Liquid-Dominated Power Plants - Geothermal Energy - Energy Management

12/22/2019 Liquid-Dominated Power Plants | Geothermal Energy | Energy Management
 Business Management Ideas
Liquid-Dominated Power
Plants | Geothermal Energy
| Energy Management
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Liquid-dominated systems are abundantly available

and do not require development of special
technologies.
The following types of power systems are

discussed:
1. The flashed-steam system,
2. Binary cycle, and
3. Total-flow system.
1. The Flashed-Steam System:
Hot water is available above 150°C to 315°C

underground. When tapped, the water can flow
naturally under its own pressure or be pumped to the
surface of the earth. The drop in pressure causes it to
partially flash into steam and a liquid-dominated, low-
quality, two-phase mixture of water and stream is avail-
able at the well head. The water contains dissolved
solids. The flow diagram and T-s diagram of a flash-
steam system are shown in Fig. 7.3 and 7.4 respec-
tively.
www.engineeringenotes.com/energy-management-2/power-plants-energy-management-2/liquid-dominated-power-plants-geothermal-energy-energy-… 1/8
Hot water from reservoir (1) reaches the well head (2)
Pressure p2 is lower than P1 and process 1-2 is a
constant enthalpy throttling process. The two-phase
mixture of low quality (2) is passed through a flash
separator (3) the quality of steam is higher at point 3.
The dry saturated steam (4) at pressure of about 8
bars is expanded in the steam turbine. The separated
brine (5) is re-injected into the ground.
The exhaust steam from turbine is mixed with cooling

water in a direct- contact condenser. The mixture is
cooled in a cooling tower.
Improved Flashed-Steam System:
In order to recover large quantity of heat energy from

brine at point (5), some improvements in the cycle are
carried out.
i. Double Flash System:
Depending upon the original water conditions, the brine

at point 5 is admitted to a second, lower-pressure
separator, where it flashes to a lower pressure steam.

This steam is admitted to a low-pressure stage in the
turbine as shown in Fig. 7.5. The new low-pressure
brine contains less energy and therefore cycle energy
loss is reduced.
The corresponding T-s diagram is shown in Fig. 7.6. It

uses an innovative steam condenser and gas
extraction system and a dual – admission steam
turbine. An example of the double-flash system is the
50 MW Hatchobane plant, Kyushu in Japan.
ii. Water Turbine:
The spent brine at point 5 is at high pressure and can

be used to drive a water turbine in parallel with steam
turbine.
iii. Rotary Separator Turbine (RST):
The fluid leaving the well head (point 2) is a two-phase

mixture of steam and water. It is partially expanded in a
nozzle. The quality and kinetic energy of fluid increase.
This also helps in the separation of two phases. The
separation takes place in a rotating drum by centrifugal
action. The steam is admitted to the steam turbine and
high velocity water is used in a special liquid turbine.
The discharge from the turbine is re-injected into the

ground.
2. Binary Cycle:
Water in lower temperature ranges is unsuitable for

power production. It can be used directly for domestic
and industrial process heating. Hot water can also be
used in heating an organic fluid with low boiling point
and can be used to run a Rankine Cycle. The working
fluids can be isobutene, Freon-12, ammonia or
propane.
The flow diagram of a binary cycle is shown in Fig. 7.7.
Hot brine from underground reservoir circulates

through a heat exchanger (HX) and is pumped back to
ground. The organic fluid is heated to superheated
vapour and is used in a standard closed Rankine cycle.
The vapour drives the turbine and is condensed in a
surface condenser. The condenser is cooled by water
from a natural source or a cooling tower circulation
system. There is no problem of corrosion and scaling in
the working cycle components.
Kamchatka binary cycle plant in Russia is 680 kW plant

using hot water at 80°C. The working fluid is Freon-12.
3. Total-Flow Power Plant:
Hot brine from the well is throttled and full flow is

expanded in a two-phase expander as shown in Fig.
7.8. A barometric condenser is used. As seen from T-s
diagram, thermodynamically maximum available
energy can be converted into mechanical work.
Comparison:
The analytical comparison of various liquid-dominated

geothermal systems is given in Fig. 7.10. The total-flow
system produces the highest specific power per unit
mass-flow rate at the well head.
These calculations are based on the following

assumptions:
Condenser temperature = 45°C
Turbine efficiency = 85%
In-plant power requirements = 30% of gross.
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12/22/2019 Liquid-Dominated Power Plants | Geothermal Energy | Energy Management

 Business Management Ideas

Liquid-dominated systems are abundantly available

The following types of power systems are

1. The flashed-steam system,

2. Binary cycle, and

1. The Flashed-Steam System:

Hot water is available above 150°C to 315°C

The exhaust steam from turbine is mixed with cooling

Improved Flashed-Steam System:

In order to recover large quantity of heat energy from

i. Double Flash System:

Depending upon the original water conditions, the brine

separator, where it flashes to a lower pressure steam.

The corresponding T-s diagram is shown in Fig. 7.6. It

ii. Water Turbine:

The spent brine at point 5 is at high pressure and can

iii. Rotary Separator Turbine (RST):

The fluid leaving the well head (point 2) is a two-phase

The discharge from the turbine is re-injected into the

Water in lower temperature ranges is unsuitable for

The flow diagram of a binary cycle is shown in Fig. 7.7.

Hot brine from underground reservoir circulates

Kamchatka binary cycle plant in Russia is 680 kW plant

3. Total-Flow Power Plant:

Hot brine from the well is throttled and full flow is

The analytical comparison of various liquid-dominated

These calculations are based on the following

Condenser temperature = 45°C

Turbine efficiency = 85%

In-plant power requirements = 30% of gross.

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