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Fases de Descomposicion Del Carbono
Fases de Descomposicion Del Carbono
Phase Transformations
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• Transforming one phase into another takes time.
Fe Fe C
Eutectoid 3
transformation (cementite)
(Austenite) +
C FCC (BCC)
(ferrite)
Phase Transformations
Nucleation
– nuclei (seeds) act as templates on which crystals grow
– for nucleus to form rate of addition of atoms to nucleus must be
faster than rate of loss
– once nucleated, growth proceeds until equilibrium is attained
Driving force to nucleate increases as we increase T
– supercooling (eutectic, eutectoid)
– superheating (peritectic)
Chapter 10 - 2
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• Homogeneous nucleation
– nuclei form in the bulk of liquid metal
– requires considerable supercooling
(typically 80-300ºC)
• Heterogeneous nucleation
– much easier since stable “nucleating surface” is
already present — e.g., mold wall, impurities in
liquid phase
– only very slight supercooling (0.1-10ºC)
Chapter 10 - 3
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Solidification
r* = critical radius
2Tm = surface free energy
r*
Hf T Tm = melting temperature
Hf = latent heat of solidification
T = Tm - T = supercooling
r* decreases as T increases
For typical T r* ~ 10 nm
Chapter 10 - 5
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fraction time
transformed
– k & n are transformation specific parameters
Temperature Dependence of
Transformation Rate
Adapted from Fig.
10.11, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
135C 119C 113C 102C 88C 43C (Fig. 10.11 adapted
from B.F. Decker and
D. Harker,
"Recrystallization in
Rolled Copper", Trans
AIME, 188, 1950, p.
888.)
1 10 102 104
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Fe3C (cementite)
1148ºC
(austenite) Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
1000
Eutectoid: +Fe3C
ferrite 800 Equil. Cooling: Ttransf. = 727ºC
727ºC
T +Fe3C
600
Undercooling by Ttransf. < 727C
0.022
0.76
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) C, wt%C
Chapter 10 - 9
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100
T = 675ºC
y,
50
0
1 10 2 10 4 time (s)
T(ºC)
Austenite (stable)
TE (727ºC)
700 Austenite
(unstable)
1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
time (s)
Chapter 10 - 12
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Transformations Involving
Noneutectoid Compositions
Consider C0 = 1.13 wt% C
T(ºC) T(ºC)
900 1600
A 1400 L
Fe3C (cementite)
800
A TE (727ºC) +L
+ 1200 L+Fe3C
700 A C (austenite)
P 1000
A
+ P +Fe3C
600
800
727ºC
T +Fe3C
500 600
0.022
0.76
1 10 102 103 104 400
1.13
time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) C, wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 10.16, Adapted from Fig. 9.24,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
200
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60 m
Adapted from Fig. 10.19, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.19 copyright
United States Steel Corporation,
1971.)
Chapter 10 - 15
Martensite: A Nonequilibrium
Transformation Product
• Martensite:
-- (FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
x
60 m
Fe atom potential
x x
sites x
No se
puede
mostrar la
imagen en
x
este
momento.
C atom sites
No se
puede
mostrar la
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Martensite Formation
slow cooling
(FCC) (BCC) + Fe3C
quench
tempering
M (BCT)
Chapter 10 - 17
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Continuous Cooling
Transformation Diagrams
Conversion of isothermal
transformation diagram to
continuous cooling
transformation diagram
Cooling curve
Chapter 10 - 19
Chapter 10 - 20
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Adapted from 0
Fig. 10.29, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister 5e. time (s)
Chapter 10 - 22
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c)
Adapted from 0
Fig. 10.29, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister 5e. time (s)
Chapter 10 - 23
1
0.76
0 0.5 0 0.5 1
wt% C wt% C
• Increase C content: TS and YS increase, %EL decreases
Chapter 10 - 24
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Ductility (%RA)
spheroidite
60
Brinell hardness
240 coarse
pearlite
spheroidite
160 30 coarse
pearlite
fine
80 pearlite
0
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
wt%C wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 10.30, Callister &
• Hardness: fine > coarse > spheroidite Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.30 based on
data from Metals Handbook: Heat
• %RA: fine < coarse < spheroidite Treating, Vol. 4, 9th ed., V. Masseria
(Managing Ed.), American Society for
Metals, 1981, pp. 9 and 17.)
Chapter 10 - 25
Hypo Hyper
600
Brinell hardness
martensite
Adapted from Fig. 10.32,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
400 10.32 adapted from Edgar C.
Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1939, p. 36;
200 and R.A. Grange, C.R. Hribal,
fine pearlite and L.F. Porter, Metall. Trans. A,
Vol. 8A, p. 1776.)
0
0 0.5 1
wt% C
• Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite.
Chapter 10 - 26
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Tempered Martensite
Heat treat martensite to form tempered martensite
• tempered martensite less brittle than martensite
• tempering reduces internal stresses caused by quenching
TS(MPa)
YS(MPa)
1800
1600 TS
Adapted from Adapted from Fig.
9 m
Fig. 10.34, 1400 YS 10.33, Callister &
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
Rethwisch 8e. 10.33 copyright by
(Fig. 10.34 1200 60 United States Steel
adapted from Corporation, 1971.)
Fig. furnished 1000 50
courtesy of %RA %RA
Republic Steel
40
Corporation.) 800 30
200 400 600
Tempering T (ºC)
• tempering produces extremely small Fe3C particles surrounded by
• tempering decreases TS, YS but increases %RA
Chapter 10 - 27
Martensite reheat
T Martensite
Strength
Ductility
bainite Tempered
fine pearlite Martensite
coarse pearlite ( + very fine
spheroidite Fe3C particles)
14