Report

DETAIL PROJECT REPORT
VISHWAKARMA YOJNA: VI
AN APPROACH TOWARDS RURBANISATION
Salaiya(Mandvi) Village
Surat District
PREPARED BY
NAME BRANCH NAME ENROLLMENT NO

Patel Vishal A. Civil Engineering 150230106048
Tank Vandana D. Civil Engineering 160233106014
Dr. S. & S. S. Ghandhy Government Engineering

College, Surat.
PROF. JIGNESH K. PATEL

NODAL OFFICER’S NAME
YEAR: 2018-19
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmedabad – 382424 Gujarat
Vishwakarma Yojana: Phase VI
DETAIL PROJECT REPORT

ON
VISHWAKARMA YOJNA: VI
AN APPROACH TOWARDS RURBANISATION
Surat District
Prepared By

Dr. S. & S. S. Ghandhy Government Engineering

College, Surat.
PROF. JIGNESH K. PATEL

NODAL OFFICER’S NAME
Year: 2018-19
Gujarat Technological University,

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad – 382424 Gujarat
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of Degree/ Diploma Engineering successfully submitted
Detail Project Report for
Surat District
Under
Vishwakarma Yojana: Phase-VI

in partial fulfillment of the project offered by
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, CHANDKHEDA
during the academic year 2018-19.
This project work has been carried out by them under our supervision and guidance.

Prof. B.M. Vadehr

Prof. J.K. Patel
Principal
VY-Nodal officer
Dr. S. & S.S. Ghandhy
GEC,Surat.
Dr. S. & S. S. Ghandhy

Government Engineering
College, Surat.
(Institute Name and
Stamp)
ABSTRACT
Vishwakarma Yojna is the project initiated by Government of Gujarat and Gujarat Technological University to
develop the clusters/villages of Gujarat state. It follows the vision of Development of a cluster of villages that
preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with specialize in equity and inclusiveness while not
compromising with the facilities appeared to be basically urban in nature, therefore making a cluster of "Rurban
Villages"
We were allotted Salaiya village of Mandavi taluka of Surat district. Salaiya is a small village having population
of 3085. It is located 7.8 km away from Mandavi. The total geographical area of village is 636.6 hectors. There are
about 612 houses in Salaiya village.
Most of the people of Salaiya village relate to agricultural activity. Sugarcane, pigeon pea and Rice are the main
crops of village. Village has a Panchayat building, Primary School, sub-centre, community hall. Most of the houses
of village have toilet. Nearly 90% of total houses of village are Kutchcha house.
There is damaged community hall in the salaiya village so we going to design community hall for the village. There
is no library in the village area so, we are going to design a library for the educational purpose. There is no proper
check dam in village so we are going to design new check dam.
By providing library in the village , it will help students and researchers and other library users to overcome
discouragement to information access. We also providing a small garden near check dam for the playing purpose
of children.
Key Words:
Vishwakarma Yojna Phase VI, Rurbanisation, Rural Development, Sustainable Development
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indented to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad for providing us such opportunity to
work under Vishwakarma Yojana to get real work experience and applying our technical knowledge in the
development of Villages.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Navin Sheth, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Gujarat
Technological University-Ahmedabad, for his encouragement and support during project work.
We also express our gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) S. D. Panchal, Registrar, Gujarat Technological University-
Ahmedabad,
We express our sincere thanks to Commissionerate of Technical Education, Gujarat State for appreciating and
acknowledging our work.
We express our sincere thanks to DDO, TDO, Sarpanch and staff members of Surat, Mandavi, Salaiya for
providing us with requisite data whenever we approached them. Especially our thanks are to all villagers and stake
holders for their support during Survey.
We are also thankful to our Prof. B M Vadher Principal, All faculty and Staff Members of our colleges for their
encouragement and support to complete this project work.
An act of gratitude is expressed to our guide Prof. J.K. Patel Nodal Officer, Dr. S. & S. S. Ghandhy Government
Engineering College, Surat for their invaluable guidance, constant inspiration and his actively involvement in our
project work.
We are also thankful to all the experts who provided us their valuable guidance during the work. We express our
sincere thanks to, Dr. JayeshDeshkar, Hon’ble Director, Prof.G.A.Patel,GEC,Patan,
Prof.Y.B.Bhavsar,VGEC,Chandkheda, Prof.K.L.Timani, VGEC,Chandkheda, Prof.PareshNimodiya,
GEC,Patanfor providing us technical knowledge throughout the project work.
We are also thankful to Dr.ParulkumariBhati, Deputy Director andMs. Darshana Chauhan, OSD of
VishwakarmaYojana, for all support during our work. We therefore, take this opportunity for this Project work
expressing our deep gratitude and sincere thanks to her that without whose help and cooperation, it might not have
been possible for us to produce this project work in the present form.
Above all we would like to thank our Parents, family members and Friends for their encouragement and support
rendered in completion of the present this work.
Vishwakarma Yojana: VI Salaiya Village, Surat District
CONTENT
Page No.
➢ Cover Page………………………………………………………………………..…
➢ Certificate………………………………………………………………………..…..
➢ Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..…..
➢ Index…………………………………………………………………………….….…
➢ List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….…..
➢ List of Tables……………………………………………………………….…..….
➢ Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………..…….
Chapter 1: Ideal village visit from District of Gujarat State ......................................................... 15

1.1 Background and study area location .............................................................................. 15
1.2 Concept: Ideal Village .................................................................................................... 15
1.2.1 Case studies of ideal village of India/Gujarat ......................................................... 15
1.2.2 The various exposure of a model ............................................................................ 16
1.2.3 Objectives of ideal village ...................................................................................... 17
1.2.4 Key elements of a model village ............................................................................. 17
1.2.5 Resources ................................................................................................................ 18
1.2.6 SWOT analysis ....................................................................................................... 19
1.3 Physical and Demographical growth.............................................................................. 20
1.4 Economic Profile ............................................................................................................ 22
1.5 Social scenario................................................................................................................ 22
1.6 Infrastructure .................................................................................................................. 23
1.7 Initiative in village development by local self-government ........................................... 25
1.8 Future prospects of ideal village .................................................................................... 25
1.9 Learnable things/ Benefits of visit ................................................................................. 26
1.10 Concept/ Method/ Usages in the ideal village ............................................................ 27
Gujarat Technological University Page 1

1.11 Benefit available in ideal village ................................................................................ 28

1.12 Case study of any other state ideal village ................................................................. 29
1.13 Case study of outside countries of village/city ........................................................... 29
Chapter 2: Smart Cities & Village Concept .................................................................................. 31
2.1 introduction .................................................................................................................... 31
2.1.1 Concepts .................................................................................................................. 31
2.1.2 Definitions............................................................................................................... 31
2.1.3 Need of smart cities/ villages development ............................................................ 32
2.1.4 Smart city development vision-goals-activities ...................................................... 32
2.1.5 Civil practices ......................................................................................................... 33
2.1.6 Other practices ........................................................................................................ 34
2.1.7 Smart cities benchmarks ......................................................................................... 35
2.1.8 Smart cities standards and Smart cities performance Measurement indicator ....... 41
2.2 Smart cities options ........................................................................................................ 46
2.2.1 Technological options for smart cities .................................................................... 46
2.2.1.1 Civil related technology .................................................................................................. 47
2.2.1.2 cyber security .................................................................................................................. 48
2.2.1.3 Green building ................................................................................................................. 48
2.2.1.4 District cooling and heating ............................................................................................ 49
2.2.1.5 Smart data center ........................................................................................................... 49
2.2.1.6 Smart infrastructure........................................................................................................ 50
2.2.2 Funding of smart cities development ...................................................................... 50
2.2.3 Available option for developing fast smart cities ................................................... 51
2.2.4 Road map and safe guards for smart cities ............................................................. 53
2.3 India’s smart cities: issues and challenges ..................................................................... 54
2.3.1 Urban water and sanitation challenges ................................................................... 54
2.3.2 Role of indigenous technologies ............................................................................. 57
2.3.3 Key issues in development of human being ........................................................... 57
2.3.4 Education/ job opportunity development ................................................................ 59

2.3.5 Governmental issues ............................................................................................... 62

2.4 Smart cities initiatives taken by ..................................................................................... 64
2.4.1 Local self-government ............................................................................................ 64
2.4.2 District municipal corporation ................................................................................ 64
2.4.3 Initiation by local people ........................................................................................ 65
Chapter 3: Vanskui Village Literature Review ............................................................................. 67
3.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................... 67
3.1.1 Real Urban & Rural and concept ............................................................................ 67
3.1.2 Ancient Villages / Different Definition of: Rural area / Villages ........................... 69
3.2 Scenario: Rural / Urban India & Gujarat as per Census 2011 and latest Population Growth
........................................................................................................................................ 70
3.3 Rural Issues and Concerns ............................................................................................. 73
3.3.1 Crime free/Dispute free........................................................................................... 73
3.3.2 Resources ................................................................................................................ 76
3.3.3 Literacy ................................................................................................................... 76
3.3.4 Health/ Hygiene ...................................................................................................... 77
3.3.5 women empowerment ............................................................................................. 77
3.3.6 Any other concept ................................................................................................... 79
3.4 Various measures for Rural development ...................................................................... 80
3.5 Good governance project ............................................................................................... 81
3.6 Rurban Cluster................................................................................................................ 82
3.7 Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana Gram Panchayat .............................................................. 84
3.8 Award Winning Gram Panchayat Pradhans ................................................................... 86
3.9 Action towards poverty free ........................................................................................... 87
3.10 India State Specific Special Finance Grant for Village .............................................. 89
3.11 Projects/Scheme by Govt /Private sector.................................................................... 89
3.12 Other Projects/Schemes .............................................................................................. 95
Chapter 4: Concept of Infrastructure Facilities ............................................................................. 96
4.1 Various Infrastructure .................................................................................................... 96
4.1.1 Various Infrastructure ............................................................................................. 96
4.1.2 Importance in rural context at individual home of village ...................................... 97

4.1.3 Various guidelines/Norms for Villages for the provisions of different infrastructure
facilities ................................................................................................................................. 97
4.2 Sustainable development ................................................................................................ 98
4.3 Renewable energy source planning particularly for villages ....................................... 100
4.4 Existing Institution like-Village Administration–Detail Profile .................................. 103
4.4.1 Bachat Mandali ..................................................................................................... 103
4.4.2 Dudh Mandali ....................................................................................................... 103
4.4.3 Mahila forum ........................................................................................................ 104
4.4.4 Any other .............................................................................................................. 104
4.5 Ancient start history of civil concept from Indian village/ Foreign countries/Perspective/
Development ........................................................................................................................... 105
Chapter 5: Introduction about Salaiya village details ................................................................. 106
5.1 Introduction of Village ................................................................................................. 106
5.1.1 About Salaiya village ............................................................................................ 106
5.1.2 Study justification/ Need of study......................................................................... 107
5.1.3 Study Area ............................................................................................................ 108
5.1.4 Objective of the study ........................................................................................... 108
5.1.5 Scope of study ....................................................................................................... 108
5.1.6 Methodology / Study Frame Work ....................................................................... 109
5.2 Salaiya village study area profile ................................................................................. 109
5.2.1 Study Area Location ............................................................................................. 109
5.2.2 Physical & Demographical Growth ...................................................................... 110
5.2.3 Brief history .......................................................................................................... 110
5.2.4 Economic profile / Banks ...................................................................................... 111
5.2.5 Social scenario ...................................................................................................... 111
5.2.6 Village Base Location map, Land Map, Gram Tal Map....................................... 111
5.2.7 Study area land use detail ..................................................................................... 112
Chapter 6: Civil Case Study........................................................................................................ 113
6.1 Case Study on Low Cost Housing ............................................................................... 113

Chapter 7: Data Collection of Salaiya Village (Photograph/ Graphs / Charts / Table) .............. 120
7.1 Methods for data collection .......................................................................................... 120
7.2 Primary survey details .................................................................................................. 120
7.2.1 Introduction of Village .......................................................................................... 120
7.2.2 Average size of the houses .................................................................................... 120
7.2.3 Geo- Tagging of house.......................................................................................... 120
7.2.4 No. of Human being in One House ....................................................................... 121
7.2.5 Which Material used locally ................................................................................. 121
7.2.6 Out Sourced Material ............................................................................................ 121
7.2.7 Labour work doing ................................................................................................ 121
7.2.8 Costing .................................................................................................................. 122
7.2.9 Geographical Detail .............................................................................................. 122
7.2.10 Demographical Detail ........................................................................................... 122
7.2.11 Occupational Detail .............................................................................................. 122
7.2.12 Agricultural Details / Organic Farming / Fishery ................................................. 122
7.2.13 Manufacturing HUB / Ware Houses ..................................................................... 123
7.2.14 Tourism Cluster..................................................................................................... 123
7.2.15 Service Cluster ...................................................................................................... 123
7.2.16 Male / Female Details ........................................................................................... 123
7.2.17 Caste Wise Population Details .............................................................................. 123
7.2.18 Occupation wise Details ....................................................................................... 123
7.2.19 Physical Infrastructure Facilities........................................................................... 123
7.3 Infrastructural details.................................................................................................... 123
7.3.1 Drinking water ...................................................................................................... 123
7.3.2 Drainage Network ................................................................................................. 124
7.3.3 Transportation & Road Network .......................................................................... 124
7.3.4 Electricity .............................................................................................................. 125
7.3.5 Sanitation Facilities ............................................................................................... 125
7.3.6 Irrigation Facilities ................................................................................................ 126

7.3.7 Housing condition ................................................................................................. 126

7.3.7.1 Social Infrastructure Facilities: ...................................................................................... 126
7.3.8 Health Facilities .................................................................................................... 127
7.3.9 Education Facilities ............................................................................................... 128
7.3.10 Technology Mobile/ WIFI / Internet Usage Details. In % .................................... 128
7.3.11 Sports Activity as Gram Panchayat ...................................................................... 128
7.3.12 Socio-Cultural Facilities ....................................................................................... 128
7.3.13 Community Hall.................................................................................................... 129
7.3.14 Public Library ....................................................................................................... 129
7.3.15 Public Garden/Park/Play Ground.......................................................................... 129
7.3.16 Village Pond/ Lake ............................................................................................... 129
7.3.17 Other recreation facilities ...................................................................................... 129
7.3.18 Other facilities ....................................................................................................... 129
7.3.19 Sustainable Infrastructure Facilities ...................................................................... 129
7.3.20 Existing Condition of Public Buildings ................................................................ 129
7.3.21 Other details .......................................................................................................... 129
7.3.22 Suggestions for Sustainable Infrastructure Facilities & Repair & Maintenance of
existing Public Infrastructures ............................................................................................ 130
7.3.23 Maintenance of existing Public Infrastructures .................................................... 130
Chapter 8: Sustainable Technical Options with Case Studies of the existing village................. 131
8.1 Concept......................................................................................................................... 131
8.1.1 Solid and Liquid Waste Management ................................................................... 131
8.1.2 Various type of method for Transportation........................................................... 132
8.1.3 Various type method for Drainage System ........................................................... 132
8.1.4 Various type of Roads ........................................................................................... 135
8.1.5 Various types of Environmental Factors: ............................................................. 136
8.1.6 Latest Technology from the GLOB ...................................................................... 137
8.1.7 Suggestion for the solving Civil related issues and concerns and challenges ...... 139
Chapter 9: Various designs in Rural Areas along with cost ....................................................... 142
9.1 Civil .............................................................................................................................. 142
9.1.1 Feasibility.............................................................................................................. 142

9.1.2 Construction .......................................................................................................... 142
9.1.3 Operation............................................................................................................... 144
9.1.4 Maintenance .......................................................................................................... 144
Chapter 10: Sustainable Design Planning Proposal (Prototype Design)-Part- I ......................... 149
10.1 Design Proposals with the Section, Elevation, Measurement, Costing, any other points
related to civil ......................................................................................................................... 149
10.1.1 Observation and Brief write up about the existing design from 10.2 to 10.6 ....... 149
10.1.2 Recommendations / why about new proposals of Designs ................................... 150
10.1.3 Suggestions / Benefit of the Villagers about new path technology / Designs proposed
by the students ..................................................................................................................... 150
10.2 Sustainable Design (civil) ......................................................................................... 152
10.3 Physical Design (Civil) ............................................................................................. 154
10.4 Social Design (civil) ..................................................................................................... 156
10.5 Socio-Cultural design (Civil).................................................................................... 158
10.6 Smart village design (civil) ...................................................................................... 165
Chapter 11: Future Scope-Requirement of the Village............................................................... 173
Chapter 12 : Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 174
Chapter 13: References of report ................................................................................................ 175
Chapter 14 Annexure .................................................................................................................. 176
14.1 Scanned Ideal Village Survey Form ......................................................................... 176
14.2 Scanned Smart Village (Gujarati) detail ................................................................... 185
14.3 Scanned Salaiya Village Techno-Economic Survey Form....................................... 189
14.4 The Gap Analysis ..................................................................................................... 198
14.5 Summary of All Villages designs ............................................................................. 201
14.6 Village interaction report with Photographs .................................................................. 202
14.7 Sarpanch letter .......................................................................................................... 203
14.8 Summary of good photographs................................................................................. 204
Chapter 15 Future Scope-Requirement of village detail implementation of the future scope of work
..................................................................................................................................................... 207

observation and brief write up about the new proposal design ................................ 207
recommendations/ why about new proposal of design ............................................. 208
Suggestions/ benefit of the villagers about new path technology/design proposed by
students .................................................................................................................................. 209
Design proposal with the section, elevation, measurement, costing, any other points
related to civil, define the status of the design implantation like............................................ 210
15.4.1 Sustainable design ................................................................................................. 210
15.4.2 Physical Design ..................................................................................................... 213
15.4.3 Social Design ........................................................................................................ 218
15.4.4 Socio cultural Design ............................................................................................ 224
15.4.5 Smart village Design ............................................................................................. 228
15.4.6 Heritage Design .................................................................................................... 234
Chapter 16: Design ..................................................................................................................... 235
Clearly describe the total existing scenario of the implantation ............................... 235
How can be improved with small changes, Period-a) Immediately, b) With in 1 year
and, c) Long term (3-5 years) along with the cost estimation and drawing............................ 236
Chapter 17: Five Most important and crucial items that need to be addressed from the techno-
economy survey or Ideal Village Survey or Smart Village Survey of the village for the visible
change in the respective allotted village for the VY project and make the villagers happier and
more comfortable for the enhancement of the village ................................................................ 239
First: -Rain water harvesting .................................................................................... 239
Second: -Public toilet................................................................................................ 240
Third: -Community hall ............................................................................................ 240
Fourth: -Library ........................................................................................................ 240
Five: -Primary health center: .................................................................................... 241
Chapter 18: Five Identify that from the CHAPTER-2- SMART CITIES/ VILLAGE CONCEPT
AS PER YOUR IDEA AND ITS VISIT, how the new modern technology with innovation
available in the market can be used for possible adaptation in the village ................................. 242
Cyber security ........................................................................................................... 242
Green building .......................................................................................................... 242
District cooling and heating ...................................................................................... 243

Smart data center ...................................................................................................... 243

A Real – Time Irrigation Control System for Precision Agriculture Using WSN in
Indian Agricultural Sectors ..................................................................................................... 244

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TABLES LISTING PAGE NO
NO
1 Smart City Bench Marks 39
2 Criteria of defining Rural Settlement 67
3 Population of India 68
4 Urban towns of India 69
5 Rural Area of India 70
6 Population of Gujarat 70
7 How Nonrenewable sources provide sustainability 98
8 Measurement sheet (Panchayat office) 145
9 Abstract sheet (Panchayat office) 147
10 Measurement sheet (Community hall) 161
11 Abstract sheet (Community hall) 164
12 Measurement sheet (Skill development center) 169
13 Abstract sheet (Skill development center) 171
14 Gap analysis 200
15 Summary of all village design 201
16 Measurement sheet (Public Toilet) 145
17 Abstract sheet (Public Toilet) 147
18 Measurement sheet (Library) 145
19 Abstract sheet (Library) 147
20 Measurement sheet (Public garden) 145
21 Abstract sheet (Public garden) 147
22 Measurement sheet (PHC) 145
23 Abstract sheet (PHC) 147
24 Scenario of implementation of Designs 235
24 Time period 236

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE FIGURES LISTING PAGE NO

NO
1 Difference in rural and urban life 16
2 Model village concept 18
3 Baben in year 1972 20
6 Baben in year2009 22
7 Primary School of Baben Village 24
8 Public toilet of Baben Village 25
9 Visit of sarpanch and talati of Baben village 26
10 Lake of Baben village 27
11 Dharnai (Bihar) 29
12 Gao Village 30
13 Smart village concept 31
14 Smart village indicators 41
20 Technological options for smart village 46
21 Trends in Rural Urban Distribution in India 71
22 Population Comparison of Gujarat 72
23 Award winning panchayat 86
24 Aditya Birla Group CSR programme 94
25 Classification of Energy Requirement 103
26 Dudh Mandali 104
27 Panchayat office 104
28 Salaiya village google map 106
29 Salaiya village demographical details 107
30 Study framework 109
31 Population data 110
32 Village map 111
33 Non erodable mud plaster 115
34 SMC LIG scheme 118
35 SMC LIG scheme plan 119

36 House in Salaiya village 121
37 Prepared agricultural field for sowing crop in Salaiya village 122
38 Overhead tank 124
39 Village road 125
40 Small river of village 126
41 Community hall 127
42 Sub center 128
43 Primary school of village 126
44 Open drains 133
45 Subsurface drainage 134
46 Environmental factors 136
47 Solar roof 138
48 Plan of panchayat office 142
49 Elevation of the panchayat office 143
50 Elevation section of AA’ 143
51 Footing of Section 144
52 Plan of Bio-gas plant 152
53 Construction of bio-gas plant 153
54 Plan and Elevation of Check dam with Frontier Garden along 155
River Banks
55 Plan of The Post Office 156
56 Section of Footing 157
57 Elevation of Post Office 157
58 Elevation Section Of AA’ 158
59 Plan of Community Hall 159
60 Side Elevation of Community Hall 159
61 Front Elevation of Community Hall 160
62 Section of footing 160
64 Plan of the Ground Floor of Skill Development Centre 166
65 Plan of The First Floor of Skill Development of Centre 167
67 Section of Footing and Elevation Skill Development Centre 168
68 Ideal Village Survey Form 176-184
69 Smart Village Survey Form 185-188
70 Salaiya Village Techno-economic Survey Form 189-197
71 Photograph with School Staff 202

72 Sarpanch Latter 203

73 Photographs of Ideal village Baben 204
74 Photographs of Smart village Ena 205
75 Photographs of Salaiya village 206
76 Rain water harvesting system 212
77 Underground water storage Tank 213
78 Elevation of Public toilet 213
79 Plan of Public toilet 214
81 Section of public toilet 214
82 Elevation of library 218
83 Plan of library 219
84 section of library 220
85 section of footing 220
86 Plan of public garden 225
87 Section of public garden 225
88 PHC Plan 228
89 PHC Elevation 228
90 Section of PHC 229
92 Village gate 234
93 Drip irrigation with sensor 245

ABBREVIATIONS
Short Name/
Symbol Full Name
ATM Automated Teller Machine

BPI Below Personal Income
BPL Below Poverty Level
NREP National Rural Employment Program
NRLM National Rural Livelihood Mission
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CSS Centrally Supposed Schemes
DRDA District Rural Development Agency
EVGM E- Gram Vishwa Gram Yojana
EWS Economical Weaker Section
FAO Food And Agriculture Organization
CSC Common service centre
GDP Gross Domestic Product
NGO Non-Government Organisation
IAY Indira AwasYojana
NGY Nirmal Gram Yojana
NHP National Housing Policy
LED Light Emitting Diode
LIG Lower Income Group

Chapter 1: Ideal village visit from District of Gujarat State
1.1 Background and study area location

Despite accelerating advances in science and technology, inequities across and at intervals
societies globally stay at unbearably high levels. Over seventieth of the world’s poorest people
sleep in rural areas wherever basic human desires are unmet. Massive populations still live while
not access to electrical power (1.2 billion people), clean water (more than 700 million people),
sanitation (2 billion people), basic healthcare, and education.
The Ideal Village program may be a holistic, integrated and cooperative technology platform
designed to introduce alternate energy, education/vocational coaching, healthcare, property,
agriculture, water/waste management systems, and rural entrepreneurship to form self-sustainable,
economically viable and healthy village communities.
We visited Baben village near Bardoli for ideal village visit. Baben is a village in a Bardoli Taluka
of Surat District. It is situated 1 km away from Bardoli. It has population of 15610 as per census
of 2011. Baben has received Best Gram Panchayat award. The Baben village marked by swanky
roads, high literacy, internet connectivity, all types of basic as well as modern amenities. Baben
has surely come a long way to redefine what villages in the country can be. Besides having
achieved development on economic parameters, it has also developed socio economically.
Falguniben Patel is the Sarpanch of the Baben village and Bhaveshbhai Patel is Deputy Sarpanch.
1.2 Concept: Ideal Village
1.2.1 Case studies of ideal village of India/Gujarat
Punsari (Gujarat)
Punsari is located approximately 80 kilometers away from state capital of Gandhinagar in Gujarat.
“Swarajya to Surajya” has been hailed as the mantra for rural development in the state of Gujarat.
The good governance model of this prosperous state from India has been a matter of study for
quite some time now. A number of schemes have been launched in last one decade such as Adarsh
Gram, Samaras Gram, Tirth Gram, Sardar Awas, Paawan Gram to develop rural areas in Gujarat.
The most important concern in rural development is to provide basic amenities to each and every
person living in the rural area. Punsari stands out in this regard as it has constructed a reverse
osmosis plant and since then provided house to house piped connections to supply chlorinated
water. It also has its own 66 KVA substation for electricity generation and 100% coverage of all
streets with LED streetlights. A public address system with 120 waterproof speakers for
announcing information and spreading messages has been another striking feature of this village.
The village headman uses this public announcement system to share what he thinks, plans and is
doing at the gram Panchayat. Entire village has been put under CC TV surveillance, which has
helped to bring down crime rate to almost zero per cent. Each and every household has a
personalized lavatory and the whole village has a well-designed system for drainage and storm
water disposal. Atal Express is free bus service available for commutation to all the villagers.
Punsari is the first fully Wi-Fi village in India and also plans to do GIS mapping for the better
implementation of many government schemes. Some of the popular nationalized bank and its
ATM centers are also now available.
1.2.2 The various exposure of a model

68.9% of our population lives in rural areas (Census 2011). Though number is expected to fall in
the coming years, it is still estimated that more than half of our population would be rural even in
2050. Despite there being several past initiatives by governments at all levels – Central, State and
Local – in the past, the level of improvement has not kept pace with the rising aspirations among
Indians. On most development parameters, there is still a significant gap between rural and urban
India, as the table below illustrates:
Fig.1 (Difference in rural and urban life)
One reason for the failure of rural development schemes has been the lack of a holistic focus on
the village as a unit. Separate flagship schemes targeting different sectors such as health (NRHM),
education (SSA) and livelihood (NREGA, NRLM) have been launched in the past, but met with

limited success. The “Model Village” concept could address these challenges comprehensively. It
can address resource deficits in each of these sectors, with adequate focus on the special needs of
every village.
The idea of an “Adarsh Gram” or model village has been explored earlier as well, most notably
through the Pradhanmantri Adarsh Gram Yojana, launched by the Central Government in 2009-
10. The scheme was implemented in pilot mode in 1000 villages of Assam, Bihar, Himachal
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu, with an allocation of Rs 10 lakh per village. This limit was
later raised to Rs.20 lakhs per village. The target villages under the scheme were those with more
than 50% of the population belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs). Additionally, State governments
have also taken steps in this direction. Himachal Pradesh launched a Mukhya Mantri Adarsh Gram
Yojana along similar lines in 2011, with the allocation of Rs 10 lakh per village. The proposed
“Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana” of the Central Government aims to involve MPs more directly in
the development of model villages. By adopting a village(s) under this initiative, an MP has the
opportunity to directly benefit all sections of a village community in an integrated, efficient and
participatory fashion. The following sections in this brief highlight the important objectives that a
model village could achieve, and covers the core features of a model village in India. Section 6
covers the important guidelines under the new “Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana”.
1.2.3 Objectives of ideal village

• A model village project has the following important objectives:
• Create a healthy and environmentally sustainable community.
• Encourage the provision of local business services within the village.
• Encourage slow and sustainable development that maintains the village’s rural and historic
character and identity.
• Improve pedestrian and traffic safety within the village.
• Cooperate on planning and future development activities with Beckwith Township.
• Functional toilet, potable water electricity available in schools, health centers.
• Awareness on new technologies that can be implemented in villages and nearby places.
1.2.4 Key elements of a model village

A 21st century model village in India needs to incorporate certain key themes which would be
essential for its success. The figure below highlights these broad thematic focus areas, and also
mentions the important elements under each such theme.

