Chapter 1 6 SURVEYING INTRODUCTION Surveying is theart of establishing relative positions of stations both in horizontal and vertical directions. Levelling is the art of establishment of relative elevations of stations. The fundamental principle of surveying is to 1. Proceed from whole to part. 2. Establish the position of a station from two independent (linear/and/or angular) measurements. ‘The earth is a sphere of a diameter of 12742 km. It is taken into account in Geodetic surveying. In plane surveying we ignore the curvature of earth amd take it ta be plane. CHAIN SURVEY Engineer’s Chain —EPS, Chain—100 feet lang—divided into 100 links. Gunter 's Chain —FPS. Chain—t6 feet long—divided into 100 links. Revenue Chain —FS. Chain- feet long—divided into 16 links. Metric Chain —20 metres—divided into 100 links or 30 metres—divided into 150 links. “Main Survey Stations” —Prominent stations. Main Survey lines —Chain lines joining these prominent stations, Number of main survey lines should be as fow as possible. Three main survey lines form a triangle.As far as possible these triangles should be nearly equilateral triangles. A well conditioned triangle is one in which no angle is bess than 30° nor greater than 121°. Base line i: a prominent line passing through the heart of the area. Check lines run in between the main lines to test their accurate positions. Each triangle should have at least one check line. A tie line is a subsidiary line mainly run to get more details within the area. Offset is the measurement in lateral direction while chaining is done in linear direction. Perpendicular offsets run at right angles to the chain line. Oblique offsets make an angle other than 90° with chain line. Offsets should be as short as possible. An offset is said to bea long offset when its length is more than L5 m. Plotting can be done accurately to a minimum length of 0.25 mm. O25 on Limiting length of offiet = Too <5 metres where + js the seale to which plotting is done. z Ois the deviation of the perpendicular offset in degrees. Cross staff, optical square and prism square are the instruments lo set perpendicular offsets. Obstacles 1. Obstacles to ranging but not to chaining ¢.¢.. a hillock. Recipracal ranging is adopted then. 2. Obstacles to chaining but not to ranging ¢., a river and a pond. 3, Obstacles to both chaining and ranging ¢.g., a tall building. Minor instrument used for ranging, is “Line Ranger”. Minor instruments used for setting perpendicular offsets are “Optical square” and “Prism square”, True length = Measured length « I€oftect length of chatin Supposed length of chain Similarly, Incorrect length of chain J” Supposed length, of chain ‘Planimeter’ is an instrument to measure areas. Area = M[F.R. + 10 + C] Correct area = Measured area x R= Initial reading, Number of times the zero mark of the dail passes the fixed index mark + clockwise — anti-clockwise C= Additive constant Mf = Multiplying constant,ERRORS IN CHAIN SURVEY 1. Cumulative Errors 1. Length of the chain is shorter than the standard one due to (i) kinks, (11) loss of links and (i) knots in links. 2. Slope correction (when > 4°) is not applied. 3. Ranging is not ina straight line, 4. Length af the chain may be more than the standard one due to (i) flattening of ring joints, and (if) opening of rings. IL, Compensating Errors 1. Incorrect holding of chain. 2. Chain nat unformly calibrated. Ifthe total length measured = L, then Cumulative errors od. Compensating errors a JE Correction for temperature, C=a(Ty-Tyl Correction for pull, c,= {Pot AE Correction for sag, & Moly 2p? 2 Correction for slope, Cys i COMPASS SURVEY Bearing of a line is its direction with respect to.a ference line j.., meridian. True meridian is the line passing through North pole and South pole. Magnetic meridian is the standard reference line show by a freely floating balanced magnetic needle free from any extemal influence. Arbitrary meridian is any other line taken for reference, Whole circle bearings are always measured in the clockwise direction with reference to the Magnetic North ‘Quadrantal or reduced bearings are taken with respect to Magnetic North or Magnetic South towards East or West Le, they are measured clockwise in North-East and South-West Quadrants and anti-clockwise in South-East and