HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

CHANGED THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ANCIENT TIME:
CHINA
The Ancient Chinese were famous for their inventions and technology. Many of their
inventions had lasting impact on the entire world. Other inventions led to great feats of
engineering like the Grand Canal and the Great Wall of China. Ancient Chinese scientists and
engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across
various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military
technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.

Some of the notable inventions and discoveries made by the engineers and scientists of Ancient
China:

Silk - Silk was a soft and light material much desired by the wealthy throughout the
world. It became such a valuable export that the trade route running from Europe to China
became known as the Silk Road.

Paper - Paper was invented by the Chinese as well as many interesting uses for paper
like paper money and playing cards. 

Printing - Wood block printing was invented in AD 868 and then moveable type around
200 years later.

The Compass - The Chinese invented the magnetic compass to help determine the
correct direction. They used this in city planning at first, but it became very important to map
makers and for the navigation of ships. 

Gunpowder - Gunpowder was invented in the 9th century by chemists trying to find
the Elixir of Immortality. Not long after, engineers figured out how to use gunpowder for
military uses such as bombs, guns, mines, and even rockets. They also invented fireworks and
made great beautiful displays of fireworks for celebrations.

Boat Rudder - The rudder was invented as a way to steer large ships. 
JAPAN
Science and technology in Japan is mostly focused and prominent in consumer
electronics, robotics and the film industry. In Medieval Japan they created and expanded on a
lot of resources such as; paint, fire balloons which were used in combat as well as a Katana
which was a blade made for a samurai to kill their enemies in one swift movement. In the early
17th century they didn’t have many materials to help create their supplies.

Paint was created by using chalk or ground egg shells; they used a type paint called
casein which was made by preparing casein glue and mixing it with ground pigments. The
casein glue was made by processing curdled ilk with ammonia or ammonium carbonate.

Traditional Japanese houses were built by using wooden columns put on flat ground to
eliminate the amount of moisture from the ground; the floor is taken up centimetres of the
ground and wood is laid across wooden floor beams. In places like the kitchen and hallways
have wooden flooring, although living rooms are covered with mats called tatami that are made
of woven rush grass.

Washi is a style of paper that was made in the times of medieval japan. It’s made using
bark of the Gampi tree but also can be made using bamboo, hemp, rice and wheat. The paper
was used for written sentiments and famous artworks.

In Medieval Japan there were many weapons that were used in combat. Because they
didn’t have many resources, they had to build their own weaponry such as Nodachi, Kodachi
and Katana.

KOREA
Ancient Korea has provided many unique contributions to world culture including the
invention of movable metal type printing, superb celadon ceramics, the exquisite gold crowns
of Silla, the oldest astronomical observatory in Asia, fine gilt-bronze Buddhist figurines, stone
pagodas, hanji, the most prized paper in the world, and the ondol underfloor heating system.
Gojoseon prospered due to agricultural improvements (with iron tools introduced from China)
and plentiful natural resources like gold, silver, copper, tin, and zinc. At this time the
famous ondol  underfloor heating system was invented and the first Korean grey stoneware
produced. However, Gojoseon was weakened by attacks from the neighbouring Yan state c.
300 BCE, and a long decline set in.

Movable metal type printing was invented and the older method of woodblock printing
refined. The period then saw a boom in Buddhist texts and an interest in documenting the
history of the country with the famous Samguk  sagi ('History of the Three Kingdoms') written in
1145 CE by Kim Pu-sik.
MIDDLE AGE:
CHINA

Research and development (R&D) is a labor-intensive endeavor, in which the critical

resource is the size and quality of the pool of trained manpower. China suffered both from an
absolute shortage of scientists, engineers, and technicians and from maldistribution and misuse
of those it had. Chinese statistics on the number and distribution of scientific personnel were
neither complete nor consistent. In the late 1980s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences remained
the most prestigious research agency in the natural sciences. It administered about 120
research institutes in various parts of China, with major concentrations in Beijing and Shanghai.
In 1986 the academy employed 80,000 persons, over 40,000 of whom were scientific
personnel. It also operated the elite Chinese University of Science and Technology of China,
located in Hefei, Anhui Province, as well as its own printing plant and scientific
instrumentfactory. Its institutes concentrated on basic research in many fields and did research
(such as that on superconductor materials) that met international standards. The Chinese
Academy of Sciences institutes employed China's best-qualified civilian scientists and had better
laboratories, equipment, and libraries than institutes in the other four research systems. The
academy's concentration on basic research was intended to be complemented by the work of
the more numerous institutes affiliated with industrial ministries or local governments, which
focused on applied research.

