Lect 01-04 PDF

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures
CE-523: Seismic Design of Steel and

Composite Structures
M. Engg. (Civil / EQ), Spring 2019
Lecture 01-04
EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

CE -515: Design of Steel 2019
Structures
Course Outcomes
Basic Seismology
• What causes earthquakes?
• Where do earthquakes occur?
• How is the severity of an earthquake measured?
• How often do earthquakes occur?
• What are the principal effects of earthquakes?
• How do earthquakes affect buildings?
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Structures
Course Outcomes
Basic Earthquake Engineering
• What are a structure’s important dynamic properties?
• What is response history analysis?
• What is an acceleration response spectrum?
• What is response spectrum analysis?
• What is inelastic response?
• What is ductility?
• How does inelastic response affect a structure?
• How does earthquake response cause collapse?
• How do structural properties affect inelastic response?
• What are the most important aspects of seismic design?

Structures
Course Outcomes
Building Code Criteria for Earthquake-Resistant Design of Steel
Structures
• What codes and standards regulate design for earthquake
resistance?
• What are the earthquake performance objectives of building
codes?
• What is Site Class, and why is it important?
• What are the advantages of a site-specific seismic hazards
study?
• What are Seismic Design Categories and how are they
determined?
• What are Special, Intermediate and Ordinary seismic load
resisting systems?
• How are design seismic forces and drifts determined?
• Why does the code impose drift limits on buildings?
2
Structures
Course Outcomes
Building Code Criteria for Earthquake-Resistant Design of Steel
Structures
• What is redundancy?
• What are the advantages of distributed structural systems?
• What is an irregularity, and why is it important?
• What is expected strength?
• What is capacity design?
• What is overstrength?
• How are design seismic forces combined with other loads?
• When should I use the AISC 341?
• What types of steel structures can be used to provide earthquake
resistance?
• What is the purpose of height limits and other system limitations?
• How do I use the IBC, SEI/ASCE 7, AISC 341, and AISC 360 together?

Structures
Course Outcomes
• Building Code Criteria for Earthquake-Resistant
Design of Steel Structures
• Seismic System Requirements
• Steel Braced Frames and SHEAR walls
• Steel Moment Frames
• Dual Systems
• Composite Systems
• Important Earthquakes and Building Performance
3
Structures
Course Outline
Elastic and inelastic behaviour of steel subjected to static
and dynamic loading, mechanical behaviour of steel beams,
types of connection, behaviour of connections, methods of
global analysis, seismic design of steel structures using
seismic design provisions, concepts of ductility, inter-storey
drift; behaviour factors/force reduction factors and
damage, capacity design principles, typology of steel
structures, effect of global instability, effects of diaphragms,
semi-rigid connections and axial forces, seismic design of
moment resisting steel frames; braced steel frames and
composite structures, introduction to performance and
displacement based design, hybrid force and displacement
based design and use of advanced methods of analysis.

Structures
Recommended Books
• Michel Bruneau, Chia-Ming Uang & Rafael Sabelli (2011). Ductile
Design of Steel Structures. McGraw Hill
• Victor Gioncu and Federico M. Mazzolani (2013). Seismic Design of

Steel Structures. CRC Press NY.
• T. Galambos. (2008). Structural Stability of Steel - Concepts and

Applications for Structural Engineers
• Englekirk, R. E. (1994). Steel Structures: Controlling Behaviour

Through Design. John Wiley & Sons
• Segui, W. T. (2007). Steel Design, Fourth Edition. Thomson
• AISC 360, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
• AISC 341, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings
4
Structures
Evaluation & Assessment

• Sessional evaluation (40 marks)
– Assignments (10)
– Mid-term test (10)
– Final test (10)
– Presentation (10)
• Final exam (60 marks)