North-West Quadrants, 2 in the opposite direction. Back bearing is the bearing of a li Deflection angle is the included angle hetwoen the prolongation of the previous line and the succeeding line.FIGURE 16.4 Clockwise deflection is called right deflection and it is additive, Anticlockwise deflection is left deflection and is subtractive, Ina closed traverse Sum of internal angles = (2n—4) «HP ‘Sum of external angles = (2r +4) x 90F Algebraic sum of deflection angles = 360°. Dip is the inclination of the magnetic needle with the horizontal Northern end is deflected down in the ‘Northern hemisphere’ while the Southern end is deflected down in the ‘Southern hemisphere’. At the equator the dip is zero, Magnetic declination = True bearing ~ Magnetic bearing. When the magnetic meridian is to the East of true meridian, trae bearing of a line is greater than its magnetic bearing and therefore magnetic declination is +ve and designated as ‘E” When the magnetic meridian isto the West of true meridian, true bearing of a line is smaller than its magnetic bearing and therefore magnetic declination is ve and designated as ‘IW’, Magnetic declination at a place is not constant but varies from time to time. 1. Diurnal vsrintion within the same day—more during day time and less during night time. 2. Asemal emriation—within a year—more during summer and less in winter. 3. Secular neriation variation over a very long period. ‘The variation is more near poles and less on the equator. Isogonic lines are the imaginery lines passing through the stations of same Magnetic Declination. Agonic line is an Isogonic line of zero magnetic declination. “Local attraction” at a place is the influence of magnetic materials as steel and nickel objects, iron ore, electric poles and current carrying conductors on the magnetic needle. Local attraction is the same for all the bearings taken at the place. ERRORS IN COMPASS SURVEY 1. Instrumental Errors 1. Needle—bent. 2. Pivot—bent, eccentric. 3. Pivot edge—blunt.4, Needle—sluggish. 5. No counter weight provided on the needle against dip. 6. Sight vanes—bent. 7. Graduated ring—twisted, graduations are not uniform. 8.5) ight vanes and pivot—not in one line. 9, Horse hair—too thick, IL. Personal Errors 1, Inaccurate centring of the compass over the station. 2. Improper levelling of aluminium ring, 3. Imperlect bisection of ranging red. 4, Confused reading in the wrong direction, 5. Careless recording, Table 16.1 item Prismatic compass ‘Surseyur's compass Bearing Graduations Neexle Seale Sighting at ubject and taking bearings Tripod WCB. O° at South OOP at West 180° at North 27UP at East 180° whoo e7oe Ca FIGURE 16.2 Inverted because we have to see them through prism Broad type—fitted to the bottom of aluminium ring, (0. cannot be seen) Free to float along with the browd type magnet Can be done simultaneously Not essential RB, 0? at North and South OUP at East and West FIGURE 16.3 East and West interchanged Erect Edge bar type needle—also acts as.an index Attached te the box Sighting is te be done first and then the surveyor has to read the Northern end of the needle Amust,PLANE TABLE SURVEY Field work and plotting are done simultaneously in a plane table survey. 1. Drawing board 100 mm 300 mm or 730 mm x 600 mm 2, Alidade—approximately 500 mm long, plain alidade—2 sight vanes, telescopicalidade— telescope mounted on scale, 3. Plumbing fork and plumb bob—to transfer station on to the drawing sheet or vice-vvrsu. 4. ‘Trough compass—to mark ‘Narth’ 5. Spirit level—for levelling the board. ‘Orientation 1. By magnetic needle 2. By back sighting. Methods of Plane Tabling 1. Radiation 2. Intersection 3. Traversing 4, Resection, Radiation, From a well commanded single station the details are plotted, Best suited for smaller lengths and when all the points are accessible. It is very accurate, Intersection. Plotting a base line AB, A and 5 being mutually visible and accessible. Draw rays from the stations to all the other points, where these rays meet give the positions of all the other points. Itinvolves measurement of only one length i. are accessible it does not matter. that of the base line. Even if the other points This is less accurate than radiation. ‘Traversing. It is locating the plane table almost over all the stations, [t may be regarding as a combination of both radiation and intersection. Resection, It is the location of the instrument station with reference ta “two” or “three” already plotted stations. 