JTC 1 Technology Trend Report

Digital manufacturing
Executive summary
This JTC 1 technology trend report introduces About ISO/IEC JTC 1
digital manufacturing as a concept,
ISO/IEC JTC 1, entitled "Information technology",
identifying relevant technologies, and
is a joint technical committee of the International
standardization landscape, and provides
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the
general standardization recommendations. It
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
examines trends in manufacturing related
ISO/IEC JTC 1 develops Standards that support
to IT that suggest the need to develop
information and communications technology (ICT)
foundational Standards with cross-sector
advancement across multiple industry sectors.
applicability. This document has been
prepared by the ISO/IEC JTC 1 Advisory About JTC 1 JETI
Group 2 on JTC 1 Emerging Technology ISO/IEC JTC 1 Advisory Group 2 on JTC 1
and Innovation (JETI) for external publication Emerging Technology and Innovation (JETI) has
to the wider IT Standards community. This been mandated to seek opportunities to facilitate
document is based on the JTC 1 Technology JTC 1 Standards development for future emerging
Trend Report on Digital Manufacturing, an internal and innovation technologies as a technology watch
report carried out by JETI. group in JTC 1.

2
Table of contents

Executive summary 2

Section 1 Introduction 4
1.1 Background 4
1.2 Scope 4

Section 2 Digital manufacturing 5

2.1 Concepts and characteristics 5
2.1.1 What is digital manufacturing? 5
2.1.2 Service platforms 5
2.1.3 Intellectual property use and protection 5
2.1.4 Mass individuation 7
2.1.5 Digital thread 7
2.2 Relevant technologies 7
2.2.1 Smart manufacturing 7
2.2.2 Digital twin 7
2.2.3 Industrial IoT 8
2.2.4 Smart contracts 8
2.2.5 Track and trace 8

Section 3 Standardization landscape for digital manufacturing 9

3.1 Relevant standardization activities 9

Section 4 Conclusion 12

Bibliography 13

Figure 1 – Hierarchy of manufacturing systems 6

Figure 2 – Digital thread across a product's lifecycle 7

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Section 1
Introduction

1.1 Background 1.2 Scope

The solutions of the 21st century cyber-physical In general, JTC 1 concerns itself with topics that
era are systemic instantiations of operating directly relate to the IT sector or with IT concerns
technologies (OT) and information technologies that span multiple sectors. With regards to digital
(IT) that function at the intersection of domain manufacturing, JTC 1 is concerned with:
theories, data organization and data science. In
§ Formats for arranging information
this context, 3D additive manufacturing may be
described as a complete “art to part” digital to § Protocols for sharing and exchanging
physical pipeline built on OT and IT. It promises information
to drive sustainable “on-demand” manufacturing § Interfaces for interacting with information,
of new designs and is an outstanding example of both human and digital
a cyber-physical system. The acceleration in 3D
§ Communication technologies for connecting
digital manufacturing is compelled by the change
information systems
in production-consumption models due to social,
economic, ecological, and technological trends § Information storage
coupled with externalities such as the COVID-19 § Information processing systems and
pandemic. languages
Success of 3D digital manufacturing necessitates In addition, JTC 1 is concerned about policies
a holistic perspective that encompasses design, related to each of the above and the management
device (the 3D printing system) and the digital of systems comprised of the above.
factory (system-of-systems). We are at the cusp of
time to take on the leadership in devising 3D digital
manufacturing-based factories, a combination
of IT and a heterogeneous mix of OT, that can
be provisioned on-demand to create customized
solutions based on customer service level
agreements (SLAs).

