Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Supplements
to
Novum Testamentum
Ex"",,,;,,,, Edi/or>
M. M. Mitchell
Chicago
D, p, Moessner
Dubuque
Editorial B"",J
L. AL£J<ANDER. SHEFFIELD - C. BR>.YTeN8ACH, BERLIN
,. K. ELLIOTT, LEEDS - C. R. HOLLADAY, ATLANTA
VOLUME 131
The Legacy ofJohn
Second-Century
Reception of the Fourth Gospel
EJiud I>y
Tuomas Rasimus
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LEIDEN • BOSTON
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CO:-.!TENTS
list of Figure.
Abbre\'iationo
Introduction
Tuoma, Ra,;mu, ,
L The Roception and De\'elopment of the lohannine
Tradition in 1.1 and 3 John
Raimo Hakom ... ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,.. " ... " ... " .. ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,.... ,... ,... ,... ,. 17
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7. Heracleon
£i"ar Thoma»en
"".
"
Strom.
D< 'p<<ialibu, i-Sibu,
The >bon 'Kension (ef tho ApocrWHon of John)
Siromara
T. /u,/, ref/am,", of /u,/"h
T. Uvi ref/am,", of uvi
T. Sj",_ ref/am,", o/Simeo"
Tra.!. ap. rNdirjo aron"Jjm
Treat. Ref, 7hc h.nliuc on Ihe R"",,wion
Trim, Prol. Trimorphic Prolennoia
Tri. Tmc. 7hc hil"'rlile Tractale
Val. AJ ...."u, Vakminiano.
Val. E>.p. A Vakminian Expo,ilion
Vir. iii. D< viri, Wu,/ribu,
INTRODUCTION
Tuom., RlI,im u,
Uni,'e"ity of Helsinki & Uni"""it' L.... I
When one .pproache, the Go>pel of John, 0"" i, confronted wit h l>eauty
.nd mystery, with .Imost countle» d ifficult i• • and controve"ies, and
with" text that h.. had a tremendou, inAuence on ooth Chri"i."."d
).wi,h history, One need only think of the impact thi. go.pel h., had
on the formula t ion of the Nicene and Ch.k edon'. n Croed" but .1",
on Chri"i.n anti-Somiti.m th.t has c." it> d.rk oh.dow th roughout
tho centuri ••. The good.nd evil this "Fourth" or "'piritual" go'pel ha.
in'pired, i, thWi • formid"ble topic to inve"ig.te, lh is volume do.. not
.nempt to cover more than. fraction ofth. effecti", hi"ory of John'.
Go.pel, Inst •• d, the contribution. coilKted hero in"'stigate tho early,
'pecifically 'Kond-century reception of t he Fourt h Go>pei. Thi. i, an
era when its fortun ... re ,urrounded by ,ilence and mystery. It i. often
a.ked, what happened to John'. GO.p<1 in the yea .. after its comrOO-
tion .nd hefore it wa, pkked up by variou, Chri"i.n thoologian. in t he
mid- to late second century. The st.nd.rd "m",er, until quite recently,
h •• been that Gnostic .nd oth er so-c.lled h .... <><lox group. we", tho
first ones to appreci.te thi •• piritu.1 go'peL and hence the mainstream
O"ist;'n •• voided u,ing it until authon lik< Th«>ph ilm of Antioch .nd
Iron.e", of Lyons, in the I.st quarter of tho ""cond century, rescued it
for the church, L lately, t hi. view h.. been ch.lI.nge<!, SoYeral scholars
h.." ca",fully argued th.t from early on, t hero .100 existed a "catholic"
reception of Joh n'. Go.peL' There h.", al,o been advance, in the study
of heterodox form. of Chri"i."ity, •• pecially IIO-called "GnO!tic" on... ,'
, s«, " t-. s..oo." t..n. Mi· 07; iii!"",", t966, 17<1- 1'" S""," ton. "501'.; on.!
H.. nd.m 19M, to· " .
, H'ng<1 t-. N'g<11(IOO; H ill >00<.
' ,1>< ""!!"'1' of a"",briom Iu, !>om ",,,,I,,,,aI by.\l, W;L.m, (tOO6); ond
K;"g (:tOOJ); ,)" <a''!!'''1 of <l,... k '" 'dh o.n a""" ~mn Iu, 1>«" I.....;" ,,<Val".
"..! br "')1on ( 1"7); t.og.>n ( 1'0%);.00 .... mu' (100\01 ; ",d . <1<""" uoom'"w_
;ns of . "" 1>«" "If",.! by ",,""" (t""'I ;" "Lo,,,,"
to ,...-i,), t .-.d;,"'" ~ ond by
I. , 'um" (:tOOt) in " Lo,.,., '" "" .... tonk "..!;t"", """n' ""f""""t <on,ribotiom
to V,",n""".;"" ""'" ..100 1>«" mod< by ,bom. .. ,. IlOO6) ond '-"'''''''''''g (>OOt!I.
, TUO.uS USIM US
Thi. has .hen incr ••• ingly led to. ooi", to abandon the old d;,;.ion
be'we<>n 'orthooOJ[" and "hot.rodo,· form. of O uisti.ni.y as m;d • • d-
ing and an.chro ni"ic, and to tre.t . U form. of •• rly Christianity in
their own right. Addition.lIy,. general, renewed inter.st in the ''''<p-
tion h i:!101")' \or eff«,h.. history) of t he Nt'W T.ot.ment "'Tiling> ha.
develored. accompan ied by me .... th.t e.rly exeg<1es must be >tudied
within their own conlexts, that the New Test.ment writing. a,. inJ..,d
ope" to pluralist;' Interpret. tion •• and that modern .. hol. rty ",ading.
(theories) >llOuld no< "" ,i"wed in isol.,ion from the early neg.,i, t h.t
h", IIOmetime. hod unrecogniz.ecl elf"""
on modern views.' Therefore.
the time ..,e me<! ripe for a f''''h, comprehensive look .t the Fourth
Go.pt'l'•• arly .ec'"P'ion hi"ory,'
A natural place to "." s uch a n investigation is the Johannin. cor-
p~. it""lf. The poss ible-if not probcable-fin. l reJaction.l l.yer of the
gO.j><I, and the loh.nnine .pistles (1-3 John), c.n be coneei,-eJ of a.
rep ... ",nting the •• rliest ... «ption of the gO'j><I ' Whether the go<-
a_ abo ,o. ",,,,", rollm .... of ''''J'' Oft "S<ooruI_C<"' " ')" Chru"" " "mb,,- by
""0)0"''' .,.j l"""",,,,n (lOO'),
, On ,o. 'h;"",,)' of inRocnc<-f"</fm;", ~;.,O<)' - 1 w''''""N'"'''""'"'' ) ' W", ,,,h
g<"'.-.IIy, .... l ... I ,,"' , ,0-." Ili;O>"," ""'.26J_"2; . oJ, of rou,,,,. (~ , "M,
",,,"U
' .g., pp. lMIf. . "" '''I''....
I",""" lO_11 ) point> ... " ... , of"'" .bouJd "'" be
"Wi<d from "" poin' of,,, ... of ;f,be ;""'P'"'' un.k"lo<>.! d "'''mly, but of 100.-
the ""''P'''" .... ;"" 'P,,,,d;t. K"""'ng""" (100<, J_101 ,.Jh f..- ,be pl.dng of
,he .ndm' ;nt<'P'<1m .. ,ru,;, "~' n , w<u,ol<n<l ",,;.J ront<.!>. "',", (1006, "_""-
",_,<H)," odd" .... ,,, ,be" 'm plu,,~ ~"'." the fac" '"'" M>Iic.1 '''''' '" Of"" Lo
",",oJ',bo .. "'P""'..... t"',
a nd by "n"p"g ondm' <Us<''' ;n'o dboo ......... ,th
mode," ""'~ '" nu)' pin "''' ;"' igh'~ l«<[" "If"" . mong M. ",be, 01>""","",,,
,he 'n"" .. 'ng . "S8' ...... , '"'" (01 ,he ""g'~' of the V....nt;" .. " """,Iron" ..
""'" " oJ" " ... ,bI» ~ m il", to ,ho>< of K"'mo... ("""", doc<1 ' ,m- , K...... ""'.