Fig.2 (Model village concept)
An intervention under one of these areas could have an effect across other areas as well. For
example, technology could be used to improve the quality and delivery of other services such as
health and education, which in turn contributes to sustainable development. Similarly, the use of
renewable energy, apart from meeting energy needs, also contributes towards environmental
sustainability. Village tree plantation drives could encourage community participation, benefit the
environment, prevent soil erosion and benefit agriculture, conserve water, and finally contribute
to the aesthetics of the village. A number of these initiatives have already been taken in different
parts of the country, but most of them have been attempted in isolation. The urgent need is to bring
about a convergence of all such initiatives, for which 2 things would be essential
a) grassroots level planning; and b) mobilization of resources.
1.2.5 Resources
1. Funds under existing schemes across different sectors such as health, education, skill
development, livelihood etc. could be utilized, and based on the specific demands of the
village; resources could be channelized into the development of the village. Some
important Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) which could be utilized are NRLM, NHM,
SSA, NREGA, BRGF, RKVY and Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
2. MPLAD funds (Rs 5 crore per year) could be utilized for the construction of high quality,
sustainable assets such as school buildings, hospitals, Anganwadi Centers and school

kitchens for Mid-Day meals. Funds could also be channelized into road construction, and
the construction of toilets in schools and homes, particularly for girls.
3. CSR funds, of which a much larger corpus is available after the latest amendment to the
Companies Act, could also be used for the purpose of infrastructure development in the
constituency.
4. Self-help groups, who are eligible for subsidized loans under various Central and State
government initiatives
5. Gram Panchayats could also raise loans, if legally permitted to do so under the State
Panchayati Raj Acts like in the case of Kerala.
1.2.6 SWOT analysis

The SWOT Analysis of ideal village includes:
Strength:
• Water tank facility
• Drainage facility
• Transport facility
• Sanitation facility
• Irrigation facility
• Housing condition
• Education Facility
• Health Facility
Weakness:
• Absence of renewable energy like:
• Solar power plant based street light
• Biogas plant
• Hydroelectric power
• Rain Water Harvesting System
Opportunities:
• As village has sufficient funds, more development works can be carried out.
• Sugar factory of village can be expanded to such an extent that it can give more and more
revenue and employment.
• As there is a lake in the middle of village, it can be developed as a tourist place.
• By expanding Sugar factory, we can generate more and more revenue and employment.
• As there is availability of higher education facilities in village high literacy rate can be

achieved
• By use of renewable energy sources like Biogas Plant, Solar Street Lights, Roof Solar
Panels etc. electricity can be produced locally.
Threat:
• As waste water is disposed in Khadis after partial treatment in septic tank there is chances
of diseases nearby Khadi.
• As ground water is main source of water in village, ground water level may deplete and
water scarcity may arise.
• As sugar mill requires lot of quantity water, there may be chances of water scarcity.
1.3 Physical and Demographical growth

Baben village has a population 15610 in 2011 which was 8377 in 2001. In 15610 population of
village, there are 8642 Males and 6968 Females. Total households are more than 4107. Physical
growth of village is due to real estate developers, who come to develop land and houses in the
village and use that money to develop basic amenities for the residents of the village. The village
panchayat collected Rs 3 crore in the past five years from real estate developers and used that
money on roads, street lights, a lake, public toilets, drainage and water system for the 15,000
people of Baben. The village also has a degree and diploma engineering college, a school and a
restaurant.
Physical Growth of Baben (From 1972 to 2009)
Fig.3 (Baben in year 1972)

Fig. 4(Baben in year 1990)
Fig. 5 (Baben in year 2008)

Fig. 6 (Baben in year 2009)
1.4 Economic Profile

The main economic activity of the village is agriculture. A big sugar factory & higher educational
facility are available for better employment. Due to self-reliance, new development of residential
area is taking place. Sufficient employment is available for LIG and EWS people who are engaged
in the maintenance and cleaning of gram panchayat.
1.5 Social scenario

The Baben town has population of 15,610 of which 8,642 are males while 6,968 are females as
per report released by Census India 2011. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 2121 which is
13.59 % of total population of Baben (CT). Female Sex Ratio is of 806 against state average of

919. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Baben is around 822 compared to Gujarat state average of 890.
Literacy rate of Baben city is 75.70 % lower than state average of 78.03 %. Male literacy is around
82.55 % while female literacy rate is 67.18 %.
Baben has total administration over 3,146 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water
and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Census Town limits and impose taxes on
properties coming under its jurisdiction.
Out of total population, 6,628 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 5,152 were males
while 1,476 were females. In census survey, worker is defined as person who does business, job,
service, and cultivator and Labour activity. Of total 6628 working population, 89.85
% were engaged in Main Work while 10.15 % of total workers were engaged in Marginal Work.
1.6 Infrastructure
Drinking water facilities:
Main source of drinking water in Baben village is ground water. To treat the water RO plants and
Chlorination process are used. To lift the water from ground water resources tube wells and wells
are used. This water is supplied to nine overhead water tanks after treatment. Water is provided in
households for 6 hours daily. All the houses have taps through which they utilize water.
Drainage Facility:
For the disposal of waste water there is a drainage system in the village. Waste water is disposed
by closed conduit network. These conduits dispose water into Septic tanks. Each Faliya of village
has separate Septic tank. After treatment of the water in septic tank it is disposed in Khadi.
Transport Facilities:
There are many public transportation facilities available nearby village. Like Railway station is
situated at 0.5 km away from village (Bardoli Railway Station).
Bus station is also 1.5 km away. All the roads are RCC roads. And all the Faliya roads are of CC
blocks. For local transportation there is facility of Auto rickshaws.
Sanitation facilities:
All the houses of village have private toilet blocks. Waste water from toilets is collected in Septic
tank and disposed in Khadi. There are eight public toilets provided in the village. These public
sanitation blocks also consist of bathrooms. All the blocks are in good condition.
Electricity Distribution:
There is 24x7 electric power supply provided in village by DGVCL (Dakshin Gujarat Vij
Company Limited). For agricultural use 8-hour power supply is provided. Village have street lights
on each and every major and minor road, some of the street lights have LEDs and remaining will
be changed by LEDs soon.
Irrigation facilities:
Main source of irrigation in village is ground water. Farmers use tube wells to lift the water from
ground.
Social Infrastructural facilities:

Social Infrastructure facilities like Health, Education etc. are available in village.
Education Facilities:
Village has very good education facility. There is one Government primary school and four private
primary schools, three secondary schools, two higher secondary schools with 6 play grounds. For
higher education there is Diploma college, Engineering college, Medical College, Polytechnic
College.
Health Facility:
Village has 2 sub centers, Government Hospital, Maternity Homes Also there are private hospitals
within 1 km in Bardoli.
Socio-cultural Facilities:
There are four community halls (without TV), One Public Library,
Two Gardens, Village pond, Recreation center,
Post Office, General, Market, Panchayat Building, Medical shop, Bank & ATM Facility,
Agricultural cooperative Society, Internet Café are also available in village.
All above things are in Proper working condition and Regularly Repair and Maintenance was also
carried out.
Fig. 7 (Primary School of Baben Village)

Fig. 8 (Public toilet of Baben Village)
1.7 Initiative in village development by local self-government
To develop any village as ideal village, we should focus on

• Personal Development
• Human Development
• Social Development
• Economic Development
• Environmental Development
• Basic Amenities and Services
• Good Governance
1.8 Future prospects of ideal village

• Village has very good agriculture and irrigation facilities which is going to increase its crop
production and due to which revenue of people increases which leads to prosperity of village
• Sugar factory is also playing important role in growth of village which attracts revenue from other
villages
• Use of renewable energy sources is required to attain sustainability
• Village has very excellent scope of global partnerships

1.9 Learnable things/ Benefits of visit

• By this village visit we got the idea about how a village can be developed
• How to utilize resources in effective manner for the prosperity of village
• By the discussion with sarpanch we get knowledge regarding different government schemes
• We interacted with the people of village and discussed about their comfort and needs
• By this village study we can implement ideas and innovations for the development of our village
• Bhaveshbhai Patel who is Deputy Sarpanch of village and played a lead role in the development
of village, he set an example how an undeveloped village can become the ideal village and he
explained us in detail about village.
Fig 9 (visit of sarpanch and talati of Baben village)

Fig 10 (Lake of Baben village)
1.10 Concept/ Method/ Usages in the ideal village

An ideal Indian village will be so constructed as to lend itself to perfect sanitation. It will have
cottages with sufficient light and ventilation built of a material obtainable within a radius of five
miles of it. The cottages will have courtyards enabling householders to plant vegetables for
domestic use and to house their cattle. The village lanes and streets will be free of all avoidable
dust. It will have wells according to its needs and accessible to all. It will have houses of worship
for all, also a common meeting place, a village common for grazing its cattle, a co-operative dairy,
primary and secondary schools in which industrial education will be the central fact, and it will
have Panchayats for settling disputes. It will produce its own grains, vegetables and fruit, and its
own Khadi. This is roughly my idea of a model village. In the present circumstances its cottages
will remain what they are with slight improvements. Given a good zamindar, where there is one,
or co-operation among the people, almost the whole of the programme other than model cottages
can be worked out at expenditure within means of the villagers including the zamindar or zamindar,
without Government assistance. With that assistance there is no limit to the possibility of village
reconstruction. But my task just now is to discover what the villagers can do to help themselves if
they have mutual co-operation and contribute voluntary Labour for the common good. I am
convinced that they can, under intelligent guidance, double the village income as distinguished
from individual income. There are in our villages inexhaustible resources not for commercial

purposes in every case but certainly for local purposes in almost every case. The greatest tragedy
is the hopeless unwillingness of the villagers to better their lot.
The very first problem the village worker will solve is its sanitation. It is the most neglected of all
the problems that baffle workers and that undermine physical well-being and breed disease. If the
worker became a voluntary Bhangi, he would begin by collecting night-soil and turning it into
manure and sweeping village streets. He will tell people how and where they should perform daily
functions and speak to them on the value of sanitation and the great injury caused by its neglect.
The worker will continue to do the work whether the villagers listen to him or no.
1.11 Benefit available in ideal village

• These include drinking water, playgrounds and open-air theatres.
• The move is aimed at arresting the migration of rural people towards urban areas.
• The foremost priority with the government is to enhance quality of life in villages so that it is on a
par with urban areas, the department said. The department has asked GPs to make the amenities
available through ongoing schemes, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MNREGA).
• Since the government is committed to provide at least 55 liters per capita day (LPCD) of water to
every family in a village, the GPs should focus on providing individual households tap connections.
• At the same time, focus should also be given to construction of toilets for each household under the
MNREGA and the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. Schools and Anganwadi in villages should be provided
with toilets even as panchayats have to take steps towards solid waste management, the department
said.
• Playgrounds and open-air theatres provide the much-needed avenues for physical activity and
recreation of village people. There should be at least one playground and one open-air theatre in
each village.
• The GPs should also provide animal shelters for cows and sheep. This would encourage dairy and
sheep-rearing activities. Also, community harvesting facilities should be provided to enable small
and marginal farmers to join in.
• Having concurred with the department of e-governance to extend e-governance facilities, the RDPR
Department said each panchayat should establish citizen service centers in their limits.
• Besides providing skill development centres for the youth, panchayats should also focus on
enabling the youth to set up self-employment units. Water harvesting, groundwater recharge and
improvement of village tanks/lakes are also projects to be pursued.

1.12 Case study of any other state ideal village

Dharnai (Bihar)
Once struggling to get basic electricity like most villages in India, Dharnai has now changed its
fate and become the first village in India to completely run on solar power. Residents of Dharnai
had been using diesel-based generators and hazardous fuel like cow dung to meet the electricity
requirement for decades, which were both costly and unhealthy. Since the launch of Greenpeace’s
solar-powered 100 kilowatts micro-grid in 2014, quality electricity is being provided to more than
2,400 people living in this village in Jehanabad district.
Fig.11 Dharnai (Bihar)
1.13 Case study of outside countries of village/city

The development of Gao Village from the late 1990s up to 2015, dealing with several major
thematic topics such as demography, family and marriage, living standards, education and health
care. Using empirical evidence gathered during several years of fieldwork as background, the
paper then moves on to discuss the future direction of rural China. This second part covers the
current intellectual and policy debate on two crucial issues: land ownership and urbanization. The

paper concludes that the Chinese state is still undecided on a grand narrative: whether to travel
further in the direction of full-scale capitalism or whether to retain some kind of socialist
collectivism.
Fig.12 (Gao village)

Chapter 2: Smart Cities & Village Concept
2.1 introduction
2.1.1 Concepts
Smart city may be a city which has been provided with all types of facilities such as Educational
facilities, Health facilities, Infrastructure, communication, internet services, Transportation
facilities, sanitation facilities with improved method of disposal (waste management), etc.
Smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronics data collection sensor to supply
information used to manage assets and resources efficiently. The smart city concept integrates
information and communication technology and various physical devices connected to networks
to optimize efficiency of operation and services.
Concept of Smart Village
Fig. 13 (Smart village concept)
2.1.2 Definitions
The smart city may also be defined as the application of electronics and digital technologies to
communities and cities. It also includes make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads,
environment) through artificial intelligence and data analytics to support a strong and healthy
economic, social, cultural development.

2.1.3 Need of smart cities/ villages development

India is a rural dominated country and villages are said to be the heart of this nation. According to
2011 Census, the population of rural areas comprised of 68.84 per cent. Migration of the people
from rural areas to urban areas causes some burden on the urban areas. If the vision of the founders
of this nation is to be respected and implemented, then we all need to have the responsibility to
make our villages smart, which means self-sufficient, efficient, healthy and educated villagers.
To make the villages smart means to make the country self-reliant, stronger and secured. Some of
the ways to make villages smart include offering basic facilities, education, employment
generation activities, technology etc.
Generally, the people in urban areas think that rural people lack ambition and entrepreneurship.
The villagers have all the potential of development socially, scientifically, economically and
environmentally. If we understand the eco-system of the Indian villages, truly there are all the
opportunities and avenues to make our villages and our country a sustainably developing nation.
A smart village feels that its citizens know its available resources, applicable services, various
schemes and programmes etc. It knows what it needs and when it needs.
The smart village concept is needed for a sustainable and a secured future of the villages. It is
about understanding the villages towards the growth model which is inclusive. It’s about achieving
a higher goal without compromising the roots and the sense of belongingness of the masses.
2.1.4 Smart city development vision-goals-activities

Sustainable Development Goals
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are
recalled below:
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all Sustainable Development Goals and Smart Cities
Development Engineering Opportunities in the Mauritian Context 5
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production pattern

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development Acknowledging that the UNFCCC is the primary international,
intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
2.1.5 Civil practices

Cologne, German
Situated on the banks of the River Rhine, Cologne is the fourth largest city in Germany and home
to key players in business and industry. The city is committed to the EU’s goal of achieving a 20
% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, a 20 % increase in the share of renewable energy and a
20 % increase in energy efficiency by 2020 based on 1990 levels. It aims to reduce CO2even
further, with a 50 % reduction by 2030.In order to achieve these goals, Cologne is looking to work
closely with local industry. Areas of focus include sustainable mobility, energy efficiency of

buildings, low-emission heating facilities and ensuring an integrated infrastructure as the city
expands. In this context within the Grow Smarter project, Cologne demonstrates 12 smart solutions
in the fields of low-energy districts, integrated infrastructure and sustainable urban mobility in
Mulheim, a vibrant area in the north-east of Cologne, which is currently undergoing a process of
regeneration.
Impact
The demonstration site in Cologne consists of two existing buildings with an overall gross floor
area of 33 290 m². The final energy demand of the site has been reduced by 4 990 MWh every
year thanks to the refurbishment.
According to SCIS calculations based on energy design data and the respective emission factors
available (European factors – EN 15603), the primary energy savings go up to 6 203 MWh/yr
while the CO2 emissions reduction amounts
to 1 844 tones every year.
FACTS & FIGURES

Geographical area - Cologne, Germany
Demonstration area - 33 290 m
Final energy savings - 4990 MWh/yr.
CO2 emissions reduction -1844 t CO2/yr.
2.1.6 Other practices

Eindhoven, the Netherlands
Eindhoven is the center of the Brainport Region, one of today’s three top economic engines of the
Netherlands, delivering about 14 % of the national gross domestic product (GDP). Two districts -
Strip-S and Eckhart Vaartbroek - will be transformed into sustainable living
environments as part of TRIANGULUM. The former Philips industrial complex in the Strijp-S
neighbourhood will become a creative smart district. An innovative concept to clean up
contaminated land will double as a means of producing energy. It is also planned to optimize the
heat provision powered by renewable energies of the existing buildings. A district-wide ICT
solution will allow residents to access different kinds of infrastructure, such as booking electric
vehicles from a district car-sharing scheme or using smart parking concepts. In this way, the IT-
based tool will help residents to develop sustainable patterns of energy and mobility behavior. In
addition, electric buses will make city traffic more eco-friendly. A different set of challenges is
posed by the Eckart Vaartbroek district, where energy efficiency renovations will be carried out
on the social housing stock that predominates in this area. In order to precisely calculate energy

savings, the project will use an IT-based instrument capable of modelling costs and providing a
3D visualization of the district.
Impact
The key impacts of TRIANGULUM’s demonstration measures are:
A significant increase in joint ownership of Smart City Eindhoven among users. Citizens and other
relevant actors will be engaged in the process of investing into Eindhoven as a smart city;
A new, smarter way of working for the city administration that allows true integration of smart
city aims and objectives within and outside the municipal organization;
The implementation of innovative energy-saving technologies that will reduce energy bills and
limit CO2 emissions by 67 %.data infrastructure and sensor networks get a boost when the open
data platform further facilitates smart city developments;
people know they’ve been consulted and projects are being implemented in co-creation;
there’s been a sustainable transformation of public space and housing is still affordable;
there’s an uptake of smart solutions and a redefining of quality of life.
2.1.7 Smart cities benchmarks
SR. Parameter Benchmark

No.
A Transport Maximum travel time of 30 minutes in small & medium size cities and
45 minutes in metropolitan areas
Continuous unobstructed footpath of minimum 2m wide on either side

of all street with RoW 12m or more
Dedicated and physically segregated bicycle tracks with a width of

2mor more, one in each direction, should be provided on all streets
with carriageway larger than 10m (not ROW)
High quality and high frequency mass transport within 800m (10-
15 minute walking distance) of all residences in areas over 175persons
/ ha of built area
Access to para-transit within 300m walking distance.

B Spatial Planning 175 persons per Ha along transit corridors.
95% of residences should have daily needs retail, parks, primary

schools and recreational areas accessible within 400m walking
distance.
95% residences should have access to employment and public and

institutional services by public transport or bicycle or walk
At least 20% of all residential units to be occupied by economically

weaker sections in each Transit Oriented Development Zone 800m
from Transit Stations
At least 30% residential and 30% commercial/institutional in every

TOD Zone within 800m of Transit Stations
C Water Supply 24 x 7 supply of water
100% household with direct water supply connections
135 litres of per capita supply of water
100% metering of water connections
100% efficiency in collection of water related charges
D Sewerage and 100% households should have access to toilets

sanitation

100% schools should have separate toilets for girls
100% households should be connected to the waste water network
100% efficiency in the collection and treatment of waste water
100% efficiency in the collection of sewerage network
E Solid waste 100% households are covered by daily door-step collection system.
management
100% collection of municipal solid waste
100% segregation of waste at source, i.e. biodegradable and non-

degradable waste
100% recycling of solid waste
F Storm Water Drainage 100% coverage of road network with storm water drainage network
Aggregate number of incidents of water logging reported in a Year

=0
100% rainwater harvesting

G Electricity 100% households have electricity connection
24 x 7 supply of electricity
100% metering of electricity supply
100% recovery of cost
Tariff slabs that work towards minimizing waste
H Telephone 100% households have a telephone connection including mobile

Connections
I Wi-Fi Connectivity 100% of the city has Wi-Fi connectivity
J Health Care Facilities Availability of telemedicine facilities to 100% residents
30 minutes emergency response time
1 dispensary for every 15,000 residents
Intermediate Hospital (Category B) - 80 beds per lakh population

1 Dispensary for pet for every 1 lakh residents
1 Diagnostic center for every 50,000 residents
1 Veterinary Hospital for every 5 lakh residents
K Education
1 Pre Primary to Area equivalent to 15% of residential area for building hospitals
Secondary
Education
1 Pre Primary/ Nursery School for every 2,500 residents
1 Primary School (class I to V) for every 5,000 residents
1 Senior Secondary School (Cass VI to XII) for every 7,500 residents
1 school for mentally challenged for 10 lakh population
1 school for physically challenged for every 45,000 residents
1 integrated school (Class I to XII) per lakh of population

2 Higher Education 1 college per 1.25 lakh population
1 university
1 technical education center per 10 lakh population
1 engineering college per 10 lakh population
1 paramedical institute per 10 lakh population
1 medical college per 10 lakh population
1 veterinary institute
1 other professional college per 10 lakh population
L Fire Fighting 1 fire station per 2 lakh population / 5-7km radium
1 sub – fire station with 3-4 km radius
Table 1 (smart city bench mark)

2.1.8 Smart cities standards and Smart cities performance Measurement

indicator
Fig.14 (Smart cities standards and Smart cities performance

Measurement indicator)










2.2 Smart cities options

2.2.1 Technological options for smart cities
A Smart City, like any organization, depends on three basic processes:
It needs to acquire information (data)
It needs to make sense of that information (analysis)
It needs to act on that information promptly (action)
Fig. 20 (Technological options for smart village)

2.2.1.1 Civil related technology
The first step in establishing a road map for a smart city is to know why there is a need for a smart
city initiative. This can be done by studying the city’s demographics, including the residents who
are the principal stakeholders in the city. People love to live in cities that are convenient, live able,
vibrant, and connected, so they can get anywhere whenever they want. Knowing the ages of the
citizens, their educational background, their hobbies, the city attractions, the businesses, and the
resources of the community are all key steps in getting to know the community and why there is a
need to build a smart City-Geographic Information System (GIS) tools can be used to achieve this
step. GIS is an essential economic development tool that many cities use for planning, analyses,
and building lively communities that attract businesses and residents; furthermore, people expect
and demand their governments to provide a wide range of services. The government and the
citizens’ relationship is a supply and demand type of a relationship; the more services the citizens
demand, the more services the government is obligated to deliver-as long as the citizens are willing
to pay of course.
The second step in establishing a smart city roadmap is by developing a policy that drives the
whole initiatives. The policy needs to define the roles, responsibilities, strategies, and objectives
of the smart cities. A project charter needs to be developed to give the CIO the appropriate power,
money, and resources to get the job done. It is the CIO’s responsibility to develop and provide
direction on how to use technology to make it easier for citizens and business to interact with the
government, save money, and create real economic opportunities.
The third element in developing a smart city roadmap is engaging the citizens through the use of
e-government and effective governance, which leads to the increase of efficiency and enhancing
delivery of services. One goal of engaging the citizens is to build trust and make them part of the
solution. Open data through the use of mobile applications is one way to establish such an
engagement-mobility is a gateway to building a civic engagement, as it allows the public to connect
to the city’s infrastructure to perform services whenever they want from wherever they are. Cities
are developing new ways in engaging the public with the government to find solutions to
challenges. The city of Boston worked with local universities to create applications that allow the
public to automatically detect and report the issue to the local city. The local city in return generates
a service request and when the issue is resolved, a notice gets sent back to the person informing
them that the problem has been resolved. The city is using the money for charities that focus on
bringing clean water worldwide. Such an engagement can be used to build trust with the public.
By increasing engagement, the city is creating an opportunity for the residents to know each other.
This is a brilliant way to get people to start caring about each other and their city.
Another method to engage the citizens is by granting access to high-speed Internet and building
Wi-Fi wireless infrastructure citywide. Affordable and reliable Internet connectivity needs to be
available and accessible from anywhere in the city. Open Wi-Fi has economic, social,
environmental, educational, and safety benefits. Free Wi-Fi is a beneficial economic development
tool that can be used by tourists and travelers. Free Wi-Fi also makes it appealing to residents to
be outside in public places, which in return stimulates the economy; furthermore, it benefits
emergency services as Wi-Fi networks are used to aid rescue workers. Wi-Fi is even used by
federal agencies for emergency and border patrol purposes.
2.2.1.2 cyber security
Cyber security is the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks,
computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access. In a computing
context, security includes both cyber security and physical security.
Ensuring cyber security requires coordinated efforts throughout an information system. Elements
of cyber security include:
• Application security
• Information security
• Network security
• Disaster recovery / business continuity planning
• Operational security
• End-user education
2.2.1.3 Green building
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a
structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-
efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the
architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands
and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and
comfort.
Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in
creating greener structures, the common objective of green buildings is to reduce the overall impact
of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:
• Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources.

• Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity (see healthy building).
• Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation.

2.2.1.4 District cooling and heating
District energy, both heating and cooling, tie together the energy generating sources in a city with
buildings and facilities having a need of heating and/or cooling. Instead of each building having
its own heating or cooling system, the energy is delivered to several buildings in a larger area from
a central plant. The water based distribution system guarantees that heat and cooling arrive safely
to the end users. With district heating, energy is saved overall, as it takes advantage of resources
that would otherwise not be have been used, making it an efficient and sustainable solution to
satisfy the local heat and cooling demand in a city.
District heating is the most widespread of the two types of district energy; heating and cooling. To
transport heat efficiently, the district heating distribution infrastructure comprises a network of
insulated pipes, delivering heat in the form of hot water, from the generation site to the end user.
Networks can measure from a few hundred meters to covering entire large cities. End users range
from residential buildings to offices and industrial facilities. The network’s coverage can easily be
extended by laying more pipes, often in combination of adding more points of generation.
Generation and fuels Heat is usually generated in two types of plants. The basic one is a heat
generation plant with a boiler that only generates heat. The second type is a cogeneration plant,
often called combined heat and power plant (CHP). As it generates both heat and electricity, it
benefits from considerable economies of scale. Upon generating electricity by incineration, the
steam from the boiling water that drives the turbines is lead to also heat the water in the closed
circuit district heating system. It can also be used as steam in industrial processes.
2.2.1.5 Smart data center
Smart cities will collect data from the IoT and connected sensors embedded in the physical
infrastructure of cities. This data will be analyzed to extract information to perform functions like
direct cars to free parking spaces, redirecting traffic around accidents, managing power based on
demand and turn lights and heating off in buildings when not in use.
To meet the needs of these data-driven cities, data centers will need to be capable of handling vast
quantities of data. The 130 Exabyte now running across global networks will be dwarfed by the
40,000 Exabyte predicted by 2020. Processing more data does not require data centers to get bigger
(although with the demise of More's law that may change) but it certainly does require a lot more
power. This needs to be factored in to the choice of location, arrangements with the national grid
and contracts for back-up power in the event of outages.
Many of the advantages of smart cities will come through real-time processing of this data. For
example, sensors in the road will adapt traffic light sequencing to minimize queuing traffic. Low
latency will therefore be critical to ensure almost instantaneous response. This leads to the need

for data centers that are physically close to the cities that they will serve. These are known as 'edge'
data centers, being literally on the 'edge' of the network, close to where the real-
world data is being collected and where an output needs to occur. These will be very different to
the hyper scale data centers that we associate with the likes of Facebook, Amazon and Google
today.
Resiliency and reliability will also be fundamental to the safe, 24/7 operations. Recent outages at
hospitals have hit headlines, with operations cancelled or postponed, and the occasional outages
in some of the major cloud providers' operations also cause major disruptions to a variety of their
corporate customers. The risk of a connected city going dark would clearly have major
implications for citizens in their homes, individual businesses and safety.
Security will clearly be a major concern too. If cities are going to be run by connected networks,
the security of that network will be paramount to protect against malicious attacks, hacks and take-
overs. Adding many more access points to a network creates a security threat, which those intent
on creating large bot-nets have already taken advantage of using home Wi-Fi routers, IP security
cameras and digital video recorders. Operators of critical networks and essential infrastructure
within an ecosystem, including data center operators as the guardians of the physical aspects of
security, will need to work together to provide the best cyber-security possible.
2.2.1.6 Smart infrastructure
Smart infrastructure provides the foundation for all of the key themes related to a smart city,
including smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living, smart governance and smart
environment. The core characteristic that underlies most of these components is that they are
connected and that they generate data, which may be used intelligently to ensure the optimal use
of resources and improve performance.
2.2.2 Funding of smart cities development
• Property tax
• Profession tax
• Entertainment tax
• Advertisement tax
• Octroi and entry taxes

Additional resources for financing smart cities

• GOI funds: ~ Rs.500 cr
• Matching contribution by States/ ULBs: ~ Rs.500 cr
• User Charges
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
• FFC recommendations (incl. land-based instruments)
• Municipal bonds
• Borrowings from bilateral and multilaterals
• National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)
• Convergence with other Government schemes
2.2.3 Available option for developing fast smart cities
The strategic components of area-based development in the Smart Cities Mission are city
improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment) and city extension (Greenfield
development) plus a Pan-city initiative in which Smart Solutions are applied covering larger parts
of the city. Below are given the designs of the three models of Area-based smart city development:
• Retrofitting will introduce planning in an existing built-up area to achieve smart city
objectives, along with other objectives, to make the existing area more efficient and live able.
In retrofitting, an area consisting of more than 500 acres will be identified by the city in
consultation with citizens. Depending on the existing level of infrastructure services in the
identified area and the vision of the residents, the cities will prepare a strategy to become smart.
Since existing structures are largely to remain intact in this model, it is expected that more
intensive infrastructure service levels and a large number of smart applications will be packed
into the retrofitted smart city. This strategy may also be completed in a shorter time frame,
leading to its replication in another part of the city.
• Redevelopment will effect a replacement of the existing built-up environment and enable co-
creation of a new layout with enhanced infrastructure using mixed land use and increased
density. Redevelopment envisages an area of more than 50 acres, identified by Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs) in consultation with citizens. For instance, a new layout plan of the identified
area will be prepared with mixed land-use, higher FSI and high ground coverage. Two

examples of the redevelopment model are the Sai fee Burhani Upliftment Project in Mumbai
(also called the Bhindi Bazaar Project) and the redevelopment of East
• Kidwai Nagar in New Delhi being undertaken by the National Building Construction
Corporation.
• Greenfield development will introduce most of the Smart Solutions in a previously vacant area
(more than 250 acres) using innovative planning, plan financing and plan implementation tools
(e.g. land pooling/ land reconstitution) with provision for affordable housing, especially for the
poor. Greenfield developments are required around cities in order to address the needs of the
expanding population. One well known example is the GIFT City in Gujarat. Unlike
retrofitting and redevelopment,
• Greenfield developments could be located either within the limits of the ULB or within the
limits of the local Urban Development Authority (UDA).
• Pan-city development envisages application of selected Smart Solutions to the existing city-
wide infrastructure. Application of Smart Solutions will involve the use of technology,
information and data to make infrastructure and services better. For example, applying Smart
Solutions in the transport sector (intelligent traffic management system) and reducing average
commute time or cost of citizens will have positive effects on productivity and quality of life
of citizens. Another example can be waste water recycling and smart metering which can make
a huge contribution to better water management in the city.
Smart City Features
• Promoting mixed land use in area-based developments–planning for ‘unplanned areas’

containing a range of compatible activities and land uses close to one another in order to make
land use more efficient. The States will enable some flexibility in land use and building bye-
laws to adapt to change;
• Housing and inclusiveness - expand housing opportunities for all;
• Creating walk able localities –reduce congestion, air pollution and resource depletion, boost
local economy, promote interactions and ensure security. The road network is created or
refurbished not only for vehicles and public transport, but also for pedestrians and cyclists, and
necessary administrative services are offered within walking or cycling distance;
• Preserving and developing open spaces - parks, playgrounds, and recreational spaces in order
to enhance the quality of life of citizens, reduce the urban heat effects in Areas and generally
promote eco-balance;

• Promoting a variety of transport options - Transit Oriented Development (TOD), public

transport and last mile Para-transport connectivity;
• Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective - increasingly rely on online services to
bring about accountability and transparency, especially using mobiles to reduce cost of services
and providing services without having to go to municipal offices. Forming e-groups to listen
to people and obtain feedback and use online monitoring of programs and activities with the
aid of cyber tour of worksites;
• Giving an identity to the city - based on its main economic activity, such as local cuisine,
health, education, arts and craft, culture, sports goods, furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc.
• Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services in area-based development in order to
make them better. For example, making Areas less vulnerable to disasters, using fewer
resources, and providing cheaper services.
2.2.4 Road map and safe guards for smart cities

The first step in establishing a road map for a smart city is to know why there is a need for a smart
city initiative. This can be done by studying the city’s demographics, including the residents who
are the principal stakeholders in the city. People love to live in cities that are convenient, liveable,
vibrant, and connected, so they can get anywhere whenever they want. Knowing the ages of the
citizens, their educational background, their hobbies, the city attractions, the businesses, and the
resources of the community are all key steps in getting to know the community and why there is a
need to build a smart City-Geographic Information System (GIS) tools can be used to achieve this
step. GIS is an essential economic development tool that many cities use for planning, analyses,
and building lively communities that attract businesses and residents; furthermore, people expect
and demand their governments to provide a wide range of services. The government and the
citizens’ relationship is a supply and demand type of a relationship; the more services the citizens
demand, the more services the government is obligated to deliver-as long as the citizens are willing
to pay of course.
The second step in establishing a smart city roadmap is by developing a policy that drives the
whole initiatives. The policy needs to define the roles, responsibilities, strategies, and objectives
of the smart cities. A project charter needs to be developed to give the CIO the appropriate power,
money, and resources to get the job done. It is the CIO’s responsibility to develop and provide
direction on how to use technology to make it easier for citizens and business to interact with the
government, save money, and create real economic opportunities.

