Chapter 1 Program Designing

Programming / Coding - begins with deciding the output and framing the program
logic
-implementation of logic to facilitate specified computing
operations and functionality - is broken down into modules to facilitate programming

-language that is used by the operating system to perform a Programming Language

task
a. Low level Languages - unhuman terms
Computer Program
b. High Level Languages – can be understood by humans
-set of instructions that guide computer to execute a task
First and Second generation languages
Language translator
-regarded as low level
-interpret the instruction and allows the computer to read,
Machine Language
translate and execute the program
-consist of binary numbers
Program Logic Formulation
Assembly Language
-process of coming up a methodology in developing specific
program logic that will perform a computing task or solve a -easier to use than machine language
problem
Machine Language and Assembly Language
Logic
-low level language and considered friendly
-method of human thought that involves correct thinking in a
linear or step by step manner Fourth generation language

-systematic study of reasoning that provides standards by - free programmers from worrying about the procedures to be
which valid reason can be recognized. followed to solve a problem

Computer Software Fifth Generation Programming languages

-set of programming instructions -enable the computer to solve a problem

Program Development Lifecycle (PDLC) -incorporate concepts like artificial intelligence, expert system
etc.
-used by software developers to define the program structure
2 Types of Translator
6 Phases of PDLC
a. Compiler - translation program which translates the
1. defining the problem entire source code of a high level

2. designing the program b. Interpreter- program that executes the instructions

which are written in a high-level language
3. coding the program
Object Oriented Programming
4. testing and debugging the program
-technique designed to provide component reusability
5. formalizing the solution

6. maintaining the program

High-level good codes can be evaluated with factors such as:
a. Robustness - focuses on program continuation
capability
b. Reliability - focuses on correct design and algorithm
implementation
c. Efficiency - focuses on memory, hardware or other
properties used to optimize programs
d. Readability – proper documentation and indention
availability which provide insights to their program
developers or designers
Steps in Program Development
1. Program Specification
- Also called program definition or program analysis
 Program Background
-Specify the nature of the program
 Available input
-Given data which will be manipulated
 Required output
-What program intends to do including desired output
layout and specifications
 Processing Requirements or Program Methodology
-Operations to be performed on data to obtain the
Required output
4. Program Testing and Debugging
-Testing refers to process of verifying the accuracy or
workability of the solution
3 Kinds of Language translators:
a. Assembler - converts a program written in assembly
to its object code equivalent
b. Interpreter - converts a program written in high level
language on its object code equivalent on a line by line
basis
c. Compiler - converts a program written in high level
language on its object code equivalent on a whole
program basis
Debugging
 Is the process of locating/identifying and connecting
errors in the program
2 Types of Errors
a. Syntax Error – is a violation of the rules and
regulations of whatever programming language the
program is being written in
b. Logic Error – when programmer has used an incorrect
calculation
5. Program Documentation
 Documenting means a description of the purpose and
process of the program.

2. Program Design 6. Program Maintenance

 Algorithm  Programmers update software to improve usability to
-Narrative step by step solution to the problem standardize and adjust to organizational changes
 Pseudo code
 Narrative form of the logic of the program
Definition of Terms
 Abstract - well-structured problem formulation in
 Logic Structure
 Techniques on how statements are organized or
order to tackle complex problem domain.
 Abstraction - design activity that makes use of models
presented to show the logic of the program
first before implementation
 Ill-structures problem - presence of a problem or a
3 Logic Structures
a. Sequence situation which is to be changed in some way
 IPO Chart - known as Input-Process-Output Chart
b. Selection  Narrative - refers to program logic that is described
and communicated through words
c. Iteration  Algorithm – can be narrative mathematical or logical
step by step procedure of solution in solving particular
 Flowcharts problem
-Illustrate data, info and work flow by the  Flowchart – diagram that uses standard ANSI
interconnection of specialized symbols with flow lines (American National Standards Institute ) symbols to
show the step by step process
 Top-down program design
-Steps called program modules to identify program’s Program Analysis
processing steps 7. Program Plan / blueprint – provides systematic
approach to the computer programming problems
3. Program Coding a. Available Input
-Coding is an actual writing of the program b. Processing Requirements
c. Required Output
Types of Flowchart
1. Program flowchart
 Plan to attack showing the detailed steps required in
the solution to a give problem
2. System flowchart
 System Development modeling tool, used to diagram
and document design to a new system and present an
overview

Program Flowchart Symbols

 Terminator / Terminal
- used to indicate the beginning and ending of a
flowchart or routine
 Preparation/Initialization
- used to initialize work areas such as counters,
accumulators or array
 Input / Output
- indicate where data are entered
 Decision
- used to test a condition, which will be either true or
false
 On-Page Connector
- indicate the point of which transfer of control
 Off Page Connector
- connect separate pages of a flowchart
 Flow Lines
- indicate the sequence in which instruction is executed

System Flowchart Symbols

 Predefined Process or Subroutine
- denote a sequence of steps which are separate from
the main flowchart
 Printer
- used to print results, reports or messages
 Manual Input (keyboard)
-enter the data manually
 Display
- display results on the screen, CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)