OW" ".d;ng l' ..... 16, '01",,, ,hen b< >«n " n"><I) \' "'nhn","'), "'d~ "''''tl''
ond "'own (""'0 _ ~>< 1 "oclmg"),.,.j th" ;"'igh' , "" hdp "' b<"", .......... " ,be
mode," d _ _ (b) " mx", .... ~ od moch 'n""",,, on how "" ""... ,o. I'ourth
Gospd todoy; a nd «) ,..., wMk '" "''''' "'''' ,,, ""cM"g of the "m """',, of ""
, ... rth """",1_ i.'_ "" h ),...u"h,.J ""'''''''' of the lobo ... ;", common it)_ '" <lo
g<' 0 ~ jml'" of ,o. "",OO _<m, " ')" ",ode" lik< Hmd",,, and ,,,,,,,,,,,,.n<! 'her
... ) .. the ' ''''''' ... , con ... ,,, tk,), j"ll .,.. the ....... fin ' ,,""'''-
, p",,,,,,, "~,,l,,"';p an" .." to ,he """nd-«n,"'l' "'''pC .... of ,be Fourth
Gospd ,od , d.. s..n.k" , . .J, "',un '"'~, "ilImc, '%6; ~ .. " Ii " oJ. ''''''' N,8"
"'""" 'hll l OO1","'] ~ ,,", >000_ The oOk, "tsoI.nhip Of"""d un&'" "" old PO"'_
d;sm of ,,,~. c,!hoI" ,<I ..... "" ,.".'"J, the fourth Goop<I, .. ",I .. u""', ,be
..,,, ""td"", .., .... on G"",(i, i"", wbc" .. ""'" ",«n' "tsoI.'''''P_'pi'' .Jl
;" <Isoroughn",.n<! ;"'""'''i'''''''._.... no< ""''''''Or """ """ to fully i"""P"-
"''' th, (, "'" ad,-,,,,,, mode in ,o. " 00) of .."""",", fonn, of 0"""";'1 ""dJ..-
he"","""n
• lh" <tu.p<"" ;• • ,"" odd;h,," Lo ,he !!",pd, " the "",,",,<I '""" too..)·, "'.
' ·S__ ""'W" '966, Ill;;_.." i" Zum,";" ''''''' """ ~"'~" "'""', , ... """1 "hob"
,,' UOl>VCTIOI<
1"1 prM.". 'he epistle. , and whother 'hey have differen, a u,hors, are
debatM i"ues, bu, even if 'he priori'y of 'he epistl .. i. a.. umM, 'hey
can k seen '0 reflect 'he e.. en,ial 'eaching> of'he lohann ine com mu-
ni'y' 'hot became emt>OOi.a in 'he gO'r<l. Raimo Hakola'. e..oy im'e.-
'igo'e. 'he ""ep'ion a nd de\'elopmen' of 'he loh.nnine 'e.ching' in
the epi"les, a. well •• 'he no'ure of 'he lohonnine schi.m 'hat divided
'he lohannine communi'y a nd i. .. flected in 'he epistle •.
Related '0 'he queS1ion of 'he e arliest recep'ion i. 'he queS1ion of
'he gO'r<l'. au,horship, .nd, con",<!uen,ly, it> 'i'le. The );<'.p<1 is said
'0 h ..'e b<en WTinen by 'he famou. il<1"" ed Disciple (john lU4),
who i. Ju st as f.mo usly le~ unnamed. The 'itl~ of , m, gO.p<1 ~a(co,Jing
10 lohn) is by m".' a ccounU a later addition '0 the man=ript "a-
dition-p<rhap. ne<",.i'a'.a by 'he circulation of 'he gO.p<1 ouuid~
the )ohannine communi' y 'hat produced it.' Howev~r.'h i. then .. i ....
question. on the ",curacy and o>rigin of,m, ti'le_ Did . John wri' e , m,
go,!",I. and Wll> 'he ou' oor in r.,uity,.,. a' I~a" vi. a u,oori.1 fiction,
John the ..,n of Zebed.." one o f , m, ,welve! Did 'he 'itl~ originate
within 'he )oh.nnine community! Or is , m, title complotely fic ti' ious,
seco nd.ry anJ ina«urate! And if so, who inven,ed i,!
The monuKript tradition i. una nimous: no one " , her than "John"
app<o" as 'he au,hor in the till ... Ukewi"" the <hu rch tradi,ion i.
practically unaninwuso 'I"n fmm 'h e uniq"" 'h ird c~n'ury an,i-
M on tan ist ' raJ i, ion, acc orJi ng to wh ieh Cerin thw wmte the Revel.. ion,
and r<rhap. al", tm, (;0<1"1,' all anci~n' witne ....... igned the Fourth
.t.o "'Usn lh< I"oioguo-<>< fW" of "_.. wdI ....", .... , from ,I>< f.. ,,,,,11
di,_
ro'''''', '0 tl>< TInoJ ",dad"",_ >«, ,_!-' B"",n t966, ="_='" & <\," .. "" ""hi"
..", mol "ll""" ,".1.
, I« tl>< Iohaonj", ,ommu.;'y, >« "f"< .... r hi", .. 1071. Rro>m .. , .. -"'''Yn
t""" , n" K,,,, li ,, 01. t .... bo, aI", lh< cr""aI d'~ ,.... ""kh.m , .... I«
,-'u.
, « ..... d d;KUWoo of,", ,ok of womm ;. '"' Iohamu", ,ommunitr. "" Coo"')'
Go.pd to John ' he 'po.t1e, who, according to many. W<luld haw writ-
ten at [ph.,,,, during th. time of Trojan (98-117 eEl. ~ The ident ;-
fie.,;on of the earliest known a.. ignment of the Go.pel to "lohn" i.
deboted, but the most common cand id"", are Papi •• (ca. 130) a nd
the Valentin i. " f'tolem.eu. (ca . 1 ~).1L In addition, if at Ie • ., p... ts of
the Act> of John are to be doted as early as the firs' or oecond q uarter
of the ..,,;:ond century. t hen ,hi. fragmentary document-which h.,
.00 rom",;m.,.!><-en .. en a, • product of the ",hi.matic element> of
the loh.n nin. community-may .,...,n t.. the .,.,li." document th.t
both identifie. the .,,"ngeli" as lohn the KIn of zro..J«. and place,
him in Eph .. u •. " ["yin Cuche ... im"otisa' ... the •• " ' iomhip of the
so-ca ned Go.pel-.. ction of the Am of lOON to the Fourth Go'rel,
Ther. d id .. i>! an a ncient tr.dition of IWO differenl John. in
Ephesu>. known 10 Diony.io> of Alexandria and Eu"'bi .... bUI ...·en
Ih~ aUlhors ... ign«l only Ihe Revelalion 10 Ih. 'olher John" (...
E"""'iu •• Hi" , «d. 3,39.6, 7.2~) while a" ribuling l he Go.p<l a nd
1 John 10 Ihe apostl • . The Iheory according 10 which Ihe "olher John"
of ' ..... 'r.d'b" n, " ,..,,,, n'ng , .. ~ k g<d C,,;nth ... ,ulho,-,h'p of ,.. go>pd ., oft,n
'fU"""""'" S« "" W"""",," in 'hli ,.,... "'_l<>< .