The third element in developing a smart city roadmap is engaging the citizens through the use of
e-government and effective governance, which leads to the increase of efficiency and enhancing
delivery of services. One goal of engaging the citizens is to build trust and make them part of the
solution. Open data through the use of mobile applications is one way to establish such an
engagement-mobility is a gateway to building a civic engagement, as it allows the public to connect
to the city’s infrastructure to perform services whenever they want from wherever they are. Cities
are developing new ways in engaging the public with the government to find solutions to
challenges. The city of Boston worked with local universities to create applications that allow the
public to automatically detect and report the issue to the local city. The local city in return generates
a service request and when the issue is resolved, a notice gets sent back to the person informing
them that the problem has been resolved. The city is using the money for charities that focus on
bringing clean water worldwide. Such an engagement can be used to build trust with the public.
By increasing engagement, the city is creating an opportunity for the residents to know each other.
This is a brilliant way to get people to start caring about each other and their city.
Another method to engage the citizens is by granting access to high-speed Internet and building
Wi-Fi wireless infrastructure citywide. Affordable and reliable Internet connectivity needs to be
available and accessible from anywhere in the city. Open Wi-Fi has economic, social,
environmental, educational, and safety benefits. Free Wi-Fi is a beneficial economic development
tool that can be used by tourists and travellers. Free Wi-Fi also makes it appealing to residents to
be outside in public places, which in return stimulates the economy; furthermore, it benefits
emergency services as Wi-Fi networks are used to aid rescue workers. Wi-Fi is even used by
federal agencies for emergency and border patrol purposes.
2.3 India’s smart cities: issues and challenges

2.3.1 Urban water and sanitation challenges
Current evidence shows that the number of people living in urban areas in India is expected
to more than double and grow to around 800 million by 2050, which will pose unprecedented
challenges for water management in the country. Also, quality issues are also coming to the
forefront with groundwater getting contaminated with fluoride, arsenic, mercury and even uranium
in some areas.
At the same time, rivers and groundwater are also getting increasingly polluted by untreated
effluents and sewage dumped into them. Many urban stretches of rivers and lakes are overstrained
and overburdened by industrial waste, sewage, and agricultural run-off, while efforts undertaken
to deal with this huge amount of pollution are limited and continue to be mismanaged.

Climate change is also predicted to further impact the availability of water due to its effects on the
hydrological cycle leading to more extreme rates of precipitation and evapo- transpiration, which
will exacerbate the adverse effects of floods and droughts. More intense, extreme, and variable
rainfall, combined with the lack of proper drainage will lead to flooding on the roads in urban areas
adding to filth and disease. Conflicts across competing uses and users of water, agriculture and
industry, town and country will continue to grow over the years.
A new approach to urban water management needed

The Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) has proposed a paradigm shift in water management to deal
with this situation in the future. The paper argues that such reforms are crucial so that more water
is released for rapidly growing urban India. However, it is important to understand the concept of
urban India and recognise that urban India is not uniform or similar everywhere.
Indian urban space has been considered in an undifferentiated manner due to which the specific
characteristics of each area that depend on the stage of development, the sources of water, and the
diverse nature of aquifers catering to urban settlements in different parts of the country remain
masked. This leads to a lack of clarity on the true picture of the availability and use of water
resources in urban areas, which also hinders attempts made to find a solution to these problems.
In the absence of real-time data on groundwater use in urban India, it is difficult to predict trends
in terms of how comparative shares of surface and groundwater continue to be used by these four
categories of urban areas. As the dependence on surface water grows over time through all four
stages of urban growth, groundwater follows a more complex and relatively indeterminate
trajectory.
The precise trajectory or pattern and the specific path chosen, will depend on particular aquifer
types and socio-economic conditions. However, understanding this precise trajectory is important,
both in terms of utility planning and management in urban India. It divides variously sized towns
and cities into six categories based on the aquifer types and hydro geological characteristics of the
area.
Proposed strategy for urban water management
The urban area is classified in 6x4 matrix which would need to be implemented in a location-
specific manner within each urban settlement. These include:
• Sustainable groundwater management

• Focus on recycling and reuse of waste water

• Reducing industrial water footprint

• Protect and priorities local water bodies
• Shift focus to management and distribution
• Use of eco-restorative, low-cost technologies
• Capacity building of urban local bodies
• Sector Overview and Challenges
More than 90% of the urban population has access to drinking water, and more than 60% of the
population has access to basic sanitation. However, access to reliable, sustainable, and affordable
water supply and sanitation (WSS) service is lagging behind.
Are the Services Reliable? No Indian city receives piped water 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Piped water is never distributed for more than a few hours per day, regardless of the quantity
available. Raw sewage often overflows into open drains.
Are the Services Technically and Financially Sustainable? Less than 50% urban population has
access to piped water. The Non-Revenue Water (NRW: due to leakages, unauthorized connections,
billing and collection inefficiencies, etc.) is huge, estimated between 40-70% of the water
distributed. Operations and maintenance cost recovery through user charges is hardly 30-40%.
Most urban operations survive on large operating subsidies and capital grants.
Are the Services Environmentally Sustainable? Water quality has deteriorated in most receiving
bodies and in shallow groundwater as a result of uncontrolled discharge of raw domestic and
industrial waste-water. Are the Services Affordable? Most households, forced to cope with poor
quality water supply and sanitation service, spend time and money on expensive and unsafe
substitutes, costing much higher than their monthly water bills. The inefficiencies in services and
costs are passed on to customers, with the poor suffering the most.
Poor managerial and financial autonomy, limited accountability, weak cost recovery, perverse
incentives and limited capacity has led to poor services to customers across the country. Urban
India is at the bottom of most international measures of performance. The major challenges are:
• Creating consensus on sector governance and institutional arrangements;

• Developing and testing service provider models that have characteristics of well-run public
companies for different market segments (large/small);
• Improving financial sustainability of providers (commercial, energy, Non-Revenue Water);
• Professionalizing the WSS sector.

Simply creating infrastructure (normally focusing on augmentation but neglecting the distribution
network) and not addressing management of service does not lead to sustainable services. Further,
the easy access to financing coupled with overlapping responsibility of policy making, planning,
financing, implementation, maintenance and regulation, generally vested in the State Engineering
Department, results in lack of incentive for accountable and efficient services. Hardly any State
has a well-defined WSS Service Improvement Program supported by sound sector policies and
institutional development plan to shift towards renewable sources and focus on green buildings
and green transport to reduce the need for electricity.
2.3.2 Role of indigenous technologies

Although universal access to safe and piped water is an important long-term solution, it is very
expensive and challenging to implement in developing countries in the short term. Hence,
improving both physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water at a household
level is believed to be effective in preventing infectious diarrhea. There are a number of household
water treatment technologies proven to be effective in coagulation and disinfection.
At present, a number of effective coagulants and disinfectants have been identified of plant origin.
Of the large number of plant materials that have been used over the years, the seeds from Moringa
oleifera have been shown to be one of the most effective primary coagulants for water treatment,
especially in rural communities. In addition, indigenous knowledge indicates that there are several
plant species that can be used as a coagulant and disinfectant. Out of which seeds of Prosopis
juliflora, Dolichos lablab and leaves of Opuntia ficus indica showed effectiveness in coagulation.
Although, plant species have enormous advantage in water treatment, they also have limitation.
The major limitation is the release of organic matter and nutrients to apply at large scale. From
these review, it can be concluded that plant species have the potential to serve as a complementary
water treatment agent especially in rural areas.
2.3.3 Key issues in development of human being

• Access to water
• Food security
• Health situation
• Access to education
• Sustainable livelihood
Access to water
Access to clean potable water and to basic sanitation is a key indicator for human development.
According to United Nations (UN) standards, access to safe water is measured by the proportion

of the population with access to an adequate amount of safe drinking water located within a
convenient distance from the user’s dwelling Chronic poverty is usually induced by long-term
exposure to threats such as drought, famine and conflict. It is usually further exacerbated by
remoteness as access to government services, markets, sanitation and healthcare often dwindle
with distance from major urban centers. Due to their lack of proximity to these livelihood
components, the rural poor are often the most vulnerable.
Due to their economic position, most impoverished people usually live in conditions with poor
sanitation and limited or no access to clean water, thus further increasing their vulnerability. These
combined multiple factors are often referred to as the cycle of poverty: numerous factors, such as
malnutrition, illness and poor living conditions, that when combined, make it difficult for people
to break out of the conditions of poverty to improve their level of well-being and create a more
positive livelihood. That is, it is difficult to get and maintain a job or produce your own food when
you are suffering from malaria or malnourishment. Poverty and health are inextricably connected
issues that form a feedback loop.
Due to an inability or reduced capacity to work, sickness, disability and poor health increase
poverty. Poverty, in turn, through reduced quality of life, exposes individuals and communities to
health risks, as these groups are often marginalised to poor quality land with no facilities. Poor
sanitation is a significant cause of illness and death in Africa. Burgeoning urban populations mean
that many migrants seeking work in cities end up living in high-density, low-cost housing on the
fringes of cities. Informal housing has little or no sanitation resulting in greatly increased health
risks.
Food security
Food security is defined as "when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic
access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences
for an active and healthy life. Household food security is the application of this concept to the
family level, with individuals within households as the focus of concern.”
The World Health Organisation recommends a minimum dietary consumption of 2 100

kilocalories per day, including daily protein intake of 56 g and 48 g for the average adult man and
woman respectively. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
defines undernourishment as food consumption of less than about 1 900 kilocalories per day
(FAO 1996). Undernourishment may lead to malnutrition, which reduces human well-being by
impairing physical functioning, the ability to work and learn, and processes such as growth,
pregnancy, lactation and resistance to disease (SAfMA 2004). Malnutrition is defined by the
World Health Organization as "the cellular imbalance between supply of nutrients and energy and
the body's demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions”.

Health situation
The health situation in a country is a key factor for human development. People, who are ill or
have to look after ill relatives, are kept away from productively contributing to their family’s and
country’s economic wellbeing. Instead, a lot of money is needed for treatment and medication.
As a consequence, many other key factors for human development (like food security and access
to education) are affected; the development of the country is slowed down.
It is in the highest interest of any country/government to invest into good healthcare for its citizens
– as investment here will produce multiple benefits.
Access to education
Education is central to development. It empowers people and strengthens nations. It is a powerful
“equaliser”, opening doors to all to lift themselves out of poverty.
Benefits of Education
Investment in education benefits the individual, society, and the world as a whole. Broad-based
education of good quality is among the most powerful instruments known to reduce poverty and
inequality. With proven benefits for personal health, it also strengthens nations’ economic health
by laying the foundation for sustained economic growth. For individuals and nations, it is key to
creating, applying, and spreading knowledge—and thus to the development of dynamic, globally
competitive economies. And it is fundamental for the construction of democratic societies.
Access to livelihood
The term Livelihood is used to identify a fundamental relationship between the people and the
biophysical resources. Livelihood is defined as a primary activity that individuals engage in to
obtain the income, food, water, shelter, clothing and other materials needed to satisfy and sustain
the well-being of families and other members of a social group.
In the face of decades of attempts to promote development, developing countries are turning to a
new model to reduce and alleviate poverty without compromising the natural assets of the country.
These new methods are collectively termedSustainable Livelihoods. A livelihood includes the
capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a
means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and
shocks while maintaining or enhancing its capabilities and assets and not undermining the natural
resource base.
2.3.4 Education/ job opportunity development
Education is central to development. It empowers people and strengthens nations. It is a powerful
“equaliser”, opening doors to all to lift themselves out of poverty.
Benefits of Education

Investment in education benefits the individual, society, and the world as a whole. Broad-based
education of good quality is among the most powerful instruments known to reduce poverty and
inequality. With proven benefits for personal health, it also strengthens nations’ economic health
by laying the foundation for sustained economic growth. For individuals and nations, it is key to
creating, applying, and spreading knowledge—and thus to the development of dynamic, globally
competitive economies. And it is fundamental for the construction of democratic societies.
Benefits to the individual

• Improves health and nutrition:
Education greatly benefits personal health. Particularly powerful for girls, it profoundly affects
reproductive health, and also improves child mortality and welfare through better nutrition and
higher immunization rates. Education may be the single most effective preventive weapon against
HIV/AIDS.
• Increases productivity and earnings:
Research has established that every year of schooling increases individual wages for both men and
women by a worldwide average of about 10 percent. In poor countries, the gains are even greater.
• Reduces inequality:
Education is a great “leveler”, illiteracy being one of the strongest predictors of poverty. Primary
education plays a catalytic role for those most likely to be poor, including girls, ethnic minorities,
orphans, disabled people, and rural families. By enabling larger numbers to share in the growth
process, education can be the powerful tide that lifts all boats.
Benefits to society
• Drives economic competitiveness:
An educated and skilled workforce is one of the pillars of the knowledge-based economy.
Increasingly, comparative advantages among nations come less from natural resources or cheap
labor and more from technical innovations and the competitive use of knowledge. Studies also link
education to economic growth: education contributes to improved productivity which in theory
should lead to higher income and improved economic performance.
• Has synergistic, poverty-reducing effects:
Education can vitally contribute to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals. While
two of the goals pertain directly to education, education also helps to reduce poverty, promote

gender equality, lower child mortality rates, protect against HIV/AIDS, reduce fertility rates, and
enhance environmental awareness.
• Contributes to democratization:
Countries with higher primary schooling and a smaller gap between rates of boys’ and girls’
schooling tend to enjoy greater democracy. Democratic political institutions (such as power-
sharing and clean elections) are more likely to exist in countries with higher literacy rates and
education levels.
• Promotes peace and stability:
Peace education—spanning issues of human security, equity, justice, and intercultural

understanding— is of paramount importance. Education also reduces crime: poor school
environments lead to deficient academic performance, absenteeism, and drop out—precursors of
delinquent and violent behavior.
• Promotes concern for the environment:
Education can enhance natural resource management and national capacity for disaster prevention
and adoption of new, environmentally friendly technologies.
Benefits of Girls’ education: a wise investment . . .
Investment in girls’ education yields some of the highest returns of all development investments,
yielding both private and social benefits that accrue to individuals, families, and society at large:
• Reduces women’s fertility rates:
Women with formal education are much more likely to use reliable family planning methods, delay
marriage and childbearing, and have fewer and healthier babies than women with no formal
education. It is estimated that one year of female schooling reduces fertility by 10 percent. The
effect is particularly pronounced for secondary schooling.
• Lowers infant and child mortality rates:
Women with some formal education are more likely to seek medical care, ensure their children are
immunized, be better informed about their children's nutritional requirements, and adopt improved
sanitation practices. As a result, their infants and children have higher survival rates and tend to
be healthier and better nourished.
• Lowers maternal mortality rates:

Women with formal education tend to have better knowledge about health care practices, are less
likely to become pregnant at a very young age, tend to have fewer, better-spaced pregnancies, and
seek pre- and post-natal care. It is estimated that an additional year
of schooling for 1,000 women helps prevent two maternal deaths.
• Protects against HIV/AIDS infection:
Girls’ education ranks among the most powerful tools for reducing girls’ vulnerability. It slows
and reduces the spread of HIV/AIDS by contributing to female economic independence, delayed
marriage, family planning, and work outside the home as well as greater information about the
disease and how to prevent it.
• Increases women’s labor force participation rates and earnings:
Education has been proven to increase income for wage earners and increase productivity for
employers, yielding benefits for the community and society.
• Creates intergenerational education benefits:
Mothers’ education is a significant variable affecting children’s education attainment and

opportunities. A mother with a few years of formal education is considerably more likely to send
her children to school. In many countries each additional year of formal education completed by a
mother translates into her children remaining in school for an additional one-third to one-half year.
2.3.5 Governmental issues

Retrofitting existing legacy city infrastructure to make it smart:
There are a number of latent issues to consider when reviewing a smart city strategy. The most
important is to determine the existing city’s weak areas that need utmost consideration, e.g. 100-
per-cent distribution of water supply and sanitation. The integration of formerly isolated legacy
systems to achieve citywide efficiencies can be a significant challenge.
Financing smart cities:
The High-Power Expert Committee (HPEC) on Investment Estimates in Urban Infrastructure has
assessed a per-capita investment cost (PCIC) of Rs 43,386 for a 20-year period. Using an average
figure of 1 million people in each of the 100 smart cities, the total estimate of investment
requirements for the smart city comes to Rs 7 lakh crore over 20 years (with an annual escalation
of 10 per cent from 2009-20 to 2014-15). This translates into an annual requirement of Rs 35,000

crore. One needs to see how these projects will be financed as the majority of project need would
move through complete private investment or through PPPs (public-private partnership).
Availability of master plan or city development plan:
Most of our cities don’t have master plans or a city development plan, which is the key to smart
city planning and implementation and encapsulates all a city needs to improve and provide better
opportunities to its citizens. Unfortunately, 70-80 per cent of Indian cities don’t have one.
Financial sustainability of ULBs:

Most ULBs are not financially self-sustainable and tariff levels fixed by the ULBs for providing
services often do not mirror the cost of supplying the same. Even if additional investments are
recovered in a phased manner, inadequate cost recovery will lead to continued financial losses.
Technical constraints of ULBs:
Most ULBs have limited technical capacity to ensure timely and cost-effective implementation
and subsequent operations and maintenance owing to limited recruitment over a number of years
along with inability of the ULBs to attract best of talent at market competitive compensation rates.
Three-tier governance:
Successful implementation of smart city solutions needs effective horizontal and vertical
coordination between various institutions providing various municipal amenities as well as
effective coordination between central government (MoUD), state government and local
government agencies on various issues related to financing and sharing of best practices and
service delivery process.
Providing clearances in a timely manner:
For timely completion of the project, all clearances should use online processes and be cleared in
a time-bound manner. A regulatory body should be set up for all utility services so that a level
playing field is made available to the private sector and tariffs are set in a manner that balances
financial-sustainability-with-quality.

Dealing with a multivendor environment:
Another major challenge in the Indian smart city space is that (usually) software infrastructure in
cities contains components supplied by different vendors. Hence, the ability to handle complex
combinations of smart city solutions developed by multiple technology vendors becomes very
significant.
Capacity building programme:
Building capacity for 100 smart cities is not an easy task and most ambitious projects are delayed
owing to lack of quality manpower, both at the centre and state levels. In terms of funds, only
around 5 per cent of the central allocation may be allocated for capacity building programs that
focus on training, contextual research, knowledge exchange and a rich database. Investments in
capacity building programs have a multiplier effect as they help in time-bound completion of
projects and in designing programs, developing faculty, building databases as well as designing
tool kits and decision support systems. As all these have a lag time, capacity building needs to be
strengthened right at the beginning.
Reliability of utility services:
For any smart city in the world, the focus is on reliability of utility services, whether it is electricity,
water, telephone or broadband services. Smart cities should have universal access to electricity
24×7; this is not possible with the existing supply and distribution system. Cities need
to shift towards renewable sources and focus on green buildings and green transport to reduce the
need for electricity.
2.4 Smart cities initiatives taken by

2.4.1 Local self-government
The local government has all the responsibilities for the development of village. Local
development partly via local institutions was supposedly a scheme to better understand rural
communities, and be more responsive to the perceived aspirations and constraints of the rural folk.
Local Governments were considered to be more successful in promoting local participation and
empowerment, democracy and cost effectiveness within the framework of the One-Party System.
So local government should initiate the village development by using all these factors.
2.4.2 District municipal corporation

Objectives for an innovative & modern Solid Waste Management

• To devise a system of storage of waste and segregation of recyclable waste at source.

• To improve system of primary collection of waste.
• To devise more efficient system of day to day cleaning, conventionally and mechanically.
• To devise system to eliminate practices of throwing garbage on the road causing nuisance
& health threat.
• To modernize the system of community waste storage & synchronize the system of primary
collection as well as transportation of waste.
• To eliminate manual handling of waste and open transportation vehicles.
• To improve the system of transportation of waste by ensuring "handling waste only once".
• To construct four more semi close body transfer station to strengthen the existing primary
collection-transportation and secondary transportation system.
• To reduce quantity of waste going to landfill site by adopting suitable technology.
• Land to be acquired for other landfill disposal site.
• To derive income from the processing of waste.
• To ensure safe disposal of waste including bio-medical wastes.
• To do institutional strengthening.
• To have public participation.
2.4.3 Initiation by local people

The Role of Citizens in " Smart Cities " The " smart city " is an umbrella for cities that use
information technology to improve services and provide better quality of life for its citizens.
Citizen participation is often highlighted as an important part of the smart city concept.
Citizens are an important aspect of smart cities. A city cannot be built smart until and unless
citizens do not participate in the transformation. So, know the role of citizens in building smart
city.
The Success of Smart city is defined only when it is accepted by its citizens as the core aim of the
smart city is to build a city which is solely for its people. When we talk about the concept of smart
cities then they primarily are cities which is smart enough to provide sustainable, environment-
friendly urban infrastructure to its citizens where it has all smart facilities popular as smart
solutions, which can ease their life.
if a smart city is not as per the needs of its citizens then it is completely not a successful smart city.
Citizens’ acceptance should be the main focus while transforming a city into a smart city.

Role of citizen
• Electronic participation
First, a suitable infrastructure must be in place. This can be wired or wireless. The infrastructure
is necessary to establish the connection between the citizen and the participatory platforms. The
citizen also needs access to technology, either through his/her own device (personal computer,
tablet or smartphone) or through a public accessible device, e.g., information kiosks or computers
in a library. Some citizens have impairments, so it is also a need for accessibility features to let all
people take advantage of their devices. Also, education and training is necessary to be able to use
technology in a efficient and meaningful way. Legal mechanisms are needed to protect such things
as privacy, freedom of expression etc. It is also necessary to have some technical mechanisms to
make sure users are authenticated when required, but also to stay anonymous in other contexts. In
the end, all these layers are necessary to achieve trust in, and adoption of the solution.
• Democracy
Binding (local) referendums is probably closest to the ideal of direct democracy. The citizens vote
on specific issues, and the result can not be disputed by elected representatives. But binding
referendums are seldom used, both for legal and political reasons
Indirect democracy is the common model in western democracies. The citizens vote for parties or
representatives to act on behalf of themselves until the next election. To give citizens more
influence on agenda setting, different tools have been implemented i.e. petitions, consultative
referendums and consultations.
The last thing people want is to be involved in more decision making: They do not want to make
political decisions themselves; they do not want to provide much input to those who are assigned
to to make these decisions; and they would rather not know all the details of the decision-making
process.”

Chapter 3: Vanskui Village Literature Review
3.1 Introduction:
3.1.1 Real Urban & Rural and concept
Urban
A geographical region may be a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure
of designed surroundings. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by
urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. The creation of early predecessors
of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with
modern urban planning, which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural
resources leads to human impact on the environment. The creation of early predecessors of urban
areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with modern urban
planning, which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources leads
to human impact on the environment.
The world's urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades
since. In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion) surpassed the number
living in rural areas (3.41 billion) and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This
was the first time that the majority of the world's population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.2
billion people living on the planet, of which the global urban population comprised 3.9 billion.
The Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs at that
time predicted the urban population would grow to 6.4 billion by 2050, with 37% of that growth
to come from three countries: China, India and Nigeria.
Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are
measured for various purposes, including analysing population density and urban sprawl.
Unlike an urban area, a metropolitan area includes not only the urban area, but also satellite
cities plus intervening rural land that is socio-economically connected to the core city, typically
by employment ties through commuting, with the urban core city being the primary labour market.
European countries define urbanized areas on the basis of urban-type land use, not allowing any
gaps of typically more than 200 metres, and use satellite imagery instead of census blocks to
determine the boundaries of the urban area. In less-developed countries, in addition to land use
and density requirements, a requirement that a large majority of the population, typically 75%, is
not engaged in agriculture and/or fishing is sometimes used.
Rural
A rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. The
Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services defines the word "rural" as encompassing "...all population, housing, and territory not
included within an urban area. Whatever is not urban is considered rural.”
Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements.
Agricultural areas are commonly rural, as are other types of areas such as forests. Different
countries have varying definitions of "rural" for statistical and administrative purposes.
A rural areas population density is very low. Many people live in a city, or urban area. Their homes
and businesses are located very close to one another. In a rural area, there are fewer people, and
their homes and businesses are located far away from one another. Agriculture is the primary
industry in most rural areas. Most people live or work on farms or ranches. Hamlets, villages,
towns, and other small settlements are in or surrounded by rural areas.
People are migrating to urban areas for many reasons, including agricultural technology, industrial
technology, and the hope of changing one economic circumstances.
Agricultural technology has decreased the need for agricultural workers. Improved
transportation, tools, fertilizer, and genetically modified crops mean fewer farm workers harvest
more food. This decreased need for farm employment drives many farm workers into cities in
search of jobs.
Industrial technology has created many jobs unique to urban areas. Developing countries often
have resource-based economies, meaning most people make their living from agriculture, timber,
mining, or other harvesting of natural resources. These natural resources are most often located in
rural areas. As developing countries expand the use of industrial technology, they often shift their
focus to a service-based economy. Service-based economies use industrial technology to provide
finished goods and services to people inside and outside their countries.
India, for instance, is a country where many people practice agriculture in rural areas. As the Indian
economy develops, however, more people migrate to urban areas like Bangalore to work in the
technology industry. Instead of providing the raw materials (metals) for computer chips to nations
like the United States, Indian companies now manufacture the computer chips themselves.
Centres of learning, such as universities, hospitals, and regional government, are usually located
in urban areas. Many rural residents travel to cities to take advantage of economic opportunities
there.

3.1.2 Ancient Villages / Different Definition of: Rural area / Villages
Criterion Main feature

Urban structure lower building density, agricultural settlement, extensive
public spaces, low ratio of built-up areas
Architectonic features Low-rise buildings, integration of residential and other
functions, absence of rental housing, individual buildings
Social features Conservatism, traditionalism, neighbor relations, participation,
cooperation, sharing common history.
Economic features Commuting to work, agricultural employment, higher ratio of
subsistence, DIY
Public administration. Designation of the municipality, position of the municipalities
in the public administration structure
Size features Number of inhabitants, population density, area, ratio of built-
up space
Table 2. Criteria of defining rural settlements
United States Census (2000 census) defines rural areas as comprising open country and settlements
with fewer than 2,500 residents (population/administrative-based); areas designated as rural can
have population densities as high as 999 per square mile or as low as 1 person per square mile
(population/land use-based).
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a
town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in
rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are
normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the
dwellings of a village are close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a
dispersed settlement.
In most parts of the world, villages are settlements of people clustered around a central point. A
central point is most often a church, marketplace, or public space. A public space can be a open
space (sometimes called a village green), or developed square (sometimes called a plaza or piazza).
This type of village organization is called a nucleated settlement.
Some villages are linear settlements. They are not clustered around a central public space, but
around a line. This line can be natural, such as a river bank or seashore. (Fishing villages are often
linear settlements.) Linear settlements can also develop around a transportation route, such as a
railroad line.

3.2 Scenario: Rural / Urban India & Gujarat as per Census 2011
and latest Population Growth
2001 2011
India 102.9 121.0
Rural 74.3 83.3
Urban 28.6 37.7
Table 3 Population of India (in Crores)
• For the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in population is more in urban
areas that in rural areas
• Rural – Urban distribution: 68.84% & 31.16%
• Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census
• The proportion of rural population declined from 72.19% to 68.84%
• The slowing down of the overall growth rate of population is due to the sharp decline in
the growth rate in rural areas, while the growth rate in urban areas remains almost the same
• Literacy rate is increased to 74% in 2011 from 64.8% in 2001. The improvement in literacy
rate in rural area is two times that in urban areas
• The rural urban literacy gap which was 21.2 percentage points in 2001, has come down to
• 16.1 percentage points in 2011
• Improvement in female literacy is more than males in both rural and urban areas
• The gender gap in literacy has come down from 24.6 in 2001 to 19.8 in 2011 in rural areas
and from 13.4 in 2001 to 9.8 in 2011 in urban areas.

