 kW
Q UAs Tlm
As 0.642 m 2
UTlm (0.55 kW/m2 )(82.9C)
As 0.642 m 2
As DL
L 25.5 m
D (0.008 m)
Page 5
Problem 6.
A test is conducted to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient in a shell-and-tube oil-to-water heat
exchanger that has 24 tubes of internal diameter 1.2 cm and length 2 m in a single shell. Cold water (cp =
4180 J/kg ·°C) enters the tubes at 20°C at a rate of 5 kg/s and leaves at 55°C. Oil (cp = 2150 J/kg ·°C) flows
through the shell and is cooled from 120°C to 45°C. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of
this heat exchanger based on the inner surface area of the tubes.
Solution
During an experiment, the inlet and exit temperatures of water and oil and the mass flow rate of water are
measured. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface area is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4180 and 2150 J/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer from the oil to the water is
Q [m
c p (Tout Tin )]water (3 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(55C 20C) = 438.9 kW
T1 T2 65 25
Tlm,CF 41.9C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(65 / 25) 20C
t 2 t1 55 20 Water
P 0.35
T1 t1 120 20 24 tubes 3 kg/s
F 0.70
T T2 120 45 45C
R 1 2.14
t 2 t1 55 20
Page 6
Problem 7.
A double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is to cool ethylene glycol (cp = 2560 J/kg ·°C) flowing at a rate
of 3.5 kg/s from 80°C to 40°C by water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) that enters at 20°C and leaves at 55°C. The
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface area of the tube is 250 W/m2 ·°C. Determine (a)
the rate of heat transfer, (b) the mass flow rate of water, and (c) the heat transfer surface area on the inner
side of the tube.
Solution
Ethylene glycol is cooled by water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer,
the mass flow rate of water, and the heat transfer surface area on the inner side of the tubes are to be
determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in he kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and ethylene glycol are given to be 4.18 and 2.56 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis (a) The rate of heat transfer is Cold
Water
Q [m c (T T )]
p in out glycol
20C
(3.5 kg/s)(2.56 kJ/kg.C)(80C 40C) Hot Glycol
= 358.4 kW
80C 40C
(b) The rate of heat transfer from water must be 3.5 kg/s
equal to the rate of heat transfer to the glycol. Then,
Q 55C
Q [m c p (Tout Tin )] water
m water
c p (Tout Tin )
358.4 kJ/s
= 2.45 kg/s
(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(55C 20C)
(c) The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are
T1 Th,in Tc,out 80C 55C = 25C
T2 Th,out Tc,in 40C 20C = 20C
and
T1 T2 25 20
Tlm 22.4C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(25 / 20)
Then the heat transfer surface area becomes
Q 358.4 kW
Q U i Ai Tlm
Ai 64.0 m2
U i Tlm (0.25 kW/m2 .C)(22.4C)
Page 7
Problem 8.
Water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) enters the 2.5-cm internal- diameter tube of a double-pipe counter-flow heat
exchanger at 17°C at a rate of 3 kg/s. It is heated by steam condensing at 120°C (hfg = 2203 kJ/kg) in the
shell. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 1500 W/m ·°C, determine the length of
the tube required in order to heat the water to 80°C.
Solution
Water is heated by steam in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The required length of the tubes is
to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heat of water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam at
120C is given to be 2203 kJ/kg.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer is
Q [m c p (Tout Tin )] water
Steam
(3 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(80C 17C)
120C
= 790.02 kW Water
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is
17C 80C
T1 Th,in Tc,out 120 C 80 C = 40 C
3 kg/s
T2 Th,in Tc,in 120 C 17 C = 103 C
T1 T2 40 103
Tlm 66.6 C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(40 / 103)
The heat transfer surface area is
Q 790.02 kW
Q U i Ai Tlm
Ai 7.9 m2
U i Tlm (15
. kW / m2 . C)(66.6 C)
Then the length of tube required becomes
Ai 7.9 m 2
Ai Di L
L 100.6 m
Di (0.025 m)
Page 8
Problem 9.
A thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is to be used to cool oil (cp = 2200 J/kg ·°C) from 150°C
to 40°C at a rate of 2 kg/s by water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) that enters at 22°C at a rate of 1.5 kg/s. The diameter of
the tube is 2.5 cm, and its length is 6 m. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger.
Solution
Oil is cooled by water in a thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer
coefficient of the heat exchanger is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.
