It’s Kind of a Drag

Slowly Moving Through a Lecture on Friction

Lecture 4

Benjamin D. Leonard, Ph.D.

 Outline
●
Objectives
●
Types of friction
–
Dry
–
Lubricated
●
Special cases
–
Static
–
Stick-Slip
–
Rolling
●
Three laws of friction
●
Wrapping up
 Objectives
●
Know four common mechanisms of friction
●
Be able to explain the shape of the
Stribeck curve
●
Understand why static friction is
complicated
●
Recognize “stick-slip” and why it happens
●
Understand that there are limitations to the
three laws of friction
 What is Friction?
Material Lubricant System
Property Property Property

Velocity

Friction

a resistance encountered when one body

moves relative to another body with which it
is in contact
 Friction Modes

Guide to Friction, Wear, and Erosion Testing by Budinksi

 Mommy, where does friction come from?

Dry Lubricated

Boundary Hydrodynamic
Asperity Asperity Welding
Interference
 Adhesion

●
Asperity contacts are at the material yield stress
●
Asperities “cold weld” when in contact
●
Sliding breaks welds causing friction and wear
 Mechanical Engagement

●
Asperities “run into” each other
●
Motion means plowing through or riding over
opposing surface
Adhesion VS Interlocking
Adhesion is the primary cause of friction
-Bowden and Tabor

Why Friction and Normal Force Are Related

Normal Load = Real Contact Area x Yield Stress

Friction Force = Real Contact Area x Stress to Break Asperity

Boundary Lubrication
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
 Stribeck Curve
Hydrodynamic VS Boundary
Viscosity
Static Friction (Dry)

Static Contact Dynamic Contact

TIME SMALL FORCE/MOTION

 Static Friction (Lubricated)
Start-Up

Shutdown

Load, Viscosity, Material all interrelated

Stick-Slip Friction
 Rolling
μ rolling friction μ adhesion

●
Resist rolling motion ●
Resist skidding
●
Low is Good
●
High is good
Provides traction
From slip and
●

deformation
●
From surfaces adhering

Resistance Force Traction Force

Normal Force Normal Force
 Three Laws of Friction

1)Friction force is proportional to load

2)Friction coefficient is not related to
apparent area
3)Friction is not related to velocity
 1: Friction Proportional to
Normal Load
Generally True

●
Predicted by Greenwood-Williamson theory
●
Exceptions
–
Very hard materials
–
Very soft materials
–
Real area of contact close to apparent area
 2: Friction not related to
apparent contact area
Generally True

●
Real area of contact generally 1%-0.01% of apparent area
●
Exceptions
–
Visco-elastic materials
–
Purely elastic materials
–
No yield limit
 3: Friction Coefficient is
Independent of Velocity
Many Exceptions

●
Metals are mostly consistent with this law
●
No materials completely follow this law
●
Higher velocity increases temperature changing friction
●
Not true for visco-elastic materials
 Key Points
●
Four main causes of friction
–
Asperity welding
–
Asperity interlocking
–
Boundary lubrication
–
Hydrodynamic lubrication
●
Boundary vs hydrodynamic friction described by Stribeck
curve
●
Static friction is time dependent and some motion occurs
with any force
●
Stick-slip is caused by intermittent sliding
●
In rolling low resistance and high traction are desired
Questions