2? point problem Resecti ‘3 point problem (Mechanical or tracing, paper method 3 point problem | Graphical or Bessel's method Trial and error or Lehmann’s method Advantages of Plane Table Survey 1. Htis rapid. 2. Area to be surveyed and plotted is in front of the surveyor and hence less possibility exists to miss some details. 3. His advantageously taken up in magnetic areas,Disadvantages 1. Heavy, cumbersome and awkward to carry. 2, Ithas too many accessories, 3. Ibis difficult to redraw the platted drawing toa different scale. Suitabi is not required. ty. [tis best suited to prepare small scale maps of smaller areas where high precision LEVELLING It is the process of determining relative clevations of places with respect toa datum line. A‘level surface’ is a surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of earth. Mean Sea Level at Karachi was taken as datum by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. Bench Mark is a permanent mark of known elevation Height of the instrament is the elevation of the line of sight of the instrument. Reduction of Levels 1. Collimation system. It is rapid but had no check over R.Ls of intermediate sights. It is adopted where more number of “intermediate sights” exist. 2. Rise and fall method. It is.a slow process but absolute check exists over the computed R.Ls of intermediate sight. [tis preferred where less number of intermediate stations do exist. Curvature. Curvature makes the objects appear ‘Lower’ than they really are AB is a horizontal line AC isa level line, AB = OF - GA? = (OC + BCP - OA? a (Re CPR? = 2RC, Ic? wm EE ew 0.0785 dete, “QR 12742 - FIGURE 16.4 Refraction, Rays of light passing through different layers of air are refracted down. The curved path of refracted rays forms an are of a circle of radius approximately seven times that of the earth. © Refraction makes appear the objects “Higher’ than they really are C, = 00112 a Combined correction for = curvature and refraction f ©" 0.0673 Distance of Visible Horizon:Reciprocal Levelling. It is a very precise levelling of finding R.L.s between two stations which are well apart by only two settings of levels, one nearer to each station, Errors due to ‘Collimation, curvature and partly due to refraction’ are eliminated. Errors in Lew 5 1. Instrumental Errors 1. Collimation error—ine of collimation not parallel to the bubble line. 2 peg test is conducted to set it right. 2. Object glass moving in inclined direction while focu 3. Sluggish bubble, IL. Personal Errors ng. 1. Improper levelling of telescope. 2. Improper holding of level staff 3. Imperfect sighting, 4, Settlement of level staff and level. U1. Natural Errors due to Wired and Sus Sensitiveness of Bubble Tube lid s & = Radius of curvature of bubble tube Rg s = Difference between twa staff readings. J = Length of one division of bubble tube n= No. of divisions d = Distance between staff and instrument. CONTOURING A Contour line is an imaginary line joining the stations of equal elevation. Contour Interval is the vertical distance between any two Consecutive Contours. Horizontal Equivalent is the horizontal distance between any two points on two Consecutive Contours. Characteristics of Contours 1. Contour isa closed line, within the map or outside it, i,, no Contour shall abruptly end 2. No two Contours Cross each other. They seem to merge in case of a vertical retaining wall. ‘They may appear to cross each other in case of an overhanging cliff. 3. Increased values inside a loop represent a hill. Reduced values inside represent a pond4. Contour lines close to each other represent steep slope. 5. U shaped Contours with falling values towards the bend represent Ridge line. 6. V shaped Contours with rising values towards the bend indicate Valley line. 7. Ridge or Valley lines cross Contours at right angles. Uses of Contours 1. By drawing a section across Contours, we get the profile of land. 2. One can assess the intervisibility between two points. 3. By tracing Contour gradients we align roads, rail roads, canals and pipe lines. 4, One can assess catchment on drainage area of a river. 