Assembly language Programming

 Low level language.

 Depends on computer architecture.
 Compiler converts high level language into machine language.
 Assembler converts the ALP into machine language.
 Machine language instructions contain only 0’s and 1’s.
 Assembly language contain Mnemonics.
 To study the behavior of particular architecture

Machine Language Assembly Language

B9 04 00 MOV CX,0004
B9 10 00 MOV CX,0010
Instructions
 An instruction is divided in to two fields.
 One field – Operation code (opcode)
 Another field – Operands
 An instruction contains an opcode and one or more operand
 Mostly instructions contain only one or two operand.
 Instruction size varies from 1 to 6 byte.
Instruction
Assembly Language
MOV CX,0004 Opcode Operand
MOV  Op-code
0004,CX  Operands
ADD AX,BX
Addressing Modes
 The way in which operands are specified

 The operand may be mentioned directly or specified in register/memory.

 7 types of Data Addressing Mode.

Data Addressing Modes
 Immediate

 Direct

 Register

 Register Indirect

 Register Relative

 Based Indexed

 Relative Based Indexed

 Immediate Addressing Modes
 One of the operand is mentioned directly.

 Data is available as a part of instruction.

 Data is 8 0r 16 bit long.

 No memory reference is needed to fetch data
Immediate Mode :Eg.
Example 1 : MOV CL, 03H
03 – 8 bit immediate source operand
CL – 8 bit register destination operand

Example 2: ADD AX, 0525H

0525 – 16 bit immediate source operand
AX – 16 bit register destination operand.
Register Addressing Mode
 Both the operands are in registers
 No memory access
 Limited number of registers
 Very small address field is needed to address registers.
 Shorter instructions
Register Address
ES 00
CS 01
SS 10
DS 11
Example
Examples : 16 bit register instruction
MOV AX,BX
ADD AX,DI

8 bit register instructions

MOV CL,DL
ADD AL,CL
Direct addressing Modes
 One or both the operands are in memory.

 Operand in memory is specified through its effective address.

 Default Segment register – DS

 Data in that location will be used for specified operation.

 If the instruction contain stack operation, segment register will

be SS.
Example
MOV CX, [0400]
[DS] = 3050
PA : 30500+0400 = 30540.
[30540]  CL
[30541] CH
Register indirect Mode
 EA of operand(s) is/are specified in register.

 Physical address is computed using segment register and EA .

 Data in the physical address is an operand

Example
 Example 1 : MOV AX, [BX]
[DS] = 5004, [BX] = 0020, PA=50060.
50060 contain 0015H
0015H is moved to memory AX

 Example 2: MOV [BX],[AX]

Source and destination address is calculated by AX and BX content
respectively .
Then content of source address is moved to destination address
Register Relative
 Effective address = [ Base/pointer register] + 8 or 16 bit
displacement
 Base/Pointer register : BX or BP or SI or DI
Example
 MOV AX, 10[BP]
 [BP] = 0105 , [DS] = 2020
 P.A = 20200 + 0105 + 10 = 20315
 Content of memory address 20315 is moved to AX
Based Indexed MODE
 Effective address = [Base register] + [Index register]
 Base register  BX or BP
 Index register  SI or DI
Example
 MOV AX,[BX][SI]
[BX] = 1500 [SI] = 0020 [DS] = 2020
P.A of source : 20200 + 1500 + 0020 = 21720
Content of 21720 is moved to AX
Relative Based Indexed
 Effective address = [Base register] + [Index register]
+ 8 or 16 bit displacement
Example
1. MOV CX,1010[BX][SI]
[BX] = 102B [SI] = 0003 [DS] = 2020
PA = 20200 + 102B + 0008 + 1010 = 2223E
Content of memory address 2223E is moved to CX

2.MOV 1010[BX][SI], CX
Which Mode is fastest? Why?
 Register addressing mode

 Direct addressing modes require more bits to represent address of operand

 Memory reference require 20 bits

 Limited number of registers

 Very small address field needed

 Shorter instructions

 Faster instruction fetch

 Register reference require only 2 or 3 bits .

Problem
Given that
[BP] = 5000 [SI] = 0005 [DI]=0100 [DS] = 1000

[6000] = 520A [6005] = 5402 [6100] = 0003 [6015]=065B

[6110] = 003E
[5000] = 5505 [5100] = FB05 [5005] = 060B

After the following instructions are executed, What will be the value
of registers AX,BX,CX,DX ? DS is a segment register for all instructions.

MOV AX,[BP]
MOV DX, [5100]
MOV BX,5[BP]
MOV CX,[BP][DI]
ALP Program
MOV AX,4343
MOV BX,1111
ADD AX,BX
MOV [2000H],AX
HLT

Note:
HLT – Halt the process.
Indicate end of the program
ALP for different addressing modes
 Immediate mode
MOV AX, 200
ADD AX,300
MOV [2000],AX
HLT

 Register mode
MOV BX,500
MOV AX,200
ADD AX,BX
MOV [5000],AX
HLT
 Direct mode
MOV AX,[5000]
ADD AX,[5002]
MOV AX,[5004]
HLT

 Register indirect mode

MOV BX,5000
MOV DX, 5002
ADD [DX],[BX]
MOV [5004],AX
HLT
Register Relative mode
MOV BX,4990
MOV AX,300
ADD AX,10[BX]
MOV [5002],AX
HLT
Based indexed mode
MOV AX,300
MOV BX,5000
MOV SI,5
ADD AX,[BX][SI]
MOV [5002],AX
HLT
 Relative Based indexed
MOV BX,5000
MOV SI,5
MOV CX,5[BX][SI]
MOV AX,300
ADD AX,CX
MOV [5012],AX
HLT
Steps
 Menu display – A,D,F,I,M,P,T,U
 Enter A - Assembly
 Enter program
 Menu display – D input location
 Input data in memory
 Execute using Go command
 Menu display – D output location