(Image Source: censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data.../india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf)

Fig. 21 (Trends in Rural Urban Distribution in India)
Urban Unit (or Town):

• All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee,
etc. (known as Statutory Town)
• All other places which satisfied the following criteria (known as Census Town):
• A minimum population of 5,000;
• At least 75 per cent of the male main workers engaged in non-agricultural pursuits
• A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km.
2001 2011 Increase

Towns 5161 7935 2774
Statutory Towns 3799 4041 242
Census Towns 1362 3894 2532
Table 4 Urban town of India

Rural area (Village)
All areas which are not categorized as Urban area are considered as Rural Area Number of Rural
Units (or Villages) in India:
2001 2011 Increase

Villages 6,38,588 6,40,867 2,279
Table 5 Rural area of India
Scenario in Gujarat
2001 2011 % Increase

Gujarat 50,671,017 60,439,692 19.28
Rural 31,740,767 34,694,609 9.30
Urban 18,930,250 25,745,083 36
Table 6 Population of Gujarat (in Crores)
Fig. 22 (Population Comparison of Gujarat)
• Rural – Urban distribution: 57.40% &42.60%

• Level of urbanization increased from 37.36% in 2001 Census to 42.60% in 2011 Census
• The proportion of rural population declined from 62.64% to 57.40%
• The slowing down of the overall growth rate of population is due to the sharp decline in the
growth rate in rural areas, while the growth rate in urban areas remains almost the same
• Literacy rate is increased to 78.03% in 2011 from 58.86% in 2001.

3.3 Rural Issues and Concerns

Rural areas have major issues like
• Poverty
• Unemployment
• Inequality among people i.e. The upper caste people holds large lands and lower caste people
have small lands or they work as a labour
• Lower caste people holds Kutchcha houses and facilities they received are less than that received
by upper caste people
• Lack of facilities like drinking water, Sewage disposal, Solid waste management etc.
• Unavailability of public transportation
• Lack of awareness in people regarding Government Schemes
• Lack of health facilities
• Lack of awareness in farmers regarding efficient methods in agriculture
• Lack of education
3.3.1 Crime free/Dispute free

Mahatma Gandhi Dispute-Free Village Mission
The project has been able to evolve the necessary conditions of leadership and people’s
participation which has contributed in creating an environment for collaboration to sustain peace
and harmony in the villages. The initiative has been successful in creating a forum for the police
to engage with citizens and be partners in the change process. The project has the ability to replicate
especially for the States where the law and order is a matter of concern with respect to the limited
resources of managing the ground conditions.
The initiative focuses on formation of a committee at the village level with 45 members which
includes around 30-35% women. The village level committee should have representation from all
communities and sects in the village. The chairperson and member secretary of the committee are
selected by the gram panchayat. For the purpose of implementation, there are committees set up
at State, district, tehsil and village level which review the progress. There is a district and village
level committee which enforces the programme. The villages performing well on resolving
disputes and maintaining peace and harmony are rewarded by the State government.

Nyaya Panchayats
Nyaya Panchayats are the judicial components of the panchayat system, which forms the lowest
rung of our judiciary. They are created for the administration of justice at the local or rural level.
Reasons for setting up Nyaya Panchayats
The rationale behind setting up the Nyaya Panchayat is,

• Democratic decentralization,
• Easy access to justice
• speedy disposal of cases,
• Inexpensive justice system,
• Revival of traditional village community life,
• Combination of judicial system and local self-government, and
• Reduction in pressure on Civil Courts.
Constitution of Nyaya Panchayats
Nyaya Panchayats constitutes a Sarpanch as its head and few panchai (generally it varies
between10 to 30). Each member of Nyaya panchyat must be literate and must be of minimum 30
years of age. The appointment is based on nomination and election
Advantages of nyaya panchayats over the regular courts
• They provide an inexpensive and expeditious mechanism to settle disputes

• They provide relief to the ordinary courts as they lift the part of burden of judicial work on their
shoulders. In a way, they are emerged on solution to the problem of mounting arrears of cases
before the courts.
• They provide justice at the door steps for the village folks
• They provide protection to the local customs and traditions
• Panchayat System has a great educative value for the villagers
Some Crime Free and Dispute Free Gram Panchayats of India Sihoda gram panchayat
No sort of crime has been reported since the year 2015 in any police station, in Gram Panchayat
of Jabalpur district. Alcohol prohibition is fully implemented in Panchayat and nobody consumes

liquor. This is Sihoda gram panchayat of Jabalpur district and Meerabai Parshuram Patel is its
sarpanch.
Special Gram Sabha was held in Sihoda Gram Panchayat under 'Gramoday Se Bharat Uday'
campaign. Additional Chief Secretary Deepak Khandekar and collector, Jabalpur, Maheshchandra
Chaudhary participated in gram sabha. Sarpanch informed that two villages of Gram panchayat
are crime-free, addiction-free and open defecation free. Gram panchayat has social harmony
and there is no practice like untouchability prevailing there.
Chetar Village
The village named Chetar (Ramgadh district, Jharkhand) sets an amazing example for the rest of
the country. Since Independence not a single police case has been filed from this village in any of
the police stations around. This tiny village having population of around 1000 people has around
35 teachers. Any local issues that crop up in the village are resolved in the village
Panchayat. All the villagers respectfully abide to the Panchayat decisions which are always taken
with general agreement of all the people. For the fine collected from those found guilty is kept in
a joint account and used for the public affairs of the village or helping the less fortunate ones (like
bearing the cost of marrying daughters of the poor).
The village is now coming forward as an ideal role model with techniques to be adopted at other
places. This is creating general interest in academicians as well. Recently a team of students from
Saint Zavier’s College of Ranchi and one of the institutions in London visited the village to study
their model. Though it is little bit off from Ramgadh district headquarters, the roads are developed
enough for a four wheeler to pass through with ease. There are no pot holes anywhere and the
drainage system of the village runs completely underground. The youth of the village take turns to
keep the surroundings cleaned and tidy.
The village is alcohol free. No villager ever drinks alcohol, be it a festive occasion or something
stressful happening in their lives. The villagers belonging to wide range of castes, including
Mahato, Munda, Bediya, Karmali, Muslims, Thakur, Kumbhar; stay together as a family. The
people of this village even actively participated in freedom movement against the Britishers, said
80 year old Tularam Mehato.
Even the Police officer Ranjit Kumar Prasad has high regards for the people of Chetar village. He
is full of appreciation for them as all the issues are solved in the Panchayat amicably and the village
has done a commendable job of not having any crime record against them post- Independence.

Manoharabad
Manoharabad, though is a small village inhabited by 950 residents hit the banners by securing
national award while meeting all parameters in respect of implementation of several schemes. It is
a crime-free, child labour-free, open defecation-free and unemployment-free village in Telangana.
The village stood number one in the State in employment generation under Employment Guarantee
Scheme and collection of house taxes was 100% for the fourth consecutive year. It became a model
for other villages in digging soak pits, planting saplings in Haritha Haram, cent per cent
immunisation, institutional deliveries and continuous instruction in English medium at
Government school for the eighth year.
3.3.2 Resources
Cities and, more generally urban areas, are growing very fast.cities require natural resources,
energy, raw material, food and goods to sustain the daily life of their inhabitants and their economic
activities.
Sustainable land and natural resource management systems that improve agricultural productivity,
conservation of ecosystem functions and enhance the livelihoods of rural families.
advisory and support services focus on the sustainable and equitable use of natural resources to
improve livelihoods and conserve agro-diversity and biodiversity is mainly depending upon the
following:
• transform crop, livestock and irrigation sectors into efficiently managed, highly productive
systems that are sustainable
• reduce rural poverty by combining livelihood development with natural resources
management and biodiversity conservation
• promote integrated watershed management and desertification control by means of
participatory forest, land and water management planning based on sustainable land use
principles
• adapt agriculture, forestry and land management systems to climate change.
3.3.3 Literacy
Literacy rate in rural areas was pegged at 71 per cent last year, compared to 86 per cent in urban
areas, while among the age group of seven years and above, male literacy rate was found higher
than the female literacy rate Among the age group of seven years and above, the male literacy rate
was registered at 83 per cent vis-a-vis the female literacy rate of 67 percent.
Similarly, it was found in the rural areas, nearly 4.5 per cent of males and 2.2 per cent of females
completed education level of graduation and above, while in urban areas 17 per cent of males and
13 per cent of females completed this level of education.

3.3.4 Health/ Hygiene

Most of India’s people, and most of its poor, still live in rural India. The burden of disease and its
effects are disproportionately seen among the poor, with a clear gradient in illness and mortality
between the lower and middle classes. This rural health crisis is becoming more complex and
tenacious and is worsening the quality of life in rural India.
There is a widely prevalent myth that people in rural areas have small health problems that can be
addressed by a minimally staffed and equipped health center.
The experience of running the Outpatient Department (OPD) at Ganiyari has completely debunked
this illusion. People come with a bewildering diversity of problems from HIV to advanced
tuberculosis, from uncontrolled diabetes with a low body weight and a badly infected wound to
severe malaria, from cancer of the cervix, a B.P. of 240/140 diagnosed for the first time in life, to
burns sustained after falling in the fire after a convulsion.
Regardless of the problem, the underlying stories are most often the same: profound susceptibility
because of associated undernutrition, delayed health care seeking because of difficulties of
physical access, dissatisfaction with non-functioning or poorly functioning public health facilities,
or problems exacerbated by irrational care by an unqualified practitioner.
In rural areas, there is widespread hunger, high levels of morbidity, and a vast unmet need for
curative health care. Without anyone to advocate for the people who live in such conditions, the
high numbers of premature deaths lead only to the further marginalization of these populations
and trivialization of their problems.
The following are some of the major issues we see among our patient population and are working
to address:
• Hunger and Undernutrition
• Malaria
• Tuberculosis
• Snake and Animal Bites
• Maternal Health
3.3.5 women empowerment

Gender equality and women’s empowerment are human rights that lie at the heart of development
and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Despite the progress that has been
made, six out of ten of world’s poorest people are still women and girls, less than 16 percent of
the world’s parliamentarians are women, two thirds of all children shut outside the school gates
are girls and, both in times of armed conflict and behind closed doors at home, women are still
systematically subjected to violence.

Women’s rights and issues have always been a subject of serious concern of academicians,
intelligentsia and policy makers. From pastoral society to contemporary information and global
society, the role of women has changed drastically. The role of a typical “Grihani” (house wife)
who catered to all the requirements of the house holds including the rearing and upbringing of
children in various sub roles of daughter, daughter-in-law, wife, mother, aunt etc. has been played
quite efficiently. The continuity of changes in socio-economic and psycho-cultural aspects of
human living has influenced the role of women. With the process of Industrialization,
Modernization and Globalization showing its deep impact on the human society all over the world,
the role and responsibilities of women has attained new definition and perspective. The women
issues have received tremendous attention in the planning circle and in wide intellectual
discussions and forums at national and global platforms. However the existing lacuna in the
formulation and execution of the policies has not changed the grass root situation to a great extent.
On the encouraging front, in the South Asian countries there have been relatively increasing
economic participation in past one decade. Statistically the rate of literacy among women has also
increased. The educational and occupational patterns have also changed and widened with women
entering the domains, which till decade back was considered to be dominated by men. Further
there has been encouraging rise in the percentage of the women joining service sector especially
Banking and Information Technology. In the background of the gigantic transformation, the core
issue, which still remains unanswered, is that of women’s right and empowerment.
Research Methodology
A survey was conducted in the capital region of Delhi, India to study women empowerment among
working women. The capital city of Delhi, along with the state of Uttar Pradesh is the worst
offender with respect to harassment of women in the workplace. As reported by the Times News
Network on October 21, 2008, the cases of sexual harassment registered at workplaces in Delhi
have gone up considerably in the last three years despite government measures and Supreme Court
guidelines. Notwithstanding public outcry over the lack of safety for women in the city, the
national capital continues to be vulnerable for the fairer sex with a reported increase in number of
cases of crime against them.
To assess the level of women empowerment in the crime-stricken capital of India, this survey was
conducted over a period of five months from October 2008 to February 2009. The findings of the
study are constituted using a structured questionnaire, divided into two sections, namely personal
details (Age, marital status, family members, education, employment status, organization,
designation, work experience, city of residence) and a five-point Likert scale that was developed
for assessing the empowerment status (through 35 statements). The questionnaire was
administered on a sample of 200 working women, associated with various institutions,
organizations and email groups including National Human Resource Development Network
(NHRDN), ISTD (Indian Society of Training and Development), Schools and Universities based
in Delhi and NCR (National Capital Region), India. The response rate was 46%, as 92 women
respondents returned fully-filled usable questionnaires. Data collected for the study was analyzed
using factor analysis and analysis of variance.
3.3.6 Any other concept

Roads
Many of the poor communities are isolated by distance,bad road conditions, lack of or broken
bridges and inadequate transport. These conditions make it difficult for people to get their goods
to market and themselves to place of work, to handle health emergencies, to send children to
school, and to obtain public services.
Electricity
As per latest data, about 19,909 villages are yet to be electrified (Progress report of village
electrification as on 31-01-2015). However, not all electrified villages are getting quality power
and it is estimated that nearly 33% of the population maybe facing under-electrification, accessing
less than 50kWh of electricity per month/household.
Water
The health burden of poor water quality is enormous. Itis estimated that around 37.7 million
Indians are affected by water borne diseases annually, 1.5 million children are estimated to die of
diarrhoea alone and 73 million working days are lost due to waterborne disease each year. The
resulting economic burden is estimated at $600 million a year. The problems of chemical
contamination is also prevalent in India with 1,95,813 habitations in the country are affected by
poor water quality. The major chemical parameters of concern are fluoride and arsenic. Iron is also
emerging as a major problem with many habitations showing excess iron in the water samples.
Most of these problems Prevailed in rural India.
Employment
Unemployment is a big problem in rural India. Youth are being migrated in search of better
employment in urban areas the aged remained in rural India. Agriculture land remained same but
population is growing. With the advancement of civilization, machines with modern technologies
have been introduced, the unemployment is increasing many fold.
Migration to urban
Economic Factors, Lack Of Income Generating Opportunities In Rural Sector, Urban Job
Opportunities, Social Factor, Health, Education & Finance Factor, Lack of available infrastructure
are some of the major factors for migration in rural India.
Land reforms
The Britishers in India were not at all keen in adopting progressive land reforms measures for the
rural farmers. This had given the Zamindars and the big landlords a golden opportunity to exploit
the rural poor to a great extent. The almost compelling case of land ceiling arises from the absolute

and permanent shortage of land in relation to the population dependent on it, the limited prospect
of transfer of population to non-agricultural occupations or and the need to step up production
along with increase in employment.
3.4 Various measures for Rural development

Improving the competitiveness of agricultural sector
Agriculture is the key to improving rural poverty. Agriculture employs more than half of the total
labour force in developing countries and almost three quarters in lower-income developing
countries. Most of the world’s extreme poor depend on agriculture for their livelihoods.
Agriculture has strong backward and forward linkages to the rural non-farm sector, purchasing
inputs such as seeds and implements, supplying raw materials for agro-based industries and
generating demand for local goods and services such as housing, furniture and clothing. Hence,
agricultural growth can increase the income of the rural poor both directly, through increased
production and additional demand for farm labour, and indirectly, through linkages with non-farm
productive activities in the rural areas. An extensive body of research on economic growth and
poverty improvement in developing countries confirms that agricultural growth has stronger
effects on poverty improvement than growth in other sectors and that rural growth reduces both
urban and rural poverty.
Measures for improvement in agriculture

• Research in the field of agriculture
• Establishment of farmer training centres in rural area
• Aware farmers regarding new researches so that they leave traditional methods
• Use of efficient irrigation methods which requires less water and give more productivity
• Calculative use of fertilizers
• Availability of market to sell the products of farmers
• Initiate the co-curricular activities like Animal breeding, Dairy Industry, etc. which benefits farmers
and they get more returns
• Provide subsidies to farmers
• Eliminate the discrimination by focusing on lower caste development
Improving the environment
It ensures the delivery of environmental services by agri-environment measures in rural areas, and
preserving land management. These activities contribute to sustainable rural development by
encouraging the main actors (farmers, foresters) to keep up land management to preserve and

enhance the natural space and landscape. This means protecting and improving environmental
resources, and ensuring the sustainable use of forestry resources.
Creating employment opportunities
One of the major issues of rural area is unemployment, People migrate to cities to get employment
so that urbanization takes place. To create employment opportunities in rural area we should
establish small scale industries in rural area, Initiate self-employment programs.
Providing basic facilities
Most of the rural units don’t have basic facilities like drinking water, sanitation, health centers,
education, transportations etc. People are facing many difficulties due to lake of these facilities.
So it is a very important measure of rural development.
3.5 Good governance project

Good Governance is a modern governance principles which are based on three main elements,
namely accountability, transparency and public participation. Definitively good governance
conveyed by World Bank is a development management organization that responsible for the solid
and in line with the principles of democracy and the market is efficient, avoiding misallocation of
investment funds, and the prevention of corruption, both political and administrative, fiscal
discipline and creating running legal and political framework for the growth of business activities
(Anonymous, 2007a). In the dictionary, the term "government" and "governance" is often
considered to have the same meaning, namely how to implement the authority in an organization,
institution or country. Government or the government is also the name given to the entity that held
the power of government in a State (Effendi, 2005; Kurniawan, 2006).
According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), governance is "the use of
political economic and administrative authority to manage the state affairs at all levels.
Governance includes all mechanisms, processes and institutions in which citizens and community
groups to express their interest, exercise their right to legal obligations and to bridge the differences
between them (UNDP, 2007). In the good governance system, each party such as the business
community, and the government, has a particular role. The business world has a role of which is
to create value-added comparative advantage provided; create a variety of business, product
innovation, and jobs, creating revenue, and foster local economic development (Faozan, 2010).

Asian Development Bank confirms the general consensus that good governance is based on four
pillars:
• Accountability
• Transparency
• Predictability
• Participation
3.6 Rurban Cluster

A 'Rurban cluster', would be a cluster of geographically contiguous villages with a population of
about 25000 to 50000 in plain and coastal areas and with a population of 5000 to 15000 in desert,
hilly or tribal areas. As far as practicable, clusters of villages would follow administrative
convergence units of Gram Panchayats and shall be within a single block/tehsil for administrative
convenience.
There will be two categories of clusters under NRuM: Non-Tribal and Tribal. The process of
selection will vary for each of these categories. While selecting the Rurban cluster the State may
identify a large village/gram panchayat that are growth centers with resources available in the area
that could potentially lead the economic transformation of the region. These growth centers could
also be block headquarter villages or census towns. The clusters could then be formed by
identifying geographically contiguous villages/gram panchayats within a radius of 5–10 km (or
radius appropriate to the population density and geography of the region) around the identified
growth center.
Non Tribal
For selection of Non- Tribal clusters, the Ministry would provide a list of leading sub districts to
each State, within which the clusters could be identified. The selection of these sub districts by the
Ministry would be based on parameters such as
• Decadal Growth in Rural Population

• Decadal Growth in Non-Farm work force participation
• Presence of Economic Clusters
• Presence of places of Tourism and Pilgrimage significance.
• Proximity to Transport Corridors.
• Appropriate weightages have been given for each parameter. Thereafter, within these sub
districts, so identified by the Ministry, the State Governments could select the clusters and while
doing so, could include the following performance parameters:
• Decadal growth in Rural Population.

• Rise in Land Values.

• Decadal growth in Non- Farm Work force participation.
• Percentage Enrollment of girls in secondary schools.
• Percentage Households with Bank accounts under Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.
• Performance in Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen).
• Good Governance Initiatives by Gram Panchayats.
Any other factor which the States may consider relevant may also be included. However, a total
weightage of 80% would be given for the first 4 parameters and the States will have the flexibility
to choose the last three parameters, subject to a total weightage of 20%.
Tribal
For identification of the tribal clusters, the Ministry would select the leading sub districts falling
within the top 100 tribal districts of the country, based on the Scheduled Tribes population. The
selection of these sub districts would be based on parameters such as
• Decadal growth in Tribal Population
• Current Tribal Literacy Rate
• Decadal growth in Non- Farm Work force participation
• Decadal growth in Rural Population and
• Presence of Economic Clusters.
• Appropriate weightages have been given for each of these parameters while selecting the sub
districts. Thereafter, within these sub districts so identified by the Ministry, the State
Governments would select the clusters and while doing so, could include the following
performance parameters:
• Decadal growth in Tribal Population.
• Growth in Tribal Literacy rates.
• Decadal growth in Non- Farm Work force participation.
Any other factor which the States may consider relevant may be included in addition to the above
three parameters, provided the weightage for the above three parameters is not reduced below
80%.
What will the scheme cover?

To ensure an optimum level of development of a cluster, the scheme will focus on 14 mandatory
components:
1. Skill development training along with economic activities
2. Digital literacy

3. Provision of fully equipped mobile health unit

4. Inter-village road connectivity
5. Citizen Service centres
6. E-gram connectivity
7. Public transport facilities
8. LPG gas connections
9. Agro processing
10. Agro services including storage and warehousing
11. Sanitation facilities
12. Provision of piped water supply
13. Solid and liquid waste management
14. Upgrading education facilities
3.7 Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana Gram Panchayat

Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) was launched on 11th October, 2014 with the aim to
translate the comprehensive vision of Mahatma Gandhi about an ideal Indian village into a reality,
keeping in view the present context. Under SAGY, each Member of Parliament adopts a Gram
Panchayat and guides its holistic progress giving importance for social development at par with
infrastructure. The ‘Adarsh Grams’ are to become schools of local development and governance,
inspiring other Gram Panchayats.
By involving villagers and leveraging scientific tools, a Village Development Plan is prepared
under the leadership of Member of Parliament. Thereafter detailed project reports are prepared and
submitted by departments to the state government. State Level Empowered Committee (SLEC)
reviews, suggest changes and give priority allocation of resources. As of now, 21 Schemes have
been amended by various Ministries /Departments of Government of India to give priority to
SAGY Gram Panchayat projects.
At district level, monthly review meetings are conducted for each Gram Panchayat under the
chairpersonship of Member of Parliament. Each projects are reviewed in the presence of
representatives of the participating line departments and the progress is updated to the state
government. It is expected that ach Member of Parliament will spearhead development of one
Gram Panchayat as a model one by 2016, then two more by 2019 and thereafter five more by 2024.
696 GPs have been adopted by MPs across the country so far.
Each District Collector has nominated a Charge Officer of sufficient seniority to coordinate the
implementation at the local level who will be fully responsible and accountable
for the implementation. Ministry of Rural Development organised training programmes for 653
Charge Officers at 9 regional locations across India. A National Workshop was organised on 23rd-
24th September, 2015 at Bhopal by Ministry of Rural Development, where MPs, State
Governments, District Collectors, Gram Pradhans from across all States were invited. The selected
Good Practices by National Level Committee of the Ministry of Rural Development were
presented through a detailed exhibition so that similar good practices could be adopted in SAGY
Gram Panchayats. The Ministry has also developed 35 indicators as ‘Panchayat Darpan’ to monitor
the progress of the SAGY Gram Panchayats.
Some Success Stories:
Laderwan village
In Laderwan village, Block Trehgam, District Kupwara, Jammu & Kashmir, the major activity of
the people is agriculture. To promote scientific agriculture, the mobile numbers of 379 farmers
were linked with the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK). The KVK disseminates messages on weather
forecasts and messages on the recommended package of practices for specific crops at critical
stages of crop growth. This has been undertaken under the guidance of the Member of Parliament,
Shri Muzaffar Hussain Baig. As a result, farmers now get regular agro-advisories on their mobiles.
These include critical messages on scientific sowing practices, soil testing, crop protection,
agronomic practices, post-harvest technologies and market information. This enables people to
take informed decisions relating to crop production and marketing their agricultural produce.
Maravamangalam
Maravamangalam, situated in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu was chosen as the Adarsh Gram by
the Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) , Dr. E.M. Sudarsana Natchiappan. The Member of
Parliament identified the potential areas for improvement and to promote rural livelihoods. Coir,
leather and coconut trainings for the communities were envisaged and promoted. The MP
organised several awareness programmes with the support of the District Administration and
Alagappa University. He also roped in specialist training partners for imparting training to the
people with the support of the Coir Board of India, Coconut Development Board of India and
Central Leather Research Institute.
He coordinated with the training institutions for initiating a two months Coir training programme
with the objective to educate the people in becoming successful entrepreneurs. 120 women for coir
training, 112 people for leather training and 27 men for coconut Training were enrolled in the
training programmes. After the trainings are completed, all efforts will be made by the district
administration and the training partners to provide financial assistance to the successful trainees
for starting their own social enterprise and support their livelihoods.
Bangurda
The Member of Parliament Shri Bidyut Baran Mahato in his adopted Gram Panchayat of Bangurda
realised that very minimal efforts were being taken with regard to health and hygiene of adolescent
girls in remote and inaccessible villages in East Singhbhum, Jharkhand. There is high prevalence
of Anaemia and other ailments, especially among women and adolescent girls. In order to address

this, he initiated a series of health camps specifically targeted towards the adolescent girls. The
health camps were organised in the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya, where more than 188
adolescent girls were screened. As a result, many of the girls were found to be suffering from
various gynaecological diseases, urinary tract infection and skin diseases, which hitherto, were
suppressed by them owing to socio-cultural taboos.
It was also found that most of these ailments were related to unhygienic lifestyle and filthy
surroundings. Interventions are underway to create awareness on personal hygiene among the
adolescent girls and women. This will be a sustained intervention to be carried out regularly in the
villages.
3.8 Award Winning Gram Panchayat Pradhans

Some Best Gram Panchayats of India:
Fig.23 (Award winning Panchayats)

Award winning Panchayats of Gujarat
Punsari
Punsri, a village of north Gujarat’s Sabarkantha district, that received an award of Gujarat’s best
gram panchayat, has now won an award of the best gram Panchayat of India. Punsri’s Sarpanch
Himanshubai received this award from Panchayati raj minister Shri Jairam Ramesh in New Delhi.
Punsri has range of city-like facilities such as mineral water supply to each home, local bus
service(a 35-seater bus owned by village panchayat), 120 loud speakers covering each street of the
village(bhajans and important announcements are relayed), clean primary health center, schools,
banking facility, toll free complain booth, RCC road, asthi bank, door-to-door garbage collection
etc.
Baben Village
Baben village has received Best Gram Panchayat award in 2011. Sarpanch of Baben village Mr.
Bhaveshbhai Patel received the prestigious award. And he is the one who is responsible for the
development of village.
The village has 3146 houses out of which 95 percent of them are pacca houses. It has primary
facilities such as sewage, water, street light etc. From Anganwadi, primary school, high school to
post office, Solid waste collection and management system the village has everything. The village
has its own ambulance. Panchayat has a fixed deposit of Rs 1 crore.
3.9 Action towards poverty free

Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP):
First introduced in 1978-79, IRDP has provided assistance to rural poor in the form of subsidy and
bank credit for productive employment opportunities through successive plan periods.
Subsequently, Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women
and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Supply of Improved Tool Kits to Rural Artisans (SITRA)
and Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY) were introduced as sub-programs of IRDP to take care of the
specific needs of the rural population.
Wage Employment Programs:

Anti-poverty strategies, like assistance to the rural poor families to bring them above the poverty
line by ensuring appreciable sustained level of income through the process of social mobilization,
training and capacity building. Wage Employment Programs have sought to achieve multiple
objectives. They not only provide employment opportunities during lean agricultural seasons but
also in times of floods, droughts and other natural calamities. They create rural infrastructure
which supports further economic activity. It encompasses Swarnjayanti.

Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) and National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) etc. NREGA is an act of parliament. It is not merely
a scheme or policy. It aims at enhancing the livelihood security of the people in rural areas by
guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment in a financial year, to a rural household whose
members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The objective of the Act is to create durable
assets and strengthen the livelihood resource base of the rural poor.
Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS):

EAS was launched in October 1993 covering 1,778 drought-prone, desert, tribal and hill area
blocks. It was later extended to all the blocks in 1997-98. The EAS was designed to provide
employment in the form of manual work in the lean agricultural season. The works taken up under
the program were expected to lead to the creation of durable economic and social infrastructure
and address the felt-needs of the people.
Food for Work Program:

The Food for Work program was started in 2000-01 as a component of the EAS in eight notified
drought-affected states of Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa,
Rajasthan, Maharastra and Uttaranchal. The program aims at food provision through wage
employment. Food grains are supplied to states free of cost. However, lifting of food grains for the
scheme from Food Corporation of India (FCI) godowns has been slow.
Rural Housing:
Initiated in 1985-86, the IAY is the core program for providing free housing to families in rural
areas. It targets scheduled castes (SCs)/scheduled tribes (STs), households and freed bonded
laborers. The rural housing program has certainly enabled many BPL families to acquire pucca
houses. The coverage of the beneficiaries is limited given the resource constraints. The Samagra
Awas Yojana (SAY) was taken up in 25 blocks to ensure convergence of housing, provision of
safe drinking water, sanitation and common drainage facilities. The Housing and Urban
Development Corporation (HUDCO) has extended its activities to the rural areas, providing loans
at a concessional rate of interest to economically weaker sections and low-income group
households for construction of houses.
Social Security Programs:

Democratic decentralization and centrally supported Social Assistance Programs were two major
initiatives of the government in the 1990s. The National Social Assistance Program (NSAP),
launched in August 1995 marks a significant step towards fulfillment of the Directive Principles
of State Policy. The NSAP has three components: a) National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS);
b) National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS); c) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS). The
NSAP is a centrally-sponsored program that aims at ensuring a minimum national standard of
social assistance over and above the assistance that states provide from their own resources. The
NOAPS provides a monthly pension of Rs. 75 to destitute BPL persons above the age of 65. The
NFBS is a scheme for BPL families who are given Rs. 10,000 in the event of the death of the
breadwinner. The NMBS provides Rs. 500 to support nutritional intake for pregnant
women. In addition to NSAP, the Annapurna scheme was launched from 1st April 2000 to provide
food security to senior citizens who were eligible for pension under NOAPS but could not receive
it due to budget constraints.
Land Reforms:
In an agro-based economy, the structure of land ownership is central to the wellbeing of the people.
The government has strived to change the ownership pattern of cultivable land, the abolition of
intermediaries, the abolition of zamindari, ceiling laws, security of tenure to tenants, consolidation
of land holdings and banning of tenancy are a few measures undertaken. Furthermore, a land record
management system is a pre-condition for an effective land reform program. In 1987-88, a
centrally-sponsored scheme for Strengthening of Revenue Administration and Updating of Land
Records (SRA & ULR) was introduced in Orissa and Bihar.
3.10 India State Specific Special Finance Grant for Village

Under the Fourteenth Finance Commission (FFC) Rs.7771.26 cr. basic grants and Rs. 863.47 cr.
Performance grant is to be received for the period of 5 years during the year 2015-20. Performance
grant is to be received from the year 2016-17. From among the grant received under the Fourteenth
Finance Commission (FFC) the share of basic grant will be 90% and the share of performance
grant will be 10%. The said grant is to be allotted directly to the Gram Panchayats (Rural Local
Bodies). As specified in the recommendations of the Fourteenth Finance Commission (FFC), the
census for the year 2011 will be considered as the base. 90% grant shall be allotted on the basis of
the population of the Gram Panchayat and 10% Grant shall be allotted on the basis of the area of
the Gram Panchayat.
3.11 Projects/Scheme by Govt /Private sector

Government Schemes
Mission Antyodaya
Mission Antyodaya is a convergence framework for measurable effective outcomes on parameters
that transform lives and livelihoods. Real Difference comes about through Convergence as it alone
simultaneously addresses multi dimensions of poverty. Professionals, Institutions and Enterprises
make it possible.