5. Capacity of a reservoir. can be computed. THEODOLITE SURVEY Fundamental axes of theodolite: 1, Vertical axis 2. Horizental or trunnion axis 3. Line of collimation 4, Axis of telescope 5. Axis of plate levels 6. Axis of altitude levels. Relationship between the Axes L. Anis of plate levels is perpendicular to the vertical axis. 2, Line of collimation is perpendicular to horizontal axis. 3. Horizontal axis is perpendicular to vertical axis. 4. Axis of altitude levels is parallel to line of collimation. 5. Vertical cirele reads zero when line of collimation is horizontal. [ “i » [Northing +ve Latitude. Tous fF {Senta ve Departure. ‘sin {este Bowditch Rule: Length of the side Correction to any side = Total error x —= EE EE SEE _ Perimeter of transvere Transit Rule: Latitude of that side Correction to latitude of any side = Total error in latitude x Arithmetic sum of all latitudes Similarly, correction for departure,TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING It is angular surveying in which horizontal and vertical distances are computed without direct measurement. Stadia System 1. Fixed hair method 2. Movable hair or Subtense method, Fixed Hair Method Horizontal distance Es +if+d) i For inclined sights—Staff held vertical Vertical distance Ve [é S003 6 yea] sin f Horizontal distance Ds [Leconnersat] cos @ Staff held norma! v=[Leeeiroa] sind i cos 84 isin @& p-[Leceyeay) i i Anallactic lens is provided in a tacheometer between the diaphragm and the object glass to nullify the additive constant. [tis a convex lens, The distance between the anallactic lens and object glass is given by where f= Focal length of objective, f° = Focal length of the analll Movable Hair Method Tens, f D=— se(f+ ae ifr) For inclined sights D=—— cos a4 Cons 8 me Ks cos Osin@+Csin@ moe sce cqntant for an arisen PB Cs fd = additive constant ¢ index error,Horizontal Base Subtense Measurement : 836 206265 B where f= Horizontal angle subtended by the theadolite im seconds between the two ends of the subtense bar. Tangential Method : Horizontal distance, d = s tan f= tance 5 ~ tan fl— tana tan fh For a 20 marc, For a 30m are, m, where D = Degree of curve ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE = Vertex or Point of Intersection it is the starting, point Indicating the necessity of the curve. $= Deflection angle. It is Right deflection when the tuming is Clockwise and Left deflection when the tuming is Anti-clockwise, 0= Angle of Intersection, 6+0= 180° T, = Beginning of the curve. = Point of curve (P.C.) M= Mid-point of curve = Apex or summit FIGURE 16.5 T, = End of the curve = Point af Tangency (P.1.) VT, = Back tangent = Rtan (3Length ofcurve = Arc T, MT, a ie, x 2nR 360° Chainage of T, = Chainage of vertex — Length of back tangent Chainage of T, = Chainage of T, + Length of curve T, MT, VI, = Forward tangent = R tan [3] No where it is significant. , 3, PT, = Lamg chord =2 8 sin ( 2) \2) PM = Mid ordinate = R ~Reos($ MV = External distance = Apex distance = Distance between Apex and Wertex = Rsce[$]-R Curve Setting : 1. Radial offsets method:2. Perpendicular offsets from tangents Ty, Ta FIGURE 16.7 Om 5 2k 3. Perpendicular offsets from the long, chord: __M °, Tj ‘ Ts okay R oO FIGURE 16.8 4. Rankine’s metho < d b « t Ty Te FIGURE 16.9Chainages ofa, b.¢,d,c and f must be multiples (of whole numbers) of peg interval. Peg interval = a= be = cd = de = ef = regular sub chords = c T,a = First sub chord = c, FT, = Last sub chord = c, Deflection angle for first sub chord 7 BBP x0, | FIGURE 16.10 = 6, = minutes R 1718.87 xC Diflection angle for regular sub chord = "= minutes = 8 I71B.87 x C, Deflection angle for the last sub chord = = minutes = 5, Cumulative deflection angle at ‘a’ = (VT 2 = 8 Cumulative deflection angle at ‘b= [VT b = 8, +8 [PT © =8, +25 d =5, +38 Cumulative deflection angle at 'c’ = Cumulative deflection angle at ‘a’ = Cumulative deflection angle at ‘e' = |VT,¢ = 6, «48 Cumulative deflection angle at 'f = |VT,f =8, +58 ” ._o Cumulative deflection angle at T= [VI Ts = 6, +58 +8,= 5 5. Two Theodolites method FIGURE 16.11 Angles ct and fi cam be set anywhere from 0 ta Z :Compound Curve FIGURE 16.12 Tate Gt iy sin ct Tett@+) sh Reverse Curve FIGURE 16.13 Fora reverse curve between two parallel straights 4 2BAC = — © 2 AB= 2k =r) sin = 2k +x AB = J201Rer ACs h=(R+r)sin6 BC =2=(R +1) (1-cos a).MINOR INSTRUMENTS Abney Clinometer. [tis used to measure 1. Vertical angles. 