• £ .8-. I" ....... Ad.. "-'. '.n}; '-'- '- , .. ""'n8 ., ""'" '" k->o ;n ",«>r<l<nc<
.. "h ,.. ",holorly <on ,,",u, , .., d"", ,.. go>p<I I><Iw«n 90-115 a (llrown I.. ' ,
" " '_ 10" Moionry ' ' ' '. 1-6; "",'" 'OOJ, 140_14'). A do« in , .. t.h" hili of ""
"oond «n' ",}, "" """" "", , b« n '"W,,,d. but •• gm<.-.IIr ";.,,,01 ,o.!"y ('"
Brown , ..... In" H'ngd ..... , "'--MI. "'M''''"''' r", ,.. F'><' of rom!""" ,",, my
""''' • • lthous" , .. ,,..jitio<W <.nu;d,,«. "p/><,m 11 ,,,,", u, Ad,. ' -. J .LL ~"" b ' ",
Hio<. ""J, ' .10.6_" '-lB, 6.1 ..,), ox A ... 'Ii"", S' ",,~ l y , " ...... , .. 1.",,«1 ,hOOC<
("""'" 1966, ,""_cO.., Akin 1001. n; ",""" 100', 1<0-1<0; " "'''n\o<rg<' , .,.., 6-"
TrdHko 1004, Hllf.). ,)., ... Sl" .. -P.... ,,'" ",01 'f""fK.Jly An,;och. how 01", \o<,n
prop»«! (""It... nn 1"'1 . ", Aun< 1071. ", Kum md ' 97', 1<7, K ",~" , ..." , " ),
.nd k .. r"qu< n~y Ak..nd", (So""'" ' ''''. ''''', "ro..-nk< 10". '""If.). On ,'"
"'''', "n.!, "" P""'bM)' of • '''n'f'lanu''"'' of .. rb<, " ad"",", ,,, , '" pia« of
oompooi',""Ipub!ic.';on « .g., [,om e ... ~;'" '" I'm". A.... M;oo< ..- S)Y") " ,,,"_
,. 1",01 by "mal " , h o I " , - S<, "rownk< 1971, " " llro..-n 107', "'- " . 166; ""Ob
'OM, '" ,ro! ""~<Y_"""y I.. ' •• Ivi.
" mil (1004. 18J_1'16) .... '"SB"kd ,... , >:_"..... ",.«I .
p"... froll""n' of
Pop'" On Hu'. ""[ UO_", which ....go< "" <K'p n of ,'" '.,.~ h Gmp" '" john .
• nd d",, ~' p-',.Jkl. II) m". ml. '.IH_', '-" .15_'6,"",,01;,0... "" oripn. of
M.ol , nd Mol' ..... ,ro! .. h ~ h """'"'" h..b;u> do" ",,;bu« to Fop"" "'u P)
I'".os,,;n I.. " . """,, ~'ho ' " ki>rn<n..- ""1",,,01 "' ..."'""" e.".., ",,,,"n'
of , .. "-'g'" of , .. goo"d. ('.s .. " ''''''''', Ckmcn' of Ak"ndrU, ,'" "'"'""''''.
''r'p"n'. Orig<n . nd Viet"' .... of P,",.), lr.. X"' ,....aIk, ,.._, in M • . ' - .
J.l .I "to«. , )u, orig.n. of ~ I [our goopd., on.! 'h" ..-ould. K<..-djng", HiI, ",m
from e.pO' """.
" S<, ""'" "p" ,ioJ]}, l~k m," ' .... '.8-- ' '''_170,""" eu,,,,,,, in th •• vOOr"".
" ' UOl>VCTJOI< ,
"'Tote the gO'rel. i. a modern on • ." It i. ba .. d.among o'herthing •• on
,h. f"", t ha, Papia. el ..... her. 'reaks of 'wo John.-I>o'h ".Ide,,· -of
whom 'he first one i. a"""ia,«I wi ,h the J»." apost l••• and the other
one wi,h a pre .. n, elder Ari"ion (P.pi •• frg. 3.3-4 Holme. _ E~",biuo,
HjS!, ...-d. 3.39.3-4). Some ",hoi." maintain th., 'he two Johns are,
in fact. one and the .. me, .nd 'hot lohn·. placement in both group>
is due to 'he fac' ,hat while being one of 'he . postles of 'he J».". he
.Ione of them had li,·«1 until the presen' 'ime. when Papia. wa. mak-
ing hi. inquid .. in'o t he ".. ying. of 'he Lord," and while "'Titten
down rerhaps in the 1J.O. or I ~Os, Papia. may have «tried out ""me
of hi. inquiries much .. rlier, when John wa. still a live." However,
o'her ",hola" think 'hat ,hi. p ..... ge doe. i ndeed refer to 'wo
differen,
John., 'he apostle a nd an elder. " Funhermore, 'he aut hor of 2-3 lohn
iden,ifies him .. lf .. an "elder" (1 John I, 3 John I), and in the manu-
script 'r.di,ion as well a. in th. church ,,,,di'ion, he i. identifi«l as
"John." Gi"en also the f.c" that ••""",1 aut hors in 'he fi"'t and """,,ond
cen'ur;'. seem ~naware onohn 'he apo"I" connection to Ephesu •• "
.nd ,hat ,here i. a tradi,ion according '0 which John 'he apost le was
manyred. rerhap> a lready in 'he first cen,ury." some ",hola.. have
a.. umed 'hat it was 'he "o'her John." 'he elder, who was th e Belo,·«1
Disciple; he ,hen wro'e th e Founh Go'rel .i,her himself, or left its
final compo.ition to hi. "uden"." Tha' there wa. a .recific Johannine
",hool of .u,ho" . round the elderIBel",,,d Disciple 'hat produced the
Johannine WTiting., i.a popular theory," Ye' ""me schola .. prefer '0
th ink 'hat ,he s"lo,''''' Di><:iple i •• pi«e of authorial ~<tion (of the
Johan nin • ..:hool). wh"", fig ure rna)" or may nol .,. intended to por -
''''Y lohn the son of Zebedff," W hile Ihe .scription of the Founh
Go.pel to som"" ne o,h .. th.n loh n the -ro"]' i. common nowadays,
,here are, n"'<nhel.,,, many ",hoi." who m aint. in, in Kw,d . nce
wi.h the church , ... dil ;o n. that the Go>pei and the Epistle. (perh. p •
• 100 Revelation) wore wrinen by the oro"]" the s"lo ... d Di.dple him -
""If, . t an .d,.. n<"J age in Ephe,uo."
Whatever II>< true identity of ' he go.pel'. author(.), the figu .. of
' he lIe]o,·...J Di><:iple h a. capth -.,...J the im agina,;"n of ma ny, not j ust
,oday, but already in the . ncien t world. S.,..".I "",Iy Ch,;,,;." writing.
p, ... nt a b<lovNl di,dple-someone "'hom le.us 1"..,eJ more t h.n hi.
other followen-who ;. ,hen 'recifically n.med. lhe5< include Mary
Magd.lene. Iud ... Philip and Thom"",ll M . rvin Meyer in,..," igate< the
,·.riom beloved d i5Cipl.. in the ..<end cent ury• •• they occu r in .poc-
ryphal g<><pel. and other early Ch ri"i.n writ ing •.
~ Rwt....m n (t9lt . . . ..... "1 "",Udtlal ,'" ... "",al U;K;pk to to., . ymOOI 0/"
g<n'''' O " ~"m " " K"g<rud (t.",) ,h'nx. ,'" <I..,,,,,,, pr<><nb , '" prop/><tX
)oh.nn' .. romm"",!), .. opfO><d to , '" "ap<»toIi< Pm' .. , hu" h",...J tJond<rkog
(1006. '"""-'''I'''' 'rg",d ,ha, "" IId",,«I DiK'P!< '" nctOonoJ ",n"_)."",.: m_
",d to ".U"""'" "",,),·Chri>tO." ' pp'oI. to I''''''' "tOO..y. On tt.. oth< , Iwnd.
"' ngd 0_. ,19jf.1 'h'"", ,'" ... Iov<d u;"' ; p~ ~. rum!"";" "gu" bo"d on bod.
,)" oon 0/"7.<bal<, ",d ,'" ,1.1< ,-
" Aki" """. ~ ""n" 1003. ,,,_, 3'0; K.... ""''l!'' 200<. 6_1; d . o.bom< 1002.
1--6. "" ,t.. trod" ...... """ • •«<.ru'''l! ,,, ~" ..), I""" ,t.. "'" of 7.<bal<, .",.0< ,'"
Go>pd. t_3 loon ...J "'v, ><, ,,,""' .... ~d>. , - ,. ,., .. , .. ' U a l , (~d>. Iuotr. ' .263
..... y ""',,;" on .......... to 3 loon ' I,hu> ,lOU ''''''. "I),d. i'rom< , ,';,. ill. ' . ,''''"
1_J loon , nd/", R,,· ... " "nit", b,-. i"""" ",t.., thon th< ... ny ];>!. w .. , n opin .
