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En +1 − E n =
bn + 1g h
2
2
n2h2
2
2
=−
b g
2n + 1 h 2
8 mL 8mL 8mL2
Therefore, En +1 − En = (2n + 1) E1 . Now
<解>:We can use the mc2 value for an electron from Table 37-3 ( mc 2 = 511×103 eV ) and
hc = 1240eV ⋅ nm by writing Eq. 39-4 as b g
En +1 − En = E5 = 52 E1 = 25E1 = 2n + 1 E1 ,
En =
n2h2
=
n hc b g2 2
which leads to 2n + 1 = 25 , or n = 12 . Thus,
8mL2 8 mc 2 L2c h
.
(a) The higher quantum number is n + 1 = 12 + 1 = 13 .
(b) The lower quantum number is n = 12 .
For n = 3 , we set this expression equal to 4.7 eV and solve for L:
b b g
(c) Now let En +1 − En = E6 = 62 E1 = 36 E1 = 2n + 1 E1 ,
L=
b g
n hc
=
3 1240 eV ⋅ nm g = 0.85 nm. which gives 2n + 1 = 36 , or n = 17.5 . This is not an integer, so it is impossible to find
8cmc h E
2
n c hb
8 511 × 103 eV 4.7 eV g the pair that fits the requirement.
8th Ed【Problem 39-7】:9th Ed【Problem 39-1】 8th Ed【Problem 39-11】:9th Ed【Problem 39-9】
An electron in a one-dimensional infinite potential well of length L has ground-state energy E1 . Suppose that an electron trapped in a one-dimensional infinite well of width 250 pm is excited from
The length is changed to L′ so that the new ground-state energy is E1′ = 0.5 E1 . What is the ratio its first excited state to its third excited state. (a) What energy must be transferred to the electron for
this quantum jump? The electron then de-excites back to its ground state by emitting light. In the
L′
? various possible ways it can do this, what are the (b) shortest, (c) second shortest, (d) longest, and (e)
L
second longest wavelengths that can be emitted? (f) Show the various possible ways on an
energy-level diagram. If light of wavelength 29.4 nm happens to be emitted, what are the (g)
longest and (h) shortest wavelength that can be emitted afterwards?
<解>:According to Eq. 39-4 En ∝ L– 2. As a consequence, the new energy level E'n satisfies
En′ FG IJ = FG L IJ
L′
−2 2
1
En
=
L H K H L′ K =
2
,
<解>:We can use the mc 2 value for an electron from Table 37-3 ( mc 2 = 511× 103 eV ) and
hc = 1240eV ⋅ nm by rewriting Eq. 39-4 as
L′
which gives L ′ = 2 L. Thus, the ratio is = 2 = 1.41.
L
En =
n2h2
=
b g
n 2 hc
2
2
c h
8mL 8 mc 2 L2
.
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Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系 Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系
Principle of Physics, 9th Ed Principle of Physics, 9th Ed
Halliday & Resnic Halliday & Resnic
(a) The first excited state is characterized by n = 2 , and the third by n′ = 4 . Thus,
8th Ed【Problem 39-13】:9th Ed【Problem 39-15】
( hc ) (1240eV ⋅ nm )
2 2
ΔE =
8 ( mc 2 ) L2
( n′ 2
−n 2
)= (4 2
−2 2
)
8 ( 511× 103 eV ) ( 0.250nm )
2 An electron is trapped in a one-dimensional infinite potential well that is 100 pm wide; the electron
is in its ground state. What is the probability that you can detect the electron in an interval of width
= ( 6.02eV ) (16 − 4 ) Δx = 5 pm centered at x = (a) 25 pm, (b) 50 pm, and (c) 90 pm? (Hint: The interval Δx is so
= 72.2eV . narrow that you can take the probability density to be constant within it.)
