TRANSPORTATION

INFRASTRUCTURES
MTRI-2020
 DEFINISI INFRASTRUKTUR

Social System

Economic System

Physical Infrastructure

Natural Environment

Sumber: Grigg, 1988

 INFRASTRUCTURE

ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
-ROADS -BRIDGES
-RAILWAYS -TUNNELS SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
-AIRPORTS -EDUCATION SYSTEM
-SEAPORTS -HEALTH SYSTEM
-DAMS -SANITARY SYSTEM
-POWERSTATION
-OIL AND NATURAL GAS
-BANKS
-COMMUNICATION
 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURES
ROADS/HIGHWAYS

◦ Various types of roads are in use

around the world. Roads range in
size from private driveways, to the
stereotypical two-lane highways, to
high capacity dual carriageway
routes, such as freeways and
motorways
◦ In addition, depending on their
types, roads may have different
types of junction
TYPES OF
JUNCTIONS
◦ Bridge interchange
◦ Intersection at grade
◦ Interchange at grade
◦ Flyover and
underpasses
 BRIDGES - techniques
SUPERSTRUCTURES
◦ Span-by-span
construction with precast
girder SUBSTRUCTURES
◦ Precast post-tensioned
◦ Self supporting cutting
segmental technique
◦ Sheet piles
◦ Continuous units on
ground supported staging ◦ Diaphragm wall
◦ Central span by ◦ Single cast-in-situ bored
cantilever technique pile
◦ Balanced cantilevering ◦ Driven casted pile
technique ◦ Group of piles
◦ Well foundation
 BRIDGES
DECK TYPES

◦ The deck structure and

method of construction are
dependent on the span
length, pier height and
accessibility.
◦ Long span bridges are cable
stayed
◦ Medium span bridges are
box girder type
AIRPORTS
◦ RUNWAYS
◦ TAXIWAYS SEAPORTS
Runway Construction Pavement
Details & Mixes
 SEA PORTS
◦ QUAY WALL
◦ BREAKWATER & WAVE WALL
◦ DREDGING & RECLAMATION -
excavate and fill under water
 PAVEMENT
FLEXIBLE RIGID

◦ These are asphalt pavements which may ◦ Portland cement concrete (PCC)
or may not incorporate underlying layers pavements, which may or may not
of stabilized or unstabilized granular incorporate underlying layers of stabilized
materials on a prepared subgrade or unstabilized granular materials

▪ Flexible pavement ▪ Rigid pavement

PAVEMENT
FLEXIBLE RIGID
 ◦ There are many similarities between railways and
RAILWAYS roads, in the way of construction and material
used, till top of embankment level (subgrade for
roads and subbalast for railways)
◦ CONVENTIONAL RAILWAYS ◦ Above this level, the activities are completely
different starting with ballast and sleepers laying
◦ METRO RAILWAYS
◦ HIGH SPEED-RAILWAYS
(SEPARATE DOUBLE TRACK),
SPEED OVER 250 KM/H, TOP
SPEED 320 KM/H
◦ LIGHT RAPID
TRANSPORTATION
◦ MASS RAPID
TRANSPORTATION

https://youtu.be/f49dYnFugio
TECHNOLOGY TO BE CONSIDERED
IN CONSTRUCTION
 TECHNOLOGY TO BE CONSIDERED
 Augmented reality
 Construction software and data
ecosystem
 The growth of BIM
 Increased prefabrication,
modularization, and eco-
friendliness
 Self-healing concrete
 Drones
 Robotics
 Cloud and mobile technology
 Advanced uses for GPS
 AUGMENTED REALITY

◦ This is the ability to visualize the real world through a camera lens. It’s something that’s
bound to open many new opportunities for the construction industry even though it’ll
come with a cost.

Construction
Accessing BIM models in AR enables workers in
construction to understand more easily where
materials should be laid, where walls should meet, https://youtu.be/8lY4qaVvR8c
and where doors should be placed. BIM with
augmented reality help with routing services such
as HVAC ducts, water pipes, and electrical
conduits. Installation errors also get reduced with
AR and construction tasks are likely to get
executed faster.
 CONSTRUCTION SOFTWARE AND
DATA ECOSYSTEM
◦ Real-time collaboration software is already regarded as
an essential component of the entire building process.
Nevertheless, its impact on the sector is expected to
increase substantially in the near future. It goes without
saying that data has played an integral role in this
paradigm shift in construction.
 BIM creates a virtual representation of the
infrastructure and its assets. This digital mirror can be
MOVING TO BUILDING used alongside the physical infrastructure. BIM is