• Evidence of convergence reducing poverty, raising incomes - IRMA Study.

• Communitization through Women SHGs improves education, health, nutrition indicators
• Saturation approach creates many more 'islands of success' - Only Hivre Bazaar?
• Leveraging Bank loans promotes an enterprise model.
• Many initiatives provide for universal coverage of the eligible beneficiaries - Ujwala, SBM, PMAY,
Skills, Power, Roads, internet, Bank accounts.
• Integral positive co-relation among infrastructure, human development and sustainable
economic well-being.
• 5000 islands of successful Rural Clusters over 1000 days will be transformational.
Prime Minister Rural Development Fellows Scheme (PMRDFS)

• Work with institutions of the poor to build their capacity and help them access their rights and
entitlements;
• Facilitate capacity building in Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and in institutions of local democracy, like
panchayats;
• Conduct socio-economic analysis of the local areas at Block level and contribute in ascertaining
the felt needs of the people;
• Help the district administration in local area planning;
• Assist in better implementation of poverty alleviation programmes, particularly MGNREGA,
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana, NRLM, NRDWP, IWMP, NSAP, ACA, ICDS,
NRHM SSA/RMSA, etc;
• Undertake action-research to discover more appropriate ways of programme delivery by the
district administration;
• Design and implement innovative projects;
• Provide feedback on rural development initiatives.
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

The primary objective of the Scheme is to provide additional wage employment in all rural areas
and thereby provide food security and improve nutritional levels. The secondary objective is the
creation of durable community, social and economic assets and infrastructural development in
rural areas.
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)

The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) announced the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen
Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Antyodaya Diwas, on 25th September 2014. DDU- GKY is a part
of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), tasked with the dual objectives of adding
diversity to the incomes of rural poor families and cater to the career aspirations of rural youth.

DDU-GKY is uniquely focused on rural youth between the ages of 15 and 35 years from poor
families. As a part of the Skill India campaign, it plays an instrumental role in supporting the social
and economic programs of the government like the Make In India, Digital India, Smart Cities and
Start-Up India, Stand-Up India campaigns. Over 180 million or 69% of the country’s youth
population between the ages of 18 and 34 years, live in its rural areas. Of these, the bottom of the
pyramid youth from poor families with no or marginal employment number about 55 million.
Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana –Gramin (PMAY-G)

PMAY-G aims at providing a pucca house, with basic amenities, to all houseless householder and
those households living in kutcha and dilapidated house, by 2022. The immediate the objective is
to cover 1.00 crore household living in kutcha house/dilapidated house in three years from 2016-
17 to 2018- 19.The minimum size of the house has been increased to 25 sq.mt (from20sq.mt) with
a hygienic cooking space. The unit assistance has been increased from Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 1.20 lakh
in plain and from Rs75,000 to Rs 1.30 lakh in hilly states, difficult areas and IAP district. The
beneficiary is entitled to 90.95 person day of unskilled labour from MGNREGS. The assistance
for construction of toilet shall be leveraged though convergence with SBM-G, MGNREGS or any
other dedicated the source of funding. Convergence for piped drinking water, electricity
connection, LPG gas connection etc. different Government programmers are also to be attempted.
National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) which came into effect from 15th August,
1995 represents a significant step towards the fulfilment of the Directive Principles in Article 41
of the Constitution. The programme introduced a National Policy for Social Assistance for the
poor and aims at ensuring minimum national standard for social assistance in addition to the
benefits that states are currently providing or might provide in future. NSAP at present, comprises
of Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS), Indira Gandhi National Widow
Pension Scheme (IGNWPS), Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS),
National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) and Annapurna.
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

For building rural roads, the implementation of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
launched since December 2000 has revolutionised the system of planning of road network for each
District in due consultation with the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Members of Legislative
Assemby (MLAs) and Members of Parliament (MPs) and creating well engineered assets. The
states are following similar standards for their won non-PMGSY rural roads.
Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme

The Members of Parliament Local Area Development Division is entrusted with the responsibility
of implementation of Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS).
Under the scheme, each MP has the choice to suggest to the District Collector for works to the
tune of Rs.5 Crores per annum to be taken up in his/her constituency.
The Rajya Sabha Members of Parliament can recommend works in one or more districts in the
State from where he/she has been elected.
The Nominated Members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha may select any one or more Districts
from any one State in the Country for implementation of their choice of work under the scheme.
The Ministry has issued the guidelines on MPLADS Scheme including implementation and
monitoring of the scheme. The Department has initiated all necessary steps to ensure that the
scheme is successfully implemented in the field.
Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)

The Centrally Sponsored Scheme ‘Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana’ (PMAGY) is being
implemented for integrated development of Scheduled Castes (SC) majority villages having SC
Population concentration > 50%. Initially the scheme was launched on Pilot basis in 1000 villages
in 5 States viz. Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. The Scheme was
further revised on 22.01.2015 with expansion to another 1500 SC majority villages distributed in
Assam, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Odisha,
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Haryana.
Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA)

Holistic and accelerated development of compact areas around a potential growth centre in a Gram
Panchayat (or a group of Gram Panchayats) through Public Private Partnership (PPP) framework
for providing livelihood opportunities and urban amenities to improve the quality of life in rural
areas.
Private Schemes
In this age of global competition, corporate are beginning to realize the stake that they have, as a
part of the society. There is a growing realization that they should contribute to social activities
globally with a desire to improve the immediate environment where they work and many
companies are taking keen interest in such activities. Companies that pay genuine attention to the
principles of social responsibility are also favoured by the public who prefer to consume their
goods and services. This has given rise to the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
by social responsibility; we mean a doctrine that claims that an entity whether it is state,
government, corporation, organization or individual has a responsibility to society.
The impact of CSR programs reflected by a sample of 14 prominent companies in India were
classified under five areas: livelihood, health, education, environment and infrastructure.

Livelihood:
The Grameen-LABS Programme is a programme being implemented by Dr.Reddy’s Foundation
in partnership with the Rural Development Department; Government of India (GoI).It aims to
provide 35,000 livelihoods to rural youth in the age of 18-25 years in 7 States of India. The results
of livelihood programmes supported by Bharat Petroleum show that the SHG group members are
earning a steady income of INR 2000 per month and members of the banana plantations and
poultry are earning an additional income of INR 7000 to 8000 per annum.
Health:
The study shows that many companies organize a number of health camps to create health
awareness and sensitize people on health related issues like: immunization, blood donation, water
purification tablets, distributing condoms etc.Till 2007-08,SAIL has conducted
267 health camps benefiting more than 4.5 lakh people. In Lanjigarh (Orissa) Vedanta Aluminum
Ltd covered 53 villages with 32,000 villagers by providing free medicines, treatment and referral
services through its mobile health units.Tata Steel Family Initiatives Foundation(TSFIF)
established ‘Lifeline Express’ hospital on wheels which has helped over 50,000 patients in
Jharkhand, Orissa and Chhatisgarh.
Education:
Aditya Birla Group provided education to 62, 000 children living in proximity to the plants by
running 26 formal schools. SAIL supports around 138 schools in the peripheral areas of SAIL’s
plants/ units in the country where more than 80, 000 children receive education (Kumar,2008).
Asian Paints set up of the “Shree Gattu Vidyalaya”, a school catering to 25, 000 children from
class I to X, has helped rural children gain access to formal schooling. Similarly, Satyam
Computers have developed 170 modern schools benefiting 40, 000 rural children. The schools into
‘Smiles Project’ supported by Coca Cola India Inc. has been launched and completed in 20 schools
impacting the lives of around 10, 000 children.
Environment:
For sustainable management and development of natural resources, many companies have been
working for tree plantation, watershed management, waste management, wind firm etc. For
example, SAIL has planted 13.5 million trees in and around SAIL plants / mines so far. Watershed
development programme of Ambuja Cement Ltd. covered 9, 000 ha in the last four years.
Sustainable water management remains the top priority of Coca Cola India Inc. So far, the
company’s water initiatives have improved the lives of more than 1, 40, 000 people and spread
awareness about the crucial importance of water conservation among millions people.

Infrastructure:
Out of 14 companies surveyed only six companies are providing different infrastructural facilities
like construction or development of roads, electricity, water facility, sanitation, school, health
centre, community centre, etc. Lupin Human Welfare and Research Foundation’s “Apna Gaon
Apna Kam” scheme covered 38,000 villages in Rajasthan and almost all villages have school
buildings, drinking water, ponds,.link roads, community centres,and electricity. SAIL has been
involved in the construction and repair of 33 km of pucca roads per year, thereby providing nearby
two lakh people across 435 villages access to modern infrastructure facilities every year. In Andhra
Pradesh, in partnership with Hyderabad Urban Development Agency, local village communities
and NGOs, CocaCola India has helped 16,000 villagers of ‘Saroor Nayar’ restore existing “Check
Dam” water catchment areas.
Aditya Birla center for community initiatives and rural development
(Image source: http://www.adityabirla.com/csr/overview)
Fig. 24 (Aditya Birla Group CSR programme)

3.12 Other Projects/Schemes
Sardar Patel Awas Yojana

Sardar Patel Awas Yojana for land less agricultural laburers and village artisan living Below
Poverty line in rural areas of the State. Sardar Awas Vasahat, Rampun, dist. Vadodara Govt. has
made strategic planning for solution of houses in the village. The poor has right to live new life
and to turn to new culture as colony of poor population.
Panchvati Yojana
It aims at welfare of rural people of the State (Gujarat), to develop parks and gardens in the village
with necessary facilities and implements of joy and amusement are easily available People may
spend their time leisurely in the late evening and the women can spend their time peacefully with
their children. It aims to build such places where senior citizens of the village may sit peacefully
and may ponder over the matters.
Gram Sabha Abhiyan

Gram Sabhas have started effective work in gujarat since the birth date of Shri Jay Prakash Narayan
i.e. 11-10-2001 under the guidance of Hon. Chief Minister Gram Sabhas have been undertaken as
movement of people empowerment and people participation.
Objectives
• People empowerment
• Platform providing training in healthy democracy
• Opportunities for poor and women to represent
• People participation
• Direct social audit by the people on working of Government/Panchayat.
E-Gram Yojana
• To make the various tasks of the panchayat modern, simple, organized, time-bound, rapid, error
free, transparent through the implementation of Information Technology.
• To provide E-Services to rural folk which are comparable to those availed by urban people.
• To simplify property tax assessment and collection
• To make the organization, scrutiny and implementation of panchayat rule more effectively.

Chapter 4: Concept of Infrastructure Facilities
4.1 Various Infrastructure

4.1.1 Various Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the basic requirement of economic development. The developed countries have
made a lot of progress due to tremendous growth of social and economic infrastructure. There has
been revolutionary progress in transport and communication in these countries.
Large financial facilities are available due to the existence of well organised banking and
insurance. There is revolutionary progress in science and technology. These countries follow
advanced technique of production. But in a less developed countries like India, there is lack of
qualitative infrastructure. Due to this, the level of economic development is low.
According to the World Development Report 2003, the position of India in infrastructure
development among 47 industrialized countries of the world is the lowest. The inflow of foreign
capital to our country has been affected to a great extent by the deficiency of sufficient and quality
infrastructure.
Meaning of Infrastructure:
Infrastructure means those basic facilities and services which facilitates different economic
activities and thereby help in economic development of the country, Education, Health, Transport
and Communication, banking and insurance, irrigation and power and science and technology etc.
are the examples of infrastructure. These are also called social over head capital. These do not
directly produce goods and services but induce production in agriculture, industry and trade by
generating external economies. For example, an industry situated on or near the railway line or
national highway will produce commodities at less cost. Here railway line or national highways
are the examples of economic infrastructure. They generate external economies and thus induce
investment.
Types of Infrastructure:
Broadly speaking infrastructure can be divided in two categories:
a) Economic Infrastructure
b) Social Infrastructure
(а) Economic Infrastructure:Economic infrastructure means those basic facilities and services
which directly benefit the process of production and distribution of an economy. Irrigation, power,
transport and communication are the examples of economic infrastructure.

(b) Social Infrastructure: Social infrastructure means those basic activities and services which,
in addition to achieving certain social objectives, indirectly help various economic activities. For
example, education does not directly affect economic activities like production and distribution
but indirectly helps in the economic development of the country by producing scientists,
technologists and engineers. So education, health service, sanitation and water supply etc. are the
examples of social infrastructure.
4.1.2 Importance in rural context at individual home of village

Development of sufficient and quality infrastructure helps in economic development by facilitating
production and investment in any economy. More the infrastructure facilities, greater the
opportunity for the producers to invest more. The shortage of these facilities in underdeveloped
countries is the main cause of less economic development.
On the eve of Independence, Indian economy is totally backward. Economic planners gave top
priority to infrastructure development. In the first plan 50% of the total plan expenditure was
devoted to infrastructure. In the First Plan 27% of the Plan outlay was given to transport and
communication. 13% of outlay was spent in power and 10% in irrigation and flood control.
All five year plans have generally spent around 50% of the total plan outlay on economic
infrastructure. Due to heavy investment in infrastructure, Indian economy has become the most
promising developing economies of the world. Now we will discuss three main components of
economic infrastructure such as energy, transport and communication.
4.1.3 Various guidelines/Norms for Villages for the provisions of

different infrastructure facilities
Guideline 1: Define community entry points such as major entranceways. Entry point features
should reflect village character and may include elements such as landscaping, lighting, public art
and signage.
Guideline 2: Ensure new development respects the natural topography of land, and integrates
existing landforms such as hills, terraces, cliffs, valleys, rocky outcrops and watercourses. Avoid
altering natural terrain to accommodate development.
Guideline 3: Avoid the development of looping, circuitous, suburban-style roadway patterns. New
roadway patterns should be direct and reflect the traditional development pattern that exists in the
village core. Patterns should also provide multiple pedestrian, bicycle and vehicular connections
to adjacent and future development.

Guideline 4: If a direct connection is not possible, develop roadways that terminate onto adjacent
open space and/or agricultural land to create attractive, natural view corridors. Ensure turnarounds
provide sufficient space for maintenance vehicles.
Guideline 5: Establish a variety of lot sizes in residential developments. Creating a mix of lot sizes
promotes a range in dwelling types and, in turn, creates housing options for residents. Explore
innovative servicing methods where lot sizes may be restricted by servicing capabilities.
Guideline 6: Develop of mix of housing designs along neighbourhood blocks to avoid a mass
produced or “cookie cutter” appearance. Varied housing styles, colours and materials create a
visually interesting streetscape and village atmosphere.
Guideline 7: Concentrate a mix of uses – commercial, residential, recreational and institutional –

within the village core. Locating uses within walking distance of each other strengthens
community interaction and viability. The development of “big-box” stores on the periphery of the
village or just outside the village boundaries is discouraged.
Guideline 8: Focus multi-unit residential housing in, or very close to, village cores to create an
active pedestrian environment where residents can support a mix of uses and activities. Historic
buildings in the village core should not be demolished in favour of developing multi-unit
residential housing. Vacant lots or underutilized buildings may offer good opportunities for
residential infill or residential conversion.
Guideline 9: Provide direct pedestrian connections between adjacent uses within villages to ensure
safe and convenient pedestrian movement
Guideline 10: Ensure prominent buildings, open spaces, public art and/or other attractive features
are developed at highly visible locations. Highly visible locations are corner sites, sites that
terminate roadways and sites that frame community gathering places. Height, massing,
architectural elements and landscaping should be used to create visual interest.
Guideline 11: Identify opportunities to site, stage or install public art in key locations within the
community. Art selection should be done in collaboration with the community.
4.2 Sustainable development

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals
while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources
and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state

of society where living and conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without
undermining the integrity and stability of the natural systems.
While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987
Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and
twentieth century environmental concerns. As the concept developed, it has shifted to focus more
on economic development, social development and environmental protection for future
generations. It has been suggested that "the term 'sustainability' should be viewed as humanity's
target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium (homeostasis), while 'sustainable development' refers
to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability".
The concept of sustainable development has been and still is subject to criticism. It has been argued
that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource, since any positive rate
of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of Earth's finite stock; this perspective renders
the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable. It has also been argued that the meaning of the
concept has opportunistically been stretched from 'conservation management' to 'economic
development'.
Sustainable development, or sustainability, has been described in terms of three spheres,
dimensions, domains or pillars, i.e. the environment, the economy and society. The three-sphere
framework was initially proposed by the economist René Passet in 1979. It has also been worded
as "economic, environmental and social" or "ecology, economy and equity". This has been
expanded by some authors to include a fourth pillar of culture, institutions or governance, or
alternatively reconfigured as four domains of the social - ecology, economics, politics and culture,
thus bringing economics back inside the social, and treating ecology as the intersection of the
social and the natural.
Environmental (or Ecological)

Relationship between ecological footprint and Human Development Index (HDI)
The ecological stability of human settlements is part of the relationship between humans and their
natural, social and built environments. Also termed human ecology, this broadens the focus of
sustainable development to include the domain of human health. Fundamental human needs such
as the availability and quality of air, water, food and shelter are also the ecological foundations for
sustainable development; addressing public health risk through investments in ecosystem
services can be a powerful and transformative force for sustainable development which, in this
sense, extends to all species.
Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains
diverse and productive. Since natural resources are derived from the environment, the state of air,
water, and the climate are of particular concern. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report outlines
current knowledge about scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate
change, and lists options for adaptation and mitigation. Environmental sustainability requires
society to design activities to meet human needs while preserving the life support systems of the
planet. This, for example, entails using water sustainably, utilizing renewable energy, and
sustainable material supplies (e.g. harvesting wood from forests at a rate that maintains the biomass
and biodiversity).
Consumption of non-renewable
State of environment Sustainability
resources
Environmental
More than nature's ability to replenish Not sustainable
degradation
Environmental
Equal to nature's ability to replenish Steady state economy
equilibrium
Environmentally
Less than nature's ability to replenish Environmental renewal
sustainable
Table 7 (How Nonrenewable sources provide sustainability)
Integral elements for a sustainable development are research and innovation activities. A telling
example is the European environmental research and innovation policy, which aims at defining
and implementing a transformative agenda to greening the economy and the society as a whole so
to achieve a truly sustainable development. Research and innovation in Europe is financially
supported by the programme Horizon 2020, which is also open to participation worldwide. A
promising direction towards sustainable development is to design systems that are flexible and
reversible.
Pollution of the public resources is really not a different action; it just is a reverse tragedy of the
commons, in that instead of taking something out, something is put into the commons.
When the costs of polluting the commons are not calculated into the cost of the items consumed,
then it becomes only natural to pollute, as the cost of pollution is external to the cost of the goods
produced and the cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing
the waste directly into the commons. So, the only way to solve this problem is by protecting the
ecology of the commons by making it, through taxes or fines, more costly to release the waste
directly into the commons than would be the cost of cleaning the waste before discharge.
4.3 Renewable energy source planning particularly for villages

The concept of an energy plan for a rural community by making use of locally available resources
to meet electrical and other energy needs has been revisited over the years. A lot of this may owe
to the slow but continuously arising awareness among national and international states, about the
fast depleting conventional energy sources and the urgent need to find and implement technology
for alternative energy sources. Recent work in this area has duly stressed importance, of late, in
trying to apply the idea to the rural localities given their remote location and the consequent
difficulties in connecting the conventional grid. As a fast developing and densely populated
country, India’s energy demand is continuously raising in all sectors like industrial, transportation,
agriculture, domestic etc. Although there is a huge increase in the conventional power generating
capacity, still the country is facing energy crisis. On a national average energy India is facing
energy shortage of 10.3% within the range of 3%-21% and is 15.4% short in peak demands.
For a country like India, which has agriculture as its major occupation, the overall development of
villages, where an overwhelming section of the population resides in, plays an influential role in
the nation’s economic growth. So, more importantly, an insight should be given on the aspects of
village development and their electrification is vital towards realizing this. Literature in this
domain, especially concerning India, need to gain good ground. Even though India is among the
largest countries, and thus has abundant renewable sources of energy, they have gone untapped for
years. Palakkad district of Kerala remains India’s only “total electrified district” as on Feb 11th
2010. Rural electrification is still incomplete due to technical constraints and practical difficulty
in electrical power transfer to remote rural areas through grid connectivity which are usually from
conventional sources.
Rural electrification can be achieved predominantly if one harnesses the locally available
renewable sources, namely, bio-mass, biogas and solar power. Exploiting these resources will
eliminate the requirement of electricity transfer to remote rural areas and improve living standards
and also ensure a clean environment. These non-conventional or renewable sources of energy can
supply or in some cases more than meet the demand, without creating environmental hazards. So,
this option is more suitable to cater to the problem of rural energy requirements, as these sources
are abundantly available in rural areas in India. This decentralized power generation at the village
level will help in addressing the problem of inadequate rural electrification. Burning of wood and
agro waste for heating and cooking purposes is highly inefficient and gives rise to pollution owing
to production of gases like CO2.
In order to contrive an effective solution to this problem, a thorough diagnosis of the current
scenario has to be chalked out. The plan to be devised depends on how the existing resources in
the village are being utilized and how they can be turned into useful and clean forms of energy for
the village households and the village itself in general.
The renewable sources of energy proposed to be put to use for improving the overall energy
scenario include biomass, biogas and solar energy. Biomass can be produced from agro waste,
mainly paddy in the case of this village, and can be utilized to generate electricity in a biomass
plant.

The biomass plant may be proposed as a community plant where the excess electricity generated
can be fed back to the grid. Biogas is produced from animal dung. The village has been found to
have households owning cows, buffaloes and goats. The biogas plants are proposed to be common
for a group of 2 or 3 households according to the villagers’ need. The biogas produced supplements
the gas needs of the villagers and avoids wood being used as a fuel.
Solar Power is an alternative source to biogas for cooking purposes in the form of solar cooker
technology. The solar power is however proposed as an unopposed solution for the heating
purposes. The solar heater and cooker are rated based on the amount of water usage for heating
and average food needs for cooking, respectively.
The aim is to use the resources in the village itself to satisfy the needs as much as possible within
the cost capability of the village economy. The economic analysis of proposed scheme also
provides the details about the payback period of the fixed investment for electrical energy
generation system.
The goal of this approach is to not only bring about a major improvement in the energy scenario
of the village but also impart a considerable uplift to the village economy. This is achieved by
ensuring both the complete electrification of the region and the continuous supply of energy.
Moreover, the employment opportunities are enhanced because of the local labour (skilled and
unskilled) required for the maintenance and operation. A number of local people are bound to find
employment in the form of workers in biomass plant as well.
Cost effective ways of utilizing these resources, for different requirements are:
• Argo waste is collected and used for power generation with the help of a biomass based
community plant which serves the purpose of electricity demand from households, street lighting
and agriculture.
• Animal waste is used for the production of biogas which serves as cooking gas.
• The proposed usage of solar energy is for water heating and cooking.
The relation chart classifies the energy requirement into domestic and electrical energy. Domestic
part includes the non electrical nature of energy demand for cooking and heating purposes.
Electrical energy includes the households, street lighting and agricultural demands.

Fig. 25 (Classification of energy requirement)
4.4 Existing Institution like-Village Administration–Detail

Profile
There is Gram Panchayat office and dudh mandali in village. In gram panchayat office collection
of revenue, birth and death registration etc. and in dudh mandali the circulation of milk is done.
4.4.1 Bachat Mandali

There is small bachat mandali in the village. The female are gathering at one place and started
bachat mandali. There is no structure available in the village for bachat mandali.
4.4.2 Dudh Mandali

There is one dudh mandali in village. About 3300 liter per day milk are coming from the village.

Fig 26 (Dudh mandali)
4.4.3 Mahila forum

There is not such type of mahila forum in the village.
4.4.4 Any other

There is one-gram panchayat office in the village. In gram panchayat office collection of revenue,
birth and death registration etc. but the gram panchayat office is not in proper condition
Fig 27 (panchayat office)

4.5 Ancient start history of civil concept from Indian village/

Foreign countries/Perspective/ Development
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent;
the advancement of civilisation from the Indus Valley Civilisation to the eventual blending of the
Indo-Aryan culture to form the Vedic Civilisation; the rise of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism
The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the
largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north
up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west,
it reached beyond modern Pakistan, to the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Afghanistan.
The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya assisted by Chanakya (Kautilya) in
Magadha (in modern Bihar) when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty. Chandragupta's son
Bindusara succeeded to the throne around 297 BCE. By the time he died in c. 272 BCE, a large
part of the Indian subcontinent was under Mauryan suzerainty. However, the region of Kalinga
(around modern day Odisha) remained outside Mauryan control, perhaps interfering with their
trade with the south.
Bindusara was succeeded by Ashoka, whose reign lasted for around 37 years until his death in
about 232 BCE. His campaign against the Kalingans in about 260 BCE, though successful, lead to
immense loss of life and misery. This filled Ashoka with remorse and led him to shun violence,
and subsequently to embrace Buddhism. The empire began to decline after his death and the last
Mauryan ruler, Brihadratha, was assassinated by Pushyamitra Shunga to establish the Shunga
Empire.
The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times.
Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The
Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of
merchandise was closely regulated by the government. Although there was no banking in the
Mauryan society, usury was customary. A significant amount of written records on slavery are
found, suggesting a prevalence thereof.

Chapter 5: Introduction about Salaiya village details
5.1 Introduction of Village

5.1.1 About Salaiya village
We were allotted Salaiya village of Mandavi Taluka of Surat District. Salaiya is 7.8 Km away
from Mandavi. It is a large village with population of 3085 (as per 2011 census of India) consisting
of 1513 males and 1572 females. The area of village is 636.6 hectors from which 405 hectors is
agricultural land. Most of the people of village are dependent on agricultural activities. Sugarcane,
split pigeon and Rice are the main crops of village. There are total 612 houses in a village from
which 90% houses are Kutchcha house. Literacy rate of Salaiya village was 70% in 2011.
Fig.28 (Salaiya Village Google Map)

Village Data :
(Image Source : https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/524010-salaiya-gujarat.html)

Fig. 29 (Salaiya village Demographic details)
5.1.2 Study justification/ Need of study
Village studies have their own importance. These have enriched the knowledge of the Indian
Society in general and rural India. These have given great encouragement to the growth of rural
society.
After independence, planners in India realised that unless Indian villages were properly studied,
no real progress could be made.
Scholars now began to pay more and more attention to village studies.

i. Village studies help in planning rural reconstruction.

ii. Village studies provide useful information to other disciplines.
iii. Village studies provide useful knowledge about Indian social reality.
5.1.3 Study Area

It is the study of political or geographical area including its history, geography, language, and
general culture. As our project is related to development of a village, our study area is the history
of development of village, infrastructure facilities in village, existing condition of village
5.1.4 Objective of the study

• The objective of village study is to give idea about its layout, its design, the facilities
available in village, requirement of people, things required to develop village.
• It helps in planning rural reconstruction, useful information realated construction,
requirements.
• It helps to getting information about needs of people, social reality.
5.1.5 Scope of study

The scope of the study is
• Analysis of study
• Problem identification
• Solution of the problem
• Designing new facilities

5.1.6 Methodology / Study Frame Work
Discussion
Ideal Village roposal of
ith Head of
Visit Solution
Village
Idea of Village Possible

Final Solution
Development Solutions
Alloted Problem
Village visit Identification
Data Literature
Collection Survey
Figure 30 (study framework)
5.2 Salaiya village study area profile

5.2.1 Study Area Location
Salaiya is the village situated in Mandavi Taluka of Surat district. It is agricultural village. It has
population of 3085 as per 2011 census.

(https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/524010-salaiya-gujarat.html)
Fig. 31 (Population Data)
5.2.2 Physical & Demographical Growth

Growth of the village is purely due to agriculture. Sugar cane is the main crop of the village. Also
as the one dudh mandali is there.
5.2.3 Brief history

Salaiya village is an agricultural village. It is a small village having population of 3085 (as per
2011 Census). As there are good irrigation facilities available in village the crop production
increases in past few years. The village did not have basic facilities before 10 years but due to
various development schemes of government, village has grown up. But still there is lacking of
some basic facilities.

5.2.4 Economic profile / Banks

There is not any provision of Bank in a village. The economy of village is depend on agricultural
activity. Most of the people of village are economically stable.
5.2.5 Social scenario

In Salaiya village population of children with age 0-6 is 285 which makes up 9.24 % of total
population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Salaiya village is 1039 which is higher than Gujarat
state average of 919. Child Sex Ratio for the Salaiya as per census is 875, lower than Gujarat
average of 890..
In Salaiya village, most of the village population is from Schedule Tribe (ST). Schedule Tribe (ST)
constitutes 98.41 % while Schedule Caste (SC) were 0.26 % of total population in Salaiya village.
In Salaiya village out of total population, 1462 were engaged in work activities. 89.26 % of
workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while
10.74 % were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 1462
workers engaged in Main Work, 767 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 387 were
Agricultural labourer.
5.2.6 Village Base Location map, Land Map, Gram Tal Map
Fig.32 (Village Map)

5.2.7 Study area land use detail

It is the study of political or geographical area including its history, geography, language, and
general culture. As our project is related to development of a village, Our study area is the history
of development of village, infrastructure facilities in village, existing condition of village. The area
of the village is about 636.6 hectors.