JAPAN

The soroban is an abacus calculator developed in medieval Japan. It is derived from

the ancient Chinese suanpan, imported to Japan in the 14th century.

The Myriad year clock was a universal clock designed by the Japanese

inventor Hisashige Tanaka in 1851. It belongs to the category of Japanese clocks
called Wadokei.

In 1683 (Kai-Fukudai-no-Hō), Seki Kōwa came up with elimination theory, based

on resultant. To express resultant, he developed the notion of determinant. Determinants were
introduced to study elimination of variables in systems of higher-order algebraic equations.
They were used to give shorthand representation for the resultant. The determinant as an
independent function was first studied by Seki Kōwa in 1683.
Bernoulli numbers were studied by Seki Kōwa and published after his death, in
1712. Jacob Bernoulli independently developed the concept in the same period, buthis work
was published a year later, in 1713.
KOREA

The scientific and technological advance in the late Joseon Dynasty was less progressed
than the early Joseon period.
16th-century court physician, Heo Jun wrote a number of medical texts, his most
significant achievement being Dongeui Bogam, which is often noted as the defining text
of Traditional Korean medicine. The work spread to its East Asian neighbors, China and Japan,
where it is still regarded as one of the classics of Oriental medicine today.
The first soft ballistic vest, Myunjebaegab, was invented in Joseon Korea in the 1860s
shortly after the French campaign against Korea (1866). 

MODERN AGE:
CHINA
As they have accumulated experience in dealing with foreign corporations, Chinese
economic administrators and enterprise managers have become better able to negotiate
contracts that still permit the necessary training and consultation in the use of foreign
technology. By the late 1980s, the transfer of foreign technology had become a normal
commercial transaction. To an increasing extent, policy and practices for technology
transfer were becoming part of general economic and foreign trade policies. 

JAPAN
In a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976, Susumu Tonegawashowed
that genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies. He later
received the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of the genetic
principle for generation of antibody diversity.
Leo Esaki was awarded the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of electron
tunneling (quantum tunnelling) in the 1950s. The tunnel diode (Esaki diode) was invented in
August 1957 by Leo Esaki, Yuriko Kurose and Takashi Suzuki when they were working at Tokyo
Tsushin Kogyo, now Sony.
Commercial digital recording was pioneered by NHK and Nippon Columbia, also known
as Denon, in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971.
Kei cars are a category of small automobiles invented in Japan, including passenger
cars, vans, and pickup trucks. They are designed to exploit local tax and insurance relaxations,
and in more rural areas are exempted from the requirement to certify that adequate parking is
available for the vehicle.
The world's first all-electric compact calculator was the Casio Computer Company's
Model 14-A, released in 1957. The first electronicdesktop calculator with on-board memory was
the Casio 001, released in 1965. In 1967, Casio released the AL-1000, the world's
first programmable desktop calculator.
KOREA
Modern scientific and technological development in South Korea at first did not occur
largely because of more pressing matters such as the division of Korea and the Korean War that
occurred right after its independence. It wasn't until the 1960s under the dictatorship of Park
Chung-hee where South Korea's economy rapidly grew from industrialisation and
the Chaebolcorporations such as Samsung and LG.

In robotics, KAIST competes with the Japanese company, Honda with its humanoid

robot HUBO. Honda's ASIMO and KAIST's HUBO lines are the two of very few humanoid robots
that can walk. The first HUBO was developed within a span of 3 years and cost 1 million USD.
In renewable energy, South Korean scientists at the Gwangju Institute of Science and
Technology in cooperation with the University of California, Santa Barbara successfully
developed an organic photovoltaic power cellwith energy efficiency of 6.5 percent.
 Salt Production and Pharmacology

An assessment of salt creation and pharmacology in the focal Sudan of West Africa exhibits the
effect of innovative improvements in West Africa. As the science of different salts that were
abused recommends, there was impressive information of NaCl (sodium chloride), sodium
sulfates, potassium chlorides, and sulfates. Various kinds of salt, including natron, trona,
vegetable salts, and ocean salt, had importance for use as drugs, culinary purposes, tanning of
calfskin, and different employments.

