Results

Table 1. The results of the observed lines in the spectra of mercury and cadmium at the
given wavelength

λ1(nm) λ2(nm) λ3(nm) λaverage(nm) λcorrected(nm)

435.4 Hg 435.3 436.3 436.8 436.1 0.8
467.8 Cd 468.9 468.8 467.8 468.5 0.7
480.0 Cd 481.0 481.0 480.0 480.7 0.7
508.6 Cd 507.9 509.0 509.0 508.9 0.3
546.1 Hg 545.9 546.1 546.1 546,0 -0.1
577.0 Hg 577.0 576.9 577.5 577.1 0.1
579.0 Hg 578.2 579.8 579.4 579.1 0.1
643.8 Cd 644.8 644.0 644.5 644.4 0.6

Table 2. the observed results for iodine lamp

No. λ1 λ2(nm) λ3(nm) λaverage(nm) λcorrected(nm) λtrue v cm-1 Adjacent

(nm) (nm)
value v cm-1
0 534.0 534.0 534.0 534.0 0.3900 534,39 18712.9 -
3
1 532.8 532.3 332.5 532.5 0.3937 532.89 18765.6 52.67
0
2 530.9 530.4 530.7 530.7 0.3981 531.10 18828.8 63.25
5
3 529.1 528.8 529.8 529.2 0.4018 529.60 18882.1 53.33
8
4 527.1 526.9 527.6 527.2 0.4068 527.61 18953.3 71.21
9
5 525.5 525.3 525.3 525.4 0.4112 525.81 19018.2 64.89
8
6 524.0 523.8 523.8 523.9 0.4149 524.31 19072.6 54.41
9
7 522.2 522.4 522.4 522.3 0.4189 522.72 19130.7 58.01
0
8 520.9 520.9 520.9 520.9 0.4223 521.32 19182.0 51.38
8
9 519.7 519.6 519.5 519.6 0.4255 520.03 19229.6 47.58
6
10 518.1 518.2 517.8 518.0 0.4295 518.43 19289.0 59.35
1
 11 516.1 516.8 515.9 516.3 0.4337 516.73 19352.4 63.46
7
12 514.7 514.8 514.5 514.7 0.4377 515.14 19412.2 60.00
0
13 513.6 513.7 513.9 513.7 0.4401 514.14 19449.9 37.76
6
14 512.8 512.8 513.0 512.9 0.4421 513.34 19487.8 37.90
6
15 510.9 510.6 510.6 512.5 0.4431 512.94 19495.4 7.59
5
16 509.7 509.4 509.2 509.4 0.4508 509.85 19613.6 118.16
1
17 508.6 508.3 508.5 508.5 0.4530 508.95 19648.3 34.69
0
18 507.7 507.2 507.4 507.4 0.4557 507.86 19690.4 42.17
7
19 506.4 506.4 506.8 506.5 0.4579 506.96 19725.4 34.95
2

Sample calculations

λcorrected = λaverage – λtrue value

= 436.1 – 435.3

= 0.8 nm

From graph 1

y = -0.002472x + 1.710

to find the λcorrected values of the iodine lamp in table 2

let x = λaverage and y = λcorrected

therefore, λcorrected = -00024729(534.0) + 1.170

= 0.3900 nm

λtrue value = λaverage + λcorrected value

= 0.3900 + 534.0
 = 534.39 nm

Conversion to cm-1, v = 1/534.39×10-7cm = 18712.93 cm-1

Adjacent v = 18765.60 – 18712.93

= 52.67 cm-1

From graph 2

A =1/2 b.h

y = -0.9721x + 62.87

let x = b and h = y

therefore, h = -0.9721b + 62.87

for b let h =0,

0 = -0.9721b + 62.87

b = 64.67 cm

for h let b =0

h = -0.9721(0) + 62.87 = 62.87 cm

A = ½ b.h

= ½ (64.67) (62.87)