Structures
Steel Design
• Structures or structural components
primarily made of steel members attached
to each other appropriately.
• Steel is excellent in both tension and

compression.
• Since steel is primarily made of thin plate

like elements, they are susceptible to
buckling (local and overall).
• Connections in steel are considerably

different from those in concrete. In steel,
the members are ‘discrete’ or rolled Shanghai world
(fabricated) separately and are attached to finance centre
each other using appropriate connections.
5
Structures
Advantages of Steel
• Economy
• Durability
• Design flexibility
• Simplicity
• All weather construction
• Easy repair
• Recyclable

Structures
Benefits of Structural Steel

• Steel allows for reduced frame construction time and the
ability to construct in all seasons.
• Steel makes large spans and bay sizes possible, providing

more flexibility for owners.
• Steel is easier to modify and reinforce if architectural

changes are made to a facility over its life.
• Steel is lightweight and can reduce foundation costs.
• Steel is durable, long-lasting and recyclable.
6
Structures
Unique Aspects of Steel Construction

• Procurement and management
of structural steel is similar to
other materials, but there are
some unique aspects to steel
construction:
• Steel is fabricated off-site.
• On-site erection is a rapid

process.
• This gives use of structural steel

some scheduling advantages.

Structures
History
• Wootz is a steel developed in India around
300 BC.
• Damascus steel is a hot-forged steel used in
Middle Eastern sword making from about
1100 to 1700 A.D.
• Japanese sword making from special steel
forging is legendary.
7
Structures
History…
• Ancient Use
– Beginning 5th Century B.C.,
Weaponry, Ornaments and
Bridge construction in Middle
East, China and India.
• Early Use
– 1777-79 First Cast iron bridge
in England
• 1780-1820 Several bridges all
over Europe, preliminary
rolled shapes manufactured
• 1820 -Rails manufactured
• 1840 -advent of wrought iron

Structures
History…
• Bessemer Process invented in 1855.
• Bessemer converter introduced in 1870.
• Early Structures:
– 1870s Brooklyn Bridge
– 1880s Eiffel Tower (330 m), steel bridges in Pittsburgh,
several steel buildings in Chicago (rebuilt after the
great fire)
– 1890sSeveral steel buildings in NY and Europe
• 1907 Quebec Bridge followed by several bridges
in North America
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Structures
History…
• Modern structures
– 1930s Golden Gate bridge,
Empire State Building, etc.
– 1960s Sears Tower
– Extensive use of steel for
medium to high rise buildings
and long span bridges.
– Equally extensive use of steel in
industrial structures, airports,
etc.

Structures
Steel: The Material Facts

• Modern steel was first produced in 1738 in Sheffield England known
as “Crucible steel”. It was very pure, but difficult and expensive to
produce.
• British Inventor Henry Bessemer produced the first economical

steel in 1856.
• Today steel is produced in over 50 countries all across the world.
• To every ton of Portland Cement produced, 3 tons of wood and 10

tons of steel are produced.
• In 2003, China was the first country to produce more than 200
million tons of crude steel in a year (more than 20% of the world’s
steel is produced in China).
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Structures
Steel: The Material Facts…

• China is the world’s largest consumer of steel (cars, general
industry, construction…).
• The United States and China are the largest importers of steel.
• Japan is the largest exporter of steel.
• Steel is the world’s most recycled material.
• More than 60% of the steel produced annually is from recycled

steel.
• Properties of steel are not altered by how many times it is recycled.
• Per pound of material, steel is the most efficient of all building

materials.