.... " ,udy ",,~al ; n ",,;'n' to"". (....:u.ro;u" "..,. ",I. H'b; 6.ll.0_'0; n"
P"!'w, frp. '-'_J, ,.,_, "oIm<" d. MoK.It 1.. ', "-'...... 1. 1h.. "" Goop<I .n<!
, '''''. '" b,- dOlf",n' , ,,""', .... "'''' ;n .......... ,)" "'I)- , hu,,1e oIthough
• ,•• rom""", ,..... """1 (" uJ,,,,,,",, " "- '; IIrown ,..." to_J<>,5<h nocu..o..og
'''1, "' .... >; P. ;nl" """. "_>01. A ,hu,," ".dO""'...., t..1d tIw, lolm .. rot< h"
II"'pd ",;th "" knowkOg< 0/" ,,,, oth<, thr« 1Ci<m<", of A"",ndrio .. """to;u,
Ii..,. mI.. 6.".' , " " ><boo> h;m " lf, "..,. ",[ J.''-'_IJ, Ep<plun;... , P" •. " .'.11_'>;
"."." Aug u ~;", . Co ...... , 1_20). In modtm ",hoI..-.h;p., '"""Y of John'. ",.nhol
d<p<ndmc< _ _ ""y 0/" ,'" 'f'"'l""';' "'n<!.
'.!-- ,. ",od""
N';'lndo ,,,,,,,.n<! N"'l'nck , ... , <f. """d' '''''. <2_". V."'n!> ol "" '"""Y
''''-''58;
0/" .... n"01 ;""'p<o.i<n<, 1<"," ,t.. SynopO""""'nd. , ., .. ;" IIrown , ..... .1;,_
dvii, Scl"''''''nb."s '%3. to ...... " 'modI<)- ,os<. ,_"", '""""n" """. ". f.,,-
Joho', """'>ruh;p '" "" SynopO;' Ump<I. g<"''''I)-. '" Smjth ' "'' and K"n"
' !XIl. ' Off.
~ ,.,,- ,t.. """' .... ollhomo. , nd lob" ;" ,onftK-t .•" R'I<)- , .. " D<Co" ~ k , _
P<g<" ,~ l><CooKk ' 001, P.yb 2001; . col '>p«iLllr no" ""n<krkrg lOO6.
14---06. to. "h.m "i",,"""'.
,,' UOl>VCTJOI< ,
Thi. bring. us to Gnostici.m. At I•• st ,i nce Bultmann, every >tu-
d.nt of the Founh Go'p"1 h.. h.d to d.ol with the qu.stion of its
relationship to Gnootici.m. Bultmann, of cour .., argu..! that po'" of
the Fourth Go'p"1 and e.pecially its prologue originat..! in a Mandeon
Gnootic group that held Joh n the &aptist to be their Sa"ior, and who ..
ideas were then Chri>ti.niud to produce the Gospel of John as we
know it." To be .ure, Mand.,.i.m, in most schol ....' opinion today,
cannot be confidently t raced back to the end of the fir>t century (tbe
probable date of composition of the Founh G".pel)," and in any
ca5e the reconstructed Primal M.n myth on which Bultm.nn largely
built has been .hown to be a fiawed, artificial con.truct of t he 19th
and early lOth century Hi>tory-of-Religions "'hool, " Anot her blow
to Bultmann', h)'poth .. i. cam. from the Qumran discoveri", that
.howed that Johannine dualism find. closer parallels in the o.,aJ Sea
Scroll. (and lewish apocalyptic) than Mandean sourc<>, " However,
the qu"'tion of t he Founh Go'pel'. link to Gnostici.m, 'pecifically to
some kind of p re-Christian Gnostici.m-who .. existence in itself is
still maintained by • nurnb<r of 'pK;'li"," -has ewr .ince capti,.. te<!
the imagination of many. sch olar, and th e issue cannot b< >aid to
h..'e been completely resolved.
Some decodes ago, Raymond Brown formula ted an influential
theory of the hypothetical h i>tory of the Johannine community."
Im portantly, he . uggested that tbe Johannine "hi.motics would have
taken t he go.pel wit h them on a road that eventually Ie<! to Gno>tici.m
and other heterodox [om" of Chri>tianity,lt This solution .hift, the
Gno>tk connection to the time after the gospel, in that it "'-•• enthu.i-
astically adopted by Gnostic> from early on. But a more Bultmannian
view i, still aliw and reason.bly ",ell , The Nag Hammadi findings. and
"'pKially the discovery t her.in of the Trjmorphic Prote"noia, provide<!
fuel for the fire. Thi' Gnost ic document ",a, hailed a, the proof of
Bultmann', hypothesi, th.t behind the Fou rth Go'pel'. prologue, there
"'... an nrlier, pr.-Qui,,;'n Gno>tk hymn, which was adopted by the
" " ,I' ...... n 1025; ..n, 71[ a. H.. nc""n I"M, tnlf.
" s,,, Ru<kl<y 100'. JIf, ",_tll<>, .Dd lupO<rl 1001, m_t";. 1M_ In Cf. he,,_
0'0'« , R<HloIph ' ''7, J<J_l/i/i.
a S<, "r«"''r CoIp< t%L ct. K;ng 1OOJ, 7t_ 1<&
» S<, B"",n t966.IU_Ini; ,,-.I a..<1< •...,..h ' '''''.
• H._M. """nk< t.. t. tiI)7, "",non t...,. "7_1H; I. Tum« ,oot . ,6 t. "I.
• Brown ''''''.
• Brown t""'.'"
• TUO.uS USIM US
.... ngeli" ," Aner t il< .arly en,hu, ia.m, how,,''''' the links between the
prologue and Trim, PTor, did nol _rn to prove flullm.n" right .fter
all. Trim. Pro" ,,-os and h •• ~n increasingly explain"'; as. corr",-
,i... reading of John'. prologue r.ther ,h.n it> somco, although it h ••
been argued that both texts inderendently go back 10 Jewi,h Wi.aom
.peculation • . Howe" ... another Nag H.mm.di text, the ItpocrypHon
of '01m, ","as .1..,
di.<ov ...J 10 con .. in a hymn similar nol only to
Trjm, 1'..0'., but also [0 John'. prologue. A, this "Pronoi." hymn "'.,
.wn mis.ing from the .ho".r ,-<rsion of AI" John," many ""hoi."
.",umed ,h.t it wa. an originally independent hrnm b • ....J on r.",i,h
Wisdom 'J>e<UI,'ions and wu secondarily annex..J to AI'. /OH"." A.
,h i, hymn also occur> in a texl that d.im. the authority of lohn the
son of ul>edee, variant> of a n<o · Bultmannian the.i. h..'e been devel-
oped, according to which the origin. of Ap, looN and it> "Pronoia"
hymn lie in the ",hi.m that divided the joha nn ine community," lhe
contribu6on. by Paul-Hub<rt Poirier and john D. Turn..- deal with
Trjm. Prot. and Ap, 101m, ""!'«ti,'ely.
What",.er the ",Iatlomhip b<tween the Go.pel and the ApocryphoN
of john, a mre . ign of an early adoption of the Fourth Gwp<1 i. found
in the Valentinian Khool-.lthough V.lentini.no are today inc re .. -
ingly dropped from the already problematic catego ry of"Gnootici.m,""
Ptolemaeu. put lohn'. prologue to an ant i-Mardon ite u.. in hi. utter
~ f"f""''''' it><lf;, "'p«",nl<d by"'" Cop<>< "'P'" ... "'" N.g H.mmodi iib '-"J
"'ph'" "In"'
(111,3, v.t). t" ..!d;,,,,", mu<~ ""t.< '<xt "" .... " ,",,",,,,,,,,,,al""o ,I><
0.''''.' documm' known from ,t.< N.g ".unmo.!' libn'l' ( m,' ), ,"" Ii< <lin coo<x
(00 ' '''1,3),'' ""II .. from "'" OxymY"'~. ' r'l')'ri (H.. '). ,'"l"""'" prob.bIy .....
i~, b< h; nd th< ",_ukd ·Vak"' in"" ."",," k"""n to 'p;phm;., (PO" . " .• . , t---6.tO)
ond t"OK. ' "f, ,,,,,oo '" vak"' ;no.n ,.,," '" "'" fin< poi"'''''''' 'n M.. Iwur-.
