Alexandria Noelle B.

Capule 11-STEM 4
Ken Emmanuel Ite Sir Jizer Gonzales

Activity (QUIZ)
1. What are the five different types of human body cells that undergo mitosis? Give at least
two descriptions of each.
 Skin Cells
- Replaces dead skin cells through the process of mitosis.
- They divide rapidly in order to maintain the protective barrier against infection.
 Bone Cells
- Cells that undergo mitosis and develop into osteoblasts.
- Found on the surfaces of bones and bone cavities containing blood vessels and
bone marrow.
 Muscle Cells
- Can be enlarged in a process called hypertrophy.
- Undergo mitosis so that our muscles can grow in proportion to our bones, height,
and weight.
 Cancer Cells
- Forms lumps, or tumours, that damage the surrounding tissues.
- Replication of single cells due to an uncontrolled mitosis.
 Stem Cells
- They are unspecialized; specialized cells have specific capabilities that allow
them to perform certain tasks
- Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for a long period of time.
2. Give five different modified functions of roots and leaves of plants.
- The leaves collect energy from the sun and make food for the plant, using a process
called photosynthesis. The roots absorbed the water and minerals from the soil.
- The roots acts as the food storage in the plant and the roots become fleshy due to the
absorption of food material. 
- The roots emerge out of the ground and grow upwards to get oxygen for respiration. 
- The main function of leaves are photosynthesis and gas exchange. A leaf is often flat,
so it absorbs the most light, and thin, so that the sunlight can get to the chloroplasts in
the cells.
- There are 4 major function of roots, for food storage, for water absorption, or support,
and lastly is transferring the minerals and water to the stem of the plant.
3. What are cancer cells and their types? How do you treat them?
- Cancer cells differ from normal cells in the body in many ways. Normal cells become
cancerous when a series of mutations leads the cell to continue to grow and divide out
of control, and, in a way, a cancer cell is a cell that has achieved a sort of immortality.
Also unlike normal cells that remain in the region where they began, cancer cells
have the ability to both invade nearby tissues and spread to distant regions of the
body. As for the type of cancer cells, there are many types of cancer cells as there are
types of cancer. Firstly, Carcinomas are cancers that arise in epithelial cells that line
bodily cavities. On the other hand, Sarcomas are cancers that arise in mesenchymal
cells in bones, muscles, blood vessels, and other tissues. And lastly, Leukemias,
lymphomas, and myeloma are "blood-related cancers" that are "fed" by nutrients in
the bloodstream and lymph fluid such that they don't need to form tumors. Different
 types of cancer may behave differently from each other, not all cancers behave the
same way.

The most common treatment of cancer is surgery. If the cancer is particularly

sensitive to radiation therapy or chemotherapy, surgery is the primary treatment.
After this, the next procedure is adjuvant treatment. The goal of this treatment is to
kill the remaining cancer cells after performing the primary treatment, it is performed
to reduce the chance that the cancer may recur. Common adjuvant therapies include
chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormone therapy. Also, neoadjuvant therapy is
similar, but treatments are used before the primary treatment in order to make the
primary treatment easier or more effective. On the other hand, Palliative treatments
may help relieve side effects of treatment or signs and symptoms caused by cancer
itself. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy can all be used to
relieve symptoms. Another one is palliative treatment, it may help relieve side effects
of treatment or signs and symptoms caused by cancer itself. Also, surgery, radiation,
chemotherapy and hormone therapy can all be used to relieve symptoms.

Specific:

 Surgery - The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as
possible.

 Chemotherapy - Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

 Radiation therapy - Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays
or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside the
body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside the body (brachytherapy).

 Bone marrow transplant - the bone marrow is the material inside the bones that makes
blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as a stem cell
transplant, can use your own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor. A bone
marrow transplant allows the doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat your
cancer. It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrow.

 Immunotherapy - also also known as biological therapy, uses the body's immune system
to fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked in the body because your immune system
doesn't recognize it as an intruder. Immunotherapy can help the immune system "see" the
cancer and attack it.

 Hormone therapy - some types of cancer are fueled by your body's hormones. Examples
include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or
blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.

 Targeted drug therapy - focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells that allow
them to survive.

 Cryoablation - This treatment kills cancer cells with cold. During cryoablation, a thin,
wandlike needle (cryoprobe) is inserted through your skin and directly into the cancerous
tumor. A gas is pumped into the cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is
allowed to thaw. The freezing and thawing process is repeated several times during the
same treatment session in order to kill the cancer cells.

 Radiofrequency ablation - This treatment uses electrical energy to heat cancer cells,
causing them to die. During radiofrequency ablation, a doctor guides a thin needle
 through the skin or through an incision and into the cancer tissue. High-frequency energy
passes through the needle and causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the nearby
cells.

 Clinical trials - Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer.
Thousands of cancer clinical trials are underway.

Sources:

 Eldridge, L. (2020, January 13). Why Doesn't the Body Get Rid of Cancer Cells?
Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-cancer-cells-2248795
 Cancer treatment. (2019, April 5). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-
procedures/cancer-treatment/about/pac-20393344
 Admin. (2020, February 4). Modification of Roots - Tap roots and Adventitious roots.
Retrieved from https://byjus.com/biology/root-modifications/