Structures
Steel: The Material Facts…

• A small amount of steel can do load-carrying tasks with a
fraction of the material needed from other materials such as
concrete or wood.
• Steel is the densest of structural materials and therefore

handles longer spans, and produces lighter structures with
the greatest economy.
• Steel can be found in fasteners (nails…), structural

components, rebar, sheet-metal, appliances, cars, ships, …
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Structures
Types of Steel

Structures
Steel making
Basic shapes in relative

proportion
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Structures
Steel rolling
• Cast steel is a relatively weak mass of coarse, uneven metal crystals, or
'grains'. Rolling causes this coarse grain structure to re-crystallize into a
much finer grain structure, giving greater toughness, shock resistance and
tensile (stress) strength.
• Rolling is the main method used to shape steel into different products
after it has been cast. There are two types of rolling - hot and cold.
• The rolling process (for both hot and cold) consists of passing the steel
between two rolls revolving at the same speed but in opposite directions.
The gap between the rolls is smaller than the steel being rolled, so that
the steel is reduced in thickness and at the same time lengthened.
• One set of rollers is called a stand, and in any one mill there can be a
number of stands. One length of steel can pass through a stand a number
of times so that it is gradually reduced in size and progressively rolled to
the desired shape. A slab 230mm thick can end up only 1.5mm thick, but
many times longer, after the hot rolling process.

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Material Behaviour
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Material Behaviour

Structures
Material Behaviour
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Material Behaviour

Structures
Material Behaviour
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Typical Steel Use

Structures
Typical Steel Use
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Structures
Steel Frame Structure

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Structures
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Structures
Bridges

Structures
Bridges
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Structures
Bridges

Structures
Bridges
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CE -515: Design of Steel Structures
Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel -

AESS
• Exposed steel will

require special
processing that will
impact the cost and
schedule.

Structures
Typical Applications
• The entire structure or key portions may use
AESS
• Popular applications include
– Hanging walkways
– Framing in atriums and lobbies
– Office interiors
– Canopies
– Airport terminals
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Structures
Typical Applications

Structures
Structural Steel Shapes

• Hot rolled sections
– (W) W-shapes (Wide Flange)
– (S) Sections
– (L) Angles
– (C) Channels
– (WT) Structural Tees
– HSS
– Plates, …………….
• Cold formed sections
• Built-up sections
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Structures
Hot rolled sections
W S C L WT or ST
(a) Wide-flange (b) American (c) American (d) Angle (e) Structural
Shape Standard Standard Tee
Beam Channel
(f) Pipe (g) Structural

Section Tubing (h) Bars (i) Plates

Structures
Hot rolled sections
21
Structures
Cold formed sections
(a) Channels (b) Zees (c) I-shaped double channels
(d) Angles (e) Hat sections

Structures
Built-up sections
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Structures
Design Specifications
• The specifications of most interest to the structural steel
designer are those published by the following
organizations.
– American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): This
specification provides for the design of structural steel buildings
and their connections.
– American Association of State Highway and Transportation

Officials (AASHTO): This specification covers the design of
highway bridges and related structures.
– American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way

Association (AREMA): The AREMA Manual for Railway
Engineering covers the design of railway bridges and related
structures.
– American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI): This specification deals

with cold-formed steel.

Structures
AISC Specifications
• First AISC specification was issued in 1923.
• ASD has been primary method used for structural steel

buildings.
• Plastic design was made part of specifications in 1963.
• First LRFD specification was issued in 1986.
• AISC specification is published as a stand-alone document,

but it also part of the Steel Construction Manual.
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Structures
Design Philosophies
• The fundamental requirement of structural
design is that the required strength shall not
exceed the available strength.
required strength ≤ available strength
• Three design philosophies:

– Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
– Plastic Design
– Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Structures
Allowable Stress Design

• A member is selected that has cross-sectional properties
that are large enough to prevent the maximum applied
stress from an allowable or permissible value.
required strength ≤ allowable strength

or
maximum applied stress ≤ allowable stress
• The allowable stress will be in the elastic range of the

material.
• It is also called elastic design or working stress design.
24
Structures
Allowable Stress Design…

Structures
Plastic Design
• It is based on failure conditions rather than working load
conditions.
• A member is selected by using the criterion that the

structure will fail at a load substantially higher than the
working load.
• Plastic hinges are formed creating a collapse mechanism.
• Actual loads will be less than the failure loads by a factor of

safety known as load factor.
25
Structures
Load and Resistance Factor Design

• LRFD is similar to plastic design in that strength, or failure condition,
is considered.
• Load factors are applied to the service loads.
• Theoretical strength of the member is reduced by the application of

a resistance factor.
factored load ≤ factored strength
• Factored load is the sum of all service loads each multiplied by its
own load factor.