This segment talks about salt creation and pharmacology, including the science and
employments of different salts. The kinds of salt extended from unadulterated NaCl (sodium
chloride), to sodium vanishing. The buildup in pots was likewise utilized as a salt substitute in
regions inadequate in salt. In numerous spots, salt earth was scratched starting from the earliest
stage water had vanished, and in places where there was extensive regular dissipation, the
stores of salt could be utilized as a salt licks for creatures and the salt earth could be promoted
for creatures.

The most modern creation of salt created in Focal Sudan, and especially in the territory
commanded by the province of Borno, and its ancestor, Kanem, in the bowl of Lake Chad.
Borno, a Muslim nation since at any rate the eleventh century, controlled the desert gardens of
Fachi and Kawar, on the convoy course to North Africa and critical not just for trans-Saharan
exchange yet in addition as the destinations of real salt stores. The kinds of salt from these
locales included red natron (Dirkou), white natron (Djado, Sequidine), kantu salt (Bilma, Fachi),
and little amounts of cleaner, higher-evaluated salt (beza, bilma).

These sources are the best known about the generation locales in Focal Sudan, Their situation
on the course to North Africa implied that medieval Arabic essayists knew about their areas, in
spite of the fact that there is no notice of salt generation, aside from alum. On account of the
significance of Kawar in trans-Saharan correspondence, they have posed a potential threat in
Borno history. It appears to be likely that the salt assets were misused from an early date. Since
Borno had firm control of Kawar and Fachi in the sixteenth century, in any event, the state ruled
the exchange with North Africa and consequently profited by the salt business of the desert. The
northern side of the Komodugu Yo as a result comprised of a wide belt, which extended from
the Sosebaki states in the west to the shores of Lake Chad. The area subdivided into Muniyo,
Mangari, Kadzell, and the islands and eastern shore of the lake. Just the lake itself was not
under the political control of Borno, however all things being equal, the state had the option to
impact exchange over the lake and thus salt appropriation. The sorts of salt incorporated a few
sorts of natron, babul or kige, which was gotten from the fiery debris of shrubs, and numerous
assortments of manda, which was a blend of natron and sodium chloride, and from the eastern
shores of Lake Chad, ungurnu, or trona.

Borno salts comprise of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, potassium chloride,
calcium carbonate, sodium phosphate, potassium sulfate, and calcium sulfate in different
fixations. Those alluded to as natron (kanwa) have low convergences of sodium chloride (under
4 percent) and are high in sodium carbonate (20-75 percent) yet can incorporate high
convergences of sodium sulfate as well as calcium carbonate. Mangari salt has even a more
prominent variety in creation yet for the most part has a higher convergence of sodium chloride
(12-68 for percentage) sulfates, potassium chlorides and sulfates, natron, trona, vegetable salts,
and ocean salt. The various salts were utilized for cooking, like prescriptions, for tanning
cowhide, to fix colors in the material generation, just as blended with tobacco for biting or snuff.
It ought to be noticed that tobacco was developed in West Africa, in the wake of being
presented over the Atlantic from the Americas.

Due to Muslim restrictions on smoking, tobacco was all the more frequently bitten or taken up
the nose, which likewise discharged the nicotine, the dynamic fixing and furthermore an alkaloid
with invigorating impacts like espresso and kola. Salt was rare in Africa before the twentieth
century. Salt was found in dissipated stores, generally in the Sahara and in the desert region
close to the Red Ocean yet additionally discharged through brackish water springs in broadly
dispersed areas. Salt was likewise extricated from seawater through as a rule with critical
measures of sodium carbonate (numerous examples go from 11-31 percent, however some are
as low as 0.18 percent) and sodium sulfate (15-56 percent).

Limited quantities (under 5 percent) of potassium chloride are regularly found in these examples
and every so often hints of different salts (sodium phosphate and potassium sulfate) are
available. Baboul or kige salt contains for all intents and purposes no sodium carbonate or
sodium sulfate and comprises basically of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, with littler
measures of calcium carbonate, potassium sulfate, what's more, calcium sulfate. Gwangwarasa
is unique in relation to different sorts of natron in that it comprises completely of sodium sulfate,
and henceforth can't be devoured by people. The best variety in concoction organization is
found in the natron and salt from the districts of Muniyo, Mangari, and Kadzell.

Geographical conditions contrasted enormously all through this wide territory so that the yield
from better places was exceptional. For sure the salt and natron of Mangari and Muniyo can be
thought of as falling on a continuum dependent on the measure of sodium chloride present. The
desert locales were less and keeping in mind that varieties existed among areas there were
essentially as it were five or six sorts, contrasted with the at least hundred found in the Sahel.