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Section 2
Digital manufacturing
2.1 Concepts and characteristics
2.1.1 What is digital manufacturing?
The manufacturing process is managed by three
different categories of systems: fabrication,
logistics, and information. Fabrication subsystems
are responsible for the physical transformation
of materials into goods. Logistic subsystems are
responsible for the transportation and storage of
those physical elements. Information subsystems
are responsible for the data that controls or
indicates the state of the system.
These manufacturing systems are further arranged
into a hierarchy of increasing complexity beginning
with individual tools, to tools that are collected into
factories, and to factories that are arranged into
supply chains. Supply chains and their elements
interact with sources of materials and energy and
ultimately produce goods for a consumer. This is
illustrated in Figure 1.
As illustrated, manufacturing systems at any
layer of the hierarchy include arbitrarily complex
arrangements of information flows (the dashed
lines) and information systems. These flows and
systems are not necessarily digital but in modern
manufacturing they either are digital or are
evolving to be digital. JTC 1 is concerned with the
underlying digital technologies and capabilities that
enable the effective implementation of these flows
and systems.
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2.1.2 Service platforms
A service platform is a system that enables a,
potentially ephemeral, affiliation of service providers
in order to achieve a desired outcome. To enable
the instantiation of a service network, a service
platform must be able to facilitate a collection
of activities. These activities include discovery,
negotiation and selection, connection, invocation,
clean-up, exception handling and recovery, data
gathering and reporting.
2.1.3 Intellectual property use and
protection
An area of significant concern in digital
manufacturing is intellectual property (IP)
protection. Business-enabling IP is stored in the
form of digital data. Digital manufacturing utilizes
a complex collection of services delivered by a
variety of service delivery platforms. Mechanisms
need to exist to compare the trustworthiness of
these services and platforms, to gather the data
required to inform this trustworthiness, and to
evaluate an integrated system of services regarding
its trustworthiness.
A key example of data containing IP in digital
manufacturing is product design data, but it
may also include other forms of data that when
misappropriated may have a detrimental business
impact. Examples include process data and
production data.
 Digital manufacturing
Supply Chain

Factory

Tool
Manufacturing System
Information Subsystems

Specifications,
Configuration &
Control
Logistics Fabrication Logistics
Subsystems Subsystems Subsystems

Materials & Manufacturing Goods &

Supply
Energy Process Waste Consumer
Sources
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Identity,
Characteristics &
State

Information Subsystems

Figure 1 | Hierarchy of manufacturing systems

Digital manufacturing
2.1.4 Mass individuation
Some forms of digital fabrication enable every
good produced to be different based on a
digital specification of the desired good. These
individuated goods can be produced in very high
volumes. Often the individuated characteristics are
applied to a common base design.
2.1.5 Digital thread
A digital thread describes a framework that
connects data flows to produce a holistic view of
an asset’s data across its lifecycle [1]. Figure 2
illustrates the relationship between the phases of
a manufactured product’s lifecycle and its digital
thread.
Digital threads eliminate the need to manually
transcribe information across these data flows.
Digital threads provide access to an asset’s design
data, performance data, product data, and supply
chain data across the asset’s entire lifecycle. Digital
threads can help to improve quality, reduce costs,
and reduce time to delivery by letting planners,
designers and manufacturers share results [2].
Related concepts include model-based enterprise
(MBE), product lifecycle management (PLM), digital
Requirements Design Manufacturing
Digital Thread
Material, Mechanical, Electrical, Software, Service, … Supply Chain
Figure 2 | Digital thread across a product's lifecycle
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twin, and track and trace.
2.2 Relevant technologies
2.2.1 Smart manufacturing
Smart manufacturing draws on capabilities in the
physical, human, and cyber spheres to achieve
its aims. Digital manufacturing is focused on the
digital enablement of manufacturing systems
and processes for whatever purpose. Smart
manufacturing has both wider fields of concern
and more specifically targeted outcomes.
Digital manufacturing is a key enabler for smart
manufacturing, but digital manufacturing and
smart manufacturing are not synonymous.
2.2.2 Digital twin
A digital twin may be created for any element of a
manufacturing system. Some of the many benefits
enabled by creating digital twins of manufacturing
elements include “in-loop planning and validation,
production scheduling assurance, enhanced
understanding of manufacturing elements, and
dynamic risk management” [3].
Test & Sales, Use & End of Life &
Inspection Support Recycling
Digital manufacturing

2.2.3 Industrial IoT “object of interest” is a human, makes data

ISO/IEC TR 30166 has defined industrial Internet
of Things (IIoT) as
“IIoT is a new industrial ecosystem of
service driven built based on the network
interconnection, data interoperability and
system interoperability of industrial resources,
to realize the flexible configuration of the
manufacturing materials, the on-demand
execution of the manufacturing process, the
rational optimization of the manufacturing
process and the rapid adaptation of the
manufacturing environment, and to achieve the
efficient utilization of the resources.”
security and privacy a concern. Co-location is
a frequent concern so uniformity of access to
and interpretation of location information can
reduce the costs of these kinds of systems. The
“source of truth” for an object’s location history
may be stored with the object or in a centralized
location. Architectures and certifiability of these
implementations are other areas of potential
standardization. Finally, it should be noted that
track and trace systems connect an object to its
digital thread and inform its digital twin.