Structures
Load and Resistance Factor Design
26
Structures
Load, Resistance Factors and Combinations
or

Structures
Load combinations
• Section B2 of the AISC specification requires the use of load
factors and load combinations given in ASCE 7.
27
Structures
Load combinations…

Structures
Behavioural Characteristics of steel
28
Structures

Structures
29
Structures

• Though steel is generally described as an elastic
material, elastic behaviour only exists over a small
portion of the stress-strain relationship.
• In actuality, the perfectly elastic behaviour range only

exists until a strain is reached that causes the specimen
to be stressed to about one half of its nominal yield
stress (Fy).
• The upper limit of elastic behaviour region is

associated with the proportional limit (Fp) of the
materials.

Structures

• When the average stress imposed on a member
exceeds the proportional limit, some parts of the
member will yield. This localized yielding is
referred to as constrained plastic flow.
• The upper limit of constrained plastic flow is

associated with yield strength.
• Now, the material experiences unrestricted

plastic flow.
30
Structures
Material Behaviour in Structures

(a) Biaxial Stress Considerations
– It is seldom possible that a purely axial load path
exists in a structure.
– Uniaxial behaviour must be extended to include

biaxial conditions of stress and strain.
– For ductile materials like steel, a number of

failure theorems include the generalized loading
conditions.

Structures
Biaxial Stress Considerations…

– The maximum energy due to
distortion theorem (Huber-Mises) is
the most commonly accepted triaxial
relationship between principal
stresses.
– The variables f1, f2 and f3 are the

principal stresses acting on the cube
and Fy is the stress associated with
yielding.
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Structures

– Triaxial conditions of stress are commonly not
considered in the design process.
– Biaxial stresses affect the design process.
– The cube shown is

subjected to biaxial stresses
in the form of pure shear.
– When rotated through 45o

the applied shear is
converted to principal
stresses.

Structures

– The shear stresses that will cause the cube to yield can
be determined as:
32
Structures

Structures
33
Structures

Structures

• If flexural and shear stresses are combined:
– When shear stresses are high, they will
significantly affect the flexural stress at which the
element will yield.
– When an element is subjected to compression
and shear, the principal stress in compression can
be much larger than anticipated based on flexural
stresses alone.
– Biaxial stresses can have a significant effect on
the behaviour of plate girders.
34
Structures
Thermal considerations
• Structural steels lose strength and stiffness
quickly when subjected to temperatures in
excess of 800o F.
• From a design perspective, it is not necessary
to quantify this loss, only guard against
likelihood of its occurrence.
• This is usually done by insulating steel (fire
proofing) or by reducing heat produced in
fires (sprinklers).

Structures
Effect of Temperature on Stress-Strain

Curve
• The shape of the stress-strain curve varies considerably at
very high and very low temperatures.
• The yield and ultimate strengths of steel, as well as its

modulus of elasticity, drop (while maximum elongation at
failure marginally increases) as temperature increases.
• This drop is relatively slow and not too significant up to

500°F (260°C), and is almost linear until these properties
reach approximately 80% of their initial value, at a
temperature of approximately 800°F (425°C).
• Beyond that point, weakening and softening of the steel

accelerates significantly.
35
Structures
Effect of temperature on yield strength

Structures
Effect of temperature on tensile strength
36
Structures
Effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity

Structures
Stress-strain curve vs temperature
37
Structures
Elevated temperature stress-strain relationships

of Eurocode 3.