Page 9
Problem 10.
Cold water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·°C) leading to a shower enters a thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat
exchanger at 15°C at a rate of 0.25 kg/s and is heated to 45°C by hot water (cp = 4190 J/kg ·°C) that enters
at 100°C at a rate of 3 kg/s. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1210 W/m2 ·°C, determine the rate of
heat transfer and the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger.
Solution
Cold water is heated by hot water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer
and the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.
Properties The specific heats of cold and hot water Cold Water
are given to be 4.18 and 4.19 kJ/kg.C, respectively. 15C
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat 1.25 kg/s
exchanger is Hot water
Q [m c (T T )]
p out in cold water 100C
(1.25 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(45C 15C) 3 kg/s
= 156.8kW 45C
The outlet temperature of the hot water is determined from
Q 156.8 kW
Q [m
c p (Tin Tout )] hot water
Tout Tin 100C 87.5C
cp
m (3 kg/s)(4.19 kJ/kg.C)
The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are
T1 Th,in Tc,out 100C 45C = 55C
T2 Th,out Tc,in 87.5C 15C = 72.5C
and
T1 T2 55 72.5
Tlm 63.3C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(55 / 72.5)
Then the surface area of this heat exchanger becomes
Q 156.8 kW
Q UAs Tlm As 2.81m 2
UTlm (0.880 kW/m2 .C)(63.3C)
Page 10
Problem 11.
Engine oil (cp = 2100 J/kg·°C) is to be heated from 20°C to 60°C at a rate of 0.3 kg/s in a 2-cm-diameter
thinwalled copper tube by condensing steam outside at a temperature of 130°C (hfg = 2174 kJ/kg). For an
overall heat transfer coefficient of 650 W/m2 ·°C, determine the rate of heat transfer and the length of the
tube required to achieve it. Answers: 25.2 kW, 7.0 m
Solution
Engine oil is heated by condensing steam in a condenser. The rate of heat transfer and the length of the tube
required are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.
Properties The specific heat of engine oil is given to be 2.1 kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam at
130C is given to be 2174 kJ/kg.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
Q [m
c p (Tout Tin )] oil (0.3 kg/s)(2.1 kJ/kg.C)(60C 20C) = 25.2 kW
The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are
T1 Th,in Tc,out 130C 60C = 70C Steam
130C
T2 Th,out Tc,in 130C 20C = 110C
and Oil 60C
T1 T2 70 110
Tlm 88.5C 20C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(70 / 110) 0.3 kg/s
The surface area is
Q 25.2 kW
As 0.44 m 2
UTlm (0.65 kW/m2 .C)(88.5C)
Then the length of the tube required becomes
As 0.44 m 2
As DL
L 7.0 m
D (0.02 m)
Page 11
Problem 12.
Glycerin (cp = 2400 J/kg ·°C) at 20°C and 0.3 kg/s is to be heated by ethylene glycol (c p = 2500 J/kg ·°C) at
60°C in a thin-walled double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger. The temperature difference between the
two fluids is 15°C at the outlet of the heat exchanger. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 240 W/m2 ·
°C and the heat transfer surface area is 3.2 m2, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer, (b) the outlet
temperature of the glycerin, and (c) the mass flow rate of the ethylene glycol.
Solution
Glycerin is heated by ethylene glycol in a thin-walled double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger. The rate of
heat transfer, the outlet temperature of the glycerin, and the mass flow rate of the ethylene glycol are to be
determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive.
Page 12
Problem 13.
Air (cp = 1005 J/kg ·°C) is to be preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger before it
enters the furnace. Air enters the heat exchanger at 95 kPa and 20°C at a rate of 0.8 m3/s. The combustion
gases (cp = 1100 J/kg ·°C) enter at 180°C at a rate of 1.1 kg/s and leave at 95°C. The product of the overall
heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer surface area is AU = 1200 W/°C. Assuming both fluids to be
unmixed, determine the rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperature of the air.
Solution
Air is preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer and the outlet
temperature of the air are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Page 13
Problem 14.
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes is used to heat water (cp = 4180 J/kg
·°C) in the tubes from 20°C to 70°C at a rate of 4.5 kg/s. Heat is supplied by hot oil (cp = 2300 J/kg ·°C)
that enters the shell side at 170°C at a rate of 10 kg/s. For a tube-side overall heat transfer coefficient of 350
W/m2 ·°C, determine the heat transfer surface area on the tube side.