= 2032.90 cm2

Vo,v’L = 2032.90 cm-1 + 18712.93 cm-1

= 20745.33 cm-1

D(I2) = 20745.33 cm-1 – 7603 cm-1

= 13142.33 cm-1

E = hcv

= (6.626×10-34) (2.99×108) (13142.33)

= 2.6037×10-21 J
E = 2.6037×10-21 J × 6.022×1023

= 156.7 kJ.mol-1

Discussion

The objection of this experiment was to work out the energy change of the molecular iodine
using the absorption spectrum. The values of corrected wavelength were plotted against the
average wavelength values of the mercury and cadmium. From graph 1, using the slope and
the value of the y-intercept the corrected values of the iodine wavelength were also
determined. The area under the line in graph 2 was found to be 2032.90 cm2. The convergent
limit was also determined by adding the area in graph 2 and the wavelength of line v, it was
then found to be 20745.33 cm-1. The dissociation energy of molecular iodine, D(I2) was found
to be 13142.3 cm-1, and it is the difference between the convergent limit and the energy of
excitation of iodine which is 7603 cm-1. The dissociation of iodine was then converted into kJ
and it was then 156.7 kJ.mol-1. The dissociation energy of iodine literature value is 151.0 kJ
mol-1 which is very close to the one found in this experiment this proves that the method used
was satisfactory and the experiment was successful.

Conclusion

The objection of this experiment was successful, since the dissociation energy of molecular
iodine was found to be 156.7 kJ.mol-1 and it is close enough to its literature value which is
151. kJ.mol-1, this proves that the method used was also satisfactory.

Answer to questions

1. Bond dissociation energy is the standard enthalpy change when a bond undergoes
homolytic cleavage, with the reactants and products of the homolysis reaction at 0 K,
whereas the mean bond energy is the energy found by analysing the enthalpies of
different reactions. The bond dissociation energy is the energy required to break one
mole of specific bond and the bond dissociation enthalpy is described as the average
heat of the certain bond types.
 I2 (literature value) = 151.0 kJ.mol-1

I2 (experimental value) = 156.7 kJ.mol-1

2. The vibrational states in I2 are much more closely spaced than in a molecule such as
HCl. Therefore, for I2 the first several vibrational states within the ground electronic
state of iodine are low enough in energy to be populated even at room temperature.
This means that transitions can occur from a variety of initial vibrational states than
from only v = 0.

E = hv
= (6.626×10-34) (6.43×1012)
= 4.26×10-21 J
3. The fine structure was first measured precisely for the hydrogen atom by albert A
Michelson and Edward W. Morley in 1887.
4. It is because the wavelength gets shorter as you move from the lower to the higher
frequency
5.
6. Eslope = -0.002472 × 3
= ± 0.007416
Eslope = 1.710 × 3
= ± 5.13
Ex = [(±0.007916/-0.9721)2 + (±5.13/62.67)2]1/2 × 64.67
= ±5.3198
EArea = [(±5.3198/64.67)2 + (±0.007916/62.67)2]1/2 × 2032.90
= ± 167.2280
Ev,ov = [(±167.2280/2032.90)2]1/2 × 20745.33
= ±1706.52/1000 = 1.7065 kJ.mol-1
ED(I2) = 157.22 + 1.7065 = 158.93 kJ.mol-1

7. The conversion factor of cm-1 into kJ.mol-1

D(I2) = 13142.33 cm-1
E=h×c×v
= 6.626×10-34 J.s × 2.998×108 m.s-1 × 13142.33 cm-1 × 6.022×23 × 100m/1cm
= 157.22 kJ.mol-1
8. I2 = 151 kJ.mol-1
Br2 = 192 kJ.mol-1
Cl2 = 243 kJ.mol-1
The bond dissociation energies of atoms decrease with an increase in the sizes of the
atoms.
9. The fluorescence signals can be detected by using a small monochromator equipped
with a photomultiplier.

References
1. P.W. .Atkins ang J.De Paula, 2006 Physical Chemistry, 8th Ed