'.1J.1_1. 0. tt.< "' .. '",...~ ;p bnw«n ,'"l""''''' . nd
~ S«, '_g., Sond<n '''''. WL H~1mn , .... M,
A,. 1M., "" ...
".~ 1000;
.nd ml
~"'"' lOO'i_
>00<.
TUO.uS USIMUS
H !!iItme, , ... , 6_
• s,,,. """t<,
, .._m,
'-II-- !!W""" t%6. , _n.nd "f"Cially K",,,,, , ... , ,,, ..., K"",,, ' ....
lOOO, ,..,_:t<H.
d . K",,,,, ,.,,_
~ ", ""'" ,,,,,,,-Iod;1006, '-II-- 3J".
~ ", "~Im<, 1%6, "_" ; B....." ''''', 14". bu, .no "ill lOO<.
" "'.'.s__ ~d¥.
l'J'''.
Iuu,. l.ll_'. ,_ '-'; ' .H; '_ 1 '-' -'; ,-' , . 7-'0; ,_, • ., .
" ' UOl>VCTJOI<
"
!renaeu' addi, ional me of Re,'ela,ion and <specially his advoca -
,ion of its chili.,rn cau....J later a utho, ... uch :u [u..,biu. (H ;,/, ..aL
3.39,12-13), ' 0 q ues' ion hi. . . ni'y and mental .bili,ie., In 'he .. c-
ond cen'ury, how",'er, chiliasti< view. were not generally comidered
h,,""ical and 'hey were, in fac', quite common. Papia. and Justin
M.rtyr had . Iso been chili." .." and so "'e,,,
'he adherents of ,he
"New ProphKY," • mow men' later known •• Mon'.ni.m-who ..
rn",,' f.mouo member in th" we" w.. '0
be Tertullian. The role of ' he
apparently Joha nni ne concepts of 'h"
·Par.del<· in 'he movern"n" .
'piritu. li'y, a nd "New Jem .. lem" in its eocha,ology." "'I",dally in , be
ea,ly evid ence. ar" di.<u • ..,d by Turid Karlsen Seim,
lhe Go<pel of John has . 100 left d.rker tr.ce. behind ••ince ito
pIc,u", of th. lew. a. 'he "child ren of 'he d"vil" (8o~4) ha. direc,ly
con,ribu,e..! to Christian an,i-s"m i,i.rn ow, , he cen,uri .. ," What",'er
'he ",.. ngelist'. intention. were in u.ing .uch language." i, h.d unex-
r«tedly horrific con"'<!uen«. for 'he cen'urie. '0
com"-along. iJ,,
ver ... such •• M.tt noH. Fo, ,h i. " r«' of John'. legacy, 'he ,ead ..
i, "ncouraged '0 con.ul. 'he ,,,,,,,nt wo,ks by Bieringer N aI., Hakola
and Reinha rtz, a mong o,her>, " Oth .. gap. could h.,.., been filled in
'he compo.ition of ,hi. book, Tenullian and Clemen', for example,
are no' treal<d here mo", ,h.n in p ...ing, bu, .. 'he crucial ques-
,ion concern. 'he Fourth Go.pel'. fortune. in , he pr<·lren.ean era , it
"""moo jmtifiOO '0 leave ,he.. two .uthors ou', O ... rall, hO"'",'er, i, i.
hoped ,ha ' 'his .-olume oifen .n .pp,oachable, f, .. h, comprehen.ive
and up-to-date view of 'he oecond-«n,ury ,eception of John'. Go.pel.
This book could not h.w "",n the light of day without hdp (rom ",,'.ral
individual •. Thanks are due, fir.. of all, to each one of the <on!ribot""
to t his volume for their t ime an.! ex!"',,; ... Second, they are d~ to
Lie,l>eth Kanis, Aequi,ition. F.JitOI at Brill Ac.Jemk Publish.", for her
instrumen,al role in initiating 'hi:! project. Gr., itude i. also extended
to Mr. 1m Romein. Mo. Mattie Kuire' and M .. <:;era von BeJaf, Edit"r<
at Brill, (Of their encouragement.nd help in prepari ng t he manu><:ript
for publication. Prof.,..,,,
Marg""" Mitchenand D",ci Moeuner read
the manu><ript and made helpful comments t hat imprm·.,j the quality
of the mlume. MOr«lWf, Margot Stout Whiting and Robert Whiting
o{ferM ,-.Iuable help in improving the Engli.h of ",me of t he non-
Engli.h-.p<iling contribut".... last. but not I..... t hank. ar. due to
Risto Auvinen. Ismo Dunderoerg. Matti Myllykoski. Loui. P.iru:haud
and Piihi Vih.hngas for all their comment> and help.
B ' .UOGkAPHr
Akin. n .• ' . 1. j foh". 11>< N... Amnicon Com .... n,,-')' '" N,,),,~k "rood ...... '"
"oIm,... :tOOt.
Am"" tH .. 7.. c.11i< sm'", 4 R",I,,,,I ,·..-Io.rolog in
"",to '0 """,m T, .. ,,,,,,,, ,,,,, 1', ,-",""" RriII, t'On
0.'"
u.n·"'•• iI,, "'Wk-
&""',
NoI" "" , ..
,. ".
c. K .. " M Gaspd ••,,,om,"~
1,.." I'h~..k l ph"', W"tmiruk,. >
(;",k ,.7•.
<:em"""'_,,. •
fohn' A" ,""",;..,;." "';,h ...1
&"''''''m. R_ «l, 7h, ""'/"~ /<" ~U 0.,","." R,'"'"<;''' e.. ""'pd ~ud"""~
G""cl ""POI., M..h.' >~nl ="" t ..,.
1",,",y.M urroy, G., 1<>"". w",d .0bI .... Com .... ",,,)' 36. w KG. 1'..., wo.-d lIo"h
, ~
ll«w, I., ' ,,., AbKh..u"akn ",. im lotw."''''''ng< lium. • "'ir"hrift ,., Ji, .......
,,,,... ,"Hi<Ioo- W'<un"lwft"m! oi, K.,.j, <In .1"".
Kine ... • '11
(,.m). " , _
,~
R.. " "!;,,, R.".!.. ai<.. ~"Ii·I..w;,m • ...I ,I.- """"h Go'f</.- P./"" of ,'" L.......
~i"'". 2000. J"""" 000 o.n.' .... ""'ta!/, ""', '. A"m u n u.xrum.
200t.
R, .. n••. ·M ., i'""" '1 I.« I",w." "'" ;",..,;k '"'., I'igl'" . _....... ,,; ~ 1>b"i"
,-«oK" I <>IDaIJ", ." •.
11>< A",hor BiW<".
r
R,,,,,,n. R."-. ,I.- .""'/"I """,a'"1 .' . foh," (;_.,ii 'n",,"",'",". T",...toti"", .n.! s"',~
Gt.ru." Uy, "X, no..bkd.y. ,%/;.
__ 7'" G>mmu"iI, of e.. ",Iowa '~.n"",
_
"". Y",k . . ,.10" p,'''. 19"'.
7'" q.;.,k, of fohn, 11" A",oo.- ROb!< ].(I. "'on"" COy, N.Y .' DooI>kdty. , ...,.
R''''' n~ ', W" 'whnK< ,I>< ""'1"1 o<c",J'ns '0 John" i<M" .m! 0.""'". p' .
a..,b ....rth, <d.. ,-""don . a..1""'". "71. '60_' ....
,,' UOl>UCTIOI<
""'kky, J., 1M M,...IN"" A",,~"' r,xtJ .... .II",""" ProJN, ilif""d, o""n! Un '_
",moy ,.,..... , 100'.
",,',m,o.., R.. "I,., Ii<d<uo ""g <In "...no""' .... "' " ... r<Li;., .... n om' "",n,d,;;,_
K ....n Qo.><JJ" n ii;, d.o. V"" .. ndn " &, Joo",,,,,,,nng<!'um,," il'''"''ift
ft' Ji,
_,,,,...,,,1"" Wi""'K""ft ,. (on,). '00-,46.
- - ',0. ""'1"1 of}cio", A Com,",", • .,., GJlII<a>kr_Morr,)·. " .. ~ .. 0,""", IlI«k·
..-. U, ,.n.
