RELATIONAL DATABASE

So, before I formally start our report Iet me give you some background what is
relational database the main topic of our report
Based on its key word relation, it is a database management system that has a
number of relations to each other so it made up of more than one table that has
relationships or connections to one another
It will fully discuss by Ms. Urbano later
So lets move on the learning objectives of this chapter
READ

Data Hierarchy refers to the systematic organization of data, often in a hierarchical

form. Data organization involves fields, records, files and so on.
Data in its utmost whole is normally called a database. A database is a collection
of files, a file is made up of records,
a record is made up of fields, 
a field is made up of characters, a character is made up of bytes and a byte is made
up of bits (bit is short form for binary digit). When data is organized into a database, it
becomes easy to access and manipulate.

Data integration is the process of combining data from different sources into a

single, unified view.
Example of this ay yung pag memerge ng different data about financing na pwedeng
magmula sa human resource department at expenditure department so that alam
na agad ng company or business kung magkano ang mga funds ang nailalabas nila in
both department and for saan nila yun ginagamit.

Pag naintegrate na nila yung mga data napagsama sama na into one unified view
mas madali na sa kanila mag data sharing

Pag nagstore ka ng data sa database system maiidentify agad neto kung may umulit
na file or datas katulad na lang pag nagcocopy paste tayo ng file sa mga flash drive
natin kapag may nadoble tayong paste ng iisng file pinapakita agad ng system kung
irereplace ba yung file or icacancel yung nadoble na file sa paraan na to mas
magiging maayos an arrangement g mga files natin at maiiwasan nating ang data
redundancy

Data independence there are two types of data indepedence

Physical- For example, in case we want to change or upgrade the storage system
itself − suppose we want to replace hard-disks with SSD − it should not have any
impact on the logical data or schemas.
Cross-functional analysis. In a database system, relationships, such as the association
between selling costs and promotional campaigns, can be explicitly defined and used
in the preparation of management reports.

Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving

users' data while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of
programs which manipulate the database. The DBMS accepts the request for data
from an application and instructs the operating system to provide the specific data.
In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store and
retrieve data.

example of a university database. This database is maintaining information

concerning students, courses, and grades in a university environment. The database
is organized as five files:

 The STUDENT file stores data of each student

 The COURSE file stores contain data on each course.
 The SECTION stores the information about sections in a particular course.
 The GRADE file stores the grades which students receive in the various
sections
 The TUTOR file contains information about each professor.

Or simply it is a READ

A database administrator (DBA) is a specialized computer systems administrator

who maintains a successful database environment by directing or performing all
related activities to keep the data secure. The top responsibility of a DBA
professional is to maintain data integrity. This means the DBA will ensure that data is
secure from unauthorized access but is available to users.

Data dictionary- a set of information describing the contents, format, and structure
of a database and the relationship between its elements, used to control access to
and manipulation of the database.

The physical view deals with the actual, physical arrangement and location of data in
the direct access storage devices(DASDs) it deals with how data are stored, accessed
or related to other data in storage

Logical view it is what data look like regardless of how they are stored . So while
there can be numerous logical views of a database to suit the needs of the users,
there can only be one physical view of a database because physical view deals with
the physical storage of information on a storage device.

READ

Database systems comprise of complex data structures. Thus, to make the system
efficient for retrieval of data and reduce the complexity of the users, developers use the
method of Data Abstraction.

There are mainly three levels of data abstraction:

EXTERNAL LEVEL or View level: Describes various user views- An external view is just
the content of the database as it is seen by some specific particular user. For example, a
user from the sales department will see only sales related data.
Conceptual or Logical Level: Structure and constraints for the entire database. The
conceptual schema describes the Database structure of the whole database for the
community of users. This schema hides information about the physical storage structures
and focuses on describing data types, entities, relationships, etc.

Internal Level: Actual PHYSICAL storage structure and access paths. The internal
schema defines the physical storage structure of the database.