2.2.4 Smart contracts

ISO/TC 307: Blockchain and distributed ledger

technologies, has defined a smart contract to be a

“computer program stored in a distributed

ledger system wherein the outcome of any
execution of the program is recorded on the
distributed ledger.” [4]

2.2.5 Track and trace

Track and trace systems are concerned with the

physical location of an object in time. They may
also manage other information related to the state
of the object or purpose for being in a location
(e.g. “out for delivery”). ISO 22383 defines track
and trace as

“means of identifying every individual material

good or lot(s) or batch in order to know where
it has been (track) and where it is (trace) in the
supply chain.” [5]

Tracking and tracing is a concern of any industry

sector that interacts with physical objects, be
they bolts and screws or humans. This makes it
a promising area to pursue “base” IT Standards,
which are part of JTC 1’s mission. The sensitivity
of location information, particularly where the

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Section 3
Standardization landscape for digital manufacturing

3.1 Relevant standardization activities

Area SDO(s) Standards

Service platforms ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 ISO/IEC 23006 series, Information technology –
Multimedia service platform technologies

ISO/IEC JTC 1/WG 12 ISO/IEC 23510, Information technology – 3D

printing and scanning – Framework for an Additive
Manufacturing Service Platform (AMSP)

IP use and protection – ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 ISO/IEC 21000-5, Information technology –
digital contracts Multimedia framework (MPEG-21) – Part 5: Rights
Expression Language

ISO/IEC 21000-20, Information technology –

Multimedia framework (MPEG-21) – Part 20: Contract
Expression Language

ISO/IEC 21000-21, Information technology –

Multimedia framework (MPEG-21) – Part 21: Media
contract ontology

ISO/TC 211 ISO 19149, Geographic information – Rights

expression language for geographic information –
GeoREL

ISO/TC 307 ISO/TR 23455, Blockchain and distributed ledger

technologies – Overview of and interactions between
smart contracts in blockchain and distributed ledger
technology systems

Mass individuation ISO/TC 130 ISO 16612-1, Graphic technology - Variable printing
data exchange – Part 1: Using PPML 2.1 and
PDF 1.4 (PPML/VDX-2005)

ISO 16612-2, Graphic technology – Variable data

exchange – Part 2: Using PDF/X-4 and PDF/X-5
(PDF/VT-1 and PDF/VT-2)

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Standardization landscape for digital manufacturing

Digital thread ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 ISO/IEC 10746-3, Information technology –

Open distributed processing – Reference model:
Architecture

ISO/TC 184/SC 5 ISO 15704, Enterprise modelling and architecture –

Requirements for enterprise-referencing architectures
and methodologies.

Smart manufacturing IEC TC 65 IEC PAS 63088, Smart manufacturing – Reference

architecture model industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0)

IEC TR 63319, A meta-modelling analysis approach

to smart manufacturing reference models

IEC 63339, Unified reference model for smart

manufacturing

IEC TR 63283-1, Industrial-process measurement,

control and automation – Smart manufacturing –
Part 1: Terms and definitions

IEC TR 63283-2, Industrial-process measurement,

control and automation – Smart manufacturing –
Part 2: Use cases

IEC TR 63283-3, Industrial-process measurement,

control and automation – Smart manufacturing –
Part 3: Challenges for cybersecurity

IEC TR 63283-5, Industrial-process measurement,

control and automation – Smart manufacturing –
Part 5: Market and innovation trends analysis

IEC 63278-1, Asset Administration Shell for industrial

applications – Part 1: Asset Administration Shell
structure

IEC SyC SM ISO/IEC TR 63306-1, Smart manufacturing standards

map (SM2) – Part 1: Framework
ISO/TC 184
ISO/IEC TR 63306-2, Smart manufacturing standards
map (SM2) – Part 2: Catalogue

Digital twin ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 ISO/IEC AWI 30172, Digital Twin –- Use cases

ISO/IEC AWI 30173, Digital Twin – Concepts and

terminology

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Standardization landscape for digital manufacturing

Area SDO(s) Standards

Digital twin – industrial ISO/TC 184/SC 4 ISO 23247-1, Automation systems and integration –
data Digital twin framework for manufacturing – Part 1:
Overview and general principles