__ 1M ;00.""'", 'p'''h,..,J.
Ph;I. ddl'h " , fort,,,,,
R. O ' H..-.. l. """ ughy ,,'" "- fu n"- '''nd .. "''''''''',;;,
a...v,~""'h , I.H., «l, I""" • ..J ,0. v..d "" ",""u,. 0,,,,,...
Orig'n, l ;bo-"'l'. ",,'
Y",1c coo..",. d, '''''''.
Colp< , C. 'M '"ipm,~~Kh'Ii<M Sch.', """"Uu"f.,w Kri"l '"'" BiJ./<> rom
gm"_' Frl.>=.."h"" fon<hu"8' n ,., Rd ig''''' ""Glit<,,,., &. Alt.n ""J
""" n T,,,,,,,,," ,,,"- ""'''nS'", v , nd<nho«k", R' F""hl .%,-
Ceo""y, c . .II. . ."d W"",," '" ,0. f""ri" ""''''<
c.ndn.,.s Jok-""''''' C""""_
I<ri,.'''''. Soc""'y of 1IibIi<.J li",,'." !)i,,,
,lotion """,, '67. A ...."''' Soc""'y of
Bibli<oI lil<, .... " ......
Cull"f'!"" "-A .. ,., loiw""'"" Sc","", An fml",,''''" of'Mloiw"iM-&IoooIHYI"'''-
"j, ~ on "" """''la''''''
of ,IN- Na'"" of A",.,,' ScIoo.x., Soc~'y of Ribli<,.
li"""",, !h>."toli"n "'''' ' 6, ,,~....u. , SchoL", Pm•• ,." .
- Joh .. ,'" "'" of Z,!oNuo 1M Lif< of • ~M, Col, ....... Uni","'y of
c.roI ..... ,.,.,,~ , .....
Sou,"
'-'<Ceo", .. A.U __ s... ,os.. 'Ii", A"'"' .... \';"," ...,.,"d,," '0 ,'" GmI'<I of'I/.,....,.
Su"""""n" '" Vigil'" a."~" no< 3J , L<i&", II<OU , , ....
-- \ 'oK-., of'''' -""r;", ".", C"""'"" " ;'eo,.", '0 ,'" ""'1'<" of I""" .M .,"""""
0..J 0<"'"' A ......"' """"i."Lit... , ..... ..,.,m.J "" "" Study of' .... N... l'"'"",,n'
Suppl<""'" ',,,'on' " , Sh<1Ddd, ShrlIi<ld Ac'&""" ,.,..... , 100'-
L>wxkro.<g. ' .. ,0. 11<.,....
i_'1>'< ,. e-fl~" """'Ii", ,'"
""'f'<I< of /M".M
~ C"""Ii,~." .Il""
7..,..,.... ilif",J, ilifo,o Vn' vm"r P"'~ 1006.
--Yorlc Colwn",,- Uni,.",ity P,no, >003. SOOrl, ,.
lij"",w.•mi ,0. 5</0001 of ,'oJ'""""'. ",,'
GaJ..""', H ._G., ..-ohm.""M .... ,hoM.- C",mi,"l'" .,...,. pM""'I"'iKiw. Hmo","_
'i., TUb' ny " , "oJ" I P.ul5 ~ """). ', .M.
H.."" ....... " .. I""" I.' A c-..... 'o.,. "" ,'" GD'f'<I of}OO. a..P'<n I-t!, IlW. Fun,,-
""' ~ .. Ph'lod<lph'"' Fort"'•• "' ....
H.wu. R., J... m, """"" Joh .. ,IN- /<"W,.,w /<"W;,],MY, "' F'I'~""n" '0 ,",..-wn
T, ~. ""n '"m " "- L<Mlme II<Ui, 100' .
H,'",. ilL, - II" Rok '" , .... Go>p<I of ""' n in ,o. M""o.n i" eon'''''''''y," S<c-a
c.,,".,. 6 ('''''7_ , .... ). ,_"'.
H'nS'l, M, ,IN- Jo""'""''''' q.<>,"".). ik>wd<n, " ' nd .. lofidon , SCM , Ph'W" r"'"'
T,'n"y P,.... ' n"m <!""",- ' 'n'>.
H;J~ C£ .. "'z""'" "",I"",m _ """m, of""'.'" " "f< in ""n,
Ch"'''''"iI}" ilif",J
o,""'.n
-
>~ d)' S! ..w. ~ Oxfonl, CI"".oo.. P" .. , , .. ,.
__ 7., jcha ..i", ec", .. i. ,I.. ""<II' """",,. orlonl, ilif""cl Uni"'~ty P",~
H;JJ",«. M.R .. "'" Goofo< I '" I""n 'n ,.... S<con<! c.n' u,)·: 'h.u. Ji."""""" H,,_
,..n! Un'",,,"y, , _
HoIm<" M.,. ', ,,, Apc>'o/" .-.""'~ G._ T",J, a..J E"IIi," T",.w.,,,",~ G, onJ
Rop"" "",h ..- l\oh, A,a.km",. '200,.
'oowiocki. ' .. f . ,.-b; . . .M ,IN- 1<,..;,], A" "",,,, H;, 0'""" T«","I""'"" ApeI<>_
Fe e-,,,,,, Ancim' luW''''' , nd uriy o, ri""" "r 6-1. L<idm, Ilrill. ""'"
""~ H . ). · U ., ). ·M. Poff<,.nd J. Zorn''''n. a k ..... romm"",,"'/ p.."""r"''' "'"
";".i", .... "0,,'1<'''' <l< I""'"r~ ... """ ."" ...""
1"'''''''' u«k,. L< moruk '"
J. H' b!<. G<",,~, .... bo.- " '''''', '''''''.
!l 'tc !"O! "!i "E " .. "ij£ ::i {' -" -.I E ~ E ... - • .1'" ~ S':' '' ~ ~
~ 1. M ]'" ~ §~ ~" € ~ .: ~ ~ B ] B ~ ~~ :- t '" H ~ ~~ l
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16 TUO.uS USIMUS
T•
,-.-w...
__ I""", Abingdon Now T... "'m<n' Commm'",, ~ N""v U ~ ,
n..obaid, M., -D<, 10ny" <l<n j<' u, bd»,,, B<ob.ch, u'Wn ".m n","'""n ~ onup<
<1<, joh.onn<"''''n "'<Iok"on,' "'''.''"''-)''''.''''''-'''11<'''''''-
.-"",Io,;ji fii'
M_rti. "'"tri "'" 70. "''''''''"S' Ba..d ill, "'iii><> o.ri",",u,". It. ""h" n",w "
,d., 1'Ob'"y n .- Mol" (P.W """'k), ''''';' 20 '_1" .
'n
T.-rlHko. e .• lh, £,,1, "."'".'" >pM'" f""" Pawl '" ,,,,,,'i,,,, w,...
Un ,,,,,,,h,,oyn , urn N .... n T,"'-"" n' 166. TObIng<n .- Moo, """'k,loo-1.
""IWtl~'"
Tm"", c. M",."N,"' "'.... " A.'Iwn,y _"J II" N,w "'i " ~" Gombridy' Cam·
bOOy Un'","';,y r ' .... , ,,...;.
T"",...._. (,'"d; " ""U><T7" of ,It< .. ..-~"' World. R,,-;>«! alit .... , "uIk1'n
'"Wk .
m<n' "" '""""".- Un,,,,"';,y of loodon 'n,''''"''
of d • ..., .. 510<1 .... , "oo,.
T""",. ,.()., ",10;.," (;,.",~~,".nd 'M N",,,"~ )'''';IIi"", """""00,"' Co!'" <I<
".mrnod', ",_.-
N.g .ft""", 6. Ou<b<c, la. Pm"" .k r Un,,,,,,..; ,i ... ,..1. Uu'
"'''<n,
""n.- >00(,
__ -",h;,n {;",,~ "" ' m . n<! ,oh.,"o'", Ch,'''''n''r: Jh.-olop .... a,""'*'rl '"
,10. , '" ",," ~ "' ..." b, "" " ,,"1>< ... ef'l.. SNTS """'no,....
"'';'''1' "'"''''.