2, Slopes of ground. 3, Grade contours. Graduated circular arc (#4)" - 0°90") reads angle of elevation or depression by the vernier, When the vernier reads 0° the line of sight is perfectly horizontal, it is used as an “Abney Level”, Tangent Clinometer. It is an improved alidade, Eye vane has a peep hole. Object vane consists of a lang slit. Degrees and tangents of degrees are marked on either side of the slit, The movable cross hair on the object vane gives aut the slopes, Ceylon Ghat Tracer, It consists of a hollow brass tube with a peep hole and cross hairs. A moving weight sliding on the pinion rack gives out the inclination of the line of sight—sightod towards the sight vane. It reads slope from a to t upwards or downwards. Box Sextant Horizontal and vertical angles can be found by box sextant, Index glass is fully silvered, Ba faces {Upper hall sitvered) [Lower half plain) FIGURE 16.14 Horizon glass—upper half silvered, lower half plain. The angle between the objects = 2 * angle between the mirrors. It becomes an optical square when the vernier reads zero and the angle between the two mirrors is 45°. Pantagraph Far reducing maps. Pointer at, pencil at B. For enlarging. Pointer at 8, and pencil at A. Weight should be in the same line as B and A. D is the position of pencil to draw the plan to the same scale. FIGURE 16.95AREAS AND VOLUMES: ‘1. Mid-Ordinate Rule = FO, +O, +40, n where O,, O, etc, are the mid-ordinates of the trapezium formed, 2. Average Ordinate Rule Are Area = Op +O) +--+ Oy 7 n4l where ©), ©, ..... are the ordinates of each trapezium. 3. Trapezoidal Rule «EL FOp FO | aza[® me 4, Simpson's Rule A= 3 NO, +0,) +440, +0, +..942(0, 40,4.) 5. Level Section +— 2 —_a FIGURE 16.16 A= (2h + nye 6. Two Level Section 2 Area in fill = 2+" Ar—n) (b+ rin? Area in cutting = mera -—#—a FIGURE 16.177. Three Level Section A= thy ht y Ws, +89 gabe (wed eal A = b—+1 4 FIGURE 16.19 Saber 8. Trapezoidal Formula Volume =) bt + A, +44 } ty 9. Prismoidal Formula Volume = Sta, +A, +2 EAgy +4 DA pel Il. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Aninstrument used for ranging is {ua} optical square D(H line ranger o {) clinometer Bid) pedometer. o 2. Survey plotting can be done with an accuracy of (a) 0.25 min OD ihosmm o (lim DB td tem. o 3. Achain may get elongated due to (a) change in temperature D (Pl difference in pull o ypening of rings Dt) kinks ir tines, o 4. Acchain is made up of mild steel or galvanised iron wire of diameter (a) 1mm 0 (h4mm Oo () 5mm O thtem, o7. 9, Th Im 13, 4 13. Handles of chains are made up of ia) mild steel OD (bi galvanised iron fc} brass: O(a) copper. Handles are connected to the link by ta) flexible joint OB (bh) rigic joint fe) ball andl socket joint Bt) swivel joint, Distance between two neighbouring brass rings is (a) Jess than 20cm, DO (h20cen fim Co (dsm ‘The length of an Engineer's chain is (a) 20m (by 33 feet fe) 66 feet Did) 100 feet. The length of a link of Gunter’s chain is (a) 20cm. o ihr te) Dap? OB td) 206s, Indirect ranging is adopted when the two ends of chain line are (a) mutually invisible CD (ti tow distant fe) ona sloping ground D(a) separated by a valley, o a A 30 m chain after measuring a distance of 6000 m was found to be 10 cm more than the designated length. If the chi the true length is (a) 4720 on O (60m fe) S000 Btu) 980m. A.20-m long chain when tested should not show an error exceeding (0) 2.mm per metee length and 5 mim in the overall length (2) 2mm per metre length and § mm in the overall Jength fe) 2mm per metre length and 2mm in the overall length (af) 2mm per metre length and 40 mm in the ewerall length, Drop arrow js used in fn) conventional chain survey DD (bh) measurements along slopes (c) measurement by methed of stepping =O (id) measuring with tape. Hypotenusal allowance is fa) (eee B- 1) = measured distance OD (bi (1 —sec 6) x measured distance fc) measured distance « (1 —-cos 6) D (i) measured distance cos 8. Hypotenusal allowance far a length of 50m when the slope is. 60° is ta) 17.82 m Bam te) 375m Bd) 50m. was standardised before the commencement of survey then oa oo0a00 oa16. mn 18. 