Structures
Thermal considerations…
• A number of equations that capture this behaviour for
different types of structural steel are presented in
documents concerned with fire resistance.
• Finite element nonlinear analyses simultaneously
accounting for fire spread within a structure and high-
temperature degradation of the structural system
require rigorous modelling of the steel properties.
• Anticipated thermal variations must also be
considered, specially for long buildings.
• Expansion joints are typically provided at 200-250 ft
intervals.
• The thermal expansion coefficient for structural steel is
0.0000067/oF. A 100 ft long beam subjected to a 100
degree (oF) increase in temperature will expand 0.8 in.
38
Structures
Thermal considerations…
• Temperatures below room temperature do not
have an adverse impact on the yield strength of
steel but lower temperatures can have a
substantial impact on ductility.
• Indeed, the ultimate behaviour of steel will
progressively transform from ductile to brittle
when temperatures fall below a certain threshold
and enter the appropriately labeled “ductile-to-
brittle-transition-temperature” (DBTT) range.
• This undesirable property of structural steel led to
a few notable failures in the late 1800s and early
1900s.

Structures
Strain Rate Effect on Tensile and Yield

Strengths
• Strain rate is another factor that affects the shape of the
stress-strain curve. Typically, the tensile and yield strengths
will increase at higher strain rates, except at high
temperatures for which the reverse is true.
• Consideration of this phenomenon is crucial for blast-

resistant design in which very high strain rates are expected,
but of little practical significance in earthquake engineering
applications.
• Blast-resistant design manuals and guides typically specify

charts or tables of the factors by which the static yield and
tensile stresses should be magnified to obtain the
corresponding dynamic values to use in calculations.
39
Structures
Probable Yield Strength

• In seismic design, knowledge of the maximum probable yield
strength is equally important as knowledge of the minimum reliable
yield strength.
• Recent studies have reported that the margin between the actual
average yield strength and specified yield strength has progressively
increased over the years for some structural steels, even though the
steel specification itself remained unchanged.
• For example, a few decades ago, yield strengths of 255 to 270 MPa
(37 to 39 ksi) were typically reported for ASTM-A36 steel by
researchers studying the behavior of structural members and
connections, whereas similar tests conducted 20 years later using
the very same steel grade revealed a substantial increase of the
yield strength, with values ranging from 325 to 360 MPa (47 to 52
ksi).

Structures
Probable Yield Strength …

• Although this higher strength translates into safer
structures for nonseismic design, an unexpectedly higher
yield strength can be disadvantageous for seismic design.
• For example, a specific structural component can be
designed to yield, absorb energy, and prevent adjacent
elements from being loaded above a predetermined level
during an earthquake, thus acting much like a “structural
fuse.”
• An yield strength much higher than expected could prevent
that structural fuse from yielding and overload the adjacent
structural components (such as the welded joints in
moment resisting frames), with drastic consequences on
the ultimate behaviour of the structure.
40
Structures
Plasticity, Hysteresis, Bauschinger Effects

• After steel has been stressed beyond its elastic limit
and into the plastic range, a number of phenomena can
be observed during repeated unloading, reloading, and
stress reversal.

Structures

• First, unloading to s = 0 and reloading to the previously
attained maximum stress level will be elastic with a
stiffness equal to the original stiffness, E.
• Then, as also shown, upon stress reversal (to s = −sy),

a sharp “corner” in the stress-strain curve is not found
at the onset of yielding; instead, stiffness softening
occurs gradually with yielding initiating earlier than
otherwise predicted.
• This behavior is known as the Bauschinger effect and is

a natural property of steel.
41
Structures

• If the stress reversal is initiated prior to
attainment of the strain-hardening range
when the steel is loaded in one direction, a
yield plateau will eventually be found in the
reversed loading direction.
• However, once the strain-hardening range has

been entered in one loading direction, the
yield plateau effectively disappears in both
loading directions.