Chapter 6: Civil Case Study
6.1 Case Study on Low Cost Housing

Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total housing cost are deemed
“Affordable” to a group of people within a specified income range. In India, the technology to be
adopted for housing components should be such that the production and erection technology be
adjusted to suite the level of skills and handling facilities available under metropolitan, urban and
rural conditions.
Logical approach for optimizing housing solutions:

There should be a logical approach for providing appropriate technology based on the availability
of options, considering its technical and economical analysis.
• There should be optimal space in the design considering efficiency of space, minimum
circulation space.
• Economy should be considered in design of individual buildings, layouts, clusters etc.
• While preparing the specifications it should be kept in mind that, cost effective construction
systems are adopted.
• Energy efficiency has gained considerable importance due to energy crisis especially in
developing countries. Orientation, built–form, openings & materials play a vital role
besides landscaping / outdoor environment.
• To develop an effective mechanism for providing appropriate technology based shelter
particularly to the vulnerable group and economically weaker section.
Prefabrication as applied to Low Cost Housing (Advantages of prefabrication are):

• In prefabricated construction, as the components are readymade, self supporting, shuttering and
scaffolding is eliminated with a saving in shuttering cost.
• In conventional methods, the shuttering gets damaged due to its repetitive use because of
frequent cutting, nailing etc. On the other hand, the mould for the precast components can be
used for large number of repetitions thereby reducing the cost of the mould per unit.
• In prefabricated housing system, time is saved by the use of precast elements which are casted
off-site during the course of foundations being laid. The finishes and services can be done below
the slab immediately. While in the conventional in-situ RCC slabs, due to props and shuttering,
the work cannot be done, till they are removed. Thus, saving of time attributes to saving of money.

• In precast construction, similar types of components are produced repeatedly, resulting in

increased productivity and economy in cost too.
• Since there is repeated production of similar types of components in precast construction,
therefore, it results in faster execution, more productivity and economy.
• In prefabricated construction, the work at site is reduced to minimum, thereby, enhancing
the quality of work, reliability and cleanliness.
• The execution is much faster than the conventional methods, thereby, reducing the time
period of construction which can be beneficial in early returns of the investment. Concept
of prefabrication / partial prefabrication has been adopted for speedier construction, better
quality components & saving in material quantities & costs.
Some of these construction techniques & Materials for walls, roof & floor slab, doors &
windows are as follows:
In Walls: -
In the construction of walls, rammed earth, normal bricks, soil cement blocks, hollow clay blocks,
dense concrete blocks, small, medium and room size panels etc of different sizes are used.
However, bricks continue to be the backbone of the building industry. In actual construction, the
number of the bricks or blocks that are broken into different sizes to fit into position at site is very
large. This results in wastage of material poor quality. Increasing the size of wall blocks will prove
economical due to greater speed and less mortar consumption, which can be achieved by producing
low density bigger size wall blocks using industrial wastes like blast furnace slag and fly ash.
Several prefabrication techniques have been developed and executed for walls but these medium
and large panel techniques have not proved economical for low rise buildings as compared to
traditional brick work.
Non erodable mud plaster
The plaster over mud walls gets eroded during rains, which necessitates costly annual repairs. This
can be made non erodable by the use of bitumen cutback emulsion containing mixture of hot
bitumen and kerosene oil. The mixture is pugged along with mud mortar and wheat/ rice straw.
This mortar is applied on mud wall surface in thickness of 12 mm. One or two coats of mud cow
dung slurry with cutback are applied after the plaster is dry. The maintenance cost is low due to
enhanced durability of mud walls.

Fig.33 (Non-erodable Mud Plaster)
Fly –Ash sand lime bricks:
By mixing of lime and fly ash in the presence of moisture, fly ash sand lime bricks are made. Fly
Ash reacts with lime at ordinary temperature and forms a compound possessing cementitious
properties. After reactions between lime and fly ash, calcium silicate hydrates are produced which
are responsible for the high strength of the compound. Bricks made by mixing lime and fly ash are
therefore, chemically bonded bricks. The bricks are manufactured with the help of hydraulic press
and are dried in the autoclave. These bricks have various advantages over the clay bricks, It
possesses adequate crushing strength, uniform shape, smooth finish and does not require plastering
and also are lighter in weight than ordinary clay bricks.
Solid concrete and stone blocks:
This technique is suitable in areas where stones and aggregates for the blocks are available locally
at cheaper rates. Innovative techniques of solid blocks with both lean concrete and stones have
been developed for walls. The gang-mould is developed for semi-mechanized faster production of
the blocks. In the manual process, single block moulds are used wherein the concrete is compacted
with help of a plate vibrator. With the use of a portable power screw driven egg laying type
machine, solid concrete blocks are made with higher productivity at low cost. Six blocks of 30 x
20 x 5 cm size are cast in single operation with an output of 120-150/hr.

In Floor and Roof:

Structural floors/roofs account for substantial cost of a building in normal situation. Therefore, any
savings achieved in floor/roof considerably reduce the cost of building. Traditional Cast-in- situ
concrete roof involve the use of temporary Shuttering which adds to the cost of construction and
time. Use of standardized and optimized roofing components where shuttering is avoided prove to
be economical, fast and better in quality.
Some of the prefabricated roofing/flooring components found suitable in many low cost housing
projects are:
• Precast RC Planks.
• Prefabricated Brick Panels
• Precast RB Curved Panels.
• Precast RC Channel Roofing
• Precast Hollow Slabs
• Precast Concrete Panels
• L Panel Roofing
• Trapezon Panel Roofing
Materials used: - (BMTPC- Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, Govt. of
India)
By and large, conventional building materials like burnt bricks, steel and cement are higher in cost,
utilize large amount of non-renewable natural resources like energy, minerals, top soil, forest
cover, etc. The continued use of such conventional materials has adverse impact on economy and
environment.
Environment friendly materials and technologies with cost effectiveness are, therefore, required to
be adopted for sustainable constructions which must fulfill some or more of the following criterion:
-
• Not endanger bio-reserves and be non-polluting.

• Be self-sustaining and promote self-reliance.
• Recycle polluting waste into usable materials.
• Utilize locally available materials.
• Utilize local skills, manpower and managing systems.
• Benefit local economy by being income generating.
• Utilize renewable energy sources.
• Be accessible to people.
Some of the materials are: Bamboo Mat Veneer Composite
Raw material source: Bamboo grass (plant)

Species Materials for production Bamboo: polymeric resin, chlorinated hydrocarbons and boron
and cashew nut shell liquid.
Applications: Flooring, walling, structural membrane, false ceiling and door/window frames.
Fly Ash Polymer Composite
Raw material source: Fly ash from coal based power generating plants.
Materials for production Fly ash, Polymeric material
Applications: Partitions, door shutters, roofing sheets
Blast Furnace Slag Composite
Raw material source: Waste from steel plants

Materials for production: Blast furnace slag, polymeric resin, laminating material
Applications Partitions and interior finishing on walls
Plantation Timber Doors/ Windows
Raw material source: Rubber wood, popular wood and other soft woods
Materials for production: Rubber wood and popular wood plants, thermoplastic and
thermosetting resin, adhesives
Applications: Doors and window frames, flush and panelled door shutters

Low Cost Housing by Surat Municipal Corporation(SMC): Low Income Group Housing
Scheme:
Fig.34 (SMC LIG Scheme)

Fig.35 (SMC LIG Scheme Plan)

Chapter 7: Data Collection of Salaiya Village (Photograph/

Graphs / Charts / Table)
7.1 Methods for data collection

We have visited Salaiya village of Mandavi taluka in surat district. Data collection is carried out
by interacting with people like Sarpanch, Talati, Farmer, Teacher, etc. of Salaiya village. Data
collected from teacher includes number of students, number of classes available for study,
availability of library, computer lab, other activities carried out in school and their needs related
their activities. Data related farming that is which type of technique use for farming like drip
irrigation or any other, availability of water, source of water for irrigation works, availability of
rains, etc. collected from interacting with farmers. Basic data such as population, sex ratio, area of
village, all other details as geographic details, demographical details, educational, institutional
details, physical infrastructure facilities, etc. are collected from sarpanch office. Data related
health facilities, birth ratio, death ratio, are obtain from primary health center.
7.2 Primary survey details
7.2.1 Introduction of Village

Village is Salaiya village of Mandavi taluka of Surat district. Salaiya is the village of Mandavi
Taluka of Surat district which are required to be developed. Salaiya is a small village having
population of 3085. It is located 7.8 km away from Mandavi.
Salaiya is a large village located in Mandavi Taluka of Surat district, Gujarat with total 612
families residing. The Salaiya village has population of 3085 of which 1513 are males while 1572
are females as per Population Census 2011.
7.2.2 Average size of the houses

The average size of the houses is about 130sqm
7.2.3 Geo- Tagging of house

The houses in the salaiya village are most of kuccha houses which made up by clay and brick
material. 10% of houses are made by r.c.c which are pucca houses.

7.2.4 No. of Human being in One House

There are total 612 houses and four to five members are in one house.
7.2.5 Which Material used locally

Basically, houses are made with clay or brick. Concrete and RCC is also used.
Fig. 36 (House in a Salaiya village)
7.2.6 Out Sourced Material

All the materials are out sourced and supplied by outside contractors.
7.2.7 Labour work doing

As main occupation of village is agriculture, some of the people have their own farms, others are
farm labours and self-employed.

7.2.8 Costing
Costing of house is depending upon area of construction, type of material used, nature of
work.
7.2.9 Geographical Detail

Total Area of Salaiya village is 636.6 Hectare. There is no forest area. Agricultural land area is
405 hectares. Residential area is 231.6 hectare.
7.2.10 Demographical Detail

As per census 2011, Salaiya village has population 3085. There are 612 Families. 1513 males and
1572 Females are there.
7.2.11 Occupational Detail

Main occupation of village is Agricultural (Farming). The fabrication work are also done by village
people. Small household activities are also carried out in village.
7.2.12 Agricultural Details / Organic Farming / Fishery

Main crops of village are Sugar cane and rice. Agricultural area of village is 405 hectare. Also
there is a pond in village in which prawns are grown up.
Fig.37 (Prepared Agricultural field for sowing of crop in Salaiya village)

7.2.13 Manufacturing HUB / Ware Houses

There is not any such infrastructure in the village.
7.2.14 Tourism Cluster

There is no structure or recreation centre as tourism cluster. Only there is one temple as tourism
cluster. No historical place, no natural pond, garden are there.
7.2.15 Service Cluster

There is only Gram Panchayat office in village.
7.2.16 Male / Female Details

Salaiya is a large village located in Mandavi Taluka of Surat district, Gujarat with total 612
families residing. The Salaiya village has population of 3085 of which 1513 are males while 1572
are females as per Population Census 2011.
7.2.17 Caste Wise Population Details

In Salaiya village, most of the village population is from Schedule Tribe (ST). Schedule Tribe (ST)
constitutes 98.41 % while Schedule Caste (SC) were 0.26 % of total population in Salaiya village.
7.2.18 Occupation wise Details

As per occupation, there are 50% of the population are farmers, 30% workers, 15 in their private
house work, 5% involved in other works. Total number of people who work is 1462.
7.2.19 Physical Infrastructure Facilities

There are 1 overhead water tanks and there is also 8 small tanks in the village, Bituminous Roads,
Communication facilities, Street lights, Water supply system, Open spaces etc.
7.3 Infrastructural details

7.3.1 Drinking water
Drinking water is available for 24 hours. Ground water is the main source of drinking water. Also
there are individual Hand pump in the houses. There is no RO plant for treatment of water.

Fig. 38 (Overhead Water tank of village)
7.3.2 Drainage Network

There is not any provision of sewerage system in village. Waste water from toilets is collected in
septic tanks by open drains and disposed in ground after treatment. Water other than from toilet is
directly disposed in ground without treatment.
7.3.3 Transportation & Road Network

All the village roads are of bituminous and in good condition. Gujarat State Highway No. 65 is
passing through village which provides good connectivity with nearby villages. Local transport
facilities like Taxi, Auto are available in village.

Fig.39 (Village road)
7.3.4 Electricity
Electricity is available in village for 18 to 20 hours in a day. All houses are connected with
electricity supply. All the public buildings are Electrified Solar street lights are also provided in
some streets of village.
7.3.5 Sanitation Facilities

All households having their personal toilet block. Open gutter is provided for transmission of waste
water. Waste water from sanitary blocks is collected in septic tank and finally disposed in
absorption trenches. Waste water from kitchens and bathrooms is directly disposed in ground.
There is no any waste water treatment plant in village.

7.3.6 Irrigation Facilities

Area of village having irrigation facilities is 405 hector. Main source of irrigation is ground water.
Irrigation carried out by canal and Tube well. There is also one small river in village.
Fig.40 (small river of village)
7.3.7 Housing condition

Almost two third houses of total houses in village are kutchha houses. Other 10% are pakka houses.
7.3.7.1 Social Infrastructure Facilities:
There is primary school, sub centre, panchayat office, Community hall in village. Other social
infrastructure facilities like Community health centre, PHC, Government Hospital, Child
welfare, maternity homes, Library, etc. are not available in village.

Fig. 41 (Community hall)
7.3.8 Health Facilities

There is only Sub center. Which gives services to villagers of Salaiya village.
Fig. 42 (Sub Centre)

7.3.9 Education Facilities

In Salaiya, there is only primary school in which admission rate is 100%. No. of students are 234
from which 121 are boys and 113 are girls. School is constructed with individual toilet blocks for
boys and girls.
Fig. 43 (Primary School of village)
7.3.9.1 Technology Mobile/ WIFI / Internet Usage Details. In %

Most of the people of village use basic phones. There is good connectivity of mobile signals.
Except this there is not any public Wi-Fi provision.
7.3.10 Sports Activity as Gram Panchayat

There is not any such facility activity.
7.3.11 Socio-Cultural Facilities

There is one socio cultural infrastructure in village like Community hall.

7.3.12 Community Hall

There is one community hall in village. Which is not in proper condition.
7.3.13 Public Library

There is no any public library in village.
7.3.14 Public Garden/Park/Play Ground

There is no any Garden or Park or Play Ground.
7.3.15 Village Pond/ Lake

There is only one lake in village which is used for growing Prawns.
7.3.16 Other recreation facilities

There is no any recreation facility in village.
7.3.17 Other facilities

Village has one dudh mandali else there is no any facility.
7.3.18 Sustainable Infrastructure Facilities

Primary school, Sub Centre are the only sustainable infrastructure in the
village.
7.3.19 Existing Condition of Public Buildings

Gram Panchayat office is not in proper condition, Primary school is newly constructed, Sub centre
is also in a good condition. There are 9 overhead water tanks in village from which 6 are in working
condition.
7.3.20 Other details

Police station, Playground, theatre, National bank are not there. But, dairy, net house/Green house,
drinking water for animals is there. There are total 3 Aanganavadi in the village. Total numbers of
children enrolled in Aanganavadi are 80.

7.3.21 Suggestions for Sustainable Infrastructure Facilities & Repair &

Maintenance of existing Public Infrastructures
Suggestions for infrastructure facilities
• Waste water treatment and reuse of waste water for agricultural purpose
• Rain water harvesting
• Solid waste management
• Repair of Public Toilet
• Secondary school
• Library
• Housing facility for those who are living in Kutchcha houses
7.3.22 Maintenance of existing Public Infrastructures

Some of the facilities like public toilet, community hall, are required to be maintained and
renovated as they are in not working condition.
• Community hall
• Panchayat house office
• Check dam

Chapter 8: Sustainable Technical Options with Case Studies

of the existing village
8.1 Concept
8.1.1 Solid and Liquid Waste Management
Solid Waste In rural areas, examples of solid waste include wastes from kitchens, gardens, cattle
sheds, agriculture, and materials such as metal, paper, plastic, cloth, and so on. They are organic
and inorganic materials with no remaining economic value to the owner produced by homes,
commercial and industrial establishments. Manual Segregation of Waste. Because of its
environment-friendliness, composting is a highly suitable method of waste management in rural
areas. 1 SLWM is the collection, transportation, processing, recycling, treatment, and disposal of
waste material in a scientific manner.
Liquid Waste When water is used once and is no longer fit for human consumption or any other
use, it is considered to be liquid waste. Wastewater can be subcategorized as industrial and
domestic: Industrial wastewater is generated by manufacturing processes and is difficult to treat.
Domestic wastewater includes water discharged from homes, commercial complexes, hotels, and
educational institutions.
Case Study 1:
Seechewal Model of Waste Management in Punjab Sant Balbir Singh, known for his tremendous
efforts to safeguard the environment in Punjab, has been honoured by Parliament of Canada,
Copenhagen Calendar in Denmark, Time Magazine Hero of the Environment, SAARC
Environment 2010, etc.
A. Liquid Waste Management Kali Bein, a 160 km Iong tributary of the Beas River, which is
the life-line of the Doaba region, got polluted due to population explosion and excessive
urbanization. Sant Seechewal started work for the revival and renovation of the river on 29
July 2000. During Kar Sewa, a thick layer of silt was removed from the river as a result of
which the underground water levels in Sultanpur Lodhi area rose by a metre. Treated water
from Sultanpur Lodhi is used in agriculture which has augmented production. The river
banks have been fixed with stones and boulders, old trees have been preserved while new
one shave been planted on the sides of the roads.

B. Solid Waste Management Solid waste from the water treatment plant in Jalandhar city is
being reused in preparation of plant nurseries. Plants from this nursery are distributed at no
cost to nearby towns and villages. Through these efforts, the surroundings of Sultanpur
Lodhi have turned into green belt area.
C. Eco-Friendly Sewerage System Seechewal also introduced a low-cost, an easy to install
efficient sewerage system in many villages and towns of Punjab. Through the system, the
dirty sewage water of a village or town is collected in one or more ponds. The collected
municipal water, which is polluted but not toxic is treated by simple methods of screening,
filtration, sedimentation, rotation, etc. and made environmentally acceptable and reusable
for different purposes. A low-cost water treatment plant has been constructed at Dasuya
town in Hoshiarpur district. In Chakar village, Seechewal with the help of funding from
Non Resident Indians installed a sewerage system. The treated water supplied via
underground pipelines is used for crop irrigation. This has given relief to farmers by
reducing the cost of agriculture production and enhancing crop yield besides paving the
way for the adoption of organic farming. These efforts have turned the dirty ponds in the
village into beautiful lakes.
D. Awareness Campaigns There have been initiatives undertaken to generate awareness
amongst people like organizing an Awareness March against toxic effluents polluting
natural water resources in 2009, enlightening people on the fatal effects of toxic waters,
leading a people’s movement against water polluting industrial units of central Punjab, use
of mass and social media to create public awareness, etc.
8.1.2 Various type of method for Transportation

In the village there is only mode of public transportation is ST bus. Although there are Rickshws,
Taxis, Vans etc available for local transportation. Existing transportation facilities are enough for
village.
8.1.3 Various type method for Drainage System

Types of Drainage Systems
Drainage is of two forms

• Surface drainage and
• Sub surface drainage or underground drainage

Surface drainage (Natural system of drainage):
It may consist of open ditches that are laid out by eye judgment, leading from one wet spot to
another and finally into a nala or river. This is often called natural system.
Open ditch drains:
The pattern of ditches is regular. The method is adopted to land that has uniform slope.
Fig. 44 (Open drains)
Field ditches:
Field ditches for surface drains may be either narrow with nearly vertical sides or V shaped with
flat side slopes. V shaped ditches have the advantages of being easier to cross with large
machinery.
Narrow ditches:
Narrow ditches are most common where large farm machinery is not used. In level areas, a
collecting ditch may need to be installed at one side of the field and shallow shaped ditches are
constructed to discharge into the collecting ditch. The field ditches should be laid out parallel and
spaced 15 to 45 meters or more apart as required by the soil surface conditions and crop to be
grown. They should be 30 to 60 cm deep depending upon the depth of the collecting ditch.

Farming operations should be parallel to the field ditches. The care that a ditch will drain
satisfactorily depends up on how quickly water runs into the ditch how much rain falls on the land,
slope, and the condition of the soil and plant cover.
Sub surface or underground drainage:
A sub surface or underground drainage will remove excess soil water. It percolates in to
themselves, just like open drains. These underground drains afford the great advantages that the
surface of the field is not cut off, no wastage of lad and do not interfere with farm operations. On
the other hand, they are costly to lie and are not effective in slowly permeable clay soils.
Fig. 45 (Subsurface drainage)

Underground drains may be classified as:
• Tile or pipe drain

• Box drains
• Rubble (coarse stones or gravels filled) drains
• Mole drains and
• Use of pumps for drainage.

Tile drain:
It consists of digging a narrow trench, placing short section of tiles at the bottom and covering the
tiles with earth. The loose joints between two section of the tiles serve as a place where drainage
water may enter into the drainage system. Water moves by gravity into the joins between tiles and
through tile walls.
Porous tile gives no better drainage than tiles that water does not percolate and porous tile can
easily broken or crushed. The drains are two types of tiles in use. Tile should be always placed at
least 75 cm deep to prevent breakage by heavy machinery.
Box drains:
Instead of pipes, underground drains may be made in V shaped cut or trench, sides of which are
reverted with soil, restoring the surface of the field. Depth may be 90 cm below ground.
Rubble drains:
A somewhat equally substitute for tile drains is made by cutting narrow V shaped drains or
rectangular in section, as for box drains, filling them up with rough stones large and small and then
covering the whole up with soil level with surface field soil. Depth may be 90 cm.
Mole drains:
They are often used in clay, clay loam soils. A moling machine is one that draws a bullet nosed
cylinder; usually 10-15 cm in diameter is therefore formed. A mole drain should be at least 75 cm
below the surface to prevent closing of the holes by compaction from farming operations. Mole
drains are extremely used in Europe.
Use of pumps for drainage: The pumps are used in U.S.A. and many other countries for drainage.
River bottoms, lakes and costal plains, peat lands and irrigated lands are the main types of lands
reclaimed by pump drainage. The subsequent must be sufficiently permeable for the ground water
to move to the pipes enough for effective pumping.
8.1.4 Various type of Roads

All the roads of village are of bituminous smooth surface. Streets of faliyas are in good condition
and of compacted earth. Approach roads to agriculture fields are of earthen material so that tractors
and other equipments used in farming can easily transported.

8.1.5 Various types of Environmental Factors:

Environmental factor or ecological factor or eco factor is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that
influences living organisms. Abiotic factors include ambient temperature, amount of sunlight, and
pH of the water soil in which an organism lives. Biotic factors would include the availability of
food organisms and the presence of conspecifics, competitors, predators, and parasites.
By definition, environmental factors affect large groups that share common living or working
spaces. Thus, they are key candidates as explanatory factors for health differences across
geographic areas, such as countries. Indeed, a major motivation for the research on environmental
determinants of health has been the repeated observation that many health outcomes are spatially
patterned. These patterns are present across countries and across regions within countries, as well
as at smaller scales, such as across urban neighbourhoods. Strong spatial variation is present for a
large range of health outcomes, including many of the outcomes for which there are cross-national
health differences, such as non communicable diseases, associated risk factors, injuries, and
violence.
Fig. 46 (Environmental factors)

Physical Environmental Factors
The factors in the physical environment that are important to health include harmful substances,
such as air pollution or proximity to toxic sites (the focus of classic environmental epidemiology);
access to various health-related resources (e.g., healthy or unhealthy foods, recreational resources,
medical care); and community design and the “built environment” (e.g., land use mix, street
connectivity, transportation systems).
The environment can affect health through physical exposures, such as air pollution. A large body
of work has documented the effects of exposure to particulate matter (solid particles and liquid
droplets found in the air) on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity. Research has
identified specific physiologic mechanisms by which these exposures affect inflammatory,
autonomic, and vascular processes.
Social Environmental Factors
Factors in the social environment that are important to health include those related to safety,
violence, and social disorder in general, and more specific factors related to the type, quality, and
stability of social connections, including social participation, social cohesion, social capital, and
the collective efficacy of the neighborhood (or work) environment. Social participation and
integration in the immediate social environment (e.g., school, work, and neighborhood) appear to
be important to both mental and physical health. What also seems important is the stability of
social connections, such as the composition and stability of households and the existence of stable
and supportive local social environments or neighborhoods in which to live and work.
8.1.6 Latest Technology from the GLOB

Technology is affecting every aspect of our lives, including reshaping the direction of all our
industries. It is even affecting the construction industry, which has always been notoriously slow
when it comes to adopting technological solutions.
However, our thirst for the use of accurate data has finally forced the building industry to reach
for innovative solutions to solve many problems like the shortage of skilled labour after the
financial crisis and the rising cost of building projects. The increasing adoption of technology is
creating a quiet environmentally-friendly revolution in construction. Five emerging trends, in
particular, are green buildings, solar roofing, modular construction, Building Information
Modelling, and 3-D laser scanning. Let’s take a closer look at how these breakthrough ideas are
affecting the construction industry.
Green buildings
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure
and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource- efficient

throughout a building’s life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance,

renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the
engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and
complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a set of rating systems for the design,
construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings which was Developed by the U.S.
Green Building Council. Other certificates system that confirms the sustainability of buildings
is the British BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method)
for buildings and large scale developments. Currently, World Green Building Council is
conducting research on the effects of green buildings on the health and productivity of their users
and is working with World Bank to promote Green Buildings in Emerging Markets through EDGE
Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies Market Transformation Program and certification.
of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: Efficiently using energy,
water, and other resources Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation
Solar Roofing
Although the price for solar panels mounted on rooftops is falling and has been falling for the past
decade, Elon Musk, the founder of the Tesla electric motor company, has introduced a new idea
that will affect both the roofing and the solar industry. Tesla is acquiring Solar City , which is
planning to produce shingles that have integrated solar cells. This innovation will affect both the
cost and aesthetics of solar roofing. In fact, it will be difficult to distinguish between a conventional
roof and a solar roof. The new types of shingles will cost much less than standard solar panels.
Fig. 47 (Solar Roof)

8.1.7 Suggestion for the solving Civil related issues and concerns and
challenges
Asim Berman Committee Report Concept
The Supreme Court as part of the Public Interest Litigation Almitra Patel Vs The Union of India
constituted this. Mr. Asim Burman, Municipal Commissioner, Calcutta Municipal Corporation
headed the committee, in March 1999. This important committee clearly underscored the work of
the recycling sector and its rights over waste. It made certain far reaching recommendations with
regard to recycling and the informal sector. These included organizing waste pickers to collect
recyclable waste from shops and establishments. It also acknowledged that waste pickers help
reduce the burden of Urban Local Bodies body by several million rupees annually in collection,
transport and disposal cost and saving of landfill space.
Ten per cent of waste produced in India can be reused or recycled. Part of it is collected by
wastepickers and the rest goes to the landfills. Recycling can be encouraged by promoting
recycling industry through incentives like land allotment, power, water on priority, tax holiday,
preferential purchase of recycled products by government and semi-government bodies.
With the availability of land for processing and disposal of waste becoming scarce and bio-
degradable component useful to agriculture going waste, measures for conservation of land and
organic waste resources shall be taken and organics shall be returned to the soil. To meet these
objectives, all biodegradable waste shall be composted, recyclable waste shall be passed on to the
recycling industry and only rejects shall be land filled in a scientific manner.
Integrated Plant Nutrient Management or IPNM, where composted urban waste is used along
with chemical inputs, has been shown to drought proof crops through improved soil vitality, root
growth and soil moisture retention.
Beware of Expensive & Unproven Technology – Local bodies are cautioned not to adopt
expensive technologies of power generation, fuel pelletisation, incineration etc. until they are
proven under Indian conditions. It is therefore, suggested that local bodies should not experiment
with any such expensive technology until after adequate experimentation and one or two successful
pilot projects, to the scale corresponding to the technologies, they have been proven and Govt. of
India Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Urban
Development or any other agency identified by Govt. of India have advised them to adopt such
technology or have certified that the technology is proven and can be adopted in Indian conditions.

State Govt to Notify Waste Zones – One of the most serious problems facing even successful
compost plants and potential new ones is the lack of state Government will to formally Notify
Buffer Zones of ‘No New Development’ in their land-use plans, although mandated under the
MSW Rules. Such a Notification has political implications since it will affect land use and property
values within at least a square kilometer of potentially urbanisable land close to cities and towns.
(The Committee Report suggested 0.5 km from the plant perimeter to avoid public objections in
the future after costly immovable investments have been made in paved compost yards and lined
landfills etc). This is very important for protecting proposed and even existing sites from demands
for shift. In this connection the objection to existing landfill site was overruled by the following
Judgement – (CWP No. 8504 of 2003, High Court of Punjab & Haryana – Date of Judgement:
17th March 2009).
Choices of Technology
Conversion of MSW into Organic Compost - Recommended

Composting is a slow natural process in which mixed bacteria, fungi, insects and worms consume
plant and animal wastes and convert them slowly to a soil-like substance very beneficial to plant
growth. Compost provides energy, minerals, nutrients and micro-nutrients, useful microbes and
water-retaining humus to soil. This improves the quality and pest-resistance of produce, makes
crops drought-resistant and decreases irrigation water requirements. Compost can find a good
market if properly promoted and made conveniently available to the farming community.
Composting can be done by aerobic and anaerobic processes. The committee recommends
centralized Aerobic composting.
Sanitary Land filling

This is a term often mistakenly used by Municipalities to refer to open dumping, presently the
commonest method of waste disposal, which causes problems of subsoil-water contamination.
True Sanitary Landfills for untreated mixed wastes require impervious soil strata or liners at the
bottom plus bottom piping for collecting and pumping out leachate for treatment and re-
circulation, along with piping arrangements to collect, extract and use part of the methane gas
generated in such anaerobic conditions. The waste is also to be covered daily by soil or inert
material in scientifically managed cells. These precautions are expensive but necessary. With
available land for waste disposal becoming more and scarcer every year, efforts must be made to
strictly minimize the wastes going to landfills, by segregating non-biodegradable waste for
recycling and by composting of bio-degradable wastes. Land filling should be used only as the last
step in the waste-processing chain, not for untreated mixed wastes. Only rejects should be land
filled, in a scientific manner, once compost plants are set up.