19, 21 Correction for slope is rs = 5 5 “ys te) = Oo at o Distance between two stations A and # is 200 m whereas their difference in elevations is 2m. Hence horizontal distance between A and fis fa) 199m DB (hy 18m o fe) 199.99 D(a) 199-999 m. o Correct length of a 50 m tape, weighing 1.2 kg when a pull of 12 kg is applied at the ends and is freely suspended is (a) 49.98 m OD (M4896 o fe) 0.02 m O ws, o Survey is conducted at 40°C and the measured length was 5km, If the chain was standardised at 20°C and co-efficient of linear expansion of chain material is 0.3 x 107/9C, then the correct length is (a) 5000.15 m (hy 5000.38 o fe) 4999.70 m (i) 4999.85 m. o Correction for pull is ) =e og ic AlAxd a AE E tc) (P= PEAT DW cole o Pick up the most accurate statement from the following: {o) survey Tines in an area should be as many as possible o (6) number of base lines in an area is limited ta one o {c) rain chain lines should form well conditioned triangles o (i) oblique offsets are inferior to perpendicular offsets. o When a chain line encounters a river (a) chaining, is obstructed but ranging is free o (8) ranging is obstructed but chaining is free o {e) both ranging and chaining are obstructed o (ul) both ranging and chaining are free. o Reciprocal ranging fs adopted when the following is encountered : fa) a dense forest OD (ta hillock o fc) a river OD (d) a tall building. oD Convention for a telegraphic line is a o (ec) ————_—_2— 0s i T o FIGURE 16.2025, Convention for an embankment is WoLoLbe FIGURE 16.21 26. In Fig. 16.22, if chainage of A is 400 m, chainage of Dis (a) 360m O (arm (c) 423 mn OB td) 440m. a co & 20m c FIGURE 16.22 FIGURE 16,27 27. In Fig, 16.23, AD = (a) 700 Dh yai00 (oh 3800 Ow) vis. 28. In Fig. 16.24 if bearing, of PQ is 287° and QR is 62°, then PR = (a) 40 em Dhan (c) 120 m Dia) tem.31. 37. In Fig. 16.25 if chainage of A is 500.000, chainage of D is ia} 507.200 DO iby 512800 (c} 533.333 Di) 525.000, In Fig. 16.26 width of the river (CD) is ta) 57.74 OB (b63.29m fe) 65.67 m 6 ia) 34.60 m. c 100 m FIGURE 16.26 If bearing of OA = 20°, and bearing af OB = 120°, then AOR fay 1 Oo ae te) 280° CO uy a. If bearing of AB = 40°, bearing of BC = 300°, then ZABC = ta) a0 Gib) 100° fo) 260° Bay rao, If bearing of AB = N 10° W, bearing of BC = N 80° W, then 2ABC = (ay ue re et te) 110 Gt 250". If bearing of AB = N 30° W, bearing of BC = N 40° E, then 2ABC = tay 10° Otro fc) 110° 0 tgp 170". If the bearing of AB = N 40° E, and bearing of BC = 370° E, then 2ABC = ta) 30° Oo inv fey 0P tay 150°. ABCD is a square. Bearing of AB © 411°. Hence bearing af DC is (a) 40° Oth 130° te) 220° Day 310". ABC is an equilateral triangle. If bearing of AB is 150°, then bearing of AC is fay 120 DB thaw toy 270" Bia) 330°. In the triangle POR of Fig. 16.27 bearing of PQ is 30°. Then bearing af RP is ia) 30° Dib) 100° fe) 150° DB tay 260°.ce 4 a2 a A é\ a E 8 Lyn mA P A P FIGURE 16.27 FIGURE 16.28 ABCDE in Fig, 16.28 is a regular pentagon. If bearing of AB is 100°, then deflection angle at Bis (a) TER BD (bir o fe) TPR O(a) 172K. oO In Fig. 16.29, if bearing of AB is 190°, bearing of DE E s = a a0 eo" FIGURE 16.29 {a} 40° OG (hor o fc) 240° OD td) sue. o. Ina closed traverse ABC, the following readings were taken, Lime Fore herring Back bearing AB 1 2ea? aC none am CA ar ae Ifstation A is free from Ineal attraction, correct bearing of CB is fa) 275" DB (waver o te) 277° Oar. o ‘The magnetic bearing of a line is N 88* E, Its true bearing is S 89° E, Therefore, its magnetic declination is fa) 20 oO (wow o oP D (aot. o A freely floating needle slightly gets inclined to the horizontal anywhere except on the equator, It is called {a) declination BD (hdip B {e) local attraction 0 (d) secular variation. o44. The graduations ona Surveyor’s Compass are N 180" tayw evr soe Dt) wpe E r N e a) oe 45> fowpsoranefe D ihe £9 FIGURE 16.30 45. Isogonic lines are the lines having the same ia) elevation: Oth) bearing (c) declination OD id)dip. 46. The variation of magnetic declination within a day is called (a) diurnal variation Oth) irregular variation (c) annual variation Od) secular variation, 47. Local atiraction at a place may be due to (a) key bunches OD tb) steel buttons (e) current carrying bare wire DD idbeloctric storm, 48, The amount of correction due to local attraction at a place {a} is.a constant for all bearings (8) varies with the bearing {c} changes from time te time (id) sometimes additive and sometimes subtractive, 49. An instrumental error im compass survey is because of in) inaccurate levelling (8) variation in declination (ec) no counter weight provision to counteract dip: {if} local attraction due to bare current carrying conductors. 