Structures
Plasticity, Hysteresis, Bauschinger

Effects…
• A most important property of steels subjected to
large cyclic inelastic loading is their ability to
dissipate hysteretic energy.
• The energy needed to plastically elongate or

shorten a steel specimen can be calculated as the
product of the plastic force times the plastic
displacement (i.e., the work done in the plastic
range) and is called the hysteretic energy.
• Unlike kinetic and strain energy, hysteretic energy

is a no recoverable dissipated energy.
42
Structures
Hysteretic Energy

Structures
Plasticity, Hysteresis, Bauschinger

Effects…
• Under a progressively increasing loading, followed by subsequent
unloading, the hysteretic energy is the shaded area under the curve.
• For a full cycle of load reversal, the hysteretic energy will simply be
the area enclosed by the loop of the force-displacement curve.
• A more accurate calculation of hysteretic energy in this case would

recognize the small loss of hysteretic energy at the rounded corners
of the force-displacement curve due to the Bauschinger effect.
• Under repeated cycles of loading, the energy dissipated in each

cycle is simply summed to calculate the total energy dissipated.
• This cumulative energy dissipation capacity is a most important

property that makes possible the survival of steel structures to rare
but rather severe loading conditions, such as blast loading or
earthquake loading.
43
Structures
Energy absorption
• Steel absorbs a significant amount of energy if subjected to
cyclic behaviour in the post-yield range.
• Few structural materials exhibit such a reliably repeatable

hysteresis loop.

Structures
Strain and deformation compatibility

• When steel sections are loaded, they will
deform. These deformations must be
understood and appropriately accounted for.
• The ductility inherent in steel allows the designer

to overlook many analytically significant
deformations.
• AISC design specifications recognize the

plasticity available in steel and suggest to the
designer the need for accommodating rotations.
44
Structures
Fatigue
• Crystal imperfection, dislocations, and other micro cracks
in steel can grow into significant cracks in structural
components subjected to the action of repeated loads.
• For example, various components in bridges subjected to

heavy traffic loading and offshore structures subjected to
wave loading will be subjected to millions of cycles of
load during their service life.
• These components must be detailed with proper care to

provide adequate resistance against crack initiation and
crack propagation.

Structures
Fatigue…
• Fatigue is not a problem in steel used to construct most
buildings.
• Fatigue is a function of induced stress level and the number

of cycles of load that the member experiences.
• Cyclic stresses in buildings is usually caused by machinery

and induced cyclic stresses are typically low.
• Steel can withstand an infinite number of load reversals at

low stress.
• Cyclic stresses and strains caused by wind or earthquake are

infrequent and, though high, never approach fatigue limits.
45
Structures
Material Models
• Once an appropriately ductile steel material
has been chosen for a specific application,
suitable stress-strain or moment-curvature
models must be adopted for the purpose of
calculations.
• Because increases in model complexity often

translate into additional computational
difficulties, simple models may provide, in
many cases, sufficiently accurate
representations of behaviour.

Structures
Rigid Plastic Model

• As the name implies, the rigid plastic model neglects elastic
deformations. The material is assumed to experience no strain until
the yield stress is reached, and flexural components modelled with
rigid plastic behaviour undergo no curvature until the plastic
moment is reached.
• This rudimentary model can be useful, for example, when the

plastic collapse load capacity of a structure is sought.
46
Structures
Elasto-Plastic Models
• When response under progressive loading until collapse is desired, or
when an accurate calculation of nonlinear deflections is needed, an
elasto-perfectly plastic model is generally used.
• This hysteretic model considers two possible stiffness states: elastic or
plastic.
• The choice of zero post yield stiffness is suitable for many applications in
which strain-hardening is not anticipated, and conservative for predicting
the plastic collapse load and deformations whenever strain-hardening
would be expected to develop.

Structures
(d) Trilinear elasto-plastic with strain-hardening, (e) cyclic

model from monotonic-loading stress-strain curve
47
Structures
(f) bilinear elasto-plastic with strain-hardening slope

based on equal energy dissipation.