Solution
Water is heated by hot oil in a 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes heat exchanger. The heat transfer surface
area on the tube side is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4.18 and 2.3 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
Q [m
c p (Tout Tin )] water (4.5 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(70C 20C) = 940.5 kW
Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
Q 940.5 kW
Q UAs FTlm,CF As 25.7 m 2
UFTlm,CF (0.350 kW/m2 .C)(1.0)(104.4C)
Page 14
Problem 15.
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 2-shell passes and 8-tube passes is used to heat ethyl alcohol (cp =
2670 J/kg ·°C) in the tubes from 25°C to 70°C at a rate of 2.1 kg/s. The heating is to be done by water (cp =
4190 J/kg ·°C) that enters the shell side at 95°C and leaves at 45°C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is
950 W/m2 ·°C, determine the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger.
Solution
Ethyl alcohol is heated by water in a 2-shell passes and 8-tube passes heat exchanger. The heat transfer
surface area of the heat exchanger is to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and ethyl alcohol are given to be 4.19 and 2.67 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
Q [m
c p (Tout Tin )] ethylalcohol (2.1 kg/s)(2.67 kJ/kg.C)(70C 25C) = 252.3 kW
Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
Q 252.3 kW
Q U i Ai FTlm,CF Ai 14.5 m 2
U i FTlm,CF (0.950 kW/m2 .C)(0.82)(22.4C)
Page 15
Problem 16.
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes is used to heat water (cp = 4180 J/kg
·°C) with ethylene glycol (cp = 2680 J/kg ·°C). Water enters the tubes at 22°C at a rate of 0.8 kg/s and
leaves at 70°C. Ethylene glycol enters the shell at 110°C and leaves at 60°C. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the tube side is 280 W/m2 ·°C, determine the rate of heat transfer and the heat transfer
surface area on the tube side.
Solution
Water is heated by ethylene glycol in a 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes heat exchanger. The rate of heat
transfer and the heat transfer surface area on the tube side are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and ethylene glycol are given to be 4.18 and 2.68 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is :
Q [m
c p (Tout Tin )] water (0.8 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(70C 22C) = 160.5kW
The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-flow arrangement and the correction factor F are
T1 Th,in Tc,out 110C 70C = 40C Ethylene
T2 Th,out Tc,in 60C 22C = 38C 110C
T1 T2 40 38
Tlm,CF 39C 70C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(40 / 38)
Water
t t 70 22
P 2 1 0.55 22C
T1 t1 110 22 0.8 kg/s
F 0.92 (12 tube passes)
T1 T2 110 60
R 1.04
t 2 t1 70 22
60C
Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
Q 160.5 kW
Q U i Ai FTlm,CF Ai 16.0 m 2
U i FTlm,CF (0.28 kW/m2 .C)(0.92)(39C)
Page 16
Problem 17.
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 1-shell pass and 20–tube passes is used to heat glycerin (cp = 2480
J/kg ·°C) in the shell, with hot water in the tubes. The tubes are thinwalled and have a diameter of 1.5 cm
and length of 2 m per pass. The water enters the tubes at 100°C at a rate of 5 kg/s and leaves at 55°C. The
glycerin enters the shell at 15°C and leaves at 55°C. Determine the mass flow rate of the glycerin and the
overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger.
Solution
Glycerin is heated by hot water in a 1-shell pass and 20-tube passes heat exchanger. The mass flow rate of
glycerin and the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heat of glycerin is given to be are given to be 2.48 kJ/kg.C and that of water is
taken to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
Q [m
c p (Tin Tout )] water (0.5 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(100C 55C) = 94.05 kW
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is determined to be
Q 94.05 kW
Q UAs FTlm,CF U 0.572kW/m 2 .C
As FTlm,CF (5.027 m 2 )(0.77)( 42.5C)
Page 17
Problem 18.
In a binary geothermal power plant, the working fluid isobutane is to be condensed by air in a condenser at
75°C (hfg = 255.7 kJ/kg) at a rate of 2.7 kg/s. Air enters the condenser at 21ºC and leaves at 28ºC. The heat
transfer surface area based on the isobutane side is 24 m2. Determine the mass flow rate of air and the
overall heat transfer coefficient.