50, The technique of plotting all the accessible stations with a single sef up of plane table i called (a) radiation Bd) intersection (e) resection Bid) traversing. 51. Radiation plane table survey is the best suited when. (a) distances are long bout accessible CD (bi) distances are short and accessible (c) distances are long and inaccessible Df) distances are short but inaccessible. oa oo0oa o o o o is o52. Intersection is preferred to radiation when {a) the points are inaccessible 1D (Bh itis not possible to measure any distance {e) the points are too far and invisible D(a) the Lengths are too short, Do o When the slation is outside the great lriangle but inside the great circle then the position of the instrument station 'p’ is " LX - Ny [i ——/ ) SE” : ay — J) FIGURE 16.37 “The strength of fix’ is poor when (a) the station is within the great triangle {(}) the station is outside the great cirche [e) the station is within the great circle but outside the great triangle (a) the station is.on the great citcle, An advantage af plane tabling is fa) it is a tropical instrument OD (hy ithas many accessories {c) plotting is done outdoor 1D () chances to miss details are bess, A disadvantage of plane table survey is. {a) it is heavy, cumbersome and awkward to-carry (6) if cannot be used in wet climate {e) details may not be available while redrawing toa different scale (al) accessories are likely to be lost. An example for a level surface is {a) surface of easth DB (by surlace of sea {c) surface of a reservoir D(a) surface of a still lake, Level line and horizontal line are (a) the same for longer distances, B (t) both straight lines (e) newer the same (i) same for smaller lengths. ooo0 oo oooa oo2 A plumb line is (a a vertical line OD (tia tine parallel ty a vertical line o (c)a line perpendicular to level line DD (d)a line perpendicular to the horizontal line. Line of collimation {a} is the same as line of sight o (B] the line joining point of intersection of cross hairs and optical centre of object glass o (c) the geometrical axis of the telescope o (d) the fine parallel to the bubble tube axis. o The very first reading taken is called (a) back sight DB (ti fore sight o (c) intermodiate sight OD W)invert o Achange point is (a} the weey first station o (b) the last station o (c) the intermediate station where FS. and B.S. are taken o (d) the station after which the instrument is shifted. o A levelling station is a place where (a) the level is set up D1 (fi) the level staff is held o (e) both BS. and B.S. are taken DD (d) temporary adjustments are dune, o The telescope of a Dumpy level (a) is rigidly fixed to the levelling head o (can be tilted ina vertical plane o (c} can be taken out of its supports and reversed o (d) permits interchange of eve piece and object glass. o Pick up the odd statement (a) temporary adjustments of the Dumpy level are to be performed at every set up o iH) the eye piece need not be adjusted after the fizst set up when the same surveyoris taking readings o (c} parallax error is completely eliminated when there is no change in the staff neading when the eye is moved up and down oD (d) focus the objective towards a white or bright background for the clear visibility of crosshairs, O A Bench mark is a (a) reference point 0 (bi) the very first station o (e) the Last station where thesurvey closes CO (i) point of known elevation. o The correct position of holding staff is a) held veetical o 4b] held vertically and swung to left and right and the least reading, is recorded o (c) held vertically and swung towards and away from the person holding and the highest reading is recorded o Ad) held vertically and swung towards and away by the person holding it and the least reading, is recorded. o3 “Cross-section” and “Longitudinal sectioning” is (a) simple levelling OD (P) differential levelling o {c) profile levelling, Did) check levelling, o Height of instrument method of booking readings is adopted La} when less