ISO 23247-2, Automation systems and integration –

Digital twin framework for manufacturing – Part 2:
Reference architecture

ISO 23247-3, Automation systems and integration –

Digital twin framework for manufacturing – Part 3:
Digital representation of manufacturing elements

ISO 23247-4, Automation systems and integration –

Digital twin framework for manufacturing – Part 4:
Information exchange

Industrial IoT ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 ISO/IEC TR 30166, Internet of Things (IoT) – Industrial
IoT

ISO/IEC 30162, Internet of Things (IoT) –

Compatibility requirements and model for devices
within Industrial IoT systems

Track and trace ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 ISO 17367, Supply chain applications of RFID –
Product tagging

ISO/IEC 24730 series, Information technology – Real-

time locating systems (RTLS)

ISO/TC 292 ISO 22383, Security and resilience –

Authenticity, integrity and trust for products and
documents – Guidelines for the selection and
performance evaluation of authentication solutions for
material goods

ISO 22300, Security and resilience – Vocabulary

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Section 4
Conclusion

The standardization opportunities relating to digital § Digital thread: The concept of digital thread
manufacturing can be categorized into four main is relevant to many industry sectors and
categories: standardization in this area is critical for
adoption. The Standards in this area could
§ Service platforms: For service platforms, the
include: a sector neutral vocabulary, reference
work already performed by ISO/IEC JTC 1/
architectures, formats and protocols, formal
SC 29: Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and
taxonomies, security, privacy and IP protection,
hypermedia information, in their ISO/IEC 23006
trustworthiness, robustness, and resilience.
series is very comprehensive and may provide
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 and SC 41 are currently
a base that is generalizable to multiple industry
looking to define terminology and architecture
sectors. ISO/IEC JTC 1 is currently evaluating
of digital thread.
to determine if the relevant portions of the
ISO/IEC 23006 series can or should be § Mass individuation: Mass individuation has
enhanced to allow more effective incorporation been practiced by the 2D printing sector for
of this work into other sectors. many years and is partially enabled by the
work of ISO/TC 130: Graphic technology.
§ Intellectual property use and protection:
ISO/IEC JTC 1 is currently exploring the
The current investments in prevention,
opportunity for base Standards in mass
detection, and mitigation of threats to IT
individuation that may be applied across
systems is extremely valuable to many
many sectors. This work would require
sectors including manufacturing. To address
collaboration with ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29:
perceptual issues related to IT system
Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and
security, Standards are needed to more
hypermedia information, ISO/TC 130: Graphic
objectively evaluate the trustworthiness of
technology, ISO/TC 184: Automation systems
IT systems. This would include terminology
and integration, IEC TC 65: Industrial-process
and architectures describing the roles and
measurement, control and automation, and
relationships in a trustworthiness evaluation
ISO/TC 261: Additive manufacturing.
system, data gathering necessary to support
trustworthiness evaluation, and meaningful
metrics that may be used to evaluate
trustworthiness. ISO/IEC JTC 1 is currently
evaluating to determine if the relevant portions
of the ISO/IEC 21000 series can or should be
enhanced to allow more effective incorporation
of this work into other sectors.

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Bibliography
[1] Wikipedia, "Digital thread," 24 Oct. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_
thread. [Accessed 29 March 2022].

[2] C. Miskinis, "What does a digital thread mean and how it differs from digital twin," Nov. 2018.
[Online]. Available: https://www.challenge.org/insights/digital-twin-and-digital-thread/. [Accessed 29
March 2022].

[3] ISO/IEC JTC 1/SWG 7: Emerging Technologies and Innovations, "N289 – Technology
Trend Report on Digital Twin 2019," [Online]. Available: https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/
livelink?func=ll&objId=20307749&objAction=Open&viewType=1. [Accessed 29 March 2022].

[4] ISO/TC 307: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies, "ISO/TR 23455:2019, Blockchain
and distributed ledger technologies – Overview of and interactions between smart contracts in
blockchain and distributed ledger technology systems", Sep. 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.
iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:tr:23455:ed-1:v1:en. [Accessed 29 March 2022].

[5] ISO/TC 292: Security and resilience, “ISO 22383:2020, Security and resilience – Authenticity, integrity
and trust for products and documents – Guidelines for the selection and performance evaluation
of authentication solutions for material goods”, Sep. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.iso.org/
obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:22383:ed-1:v1:en. [Accessed 29 March 2022]

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 ISO IEC JTC 1 TEC Digital manufacturing:2022-04(en)

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