Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1(2008):27-35
ABSTRACT
Nearly 80% of the global population still depends upon the herbal drugs for their
health care. Plant based therapy are marked due to its low cast, easy availability, based on
generation to generation knowledge. At present time, plant based industries are rising at
international level but unfortunately due to uncontrolled growth of population and
unplanned, excess use/misuses of plant species make them endangered. So with
increasing use of medicinal plants and raising their demand in pharmaceutical, cosmetic
and other industries we should try to make a world wide deep, healthy ethno-botanical
knowledge and create attention for cultivation of useful medicinal plants at larger scale
and their sustainable, better utilization.
INTRODUCTION
From ancient time, plants are rich source of effective and safe medicines. Herbal
medicines have been main source of primary healthcare in many nations. About 80% of
world populations are still dependent on traditional medicines.
Herbal medicines are “finished, labeled medicinal products that contain as active
ingredients, aerial or under ground part of plants or other plant materials, or combination
thereof, whether in the crude state or as plant preparations. Plant materials include juices,
gums, fatty oils, essential oils and any other substances of this nature. Herbal medicines
may contain excipients in addition to the active ingredients. Medicines containing plant
materials combined with chemically defined active substances, including chemically
defined isolated constituents of plants are not considered to be herbal medicines” (WHO,
1998).
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Even at present time very limited knowledge about the ingredients in herbal
medicines and their effects in humans, the lack of stringent quality control and the
heterogeneous nature of herbal medicines all necessitate the continuous monitoring of the
safety of these plant products (Chan, 1997).
While ensuring quality of phyto-pharmaceuticals some important considerations
are (Seth and Kakkar, 2003):
• Raw materials are not homogenous.
• The amount and quality of active ingredients can vary due to different cultivation
and harvesting methods.
• Herbal drugs are effective due to their complex combinations.
• The method of manufacturing decisively influences the composition of herbal
drug.
Indian Vedas describe the widespread use of herbal products and aqueous extract
of different plant parts for curing different disease. Maximum 30% of root part of
medicinal plant is used in different practices in compression to other plant parts (Ved, et
al., 1998).
Leaves
6%
Whole Plant
Roots
16%
30%
w ood
3%
Rhizomes
4%
Seeds
4%
Bark
Fruits 14%
7% Stem
Flow ers 6%
10%
% of Plant parts used of medicinal plants
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different plant parts and use them directly as drug or design them as pharmacologically
active compounds with or without addition of synthetic ones.
In India traditional communities like tribal and rural populations are frequently
using the crude extracts of local plants for medicinal and other purposes. Crude extracts
and medicines manufactured on the principles of natural compounds even by
pharmaceuticals companies, may lead to large-scale exposure of humans to natural
products.
A large no. of plants and plant products are using from anti-biotic to anti-
infective and from anti-cancer to anti-aging. Several plants with their families and their
specific medicinal properties ((Loi, et al., 2005) are listed in table-1.
Table-1: Some common medicinal plants and main therapeutic uses of their
different plant parts.
Plant Family Plants Plant Main therapeutic use/aliments
parts treated
used
Anacardiaceae Pistacia lentiscus L. Fruit Rheumatism
Apocynaceae Vinca sardoa Leaf Sedates nausea
Araliaceae Hedera helix L. Leaf Rheumatism, anti-inflammatory,
burns
Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa L. Bark Anti-inflammatory
Boraginaceae Borago officinalis L. Leaf Stomach pain, intestinal
regularization, diuretic,
hypotensive
Cerinthe major L. Leaf, Eye inflammation
flower
Cynoglossum creticum Mill. Root Emollient, hydrated burns
Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica L. Clado Skin emollient
phyll
Caprifoliaceae Lonicera implexa Aiton Leaf Diuretic
Chenopodiaceae Beta vulgaris L. Leaf Lenitive, gentle laxative,
reconstituent
Cistaceae Cistus spp. Leaf Contusions, analgesic
Compositae Anthemis arvensis L. Whole Anti-inflammatory, emetic,
plant sedative
Artemisia arborescens L. Flower Digestive, stimulant, expectorant
Calendula arvensis L. Flower, Antispasmodic, burns, Diuretic,
leaf disinfectant, vulnerary
Cichorium intybus L. Leaf, Blood purification,
root arterioscelerosis, anti-arthritis,
anti-spasmodic, digestive,
Hypotensive, aperitif, laxative
Helychrysum microphyllum Leaf, Expectorant
Willd. flower
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Table-1: Continued
Plant Family Plants Plant Main therapeutic use/aliments
parts treated
used
Convolvulaceae Convolvulus althaeoides Whole Fat digestion
L. plant
Crassulaceae Umbilicus rupestris Leaf Vulnerary
Cruciferae Capsella bursapastoris Leaf Skin emollient, renal calculus
L.