number of intermediate sights exist o (b) in profile levelling, o {e) in reciprocal levelling o (a) in differential levelling o An invert is taken when the point is lay having high elevation tb) abewe the line of sights o Ic) below the line of sight Od) below ground level, o Ina survey it was recorded that E Rise = 0, then: {a} the ground is sloping 1D (8) itis continuously rising o (c} it is continuously falling 0 id) the survey had many invert readings. o When the staff is held on.a BM. of RE 100.0000, the staff reading was 2.000, When the staff is held on station P, the reading was 3.000, Hence height of the instrument is (a) 100.000 Ot) 102000 o fe) 108.000 Dt) 99.000. o The following readings correspond to the check at the end of a page of level field book but they are not given in the order, They represent a continuously rising ground 100.000, 6.000,.0.000, 106.000, 13.000, 7.000. Hence in the above £85 = ia) 000 BD qe. o (ic) 7.000 Dt) 13000. o In the above © Rise = a} 0.000 Dé) éan0 o (e) 7.000 Dé) 13.000. o Ten readings were recorded in a level field book, If the instrument was shifted after 2nd and 6th readings, then the fore sights are a} Ist, Sed and 7th readings (6) 2nd, 6th and Nth readings o (c) 2nd and #th readings OD td) Sd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 1th readings. The following readings were taken on a uniformly sloping ground 0.500, 1.000, 1-500, 2.000, 1.2000, 1.700, 2.200, 2.700. Hence difference in elevation between the first and last station is (a) L700 (fall) OD (bh) 2.200 (fall) o fe) 2.800 Dit) 3.000 cally o In the above case E Rise = (a) 0.000 oO (2.500 o fc) 3.000 Oi) 0.800. o7% Due to curvature of earth the object (a) looks higher than itis (c} looks as it is (a) 0.0012 my (ce) 0.0785 m (a) 0.0012 (c} 0.0785 m 1. In Fig. 16.32, “dip of horizon” is aya ) OB OA () Se ca (35 AB (oa 82. A luminous object on the top of a hill 100 m high is just Wi Dib) looks lower than it is. Dit) books curved Correction for curvature fur a distance of |-km = OB tb 0.0673 m BO id) 0.0673 km. 80, Correction for refraction for a distance of 1 km = Dh 0.0673m Di) 0.0673 km, o o o o o 6 o o a o FIGURE 16.32 ible above the horizontal ata certain station at the sea level. The distance between the station and the hill is (a1 3.853 km OO itaesa* V0T km o (c) 38.53 ken OW) 385.3 km. o 83, Correct staff readings at A and 8 in the following cases are Level at Seaffat A Staff 8 Remarks c 4.000 2.000 AC = CB, AB = 100m D S000 105 Dis 20m along BA produced 2 AB= 20m, BD = 120m. (a) 3.050 and 1.050 OD (b) 2.990 and 0.990 o () 3.000 and 1.000 DW) 3.060 and 16x). o 4. Ina reciprocal levelling the following readings were taken : Stiff Rewdin Unstricimen! nevrer te iP a Q Pp 1.200 1.000 Q 3.000 340087, Given RL of P = 50.000, then R.L. of Qis fa) 49.800 (bh 49.000 (c) 50.100 O(a) 50.200, o o In profile levelling, staff readings on two neighbouring pegs 20m apart are 1.200 and 1.000 respectively. Therefore, the proposed road had a (a) rising gradient of 1 in 100 DD (t) falling gradient of 1 in 100 (e) rising gradient of 1 in 20 D1 (ui) falling gradient of 1 in 20, An example for instrumental error in levelling is {o) earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction (6) collimation ecror [e) wearing of shoe of level staff (a) defective tripod. When the temperature rises, length of bubble fs) remains unaltered (6) decreases: fe) increases {of} sometimes increases and sometimes decreases, Sensitiveness of bubble tube can he increased by (o) using viscous liquid D(H reducing length of tube {e) increasing diameter of the tube D1 (i) reducing internal radius of the tube Sensitiveness of Bubble tube 3 Oo th D> Rs Bo ms. A contour map of the area is essential before proceeding with the construction of {a} a building D (Haswimming pool tc)adam DO (a)a bridge. Reciprocal levelling eliminates (a) collimation error (0) collimation, curvature and refrection error {c) curvature and refraction error (q) collimation and curvature error fully and refraction error partly. Contour lines a) end abruptly DB (bleras each other {c) are uniformly spaced 1D (i) close somewhere, Contour lines look to cross each other in case of (a) an overhanging cliff DO (ha dam of vertical face {e) a steep hill DD Uijadeep valley. oo ooaa ooaa oa oo oooo oo