INFORMATION applicable to all kinds of structure at every stage of

the infrastructure’s lifecycle, from pre-project studies
MODELLING to building and operating. It accelerates and
creates an infrastructure design that is robust, within
budget and on time.
◦ DURING CONSTRUCTION
◦ Data provided by the model can be used to control quantities and the progress of construction activities.
◦ Contractors which are keen to use BIM for railway infrastructure can benefit from the model to help them
choose the best construction methods, and make best use of on-site tools and machinery.
◦ BIM is particularly effective for managing cost and schedule on construction sites with restricted access.
◦ The model can stimulate daily toolbox talks, to protect staff on site. As discussions of the model intensify, the
project managers use the BIM model to illustrate their weekly project reviews with contractors and monthly
reviews with the contracting authority. This helps keep everyone aligned and on track.
◦ — Operation & maintenance constraints and data are managed more efficiently thanks to the single
source of information and the preparation of the Asset Information Model.
◦ — Environmental impacts are better addressed at an urban level through enhanced capacity to analyse
the project integration in very dense surroundings especially with regard to local heritage (preserving listed
buildings, blending into the landscape).
Increased prefabrication,
modularization, and eco-friendliness
◦ All these processes are very beneficial in the following three ways:
◦ They’re quite eco-friendly because when working on construction in a factory you can
easily recycle any extra materials.This is much better than what was happening with
traditional construction practices – many of which would often be forced to send large
amounts of waste to landfills.
◦ Prefabrication saves a lot of money because construction companies can get bulk
discounts on materials. This also saves them time, which will, in turn, save them even
more money.
◦ Since all the work occurs in a factory-controlled environment there’s less risk for
problems that are typically associated with things like moisture, environmental hazards,
and dirt. Additionally, construction workers and the project’s eventual tenants are also
less likely to be exposed to weather-related health risks.
 SELF-HEALING
CONCRETE
◦ Many of the industry’s experts believe
we’ll start seeing self-healing concrete
being used on roads, buildings, and
homes. Since concrete is the most widely
produced and consumed material in the
construction industry (being used to
create buildings, roads, and bridges)
many believe that by 2030 we’ll be using
about 5 billion metric tons per year.
◦ https://youtu.be/laqACVY1U_k
 Drones
◦ Many construction sites are already heavily
dependent on the use of drones. These
drones are very beneficial in that they save a
lot of time. For instance, surveyors can survey
an entire site in just a few minutes, whereas in
the past it’d take them several weeks or
months. Obviously, this will also save
construction companies a lot of money.

◦ As drone technology continues rapidly

developing in its accuracy and precision of its
readings, even less human involvement will be
necessary. In the past, many companies were
hesitant to use drones because they still
needed a controller, but today as the
technology grows much more efficient, more
construction companies are willingly and
openly embracing this technology.
https://youtu.be/0nYMwY8oCjc
 ROBOTICS
◦ Robotics is something that shouldn’t be
overlooked. Industries like healthcare are
already investing a lot of money in them. As
these robots grow even more precise and
accurate, they’ll become a commanding
force in the construction industry.
◦ In the beginning, the cost of robotics will be
high, but it will still be well worth it to at least
pay attention to this technology. Eventually,
we may witness robots being able to do
things like lay bricks and tie
◦ rebarhttps://youtu.be/nKGGHdl3NyQ
 CLOUD AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

◦ Just a few years ago most people either didn’t know or couldn’t explain what a cloud
operating system was. Today, this is no longer the case. In fact, most mobile devices
can leverage cloud technology from anywhere, at any time. There are many great
advantages to this, including storing almost limitless amounts of information that you
can then share instantly with the touch of a button.

◦ This is much less expensive too – about one-tenth of what sharing old technologies cost.
Since the cloud-based business phone system is accessible from anywhere you have
an internet connection you can expect it to become a mandatory part of the
construction industry in the future, especially if you want to remain competitive.
 ADVANCED USES FOR GPS
◦ Construction World says while GPS tracking solutions aren’t anything new, they’re now
being used in more creative and resourceful ways including:
◦ Surveying has been dramatically improved because crews no longer need to use
traditional surveying equipment.
◦ Data for prospective project sites can be quickly and accurately collected.
◦ Project managers are also using GPS in fleet management. Today, each of their
vehicles is equipped with a device that is trackable via both computers and
smartphones. This lets everyone know where vehicles always are.
◦ It’s easier to find lost or stolen equipment because managers can now generate maps
that pinpoint the exact location of any of these items.
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
◦ While many people may think this is only common
sense, it shouldn’t go unmentioned that wearable
technology (e.g. Fitbit’s, 3D glasses, Google Glass,
armbands that can communicate with coaches
on the sidelines) will become an emerging trend
that’s useful in keeping workers safe.

◦ This will help keep workers from constantly looking

down at their instructions because now they can
talk to one another via this technology.
Additionally, it can help track where workers are if
there’s an accident. This is bound to become
mandatory at some point in the future.
ACCELERATED CONSTRUCTION

◦ ROADS
◦ AIRPORT
◦ BRIDGES
 EARTH WORKS-
TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY
 ◦ Earth works include the excavation,
EARTHWORKS trenching, hauling, back filling and
compaction.
◦ Subgrade preparation
a. Soil investigation
b. Survey and setting out works
c. Excavation and filling
d. Grading
e. Compaction
◦ Excavation of soil as per required level
with an excavator
◦ Dumping of excavated soil by dumpers
at suitable places
◦ Grading of excavated area
◦ Compaction