Cucurbitaceae Ecballium elaterium A. Root Neuralgia, laxative
Diascoreaceae Tamus communis L. Fruit Rheumatism
Ericaeae Arbutus unedo L. Root, Antipyretic, arteriosclerosis,
fruit intestinal astringent
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia spp. Latex Antiverrucose
Ricinus communis L. Seed Laxative
Gentianaceae Gentiana lutea L. Root Digestive, aperitif, fever,
anorexia
Graminaceae Agropyron junceum L. Aerial Diuretic, urinary system, anti-
parts inflammatory
Arundo donax L. Dissepi Hemostatic, vulnerary
ments
Triticum spp. Fruit Emollient erythema, headache
Guttiferae Hypericum perforatum L. Leaf Vulnerary, burns
Labiatae Lavandula stoechas L. Leaf Asthma, headache, palpitation
Melissa officinalis L. Leaf Digestive, lenitive, bad breath
Mentha rotundifolia L. Aerial Digestive, lenitive
parts
Mentha spp. Leaf Anti-inflammatory, sedative,
helmithiasis
Ocimum basilicum L. Leaf Anti-inflammatory
Origanum majorana L. Leaf Neuralgia, sedative, stomach pain
Rosmarinus offcinalis L. Leaf Inappetence, digestive, diuretic,
sedative, headache, pruitus
Savia officinalis L. Leaf Stomatic, cooling of oral cavity,
digestive, vulnerary
Thymus capitatus L. Whole Digestive, depurative, balsamic,
plant neuralgia, anticatarrhal
Lauraceae Laurus nobilis L. Leaf Anti-inflammatory, digestive
Leguminosae Pisum elatius Bieb Fruit Nutraceutical properties
Liliaceae Allium cepa L. Bulb Renal calculus, antispasmodic
Allium nigrum L. Bulb Helminthiasis
Allium roseum L. Bulb Helminthiasis
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Table-1: Continued
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Table-1: Continued
India has been identified as one of the top twelve mega bio-diversity center of the
world. This is because India has a vast area with wide variation in climate, soil, altitude
and latitude. India with its biggest repository of medicinal plants in the world may
maintain an important position in the production of raw materials either directly for crude
drugs or as the bioactive compounds in the formulation of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics
etc.
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In India nearly 15000 plant species are used as a source of medicine. Distribution
of different plant species in India (singh, et al., 2003) are listed in table-2.
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CONCLUSION
I strongly feel that use of these plants and their plant products in medicinal
purposes are most convenient due to their:
(i) Easy availability; (ii) Easy biodegradability; (iii) Easy to handle; (iv) Low cost;
(v) Safe for mankind and environment both; (vi) Greater acceptance amongst the users;
(vii) minimum side effect
Most of the studies have been done in the area of biologically active plant
compounds but very little literature is available on the mode of action and their effect of
non- target organisms. Obviously, these substances cannot be put to commercial use
without a study of this aspect as well.
Thus we can concluded that before commercial use of these plant products their
strict scientific tests, besides clinical ones on different vital systems is necessary because
these natural products may have some few harmful ingredients in them as secondary
metabolites, which may have perilous side effects including mutagenic potentials. It is
therefore, desirable to evaluate the genotoxicity, physiological and biochemical effects, if
any, of materials of plant origin before considering for medicinal and any other purposes.
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REFERENCES
Chan, T.Y., (1997): Monitoring the safety of herbal medicines. Drug Saf., 17:209-215.
Loi, M.C., Maxia, L., Maxia, A., (2005): Ethno-botanical comparison between the
villages of Escolca and Lotzorai (Saridinia, Italy). J. Herbs, Species & Medicinal
Plants, 11(3):67-84.
Singh, J., singh, A.K., Pravesh, R., (2003): Production and trade potential of some
important medicinal plants: an overview. In: Proceeding of first national
interactive meet on medicinal and aromatic plants, Edited by Mathur, A.K. et al.,
CIMAP, Lucknow, India, pp.50-58.
Ved, D.K., Mudappa A., Shankar, D., (1998): Regulating export of endangered medicinal
plant species-need for scientific vigour. Curr. Sci., 75:341-344.
Seth, P.K., Kakkar, P., (2003): Toxicity bench marks for safe drug development. In:
Proceeding of first national interactive meet on medicinal and aromatic plants,
Edited by Mathur, A.K., et al., CIMAP, Lucknow, India, pp 29-41.
Tiwar, S., Singh, A., (2004): Toxic and sub-lethal effects of oleadrin on biochemical
parameters of freshwater air breathing murrel, Chant punctatus (Bloch.).Indian J.
Exp. Biolo., 42:413-418.
World Health Organization, (1998): Quality control methods for medicinal plant
materials. Published by WHO, Geneva.
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