Structures
• The bilinear elasto-plastic model has been widely
used to model the cyclic hysteretic behaviour of
steel frame structures.
• More complex piece wise linear stress-strain

models (Figure d) or other models (Figure e) have
sometimes been used for analysis.
• However, the presumed additional benefit gained

from the use of such models must always be
weighed against all of the uncertainties
associated with the design process, particularly
when earthquakes are responsible for these
hysteretic cycles.
48
Structures
Smooth Hysteretic Models

• The multilinear and continuous models presented above to
describe monotonic response can be extended to capture
cyclic behaviour.
• The concepts and equations are similar, with the difference

that “memory” must be introduced in the models to keep
track of the strength level and extent of yielding (or
accumulated plastic deformation history) at each point of
load reversal.
• Such models are typically formulated to also account for

strain-hardening effects.
• these models require a definition of yielding in complex 2-D

or 3-D stress conditions, and rules to model strain-
hardening behaviour in that space.

Structures
Yield Criteria
• Given that yielding is effectively a translational movement
of dislocations along slip planes in crystals, the criterion
that define yielding in steel elements subjected to multi
axial stress conditions are explicitly tied to the magnitude
of shear stresses.
• Steel is an isotropic material consisting of randomly

oriented crystals, and yielding develops where the
maximum shear stresses are reached.
• Recognizing that the maximum shear cannot exceed the

value reached when a uniaxial coupon yields, Tresca used
this calibrated shear stress value and basic stress
transformations (that are conventionally illustrated using
Mohr circles) to postulate the first classic yield criteria.
49
Structures

Structures
Yield Criteria
• While the Tresca yield condition is simple, and
Mohr circles provide a convenient vehicle to
assess when yielding under three dimensional
stress states approach the yield criterion set by
τmax, it is slightly inaccurate in predicting yielding
for steel and other metals.
• The Von Mises yield condition (also known as the

Huber/Von Mises/ Hencky criterion), based on
energy concepts, provides better results.
50
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Structures
51
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52

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CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE-523: Seismic Design of Steel and

M. Engg. (Civil / EQ), Spring 2019

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

• Victor Gioncu and Federico M. Mazzolani (2013). Seismic Design of

• T. Galambos. (2008). Structural Stability of Steel - Concepts and

• Englekirk, R. E. (1994). Steel Structures: Controlling Behaviour

• Segui, W. T. (2007). Steel Design, Fourth Edition. Thomson

• AISC 360, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

• AISC 341, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings

Evaluation & Assessment

• Final exam (60 marks)

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

• Steel is excellent in both tension and

• Since steel is primarily made of thin plate

• Connections in steel are considerably

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

Benefits of Structural Steel

• Steel makes large spans and bay sizes possible, providing

• Steel is easier to modify and reinforce if architectural

• Steel is lightweight and can reduce foundation costs.

• Steel is durable, long-lasting and recyclable.

Unique Aspects of Steel Construction

• Steel is fabricated off-site.

• On-site erection is a rapid

• This gives use of structural steel

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

• 1820 -Rails manufactured

• 1840 -advent of wrought iron

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

Steel: The Material Facts

• British Inventor Henry Bessemer produced the first economical

• Today steel is produced in over 50 countries all across the world.

• To every ton of Portland Cement produced, 3 tons of wood and 10

Steel: The Material Facts…

• Japan is the largest exporter of steel.

• Steel is the world’s most recycled material.

• More than 60% of the steel produced annually is from recycled

• Properties of steel are not altered by how many times it is recycled.

• Per pound of material, steel is the most efficient of all building

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

Steel: The Material Facts…

• Steel is the densest of structural materials and therefore

• Steel can be found in fasteners (nails…), structural

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

Basic shapes in relative

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

Typical Steel Use

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

Typical Steel Use

Steel Frame Structure

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring

Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel -

• Exposed steel will

EQ-523: Seismic Design of Steel and Composite Structures Spring