Now that the electron is in the n' = 4 level, it can “drop” to a lower level (n'') in a
variety of ways. Each of these drops is presumed to cause a photon to be emitted of
wavelength
l=
hc
=
8 mc 2 L2
c
c h
h
En ′ − En′′ hc n ′ 2 − n ′′ 2
. z
<解>:The probability that the electron is found in any interval is given by P = ψ dx , where the
2
integral is over the interval. If the interval width Δx is small, the probability can be
For example, for the transition n′ = 4 to n′′ = 3 , the photon emitted would have approximated by P = |ψ|2 Δx, where the wave function is evaluated for the center of the
wavelength interval, say. For an electron trapped in an infinite well of width L, the ground state
c hb
8 511 × 103 eV 0.250 nm g 2 probability density is
l=
b1240 eV ⋅ nmgc4 − 32 h = 29.4 nm,
ψ =
FG IJ
2 2 px
H K
2 2
sin ,
L L
and once it is then in level n′′ = 3 it might fall to level n′′′ = 2 emitting another F 2Δx IJ sin FG px IJ .
P=G
H L K H LK
2
So
photon. Calculating in this way all the possible photons emitted during the
de-excitation of this system, we obtain the following results: (a) We take L = 100 pm, x = 25 pm, and Δx = 5.0 pm. Then,
(b) The shortest wavelength that can be emitted is l 4→1 = 13.7nm.
(c) The second shortest wavelength that can be emitted is l 4→2 = 17.2nm. P=
LM 2b5.0 pmg OP sin LM pb25 pmg OP = 0.050.
2
(d) The longest wavelength that can be emitted is l 2→1 = 68.7 nm. N 100 pm Q N 100 pm Q
(e) The second longest wavelength that can be emitted is l 3→2 = 41.2 nm. (b) We take L = 100 pm, x = 50 pm, and Δx = 5.0 pm. Then,
(f) The possible transitions are shown next. The energy levels are not drawn to scale.
P=
LM 2b5.0 pmg OP sin LM pb50 pmg OP = 010
2
. .
N 100 pm Q N 100 pm Q
(c) We take L = 100 pm, x = 90 pm, and Δx = 5.0 pm. Then,
P=
LM 2b5.0 pmg OP sin LM pb90 pmg OP = 0.0095.
2
N 100 pm Q N 100 pm Q
8th Ed【Problem 39-15】:9th Ed【Problem 39-13】
(g) A wavelength of 29.4 nm corresponds to 4 → 3 transition. Thus, it could make either A one-dimensional infinite well of length 200 pm contains an electron in its third excited state. We
the 3 → 1 transition or the pair of transitions: 3 → 2 and 2 → 1 . The longest position an electron-detector probe of width 2.00 pm so that it is centered on a point of maximum
wavelength that can be emitted is l 2→1 = 68.7 nm. probability density. (a) What is the probability of detection by the probe? (b) If we insert the probe
(h) The shortest wavelength that can next be emitted is l 3→1 = 25.8nm. as described 1000 times, how many times should we expect the electron to materialize on the end of
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Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系 Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系
Principle of Physics, 9th Ed Principle of Physics, 9th Ed
Halliday & Resnic Halliday & Resnic
<解>:The position of maximum probability density corresponds to the center of the well:
x = L / 2 = (200 pm) / 2 = 100 pm.
(a) The probability of detection at x is given by Eq. 39-11:
2
⎡ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎤ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞
p ( x) = ψ n2 ( x)dx = ⎢ sin ⎜ x ⎟ ⎥ dx = sin 2 ⎜ x ⎟ dx
⎣ L ⎝ L ⎠⎦ L ⎝ L ⎠ (圖 39-7)
For n = 3 , L = 200 pm and dx = 2.00 pm (width of the probe), the probability of
detection at x = L / 2 = 100 pm is
L 2 ⎛ 3π L ⎞ 2 ⎛ 3π ⎞ <解>:Schrödinger’s equation for the region x > L is
p ( x = ) = sin 2 ⎜ ⋅ ⎟ dx = sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ dx
2 L ⎝ L 2⎠ L ⎝ 2 ⎠ . d 2ψ 8π 2 m
+ 2 E − U 0 ψ = 0.