Solution
Isobutane is condensed by cooling air in the condenser of a power plant. The mass flow rate of air and the
overall heat transfer coefficient are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Air, 28C
Properties The heat of vaporization of isobutane at
75C is given to be hfg = 255.7 kJ/kg and specific
heat of air is taken to be cp = 1005 J/kg.C. Isobutane
75C
Analysis First, the rate of heat transfer is 2.7 kg/s
determined from
Q (m h fg ) isobutane
Air, 21C
(2.7 kg/s)( 255.7 kJ/kg) 690.4 kW
The mass flow rate of air is determined from
Q 690.4 kJ/s
Q [m c p (Tout Tin )] air
m
air = 98.1kg/s
c p (Tout Tin ) (1.005 kJ/kg.C)(28C 21C)
The temperature differences between the isobutane and the air at the two ends of the condenser are
T1 Th,in Tc,out 75C 21C = 54C
T2 Th,out Tc,in 75C 28C = 47C
and
T1 T2 54 47
Tlm 50.4C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(54 / 47)
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient is determined from
Q UAs Tlm
690,400 W U (24 m 2 )(50.4C)
U = 571W/m 2 .C
Page 18
Problem 19.
Hot exhaust gases of a stationary diesel engine are to be used to generate steam in an evaporator. Exhaust
gases (cp= 1051 J/kg ·ºC) enter the heat exchanger at 550ºC at a rate of 0.25 kg/s while water enters as
saturated liquid and evaporates at 200ºC (hfg = 1941 kJ/kg). The heat transfer surface area of the heat
exchanger based on water side is 0.5 m2 and overall heat transfer coefficient is 1780 W/m2 ·ºC. Determine
the rate of heat transfer, the exit temperature of exhaust gases, and the rate of evaporation of water.
Solution
Water is evaporated by hot exhaust gases in an evaporator. The rate of heat transfer, the exit temperature of
the exhaust gases, and the rate of evaporation of water are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
The rate of heat transfer can also be expressed as in the following forms
Q [m
c p (Th,in Th,out )] exhaust (0.25 kg/s)(1.051 kJ/kg.C)(550C Th,out ) (Eq. 2)
gases
Q (m
h fg ) water m
water (1941 kJ/kg) (Eq. 3)
We have three equations with three unknowns. Using an equation solver such as EES, the unknowns are
determined to be
Q 88.85 kW
Th,out 211.8C
m water 0.0458kg/s
Page 19
Problem 20.
In a textile manufacturing plant, the waste dyeing water (cp = 4295 J/g ·ºC) at 75°C is to be used to preheat
fresh water (cp = 4180 J/kg ·ºC) at 15ºC at the same flow rate in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger.
The heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger is 1.65 m2 and the overall heat transfer coefficient is
625 W/m2 ·ºC. If the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is 35 kW, determine the outlet
temperature and the mass flow rate of each fluid stream.
Solution
The waste dyeing water is to be used to preheat fresh water. The outlet temperatures of each fluid and the
mass flow rate are to be determined.
Assumptions
1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid.
3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
4 There is no fouling.
5 Fluid properties are constant.
Properties The specific heats of waste dyeing water and the fresh water are given to be cp = 4295 J/kg.C
and cp = 4180 J/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The temperature differences between the dyeing water Fresh
and the fresh water at the two ends of the heat exchanger are water
T1 Th,in Tc,out 75 Tc,out 15C
Dyeing
T2 Th,out Tc,in Th,out 15
water
and
75C Th,out
T1 T2 (75 Tc,out ) (Th,out 15)
Tlm
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln (75 Tc,out ) /(Th,out 15) Tc,out
Then the rate of heat transfer can be expressed as
Q UAs Tlm
(75 Tc,out ) (Th,out 15) (Eq. 1)
35 kW (0.625 kW/m2 .C)(1.65 m 2 )
ln (75 Tc,out ) /(Th,out 15)
The rate of heat transfer can also be expressed as
Q [m
c p (Th,in Th,out )] dyeing
35 kW m
(4.295 kJ/kg.C)(75C Th,out ) (Eq. 2)
water
Q [m
c p (Th,in Th,out )] water
35 kW m
(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(Tc,out 15C) (Eq. 3)
We have three equations with three unknowns. Using an equation solver such as EES, the unknowns are
determined to be
Tc,out 41.4C
Th,out 49.3C
m 0.317 kg/s
Page 20
The Effectiveness-NTU Method
(The NTU method of heat exchanger analysis will be learnt at graduate school)
Page 21