G . u n lklk,,"., ,d~, ""'b".h<co f,p/><m<oo" m 1bro1ogK. nun lo.... n~m'''m
' S<. l<o",n .- Uu",n Un'","';,y "'.... 1 P""", 100' , , .....".
W~I~m~ M .• ' ,"".ki"1 "{;""'K~"', An A'I"'""" "" V;""".,Ii'g. ,,,,b,,,,, Col<--
"",. pn""""".- en"""," UnI",,"" "'''', , _
Z...... ",n. I.. .... .-<dod.... fi",,~
<I< riu"l!"' ","" I"n (l l'mmpk d" <"'r" o< It):
.... ""'''""""U" joIo"'""I'" " >0. Ioi""'", .... """"_ .k i'i","pW ... Jro' ON.<
.. ox pm.. ,,,, '",,In, I.·U, "",,,II, I.·" . eo/f" . n<! J. lum ",'n. al,., 1< m<><MI< <I<
.. blbk "'n<"" ut-" ,-;<1<" ' '''''. ""'_1J{<.
THE RECEPTION AND DEVELOPMEl'>'T OF
THE JOHANNINE TRADITION IN 1,1 AND 3 JOHN
R.imo Hakol.
Uni"ersily of Hel.inki
The Ihro. wriling. known a. ,he Firsl , Se<:ond and Third Epistl.. of
John are rel.,ed 10 Ihe Go'rel of John in a dist inclive way. Scholar>
ha", become more and more .keplical .boUl Ihe common aposlolic
, ulhorship of ,h... wrilings. bUI Ihe g""rel and Ih. epistl .. are "ill
uni,·..... lIy grou~ logether and reg.rded. if nol a. ",rinen by a .i ngle
h.nd, l hen a. produced in a common IIChool of 'houghl or communily
which explains 'he affinil'" belween ,hem, ' It i. undecided whelh er
it i. legilimale 10 'reak abou' Ihe legacy or receplion of Founh ,h.
Go'rel in Ih. Johannine epistle. al all. There is no agreemenl among
",hola", abou, Ihe seq uence in which Ihe so.pel and Ih e epi"l .. wero
,,~il1en, The qu,,'ion i•• 11 Ihe mo", wmplicaled if we reckon Iha' Ih.
gO.p<1 il",lf ",a, composed in differenl st.ge •. In Ihis ca.e. il could b.
argued Ihat an early ve""on of l he so.pel pred .... l he epistl .. which
are. howe"". conlemporary or prior 10 Ihe final red."ion of l he g"'p<1
(e>~ially John 21 and po .. ibly . 1"" John 1~-L7),
In Ihi • ...... y. I do nol in'end 10 ultim.tely ..nle ,h. que"ion con-
cerning Ihe sequence in which the g"'p<1 and the epistl .. were written .
In my opinion, there is no ""lid evidence for 'he view thot the epistle.
predate the go'rel. but. fo, the ",a",no detailed in the course of thi •
..... y. J think we .hould al", be c.utious in ",.ding the .pistles wilh a
preconception tha, they pre>uppo'" and build ul"'n t he fini.hed ver-
.ion of the go.re!.' Instead of I"'"ulating • direct lite,..'Y ",Iationship
, It " dO'l"'"d t.ow 010. <1),---<>< Of .. aU_th< """" ol R",·,j.,,,,, " " I.,al '" th,
"""nnjn< ""PO, .-.x • &t.0al d;",",,,,," of u.. q...., ........ r,,), '''', 326-. 1 •.
lI<cou" ol". ,<mOl ....... boon ",t.., "'~ ' '''I!' ,'S',dal .. I""'nn;n<. ",,,,Lo,,,,, ,""
hod I;nl,_;[ . n)'_';gn ,fic. n« ;n «"n' «".n"""' ..... ol "" hO~"'l' ol J"""nn'n<
<omrn",,"),.
, """""", """ n<N' 10 t.. CO",''', On ......mg tt.. >«JU<"« amoag ,t.. th",
'1"""', "'" I..., """ .0< ol "" bo-"';,y ol, ...d , "",n . .-.x "" dOtlKolt"" 'n tW n ~ ,
<I", "'1""'" '""'"8 ,t.. <1"""', ... R.K Brown. '''"-', JO_11. Broom '0'"", ,Iw ,
, nJ , ""'n w"" .. nto, n ,tx.., ,t.. .,,'" !Om<, ~.""' , ""'n """" lozKoIl, oft" """.
OA'''O HAKOI..A
be,ween 'he~ wri'ing" I oxplo .. how id""" .imil.r '0 ,00.. found in
'he go.",,1 wer~ r",~ivM a nd de,..,loreJ in 'he Joh.nnin~ "Pi"I~,. I
will n r" Ii" 'he moot import. n, of the . imil.,;, .. , and ,hen dis<u ..
'he m a in differene.,. be'",een 'he go.""l a nd 'he "Pi"le,. I.ugge" ,h.,
'h ..... im ilari,i ... and difference, a re be" under"ood if "'.., ,ake 'he
go<",,1 and 'he "Pi"I., a. indepe nden' ,,·i'n .... ' of ' he .har.d tr.di,ion
,h., is d""eloreJ in differen, way. in differen, con' ex' .. The foUowing
disc=-ion quite obviously (.xu"", on ,he Go.",,1 of lohn and I lohn
becau .. l . nd 3 lohn are '" bri.f ,ha, th~ do not provide much mate-
rial for the discu .. ion.' r finall y Jiscu" the ,heori.. concerning 'he
opponent< in I lohn becau .. 'hese t "-'ori.,. h.,-e pl. red a n importan'
role in how the relation.hip be,ween 'he go<",,1 and 'he epi"l.. ha.
been under"ood. I aloo . ugge" ,ha' in.ights from the Social Ide n'ity
Pe"f'K'ive could pro\'< helpful in explaining 'he func,ion of the por-
trai, of 'he opponents in I John a nd 'he func,ion and rol. of lohn',
legacy a, i, wa, de\'<loreJ in the epi"le ..
N<H only are mo" o(,he 'hem« ,hat are di''''IS",d in 'he opistles pre.-
ent in the go.",,1 bu, aloo 'he wa)'S of oxp .... ing t he<-< ,hemes are often
,imilar. A detail.d co mp.rioon of 'he vocabulary, gromm.r, .yn' ax and
idiom. ha, ro,..,aJed th., ,h. "yl. of the long.. t of 'he epi"l.., I lohn.
h.. a gen ...1 .i m ilarity to 'he "yle of the ~""""I but ,hi. compari><Jn
....... 'hough ..< n,,_ bo .u", wbo,j..."" WH .bo o.~.U, th, 1.., ""'. "row"
,,,,,,Judo. ,ho, -,h< th",< I"""";" ",;,11<. w",", <omF"""J abou, tt.. "''''' "m< . nd
d.,1t wjth " m;fK,';",. of tt.. ..... p<OOI<m 'hroughout tho I""""" ;'" ,t.u,,""-
(p. '1). a. .1." lM. lOO8.o. '". Aaon!'''I! to lMu, 1 101m ;, ""'" .... Ir t;'",rilr
d<p<oo.n' "" , I'"'" a nd "'"l' .b" d"w on J I"" ...h ~b "'P«"''''' tho IOo-m of.
!I''l"''''' k it" mon . u,h<.bnlly. ,. '"' folk>.o"8- t km Of"" "" ;""rrW ",,k, of
, j..., <P;"~~ I ,bj", " ;. " k to ..,um< ,,,,,- ' h< """I." ~.", wr;" <" .prn"'m.t<~· "
' h< ""'" ,;"" ,nd t ho, th<y .. bo.. ,.;, .... to • _ U,u ')"1'" of <1<0..<1,,1'"""' of tho
l<>Iun .... " "M"". It;, d;ffiruJ<_;f no< ;mp""'bk-to fu. dm dol< . nd 10<..,
for '"' ,omp"'~"n of,", <p j ,,~~ 1 ]0/>. 10 . nd, I""" '>--IO ... m to 1'""uPl"""
•• ;t.,boo of .. riou~ I",... mably <ott.., ,m.oI~ lI""'P' ..... ngod .,,,,,nd ;nd,vhlu.o!
hou"hoId>,. ~'.""n .I.. ~-.D known from "'"" Ch"" .. " ""''''' (d. wh"< I.....