Other Technologies suggested by committee but failed in recent time
• Mechanized Waste Sorting at Site

• Bio-Methanation – Power generation
• RDF - Fuel Pellets
• Waste to Electricity – Incineration
Due to following reasons incineration is not suitable for Indian condition

• High ash and dust contents of Indian waste.
• The system is not environmentally friendly.
• High capital cost, especially for adequate control of emissions.
• High Operation and Maintenance cost.

Chapter 9: Various designs in Rural Areas along with cost
9.1 Civil
9.1.1 Feasibility
By the interaction with sarpanch we know that demolition of panchayat office is to be done. So we
give the design of panchayat office as per villager’s requirement.
9.1.2 Construction
We give the design of panchayat office as follows.
Fig.48 (plan of panchayat office)

Fig.49 (Elevation of the panchayat office)
Fig.50 (Elevation section of AA’)

Fig.51 (Footing of Section)
9.1.3 Operation
We choose the site as panchayat already exist. We use the foundation and plinth as exist in the
panchayat and construct above plinth level.
9.1.4 Maintenance
In the panchayat regular cleaning is needed than and then provide all facilities which will be
wanted in the panchayat office. Panchayat office will fully operate with solar energy system.

(MEASUREMENT SHEET)
Table 8
SR. DESCRIPTION NO. LENGT- BREAD HEIGH- QUANTITY

NO. H -TH T
(M) (M) (M)
1 Excavation in Foundation
Total C. L=44.00 m 1 44 0.9 1.1 43.56

Total 43.56 m3
2 Plain cement concrete (P.C.C)

in Foundation (1:4:8)
PCC 1 44 0.9 0.2 7.92
Total 7.92 m3
3 Brickwork in Foundation up
to Plinth level
First step 1 44 0.5 0.3 6.60
Second step 1 44 0.4 0.3 5.28
Third step 1 44 0.3 0.9 11.88
Steps:
First 1 1.2 0.9 0.15 0.162
Second 1 1.2 0.6 0.15 0.108
Third 1 1.2 0.3 0.15 0.054
Total 24.10 m3
4 Brickwork in superstructure
in cement mortar 1:6
Wall 1 45.50 0.3 3.4 46.41
46.41 m3
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 3 1.20 0.3 2.1 2.268

W1 4 2.00 0.3 1.50 3.600

W2 2 1.50 0.3 1.50 1.350
V 1 0.60 0.3 0.60 0.108
(-) 7.326 m3
Total 39.10 m3
5 RCC Work
Slab 1 7.6 8.8 0.20 13.376
1 7.6 8.8 0.10 6.688
Lintel 1 0.750
Total 20.810 m3
6 2 cm thick marble flooring

Working Space 1 4.40 5.25 23.10
Meeting Room 1 3.50 5.00 17.50
Pantry 1 3.50 1.80 6.30
W.C. 1 4.40 1.50 6.60
Total area 53.50 m2
7 Smooth plaster on inside walls

and ceiling in cm (1:3)
Inside
Wall 2 7.00 3.4 47.60
4 4.40 3.4 59.84
4 3.50 3.4 47.60
2 5.00 3.4 34.00
2 1.80 3.4 12.24
Ceiling 1 4.40 7.00 30.8
1 3.50 5.00 17.50
1 3.50 1.80 6.30
External
Wall 2 8.80 3.60 63.36
2 7.60 3.60 54.72
373.98 m2

Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 6 1.20 2.10 15.12
W1 6 2.00 1.50 18.00
W2 4 1.50 1.50 9.00
V 2 0.60 0.60 0.72
(-) 42.84 m3
Total 331.14 m3
8 Earth filling in Excavation
Total excavation for walls 43.56 m3

Brickwork up to G.L. (-)24.10
m3
PCC (-)7.92 m3
Total 11.54 m3
(ABSTRACT SHEET)
Table 9
SR. PARTICULARS QUANTITY UNIT RATE PER AMOUNT

NO.
1 Excavation in 43.56 m3 85 m3 3702.60
Foundation
2 Plain cement concrete 7.92 m3 3000 m3 23760.00

(P.C.C) in Foundation
(1:4:8)
3 Brickwork in 24.10 m3 3200 m3 77120.00

Foundation up to
Plinth level

4 Brickwork in 39.10 m3 3500 m3 136850.00

superstructure in
cement mortar 1:6
5 RCC Work 20.81 m3 8800 m3 183128.00
6 2 cm thick marble 53.80 m2 500 m2 26750.00

flooring
7 Smooth plaster on 331.14 m2 150 m2 49671.00

inside walls and
ceiling in cm (1:3)
8 Earth filling in 11.54 m3 50 m3 577.00

Excavation
Total 5,01,558.60 Rs.
Add 5% 25,077.93 RS.
contingencies
Grand Total 5,26,636.53 Rs.
say 5,27,000.00 Rs.

Chapter 10: Sustainable Design Planning Proposal

(Prototype Design)-Part- I
10.1 Design Proposals with the Section, Elevation, Measurement,

Costing, any other points related to civil
10.1.1 Observation and Brief write up about the existing design from 10.2 to
10.6
Salaiya village has facilities like Panchayat office, Sub center, Primary school, drinking water,
Individual toilets in most of houses, dudh mandali, Sewerage system, Electricity, mid-day meal
scheme, Transportation, Communication, Irrigation etc. there is also one small river in the village.
Panchayat office of the village is old constructed building Sub center of the village provides good
health facilities. It provides services to villagers of nearby area. Primary school of the village is
well constructed with individual toilet block for girls and boys and gives good education facilities
to village students.
Main source of water in village is ground water. It is lifted by tube wells and hand pumps and
directly used without treatment. Village does not have any sewage treatment plant but it has Septic
tanks and Soak pits for treatment of waste water. There are open drains for conveyance of waste
water.
Most of the houses have individual toilets. Water from urinals is disposed in septic tank and soak
pits. All the houses of village have electricity for more than 6 hour a day. All the roads of village
have lighting facilities and the roads are WBM and RCC roads.
Village has good transportation facilities. All the roads are of bituminous pavement. Also, there is
a Gujarat SH 65 is near from village which provides better communication facilities with nearby
villages.
Farmers use ground water for irrigation. There is a dudh mandali in village it is a better source of
income. All these facilities ensure the development of village and prosperity of villagers. The
design of all these facilities is adequate and requires no attention although modifications as per
future demand should be given.

10.1.2 Recommendations / why about new proposals of Designs

Community hall
The community hall is not in proper condition so we give its design.
Bio-gas plant
There is no availability of gas people are used the wood material for the cooking in the kitchen.so
we can give the design individual bio-gas plan each home.
Check dam
There is damaged check dam at the river of the village so we provide design for it. We also provide
a design garden near check dam at the free space for the playing of the children and for relaxing
activity for the villagers.
Post office
There is no provision of post office in the village so we can provide post office with India post
payments bank. So, people are use it with two advantages.
Skill development center

We can give this design as smart village design because in the village people are use old techniques
for the farming and in the village also one section for the women empowerment.
10.1.3 Suggestions / Benefit of the Villagers about new path technology /

Designs proposed by the students
Any development proposal is directly or indirectly giving benefits to people. And form this
development people get more services and facilities in their village.
The designs proposed by us will give following advantages to villagers:
Community hall
• It is necessary to provide community hall in a village which enables social gatherings
of villagers on the special occasions like marriages, festivals etc.
• Community hall are public locations where members of a village tend to gather for
group activities, social support, public information, and other purposes.
• Community hall also be used for religious purpose.
• As the place for all-community celebrations at various occasions and traditions.
• As the place where politicians or other official leaders come to meet the citizens and
ask for their opinions, support or votes.
• As a place where local non-government activities are organized.
Bio-Gas plan
• The biogas production is best way to use natural recourses which is nonpolluting and also
use for making organic manure because of that we can use it in agriculture to reduce the
harmful effects of chemical and pesticides.
• The biogas is used not only or cooking but also used as electrical purpose by converting
the gas into electricity in invertors.
Check dam
• There is damaged check dam on the river so we designed it.

• It reducing water flow velocity.
• We also give a design of garden near the check dam. It is provided for playing and
relaxation purpose of villagers.
• Garden are provided for the recreational purpose.
Post office
• For the post office design villager are connected with their family.
• People of village are use banking facilities through the India post payment bank.
• To open a Post Office savings account, customers have to make the initial deposit in cash.
• Skill development center enables to develop different skills of villagers which results in
employment opportunities
• Skill development center will have farmer awareness programme which helps farmers in
different ways
• It will also have women empowerment programme to enable women of village to learn
different skills and become self-dependent
• Computer lab of skill development center will provide basic computer skills to villagers
which enable them to compete with outer world and creates employment

• As there is not any public library in a village, so we also proposed library in a skill
development center so that villagers can develop reading skills and get all the information
of world through books, magazines, newspapers etc.
• Also, provision of seminar hall with projector enables to organize online interactions with
experts of different field and awareness programmes through videos.
10.2 Sustainable Design (civil)

Bio gas plant
There is no availability of gas people are used the wood material for the cooking in the kitchen.so
we can give the design individual bio-gas plan each home.
• Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen.
• Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal
waste, plant material, sewage green waste or food waste.
Fig.52(Plan of Bio gas plant)

Design criteria:
• The biogas plant is made of F.R.P. Material which is resistant to water, sunlight and
electricity, if it is take care of well, can be used for up to 25 years.
• Everyday 10 kg cow dung along with 15 liters of water is put in the mixing tank.

• The cow dung is brought from cowsheds from nearby areas, where owners want to dispose
it anyway.
• The mixture is fermented inside the fermentation tank by the anaerobic bacteria.
• The mixture is then converted into slurry through which methane gas and co2 gas are
released. They also put kitchen waste into the tank for producing biogas which used for
cooking.
• The amount of biogas produced can be used for feeding 4-5 members of the family and 10-
15kg manure is released from the plant everyday which is utilized in their backyard.
• The initial cost for setting up a biogas plant is somewhere between Rs.25000 and one can
recover the cost by saving one.
• Government gives subsidy for biogas, For general category = 9,000 Rs
• For scheduled cast/category = 11,000 Rs
• The biogas production is best way to use natural recourses which is nonpolluting and also
use for making organic manure because of that we can use it in agriculture to reduce the
harmful effects of chemical and pesticides.
• The biogas is used not only or cooking but also used as electrical purpose by converting
the gas into electricity in invertors.
• It is a cheaper technology, helps to reduce the greenhouse gases and also helps to reduce
waste generated.
Fig.53(Construction of Bio gas plant)

10.3 Physical Design (Civil)

Introduction of check dam
check dam is a small, sometimes temporary, dam constructed across a swale, drainage ditch, or
waterway to counteract erosion by reducing water flow velocity. Check dams themselves are not
a type of new technology; rather, they are an ancient technique dating all the way back to the
second century A.D. Check dams are typically, though not always, implemented as a system of
several check dams situated at regular intervals across the area of interest.
Function of check dam

A check dam placed in the ditch, swale, or channel interrupts the flow of water and flattens the
gradient of the channel, thereby reducing the velocity. In turn, this obstruction induces infiltration
rather than eroding the channel. They can be used not only to slow flow velocity but also to
distribute flows across a swale to avoid preferential paths and guide flows toward vegetation.
Although some sedimentation may result behind the dam, check dams do not primarily function
as sediment trapping devices.
Check dams could be designed to create small reservoirs, without possibility of silting. A self-
desilting design was published in 'Invention Intelligence, August, 1987, which while being
permanent, would also remove silt as it is formed, keeping the reservoir capacity maximum. The
design envisages an awning, going very near the bottom level, extending to the width of the dam,
and embedding into the sides. When freshets occur, the silt is automatically carried over to
downstream, keeping the reservoir clear.
Preparation of check dam
• Check dam is formed with the help of stones and bamboos as supports.
• First base of the land makes leveled from undulated surface.
• Used bamboo poles as a support to stones.
• Base of bamboos covered in polythene to protect from termite.
• About 30-40 cm portion of bamboo planted in the soil
• Big sized stones put at base after making furrow about 12-15 cm deep.
• Putting horizontal bamboo to check distributions in stone arrangement during high
intensive rainfall.

Fig.54 (Plan and Elevation of Check dam with frontier garden along river banks)

10.4 Social Design (civil)

Post office
• Due to lack of the facilities of the post office we provide a design of post office in Salaiya
village for the facilities of the villager.
• we can provide post office with India post payments bank. So, people are use it with two
advantages.
• Approximate cost of the post office is 8-8.5 lakh because there will be one design of library
it cost is 7,72,500.00. So, we can consider this cost as unit cost method.
Fig.55 (Plan of the Post office)

Fig.56 (Section of footing)
Fig.57 (Elevation of Post Office)

Fig.58 (Elevation Section of AA’)
Design details
There will be provision of a sorting and delivery hall, strong room, post master cabin and
individual toilets for gents and ladies. As for such a big span one way continues slab supported
on 0.30 m thick walls is provided.
10.5 Socio-Cultural design (Civil)
Community Hall
Community hall is proposed in village to enable organizing events such as marriages, seminars,
blood donation camps, etc. as there is not any such building or structure already exist in a village.
Design details
There will be a large hall, working space and individual toilets for gents and ladies. There is also
provision of kitchen and room. As for such a big span one way continues slab supported on 0.30
m thick walls is provided. There will be provide of compound wall of 0.2m thick.

Fig.59 (Plan of the Community Hall)
Fig.60 (Side Elevation of Community Hall)

Fig.61(Front Elevation of Community hall)
Fig.62 (Section of footing)

(MEASUREMENT SHEET)
Table 10

NO. H -TH T
(M) (M) (M)
Compound Wall 1 104.80 0.9 1.1 103.75
Internal Wall 1 113.00 0.9 1.1 111.87
Total 215.62 m3

Compound Wall 1 104.8 0.9 0.2 18.86
Internal Wall 1 113.0 0.9 0.2 20.34
Total 39.20 m3
to Plinth level
Compound Wall
First step 1 104.80 0.5 0.3 15.72
Second step 1 104.80 0.4 0.3 12.57
Third step 1 104.80 0.3 0.3 9.432
37.722 m3
Internal Wall
First step 1 113.0 0.5 0.3 16.95
Second step 1 113.0 0.4 0.3 13.56
Third step 1 113.0 0.3 0.8 27.12
57.630 m3
Steps:
First 1 2.4 0.9 0.15 0.324
Second 1 2.4 0.6 0.15 0.216
Third 1 2.4 0.3 0.15 0.108
Steps:
First 1 2.7 0.9 0.15 0.54
Second 1 2.7 0.6 0.15 0.36
Third 1 2.7 0.3 0.15 0.18
1.376 m3
Total 96.73 m3
Compound Wall 1 104.8 0.3 1.50 47.16
Internal Wall 1 113.0 0.3 3.00 103.86
151.02 m3
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 1 2.40 0.3 2.10 1.512
D2 4 1.20 0.3 2.10 3.024
D3 1 2.40 0.3 1.50 1.080
W1 11 2.10 0.3 1.50 10.395
W2 2 1.20 0.3 1.50 1.080
V 8 0.60 0.3 0.60 0.864
(-) 17.955 m3

Total 113.00 m3
5 RCC Work
Slab 1 24.20 15.60 0.20 75.50
1 24.20 15.60 0.15 56.62
Beam 7 15.60 0.3 0.40 13.15
4 15.60 0.3 0.30 5.62
Lintel 2.00
Total 150.84 m3

1 16 15 240.00
4 3.50 7.35 102.90
Total area 343.00 m2

Compound Wall 2 30.4 1.5 91.20
2 21.4 1.5 64.20
2 31.0 1.5 93.00
2 22.0 1.5 66.00
314.40 m2
Inside of the wall 8 3.50 3.60 100.80

8 7.35 3.60 211.68
2 16.00 3.60 115.20
2 15.00 3.60 108.00
535.60 m2
Outside of the wall 2 24.20 3.50 169.40

2 15.60 3.50 109.20
278.60 m2
Ceiling 4 3.50 7.35 102.90

1 15.00 16.00 240.00

342.90 m2
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 2 2.40 2.10 10.08
D2 8 1.20 2.10 20.16
D3 2 2.40 1.50 7.20
W1 22 2.10 1.50 69.30
W2 4 1.20 1.50 7.20
V 16 0.60 0.60 5.76
(-) 119.70 m2
Total 1352.90 m2

Brickwork up to G.L. (-)39.20 m3
PCC (-)95.35 m3
Total 81.00 m3
(ABSTRACT SHEET)
Table 11

NO.
1 Excavation in 215.62 m3 85 m3 18327.70
Foundation

(1:4:8)
3 Brickwork in 96.728 m3 3200 m3 309529.60

Foundation up to
Plinth level

4 Brickwork in 113.00 m3 3500 m3 395500.00

superstructure in
cement mortar 1:6
5 RCC Work 150.84 m3 8800 m3 1327392.00

flooring

inside walls and
ceiling in cm (1:3)

Excavation
Total 25,46,834.30 Rs.
Add 5% 1,27,341.71 RS.
contingencies
say 26,74,500.00 Rs.
10.6 Smart village design (civil)

Programmes
• Skill Development
• Skill Enhancement
• Encourage Entrepreneurship
• Soft Skills
• Supporting Teach India Movement

Goals of Skill development center in village
• The main goal is to create opportunities, space and scope for the development of the talents
of the Indian youth and to develop more of those sectors which have already been put under
skill development for the last so many years and also to identify new sectors for skill
development.
• The emphasis is to skill the youths in such a way so that they get employment and also
improve entrepreneurship.
• Provides training, support and guidance to farmers.
• To provide skills to women so that they become self-dependent.
• To aware villagers regarding new development schemes for their betterment.
• To initiate start-ups in village.
Fig.64 (Plan of the Ground floor of Skill Development Centre)

Fig.65(Plan of the First floor of Skill Development Centre)

Fig.67 (Section of footing and Elevation of Skill Development Center)

(MEASUREMENT SHEET)
Table 12

NO. H -TH T
(M) (M) (M)
Compound Wall 1 68.80 1.0 1.1 75.68
Internal Wall 1 67.40 1.0 1.1 74.14
Total 150.00 m3

Compound Wall 1 68.80 1.0 0.2 13.76
Internal Wall 1 67.40 1.0 0.2 13.48
Total 27.24 m3
to Plinth level
Compound Wall
First step 1 68.80 0.6 0.3 12.40
Second step 1 68.80 0.5 0.3 10.32
Third step 1 68.80 0.3 0.3 6.19
28.90 m3
Internal Wall
First step 1 67.40 0.6 0.3 12.13
Second step 1 67.40 0.5 0.3 10.11
Third step 1 67.40 0.3 0.85 17.18
39.50 m3
Steps:
First 1 3.5 0.9 0.15 0.472
Second 1 3.5 0.6 0.15 0.315
Third 1 3.5 0.3 0.15 0.157
0.945 m3

Total 69.345 m3
Compound Wall 1 68.80 0.3 1.50 30.96
G.F. Wall 1 69.50 0.3 3.50 72.98
F.F. Wall 1 64.85 0.3 3.50 68.10
172.05 m3
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 5 1.20 0.3 2.10 3.78
D3 1 3.00 0.3 1.50 1.35
W 16 2.00 0.3 1.50 14.50
V 4 0.60 0.3 0.60 0.432
(-) 19.962 m3
Total 152.10 m3
5 RCC Work
Slab 2 9.90 13.00 0.20 51.48
1 9.90 13.00 0.10 12.87
Beam 6 9.90 0.3 0.15 2.673
3 13.00 0.3 0.15 1.755
3 9.90 0.3 0.2 1.782
3 13.00 0.3 0.2 2.340
Lintel 2.00
Stair 10.00
Total 85.00 m3

2 9.00 12.00 216.00

All Compound Wall 101.40 m2

All Inside of the wall (G.F. + 278.35 m2 +

F.F) 267.40 m2
All Outside of the wall 320.60 m2
Ceiling 225.10 m2
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 10 1.20 2.10 25.2
D3 2 3.00 1.50 9.00
W 32 2.00 1.50 96.00
V 8 0.60 0.60 2.88
(-) 133.10 m2
Total 1060.00 m2

PCC (-)27.24 m3
Total 53.42 m3
(ABSTRACT SHEET)
Table 13

NO.
1 Excavation in 150.00 m3 85 m3 12650.00
Foundation

(1:4:8)

3 Brickwork in 69.345 m3 3200 m3 221870.40

Foundation up to
Plinth level
4 Brickwork in 152.10 m3 3500 m3 532350.00

superstructure in
cement mortar 1:6
5 RCC Work 85.00 m3 8800 m3 748000.00

flooring

inside walls and
ceiling in cm (1:3)

Excavation
Total 18,66,261.40 Rs.
Add 5% 93,313.07 RS.
contingencies
say 19,60,000.00 Rs.

Chapter 11: Future Scope-Requirement of the Village

The main scope of village is agriculture. But by providing proposed designs we can create scope
in other fields also like due to skill development center people from nearby villages will come in
this village which results in more revenue and scope.
As the ground water is only source of water there is a requirement to recharge ground water
resource and stop depleting ground water level. Also Waste water disposal is major issue of village,
so village required proper treatment process for the waste water. Solid waste disposal system is
also required to create hygienic condition in village.
Other requirements of village are:
• To improve education facility Secondary School

• Socio Cultural facility like Community hall
• Low cost housing for poor people
• Recreational facilities i.e. garden, etc.
• Use of renewable resources like Biomass etc.
• Smart data center
• Initiation of activities which can be done with agriculture like animal husbandry
These projects will provide employment to villagers and increases wealth of people and improve
living standards.

Chapter 12 : Conclusion
Salaiya village is an agricultural village with population of 3085. Most of the people of village are
connecte with agriculture. Main crops of village are Sugar cane and paddy. There is a Small river
passing from village with providers irrigation water to village. Village has sub centre which
providers Very good Heath Facilities. Village has 3 primary school and good transportation
facilities. Main source of water of is ground water and also waste water is disposed in ground.
There is provision of septic tank with soak pit for the treatment of waste water from toilets. Village
does not have proper community hall and public garden which shows lack of social infrastructure
in village.
As main source of income of villagers is agriculture care should be taken to improve quality of
crops and production of crops to increase income of villagers. By provision of waste water
treatment and reusing treated water we can reduce burden on ground water resource and restrict it
to deplete. Also treated waste water if disposed in ground will not cause ground water pollution.
Care should be taken of poor people of village who do not have proper houses and facilities. Their
development is the development of village. Emphasis should be given to build social infrastructure
like community hall and public garden so that people can gather and enjoy.
Use of renewable energy sources like solar panels on roof tops of public buildings, solar street
lights, biogas plants, rain water harvesting leads to sustainability of village and also saves energy
and money. Proper maintenance of public buildings and other facilities leads to longer life span of
these structures.
Benefits of all the facilities should be given to all the people of village equally. There should not
be any partiality or injustice to anyone. This will eliminate social discrimination of caste, religion,
class and leads to prosperity of village.

Chapter 13: References of report

• Census India (Government of India) www.censusindia.gov.in
• www.nationalgeographic.com/village
• www.smartvillages.org
• www.nptel.ac.in
• Journal published by Sociology laboratory of the University of Life Sciences in Binek
2007
• en.m.wikipedia.org/urbanarea
• en.m.wikipedia.org/ruralarea
• www.rural.nic.in
• www.panchayat.gov.in
• Citation Emergence of rurban areas in India are discussed in the article “The
importance of being 'Rurban': tracking changes in a traditional setting]” written by Mr.
Dipanker Gupta in Economic and Political Weekly. (13 June 2015, 50(24):37-43)
• Benchmark for Smart Cities Governent www.c-smart.in
• General development control regulations - a
• Gujarat town planning and urban development act-1976 government of gujarat
notification no:gh/v/127 of 2016/mis – 102016 – 1174 - l dated : 15/06/2016
• Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 9 No. 02, October-
December 2014
• Planning and Appraisal Manual for Secondary Education
• Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)
• Guidelines for school infrastructure and strengthening (civil works)
• Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
• Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin guidelines for implementation of SBM
• Ministry of rural development (2007) government of India chap-7, rural development,
pp: 88-99.
• Planning commission, Government of India, 12th five year plan (2012-2017) vol. 3,
inclusive growth.

Chapter 14 Annexure
14.1 Scanned Ideal Village Survey Form
Fig.68a (ideal village survey form)

Fig.68b (ideal village survey form)

Fig.68c (ideal village survey form)

Fig.68d (ideal village survey form)

Fig. 68e (ideal village survey form)

Fig.68f (ideal village survey form)

Fig.68g (ideal village survey form)

Fig.68h (ideal village survey form)

Fig.68i (ideal village survey form)

14.2 Scanned Smart Village (Gujarati) detail
Fig.69 a (smart village survey form)

Fig.69b (smart village survey form)

Fig.69c (smart village survey form)

Fig.69d (smart village survey form)

14.3 Scanned Salaiya Village Techno-Economic Survey Form
Fig.70a (Salaiya Village techno economic survey form)

Fig.70b (Salaiya Village techno economic survey form)

Fig.70c (Salaiya Village techno economic survey form)

Fig.70d (Salaiya Village techno economic survey form)

Fig.70e (Salaiya Village techno economic survey form)

Fig.70f (Salaiya Village techno economic survey form)

Fig.70g (Salaiya Village techno economic survey form)

Fig.70h (Salaiya Village techno economic survey form)

Fig.70i (Salaiya Village techno economic survey form)

14.4 The Gap Analysis
Village Planning Commission/ Village Salaiya Village (Mandavi

Facilities UDPFI Name Taluka)
Population 3010 (As Per 2011 Census)
Existing Required as Gap
per Norms
Social Infrastructure Facility
Anganwadi Each or Per 2500 4 3 +1
population
Primary Each Per 2500 population 1 3 -2
School
Secondary Per 7,500 population 0 0 0
School
Higher Per 15,000 Population 0 0 0
Secondary
School
College Per 125,000 Population 0 0 0
Tech. Training Per 100000 Population 0 0 0
Institute
Agriculture Per 100000 Population 0 0 0
Research
Centre
Skill Per 100000 Population 0 0 0
Development
Center
Health Facility
Government/P Each Village 1 1 0
anchyat
Dispensary or
Sub PHC or
Health Centre
Primary Per 20,000 population 1 0 +1
Health &
Child Health
Center

Child Welfare Per 10,000 population 1 0 +1

and Maternity
Home
Multi Per 100000 Population 0 0 0
specialist
Hospital
Public Latrines 1 for 50 Families (if toilet 1 0 +1
is no there in home,
specially for slum pockets
& Kutcha House)
Physical Infrastructure Facility
Transportation Yes
Pucca Village Each village Yes
Approach
Road
Bus/Auto All Villages connected by Yes Yes
Stand PT (ST Bus or Auto)
provision
Drinking Yes
Water
(Minimum 70
lpcd)
Over Head 1/3 of Total Demand Yes
Tank
U/G Sump 2/3 of Total Demand
Drainage Yes Yes
Network -
Open
Drainage No Yes
Network -
Cover
Waste No
Management
System
Socio Cultural Infrastructure Facility
Community Per 10000 Population 0 1 -1
Hall

community Per 15000 Population 0 0 0

hall and Public
Library
Cremation Per 20,000 population 0 0 0
Ground
Post Office Per 10,000 population 0 0 0
Gram Each individual/group 1 1 0
Panchayat panchayat
Building
APMC Per 100000 Population 0 0 0
Fire Station Per 100000 Population 0 0 0
Public Garden Per village 0 0 0
Police post Per 40,000 Population 0 0 0
Shopping Mall 0 0 0
Electrical Design
Electricity Yes
Network
Table 14 (Gap analysis)

14.5 Summary of All Villages designs

Sr. Village Discipline Part I
No.
1 rataniya Civil Public toilet
Lake garden
Library
Post office
Bus stand
2 Patal Civil Bus stand

Street light
Public library
Lake garden
Public Toilet
3 Uteva Civil Panchayat Office

Anganwadi
Public Health Center
Library
Community Hall
4 Kakdapar Civil Modern Anganwadi center

Rain Water Harvesting
Public garden
Common service center
Soak pit
5 Salaiya Civil Post office

Bio-gas plant
Community hall
Check dam
Table 15 (summary of all village design)

14.6 Village interaction report with Photographs

As per the Vishwakarma Yojana Phase 5 guidelines, the team has to present their work in village
for the effective implementation of Vishwakarma Yojana. So we presented our work to Sarpanch
and Talati of village. We discuss about current problems and possible solutions of these problems.
We presented our designs and took feedback from Sarpanch.
Fig.71 (photograph with school staff)

14.7 Sarpanch letter
Fig 72 (Sarpanch letter)

14.8 Summary of good photographs

Ideal village visit (Baben)
Fig.73 (Photographs of Ideal Village Baben)

Smart village visit (ENA)
Fig.74 (Photographs of Smart Village ENA)

Salaiya village visit
Fig.75 (Photographs of Salaiya Village)

Chapter 15 Future Scope-Requirement of village detail

implementation of the future scope of work
observation and brief write up about the new proposal
design
Salaiya village has facilities like Panchayat office, Sub health Centre, Primary school, community
hall, Drinking water, Individual toilets in most of houses, Sewerage system, Electricity, mid-day
meal scheme, Transportation, Communication, Irrigation etc.
There is proper availability of water for all situation in village but if people increase in future there
is lack of water arises so we gave design of rain water harvesting.
There is no availability of public toilet in Salaiya village. There is no current need of public toilet
in village. So, we gave design of public toilet for future scope of Salaiya village. That’s why people
cannot suffer the issues.
There is three primary school available in village if student of school and other people wants to
read there is no facilities provided in village, so we give the design of library for some current and
future needs of the Salaiya village.
No recreational facilities available in the village. For the children there is no playing area available
in the village. The garden gives a better comfort of the people of the village. We gave a design of
garden as a recreational facility.
There is availability of sub center for the health of the people of Salaiya village. There is no
availability of PHC. So, we gave design of PHC for better health of people of village.
No availability of entrance gate for identify the village in Salaiya village so we gave a design of
gate of Salaiya village.

recommendations/ why about new proposal of design
Rain water harvesting:

In our allocated village there is available source of the water is river and ground water so
If there is problem in lack of water resources after 5 to 10 years so we have proposed the design
of rain water harvesting for the people of village at individual household. It is helpful for the people
of Salaiya village in future.
Public toilet:
There is no availability of public toilet in Salaiya village. There is no current need of public toilet
in village but after some years Salaiya village demanded as a ideal or smart village so we give the
design of public toilet as physical design need.
Library:
There is small structure of library available in the village for the students of village but after some
years if there is required the more area for library if population of student is increase, we gave
design of library as social design. We also give E-corner in library for the good connectivity of
new technologies for the growth of people of Salaiya village.
Public garden:
There is no availability of any garden or recreational design in village. So, we provide design of
garden for the future scope of Salaiya village.
Primary health center:

There is availability of sub center for the health of the people of Salaiya village. There is no
availability of PHC. For major issue of health people are going to 8 km from the village. If the
population is increase in the village there is more problems arise in health issue, so we provide
design of PHC for future scope of village.
Village Gate:
No availability of gate while enter in village. So, we gave a design of gate as heritage design.
So, non familiar people are recognized about the village.