2 2
= dx = ( 2.00 pm ) = 0.020 dx 2 h
L 200 pm If ψ = De2kx, then d 2ψ/dx2 = 4k2De2kx = 4k2ψ and
(b) With N = 1000 independent insertions, the number of times we expect the electron to d 2ψ 8π 2 m 8π 2 m
2
+ 2 E − U 0 ψ = 4 k 2ψ + 2 E − U 0 ψ .
be detected is dx h h
n = Np = (1000)(0.020) = 20 . π
This is zero provided k =
h
b
2m U 0 − E . g
8th Ed【Problem 39-17】:9th Ed【Problem 39-17】 The proposed function satisfies Schrödinger’s equation provided k has this value. Since U0
An electron in the n = 2 state in the finite potential well of Fig. 39-7 absorbs 400 eV of energy is greater than E in the region x > L, the quantity under the radical is positive. This means k
from an external source. Using the energy-level diagram of Fig. 39-9, determine the electron’s is real. If k is positive, however, the proposed function is physically unrealistic. It increases
kinetic energy after this absorption, assuming that the electron moves to a position for which exponentially with x and becomes large without bound. The integral of the probability
x > L. density over the entire x-axis must be unity. This is impossible if ψ is the proposed function.
energy of a state with principal quantum number n is –(13.6 eV)/n2, the smallest excitation
energy is
−13.6 eV −13.6 eV <解>:The energy E of the photon emitted when a hydrogen atom jumps from a state with principal
ΔE = E2 − E1 = − = 10.2 eV .
( 2) (1) quantum number n to a state with principal quantum number n′ is given by
2 2
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
E = A⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟
The neutron does not have sufficient kinetic energy to excite the hydrogen atom, so the ⎝ n′ n ⎠
hydrogen atom is left in its ground state and all the initial kinetic energy of the neutron ends E
where A = 13.6 eV. The frequency f of the electromagnetic wave is given by f = and the
up as the final kinetic energies of the neutron and atom. The collision must be elastic. h
c
wavelength is given by λ = . Thus,
f
8th Ed【Problem 39-35】:9th Ed【Problem 39-33】 1 f E A⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= = = ⎜ − ⎟.
What are the (a) energy, (b) magnitude of the momentum, and (c) wavelength of the photon emitted λ c hc hc ⎝ n′2 n 2 ⎠
when a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from a state with n = 3 to a state with n = 1 ? The shortest wavelength occurs at the series limit, for which n = ∞ . For the Balmer series,
4hc
n′ = 2 and the shortest wavelength is λB = . For the Lyman series, n′ = 1 and the
A
hc λ
shortest wavelength is λL = . The ratio is B = 4 .
A λL
<解>:(a) Since energy is conserved, the energy E of the photon is given by E = Ei − E f , where Ei
−13.6 eV −13.6 eV
E = E3 − E1 = − = 12.1eV .
( 3) (1)
2 2
<解>:According to Sample Problem 39-8, the probability the electron in the ground state of a
(b) The photon momentum is given by hydrogen atom can be found inside a sphere of radius r is given by
p=
E
=
b
12.1 eV 160 gc
. × 10−19 J eV h
= 6.45 × 10−27 kg ⋅ m s .
c
p ( r ) = 1 − e −2 x 1 + 2 x + 2 x 2 h
c 3.00 × 108 m s
where x = r/a and a is the Bohr radius. We want r = a , so x = 1 and
(c) Using hc = 1240eV ⋅ nm , the wavelength is p(a ) = 1 − e −2 (1 + 2 + 2) = 1 − 5e −2 = 0.323.
hc 1240 eV ⋅ nm The probability that the electron can be found outside this sphere is 1 − 0.323 = 0.677 . It can
λ= = = 102 nm .
E 12.1eV be found outside about 68% of the time.
8th Ed【Problem 39-37】:9th Ed【Problem 39-31】 8th Ed【Problem 39-45】:9th Ed【Problem 39-43】
What is the ratio of the shortest wavelength of the Balmer series to the shortest wavelength of the In the ground state of the hydrogen atom, the electron has a total energy of −13.6eV . What are (a)
Lyman series? its kinetic energy and (b) its potential energy if the electron is one Bohr radius from the central
nucleus?
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Fundamentals of Physics, 8th Ed 東海大學物理系
Principle of Physics, 9th Ed
Halliday & Resnic
<解>:(a) and (b) Letting a = 5.292 ×10−11 m be the Bohr radius, the potential energy becomes
U =−
e2
=
c hc
8.99 × 109 N ⋅ m2 C 2 1602
. × 10−19 C h 2
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