Suggestions/ benefit of the villagers about new path

technology/design proposed by students
• It will provide sustainability.
• Scarcity of water can be avoided.
• Proper use of rainy water.
• Wastage of rainy water is avoided.
Public toilet:
• To provide sanitation facilities to villagers and visitors.
• To maintain health and hygiene of village.
• To promote social inclusion and equality.
• To issue privacy and basic human decency.
Library:
• To increase growth of the people.
• To familiar with new technologies.
• To increase literacy of village.
Public garden:
• It will provide aesthetic view to village.
• It will provide recreational space to villagers.
• It creates pleasant environment in village.
• Provide playing area for children.
• Provide sitting area for old age people.
Primary health center:

• To improve the health facilities in village.
• Provide medicine to the villagers.
• Avoid long distance health facilities.
• Provide vaccination to the children.

Village gate:
• It will give aesthetic view to village.
• It will give familiarity of village.
• It will give identification of village.
Design proposal with the section, elevation,

measurement, costing, any other points related to civil,
define the status of the design implantation like
15.4.1 Sustainable design
Introduction:
Main source of water in village is ground water. Due to excessive use and population expansion
ground water level is depleting. To maintain round water level and conserve it for future generation
rain water harvesting is necessary.
Design of storage tanks

• The volume of the storage tank can be determined by the following factors:
• Number of persons in the household: The greater the number of persons, the greater the
storage capacity required to achieve the same efficiency of fewer people under the same
roof area.
• Per capita water requirement: This varies from household to household based on habits and
also from season to season. Consumption rate has an impact on the storage systems design
as well as the duration to which stored rainwater can last.
Average annual rainfall

• Period of water scarcity: Apart from the total rainfall, the pattern of rainfall -whether evenly
distributed through the year or concentrated in certain periods will determine the storage
requirement. The more distributed the pattern, the lesser the size.
• Type and size of the catchment: Type of roofing material determines the selection of the
runoff coefficient for designs. Size could be assessed by measuring the area covered by the

catchment i.e., the length and horizontal width. Larger the catchment, larger the size of the
required cistern (tank).
• Dry season demand versus supply approach
In this approach there are three options for determining the volume of storage:
• Matching the capacity of the tank to the area of the roof
• Matching the capacity of the tank to the quantity of water required by its users
• Choosing a tank size that is appropriate in terms of costs, resources and construction
methods.
• In practice the costs, resources and the construction methods tend to limit the tanks to
smaller capacities than would otherwise be justified by roof areas or likely needs of
consumers. For this reason, elaborate calculations aimed at matching tank capacity to
roof area is usually unnecessary. However, a simplified calculation based on the
following factors can give a rough idea of the potential for rainwater collection.
Illustration:
• Suppose the system has to be designed for meeting drinking water requirement of a five-
member family living in a building with a rooftop area of 100 sq. m. The average annual
rainfall in the region is 600 mm (average annual rainfall in Delhi is 611 mm). Daily
drinking water requirement per person (drinking and cooking) is 10 litres.
Design procedure:
• Following details are available:

Area of the catchment (A) = 100 sq. m.
Average annual rainfall (R) = 611 mm (0.61 m)
Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.85 1. Calculate the maximum amount of rainfall that can be
harvested from the rooftop:
Annual water harvesting potential = 100 x 0.6 x 0.85
= 51 cu. m. (51,000 litres)
• Determine the tank capacity:
This is based on the dry period, i.e., the period between the two consecutive rainy
seasons. For example, with a monsoon extending over four months, the dry season is of
245 days.

• Calculate drinking water requirement for the family for the dry season
= 245 x 5 x 10
= 12,250 litres
As a safety factor, the tank should be built 20 per cent larger than required, i.e., 14,700
litres. This tank can meet the basic drinking water requirement of a 5-member family for the dry
period. A typical size of a rectangular tank constructed in the basement will be about 4.0 m x 4.0
m x 1.0 m.
Salient features of this approach:

• Simplest approach to system design but is relevant only in areas where distinct dry
seasons exist
• Provides a rough estimate of storage tank is about 25000 to 30000.
• This method does not take into account variations between different years, such as the
occurrence of drought years. It also entirely ignores rainfall input and the capacity of the
catchment to deliver the runoff necessary to fill the storage tank.
• This technique can be used in the absence of any rainfall data and is easily
understandable to the layperson. These points are especially relevant when designing
systems in the remote areas of developing countries where obtaining reliable rainfall data
can be difficult.
Fig. 76 (Rain water harvesting system)

Fig. 77 (Underground water storage Tank)
15.4.2 Physical Design

Public toilet:
There is no availability of public toilet in Salaiya village. There is no current need of public
toilet in village but after some years Salaiya village demanded as an ideal or smart village
so we give the design of public toilet as physical design need.
Design:
In our design of public toilet there are three W.C. for each man and women and also provide
a bath so villager and visitors can use it.
Fig. 78 (Elevation of Public toilet)

Fig. 79 (Plan of Public toilet) Fig. 80 (Section of footing)
Fig. 81 (Section of public toilet)

(MEASUREMENT SHEET)
Table 16

NO. H -TH T
(M) (M) (M)
Total C. L=48.70 m 1 48.70 0.9 1.1 48.21

Total 48.21 m3

PCC 1 48.70 0.9 0.2 8.766
Total 8.766 m3
to Plinth level
First step 1 48.70 0.5 0.3 7.305
Second step 1 48.70 0.4 0.3 5.844
Third step 1 48.70 0.2 0.7 6.818
Steps:
First 1 2.80 0.9 0.15 0.378
Second 1 2.80 0.6 0.15 0.252
Third 1 2.80 0.3 0.15 0.126
Total 20.723 m3
Wall
Total C. L=50.10 m 1 50.10 0.2 3.0 30.00
30.00 m3
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:

Gate 1 2.80 0.2 2.10 1.176

V 18 0.60 0.2 0.60 1.152
(-) 2.328 m3
Total 27.672 m3
5 RCC Work
Slab 1 8.0 10.0 0.15 12.00
1 8.0 10.0 0.10 8.00
Beam 3 8.0 0.2 0.2 0.96
3 8.0 0.2 0.15 0.72
Lintel 0.50
Total 22.18 m3

All 1 7.6 9.6 72.96
Total area 72.96 m2

Inside
Wall 4 7.6 3.0 91.20
2 9.6 3.0 57.60
2 7.3 3.0 43.80
Ceiling 1 7.6 9.6 72.96
External
Wall 2 8.0 3.0 48
2 10.0 3.0 60
373.56 m2
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
Gate 2 2.80 2.10 11.76
V 36 0.60 0.60 12.96

(-) 24.72 m3
Total 348.84 m3

m3
PCC (-)8.766 m3
Total 19.477 m3
(ABSTRCT SHEET)
Table 17
SR. PARTICULARS QUANTIT UNI RAT PER AMOUNT

NO. Y T E
1 Excavation 48.21 m3 85 m3 4097.85
in
Foundation
2 Plain cement concrete 8.766 m3 3000 m3 26298

(1:4:8)
3 Brickwork in 20.723 m3 3200 m3 66313.6

Foundation up
to Plinth level
4 Brickwork in 27.672 m3 3500 m3 96852

superstructure in
cement mortar
1:6
5 RCC Work 22.18 m3 8800 m3 195184

6 2 cm thick 72.96 m2 500 m2 36480

marble flooring
7 Smooth plaster 348.84 m2 150 m2 52326

on inside walls
and ceiling in cm
(1:3)
8 Earth filling 19.477 m3 50 m3 973.85

in Excavation
Total 4,45,693.30 Rs.
Add 5% 22,284.66 RS.
contingencie
s
say 4,68,000.00 Rs.
15.4.3 Social Design

Library:
There is small structure of library available in the village for the students of village but
after some years if there is required the more area for library if population of student is
increase, we gave design of library as social design. We also give E-corner in library for
the good connectivity of new technologies for the growth of people of Salaiya village.
Design:
Fig. 82 (Elevation of library)

Fig. 83 (Plan of library)

Fig 84 (section of library)
Fig 85 (section of footing)

(MESUTEMENT SHEET) Table 18

NO. H -TH T
(M) (M) (M)
Total C. L=60.10 m 1 60.10 0.9 1.1 59.5

Total 59.5 m3

PCC 1 60.10 0.9 0.2 10.81
Total 10.81 m3
to Plinth level
First step 1 60.10 0.5 0.3 9.01
Second step 1 60.10 0.4 0.3 7.21
Third step 1 60.10 0.3 0.8 14.42
Steps:
First 1 2 0.9 0.15 0.27
Second 1 2 0.6 0.15 0.18
Third 1 2 0.3 0.15 0.09
Total 31.18 m3
Wall 1 61.9 0.3 3.5 64.99
65.00 m3
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 1 2.0 0.3 2.1 1.26
D2 2 1.2 0.3 2.1 1.51

D3 1 1.0 0.3 2.1 0.63

W 2 1.50 0.3 1.5 1.35
(-) 4.75 m3
Total 60.25 m3
5 RCC Work
Slab 1 10.6 10.6 0.15 16.854
1 10.6 10.6 0.10 11.236
Beam 4 10.6 0.3 0.2 2.544
4 10.6 0.3 0.15 1.908
Lintel 1 10.6 0.3 0.15 0.650
Total 33.192 m3

All 1 10 10 100.00

Inside
Wall 4 10 3.5 35.00
4 3.5 3.5 49.00
4 4.0 3.5 72.00
2 2.0 3.5 14.00
2 2.8 3.5 19.60
Ceiling 1 10 10 100.00
External
Wall 4 10.6 3.5 37.10
326.70 m2
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 2 2.00 2.10 8.4
D2 4 1.20 2.10 10.08
D3 2 1.00 2.10 4.20

W 4 1.50 1.50 9
(-) 31.60 m3
Total 295.10 m3

m3
PCC (-)10.81 m3
Total 18.59 m3
(ABSTRACT SHEET)
Table 19

NO.
1 Excavation in 59.5 m3 85 m3 5057.50
Foundation
2 Plain cement concrete 10.81 m3 3000 m3 32430

(1:4:8)
3 Brickwork in 31.80 m3 3200 m3 99776

Foundation up to
Plinth level
4 Brickwork in 60.25 m3 3500 m3 210875

superstructure in
cement mortar 1:6

5 RCC Work 33.192 m3 8800 m3 292089.6
6 2 cm thick marble 100.00 m2 500 m2 50000

flooring
7 Smooth plaster on 295.10 m2 150 m2 44265

inside walls and
ceiling in cm (1:3)

Excavation
Total 7,35,422.60 Rs.
Add 5% 36,771.13 RS.
contingencies
say 7,72,500.00 Rs.
15.4.4 Socio cultural Design

Public garden:
There is no availability of any garden or recreational design in village. So, we provide
design of garden for the future scope of Salaiya village.
Design:
In the we can provide a shed with sitting arrangement and also provide individually
children play ground and also provide with jogging area. And provide four gates at four
corners. Total area of the garden is 30 x30.

Fig 86 (Plan of public garden)
Fig 87 (Section of public garden)

(MEASUREMENT SHEET)
Table 20

NO. H -TH T
(M) (M) (M)
Total C. L=109.20 m 1 109.2 0.9 1.1 108.10

Total 108.10 m3

PCC 1 109.2 0.9 0.2 19.65
Total 19.65 m3
to Plinth level
First step 1 109.2 0.5 0.3 16.38
Second step 1 109.2 0.4 0.3 13.10
Third step 1 109.2 0.2 0.3 6.55
Total 36.10 m3
Main Wall 1 109.20 0.2 1.5 32.76

Another Wall 1 380.00 0.1 0.4 15.20
Total 60.25 m3

(ABSTRACT SHEET)
Table 21

NO.
1 Excavation in 108.10 m3 85 m3 9188.50
Foundation

(1:4:8)
3 Brickwork in 36.10 m3 3200 m3 115520.00

Foundation up to
Plinth level
4 Brickwork in 47.96 m3 3500 m3 167860.00

superstructure in
cement mortar 1:6
5 Smooth plaster on 25000.00

inside walls and Approximate
ceiling in cm (1:3)
6 Block filling 100000.00

inside Approximate
Total 4,76,518.50 Rs.
Add 5% 23,825.25 RS.
contingencies
say 5,00,500.00 Rs.

15.4.5 Smart village Design

Primary Health Centre:
There is availability of sub center for the health of the people of Salaiya village. There is
no availability of PHC. For major issue of health people are going to 8 km from the village.
If the population is increase in the village there is more problems arise in health issue, so
we provide design of PHC for future scope of village.
Design:
Fig 88 (PHC Plan)
Fig 89 (PHC Elevation)

Fig 90 (section of PHC)
Fig 91 (Section of Footing)

(MEASURMENT SHEET)
Table 22

NO. H - T
(M) TH( (M)
M)
Total C. L=141.4 m 1 141.10 0.9 1.1 140.00
Total 140.00 m3

PCC 1 141.10 0.9 0.2 25.45
Total 25.45 m3
to Plinth level
First step 1 141.10 0.6 0.3 25.45
Second step 1 141.10 0.5 0.3 21.21
Third step 1 140.10 0.2 0.95 26.86
Extra brick Work 1.5
Steps:
First 1 3 0.9 0.2 0.54
Second 1 3 0.6 0.2 0.36
Third 1 3 0.3 0.2 0.18
Total 76.10 m3
Wall
Total C. L=151.0 m 1 151.0 0.2 3.5 105.7

105.7 m3
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 1 1.20 0.2 2.10 0.504
D2 6 1.00 0.2 2.10 2.520
D3 4 0.80 0.2 2.10 1.344
GATE 1 3.00 0.2 2.10 1.260
V 8 0.60 0.2 0.60 0.576
W 14 1.50 0.2 1.50 6.30
(-) 12.504 m3
Total 93.20m3
5 RCC Work
Slab 1 10 27 0.20 54.00
1 10 27 0.15 40.50
Beam 8 10 0.2 0.20 3.20
8 10 0.2 0.15 2.40
Lintel 2.00
Total 102.10 m3

All 1 10 27 270.00

Total wall area 764.75
Ceiling 255.36
External wall 189.00
831.11 m2
Deduction for
Door/Ventilation:
D1 2 1.20 2.10 5.04

D2 12 1.00 2.10 25.20

D3 8 0.80 2.10 13.44
GATE 1 3.00 2.10 6.30
V 16 0.60 0.60 5.76
W 28 1.50 1.50 63.00
(-) 118.74 m2
Total 712.37 m2

PCC (-)25.45 m3
Total 38.34 m3
(ABSTRACT SHEET)
Table 23

NO.
1 Excavation in 140 m3 85 m3 11900.00
Foundation

(1:4:8)
3 Brickwork in 76.10 m3 3200 m3 243520.00

Foundation up to
Plinth level

4 Brickwork in 93.20 m3 3500 m3 326200.00

superstructure in
cement mortar 1:6
5 RCC Work 102.10 m3 8800 m3 898480.00

flooring

inside walls and
ceiling in cm (1:3)

Excavation
Total 18,00,222.50 Rs.
Add 5% 90,011.125RS.
contingencies
Grand Total 18,90,233.60Rs.
say 18,90,500.00 Rs.

15.4.6 Heritage Design

Village Gate:
No availability of gate while enter in village. So, we gave a design of gate as heritage design.
So, non familiar people are recognized about the village.
Estimate:
The average costing of the gate is about 1 lakh to 1.5 lakh. The material using in gate are bricks,
cement, sand, RCC, etc. The color painting is also done to the village gate.
Design:
Fig 92 (village gate)

Chapter 16: Design

Clearly describe the total existing scenario of the
implantation
Any public project is undertaken to satisfy necessity or to provide comfort to people. Rural
projects are mainly undertaken to satisfy need of people. In public project the main aspect
is funding i.e. whether it is funded by Govt. or Private firm or both. Implementation of
project mainly depends on finance.
Salaiya village is agriculture village. Main source of income for village authority is from
tax collected from farmers. For implementation of any project implementation Village
authority (Gram Panchayat) alone is not capable. It need help form District authority or
State Govt. or any private firm.
Table 24(Scenario of implementation of Designs)
Sr. Design Name Implementation Remarks

No. Probability
1 Post office 50% There is not any availability of post
office in village.
2 Library 0% Funding is inadequate
3 Check dam 50% Funding is inadequate
4 Community Hall 50% Unavailability any Socio-Cultural
Structure in village
5 Skill Development Centre 0% Funding is inadequate
6 Bio gas plant 0% No availability in village
7 Public garden 0% Funding is inadequate
8 Rain water harvesting 50% It may be implemented by
individual household due to low
cost
9 Public Toilet 0% It is very important as there is not
any public toilet in village
currently
10 Primary health center 0% Population is less and one sub
center is available in village.
11 Village gate 0% Funding is inadequate

How can be improved with small changes, Period-a)

Immediately, b) With in 1 year and, c) Long term (3-5
years) along with the cost estimation and drawing.
Table 25
Sr.No. Design Name Period Amount Benefit
Expenditure
(Rs.)
10.3 Check dam With in1 25,00,000 • reducing water flow
year velocity.
• to create small reservoirs,
without possibility of
silting.
10.4 Post office With in1 8,00,000 • Provides customer

year services to public.
• Provides banking services
to public.
10.5 Community hall With in1 26,74,500 • group activities, social
year support, public
information, and other
purposes.
10.6 Skill With in1 19,60,000 • The emphasis is to skill
development year the youths in such a way
center so that they get
employment and also
improve
entrepreneurship.
10.2 Bio gas plant Immediately 30,000 • biogas to be used as a fuel.

• It will provide
sustainability.
• Scarcity of water can be
Rain water
15.4.1 Immediately 35,000 avoided.
harvesting
• Wastage of rainy water is
avoided.
• It will improve sanitation

facility
15.4.2 Public toilet Immediately 4,68,000 • It will be helpful to people
who don’t have toilets in
their home.
• It will promote cleanliness
in village
• To increase growth of the
people.
• Too familiar with new
15.4.3 Library Immediately 7,72,500 technologies.
• To increase literacy of
village.
• It will provide aesthetic

view to village.
• It will provide recreational
Long Term space to villagers.
15.4.4 Public garden 5,00,500 • It creates pleasant
(3-5 years)
environment in village.
• Provide playing area for
children.
• Provide sitting area for old
age people.

• To improve the health

Primary Long Term facilities in village.
15.4.5 18,90,500
health center (3-5 years) • Provide medicine to the
villagers.
• Avoid long distance health
facilities.
• Provide vaccination to the
children.
• It will give aesthetic view

to village.
15.4.6 Village gate Immediately 1,50,000 • It will give familiarity of
village.
• It will give identification
of village.

Chapter 17: Five Most important and crucial items that need
to be addressed from the techno-economy survey or Ideal
Village Survey or Smart Village Survey of the village for the
visible change in the respective allotted village for the VY
project and make the villagers happier and more comfortable
for the enhancement of the village
Most of the designs proposed by us are necessary for the development of village. Among all 10
designs we proposed the most important that should be implement are
• First: - Rain water harvesting

• Second: -Public toilet
• Third: -Community hall
• Fourth: -Library
• Five: -Primary health center
First: -Rain water harvesting
In allocated village there is available source of the water is river and ground water so
If there is problem in lack of water resources after 5 to 10 years so we have proposed the design
of rain water harvesting for the people of village at individual household. It is helpful for the people
of Salaiya village in future.
Rain water harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs
or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers (before it is lost as surface
runoff).
Uses of rain water harvesting:

• It will provide sustainability.
• Scarcity of water can be avoided.
• Wastage of rainy water is avoided.

Second: -Public toilet

There is no availability of public toilet in village. It is very important to provide sanitation facilities
to villagers and visitors. To maintain health and hygiene of village. To promote social inclusion
and equality. To issue privacy and basic human decency.
According to new governmental policy there should be public toilet in village. Public toilet may
be funded by Swachh Bharat Mission of National Govt.
Uses of public toilet

• To provide sanitation facilities to villagers and visitors.
• To maintain health and hygiene of village.
• To promote social inclusion and equality.
• To issue privacy and basic human decency.
Third: -Community hall

There is not any building or public space in a village where social gathering functions can be
organized. So, it is necessary to provide community hall in a village which enables social
gatherings of villagers on the special occasions like marriages, festivals etc. Community hall also
enables to organize awareness programmes, seminars, discussions for village problems etc. It
eliminates social injustice in a village as all the villagers gather on same place.
Funding of this may be done by District authority or State Govt. or may be any private firm or
person can undertake this project.
Fourth: -Library
There is small structure of library available in the village for the students of village but after some
years if there is required the more area for library if population of student is increase.
Uses of library
• To increase growth of the people.
• To familiar with new technologies.
• To increase literacy of village.

Five: -Primary health center:

The Primary Health Centre (PHC) is the basic structural and functional unit of the public health
services in developing countries. PHCs were established to provide accessible, affordable and
available primary health care to people.
Uses:
• To improve the health facilities in village.
• Provide medicine to the villagers.
• Avoid long distance health facilities.
• Provide vaccination to the children.

Chapter 18: Five Identify that from the CHAPTER-2-

SMART CITIES/ VILLAGE CONCEPT AS PER YOUR
IDEA AND ITS VISIT, how the new modern technology with
innovation available in the market can be used for possible
adaptation in the village
Cyber security
Cyber security is the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks,
computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access. In a computing
context, security includes both cyber security and physical security.
Ensuring cyber security requires coordinated efforts throughout an information system. Elements
of cyber security include:
• Application security
• Information security
• Network security
• Disaster recovery / business continuity planning
• Operational security
• End-user education
Green building
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure
and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient
throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance,
renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the
engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and
complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:
• Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources.

• Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity.
• Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation.
District cooling and heating

District energy, both heating and cooling, tie together the energy generating sources in a city with
buildings and facilities having a need of heating and/or cooling. Instead of each building having
its own heating or cooling system, the energy is delivered to several buildings in a larger area from
a central plant. The water-based distribution system guarantees that heat and cooling arrive safely
to the end users. With district heating, energy is saved overall, as it takes advantage of resources
that would otherwise not be have been used, making it an efficient and sustainable solution to
satisfy the local heat and cooling demand in a city.
District heating is the most widespread of the two types of district energy; heating and cooling. To
transport heat efficiently, the district heating distribution infrastructure comprises a network of
insulated pipes, delivering heat in the form of hot water, from the generation site to the end user.
Networks can measure from a few hundred meters to covering entire large cities. End users range
from residential buildings to offices and industrial facilities. The network’s coverage can easily be
extended by laying more pipes, often in combination of adding more points of generation.
Generation and fuels Heat is usually generated in two types of plants. The basic one is a heat
generation plant with a boiler that only generates heat. The second type is a cogeneration plant,
often called combined heat and power plant (CHP). As it generates both heat and electricity, it
benefits from considerable economies of scale. Upon generating electricity by incineration, the
steam from the boiling water that drives the turbines is lead to also heat the water in the closed-
circuit district heating system. It can also be used as steam in industrial processes.
Smart data center

Smart cities will collect data from the IoT and connected sensors embedded in the physical
infrastructure of cities. This data will be analyzed to extract information to perform functions like
direct cars to free parking spaces, redirecting traffic around accidents, managing power based on
demand and turn lights and heating off in buildings when not in use.
To meet the needs of these data-driven cities, data centers will need to be capable of handling vast
quantities of data. The 130 Exabyte now running across global networks will be dwarfed by the
40,000 Exabyte predicted by 2020. Processing more data does not require data centers to get bigger
(although with the demise of More's law that may change) but it certainly does require a lot more
power. This needs to be factored in to the choice of location, arrangements with the national grid
and contracts for back-up power in the event of outages.

Many of the advantages of smart cities will come through real-time processing of this data. For
example, sensors in the road will adapt traffic light sequencing to minimize queuing traffic. Low
latency will therefore be critical to ensure almost instantaneous response. This leads to the need
for data centers that are physically close to the cities that they will serve. These are known as 'edge'
data centers, being literally on the 'edge' of the network, close to where the real-
world data is being collected and where an output needs to occur. These will be very different to
the hyper scale data centers that we associate with the likes of Facebook, Amazon and Google
today.
Resiliency and reliability will also be fundamental to the safe, 24/7 operations. Recent outages at
hospitals have hit headlines, with operations cancelled or postponed, and the occasional outages
in some of the major cloud providers' operations also cause major disruptions to a variety of their
corporate customers. The risk of a connected city going dark would clearly have major
implications for citizens in their homes, individual businesses and safety.
Security will clearly be a major concern too. If cities are going to be run by connected networks,
the security of that network will be paramount to protect against malicious attacks, hacks and take-
overs. Adding many more access points to a network creates a security threat, which those intent
on creating large bot-nets have already taken advantage of using home Wi-Fi routers, IP security
cameras and digital video recorders. Operators of critical networks and essential infrastructure
within an ecosystem, including data center operators as the guardians of the physical aspects of
security, will need to work together to provide the best cyber-security possible.
A Real – Time Irrigation Control System for Precision

Agriculture Using WSN in Indian Agricultural Sectors
India is the agriculture-based country. Our ancient people completely depended on the agricultural
harvesting. Agriculture is a source of livelihood of majority Indians and has great impact on the
economy of the country. In dry areas or in case of inadequate rainfall, irrigation becomes difficult.
So, it needs to be automated for proper yield and handled remotely for farmer safety. Increasing
energy costs and decreasing water supplies point out the need for better water management.
Irrigation management is a complex decision- making process to determine when and how much
water to apply to a growing crop to meet specific management objectives. If the farmer is far from
the agricultural land he will not be noticed of current conditions. So, efficient water management
plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping systems.

By using the concept of modern irrigation system, a farmer can save water up to 50%. This concept
depends on two irrigation methods those are: conventional irrigation methods like overhead
sprinklers, flood type feeding systems i.e. wet the lower leaves and stem of the plants.
Overcoming these drawbacks new techniques are been adopted in the irrigation techniques,
through which small amounts of water applies to the parts of root zone of a plant. The plant soil
moisture stress is prevented by providing required amount of water resources frequently or often
daily by which the moisture condition of the soil will retain well. The diagram below shows the
entire concept of the modern irrigation system.
The traditional techniques like sprinkler or surface irrigation requires / uses nearly half of water
sources. Even more precise amounts of water can be supplied for plants. As far as the foliage is
dry the plant damage due to disease and insects will be reduced, which further reduces the
operating cost. The dry rows between plants will leads to continuous federations during the
irrigation process.
Fertilizers can be applied through this type of system, and the cost required for will also reduce.
The erosion of soil and wind is much reduced by the recent techniques when compared with
overhead sprinkler systems.
The soil characteristics will define the form of the dripping nature in the root zone of a plant which
receives moisture. As the method of dripping will reduce huge water losses it became a popular
method by reducing the labor cost and increasing the yields.
Fig 93 (Drip irrigation with sensor)


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DETAIL PROJECT REPORT

NAME BRANCH NAME ENROLLMENT NO

Tank Vandana D. Civil Engineering 160233106014

Dr. S. & S. S. Ghandhy Government Engineering

PROF. JIGNESH K. PATEL

DETAIL PROJECT REPORT

NAME BRANCH NAME ENROLLMENT NO

Tank Vandana D. Civil Engineering 160233106014

Dr. S. & S. S. Ghandhy Government Engineering

PROF. JIGNESH K. PATEL

Gujarat Technological University,

Detail Project Report for

Vishwakarma Yojana: Phase-VI

NAME BRANCH NAME ENROLLMENT NO

Tank Vandana D. Civil Engineering 160233106014

Prof. B.M. Vadehr

Dr. S. & S. S. Ghandhy

Chapter 1: Ideal village visit from District of Gujarat State ......................................................... 15

Gujarat Technological University Page 1

1.11 Benefit available in ideal village ................................................................................ 28

Gujarat Technological University Page 2

2.3.5 Governmental issues ............................................................................................... 62

4.1.2 Importance in rural context at individual home of village ...................................... 97

Gujarat Technological University Page 4

Gujarat Technological University Page 5

7.3.7 Housing condition ................................................................................................. 126

9.1.1 Feasibility.............................................................................................................. 142

Gujarat Technological University Page 7

Gujarat Technological University Page 8

Smart data center ...................................................................................................... 243

Gujarat Technological University Page 9

Gujarat Technological University Page 10

FIGURE FIGURES LISTING PAGE NO

35 SMC LIG scheme plan 119

Gujarat Technological University Page 12

72 Sarpanch Latter 203

Gujarat Technological University Page 13

ATM Automated Teller Machine

Gujarat Technological University Page 14

Chapter 1: Ideal village visit from District of Gujarat State

1.1 Background and study area location

1.2 Concept: Ideal Village

1.2.1 Case studies of ideal village of India/Gujarat

1.2.2 The various exposure of a model

Fig.1 (Difference in rural and urban life)

Gujarat Technological University Page 16

1.2.3 Objectives of ideal village

1.2.4 Key elements of a model village

Gujarat Technological University Page 17

Fig.2 (Model village concept)

Gujarat Technological University Page 18

1.2.6 SWOT analysis

Gujarat Technological University Page 19

1.3 Physical and Demographical growth

Fig.3 (Baben in year 1972)

Gujarat Technological University Page 20

Fig. 4(Baben in year 1990)

Fig. 5 (Baben in year 2008)

Gujarat Technological University Page 21

Fig. 6 (Baben in year 2009)

1.4 Economic Profile

1.5 Social scenario

Gujarat Technological University Page 22