'0J- 1IOI. On "" ..., ;, of ,bo "",m..J <""lm". th< 'l' ; ~k. m ""'" " .... monIr
...... d 'n A... Mj,.,.-. <>p«"'Iy;" >ph< ..... . nd .i>,ro ,. 0000, 10000I tO a . f..-.
d;" ... _ >« RE. "row" ''''. 100--10'.
, I h.o .. ;ocl, okd ,,,{"''''''. '" 1 and ' ]0/>" ..... ""'." thoy m "",.." ,- " >hould
"" notN, how",,,. tho, thm . " "'" d;!fmoc" ' '''''''g "" <pi>tk... 0:, <.&-. lM.
1"';,111_111.
,I.., IO ... , I• ..,me ,ubtle d ifference. b<tween t il< ... two writings.' The
matte" of style. ho~er, are "'" enough to ",,,Ie 'he question <oncern-
ing til< relat ionsh ip between the go<rel and the epi"l .. b<cause, ifthe..,
writin&> stem from a common cirde or <ommunit)", we must en .. rtain
the possibility that this circle u • ..! a distincti ... sociol«t characteristic
nO! only of a .i ngle author but of different members of the drd •. '
The theological terminology <ommon and, for the most port, di.-
tinct;'.. to the go.pel and to the epist le. pro,ides a more con,.. n ient
roint of departure for a comporioon of t il<.., writings. In what fol-
Io>w>, I list the mo." imponant of the .. common expressions . nd then
proeM to evaluate what they ..y about the relation'hip betwe<'n t il<
go.pel and ,h. epistles.'
II I
W. 'p". k of ~+t.t ~.•
know a"d testify to
what we Ita,,, ""n
• A d , w< romp"""'" i><,,"<nO Ih< >I)k> of ti>< !",\,<I " '" 1 Joh" .... , mod< 0.,
t>odO lOll, " '_156. Dodd i"'m..J ,.n K>m< d,Ok",.", ,. " rio .. "'00 to ''l!'''' fo<
Ih< " 1'' '''''' ... ,ho.-.h 'f" oflh<" ....,"'_ S<yI; ~ ~ n'''"," 1.0 "',.,,,, ","",.00 b« •• ><0<1
'0 "'I'P"" Ih< ,ommoo ,u,hoM'p of,i>< t"'I"I . nJ 011,1."" I"""'ni", ,," ~ b , Cf.
Rod"' "hl an<il»<hu"'igg '''·H . <"""'. H I · l ";
, A, .. "-- 1Irow. (t9"' . >I ) h.. "'''''''''', '" m." ,u, 'nto """"n' ti>< po><,bilOly
of dd,b"... <"I'y;n8 '" "u",on,,"" ;mi.. t .... ""hi" , ",hooI of wri'", 1><_ w,
u'" ")i' ~~ n;","- '0 ''l!"' roo Ii>< rom""", .. ,hoMjl' of Ih< Johann j", wnhnS'-
• t h,,,, """ w,,o Ii>< m<>« «>mpIn< W ~ 'n R,E, Brown "". ,,,·n ._ t ",",',
""P"'''" Ii>< " ..;I,,;,;., 1h<m<,;c.Ur.uwl om ,",d ,I.< , ..., ~ hm Ii>< ....,,,,;,y '"8-
8,~,d 0.,- Brown ,, " " "b,n' or "n,,,~, i,,- I" Ih< "'bk. t ",,,, sO"'. Ih< G",'
foo-nu .00 'I""'..J ti>< P""lI" ..I.<" th', ;, " &n'&,"' roo "" <=>8"'""" oflh< " ...-
"-<i,." .00 diJfm"" ~ An ..'u'''' {'I "'_" • • " P"''''''" "' .. " d'~ 'n<';'" .. ti><
", .. T",,",,", '0 "" Go>l"lof lohn.oo t" . n<!) lohn. F", . <"'"1"""'" ofth,
"-"l!"'-S' of Ii>< _ I '"" Ih< 'I"~k, .. "Lo,,,,,, to ,I.< "'~ of "" ",,' T,,"""n ',
'" P,;n", ""'. 6'_6<.
" OA'''O HAKOI..A
1m",,)
1.... Exp=ioo 111< F-rist'", 11>< Go.pel
I""n 8012, "'~ IN6
" light 1 Iohn D
God i. light I am 'ht light of tl><
",wid
• light ,Iu".. ("m,i.) 1 lOOn 2,8 I""" I,'
" • , .... tru< Iiglil (,b ..... loon 19
" '" ~).~fh""')
light ... J"kn"",
1 Iohn H
,." • do truth
truth b<inglabiding in
! ki/ln L6
1 Iobn L8, H;
lohn j,21
loon 8M
, .~
2 Iohn 2
k • know It"''''''''''/ 1 lOOn 2.21, 2 John I I""" 832
,iSh",,) , .... truth
M • be of(i. ) Ih< truth 1 Iohn 221, 119 I""n 1837
k • , .... SpIrit of truth ! loon H i )00" l U7; 1~ , 16;
16, IJ
, • know It'''"''''''''') th< I lOOn ,,2Q I""" 173
true ol><lt .... only true koow the 1m< one, (ef ,1>0 nS)
~ J..... i, , .... lrut God kn"", , .... only 1m<
~
~
tM devil
1 lOOn H6, 4, ~
from YOU' fat"""
tM d"in
loon 8,23, 1~19;
17 , 1~16; 1836
TI,. lOliA""'''' TkAl>IT!ON ,,; 1, 1, 3 JOHN
"
(0"1.)
•
11>< upr«''''''
• (onquer (,,"';,) the
1'" EJ>I'tl..
I loon H , ,--
lOOn 16JJ
~
-"
>,o. world h.le, I loon lJ3 lOOn n ; [H8
(~,o,i,) )""
o.l""<f
I loon 114; H2-16 lOOn 6, ~ " ,'
•• God.
k.." (,_i,) 1.. ",'1 I loon lJ-', 112,24; lOOn 8,11-,2,",
words/com- 14, 1 ~, 11.23-24;
m.od"..,,1<
n.w comm.odmo",
" 1~1O.2Q-,
lOOn [134
17,6
% > [loon 1,7,8, 2 Jolin'
(fvtu),~, ,,,,>1\.)
• • (om m.ndm.n, '0
low 000 another
I loon l23; 4,2[,
1 loon " d .•1>0
lOOn [134; [H2,[7
I loon In '''''
m'=g< (,,-n,),,,,-)
,h., w< sbooIJ ""'<
00< aooto.,.
~ > '0 Jov< l<su>lGod i, I loon 1J-3, 2 lOOn 6 lOOn IH1,21; " ,10
'0 hep hi, com"",nd-
menl<
I loon 112; ' , 14- 1 ~
'" ,,1ul<Y<f w</roo .. k,
w</yoo .... oiv<
[loonll6
Jolin IH3,14;
",7-I6,I&2l
down 0",,' li[, lOOn 10;11,",17, 18;
" • 10)'
for ("(;oW '
~dp)
....,m,
orh ...
nl7
lOOn ~ , 24
, , '" 1"""'''' """,", of , I>< loo.nnin< """. " P''''' ' 0 m C>. >« u. Bro,,"
,I>< ....... ".~ by ,,,I >004 • • "'. ,'''' moo< 'mpo"'n' "".Jkl ' 0
t • .,. 6_•. C[ . 100
"'" """"" " 'n pol. I'M ] , ' , ",..- "",,)' on< ,,00 ,hall "'" «'n roo oIut J".' chri"
',,,,,",,;n tl>< Ok"," . nh<h".: ,''''''' ..-ord. p"'"blr .J loo. '0' lohn , and to
, lohn .,'_" ,I>< ' PP<""'" of ,he ph,.... ;. '''" 3~ ;n the urn< oom""ho"
Id . , John H) and ,I>< ",n'""" -..., u'--.'urn ... k ,,, ,I>< ..-o«l wh"h .... dorh""",
to "' from the "'ginn'ns- (d. 1 John n. 2<; },", 'Iohn 'J ;n 1'<>1. ""d. n 'n'''''....
"'" likdihoo<l of t h', ... """. Cf. H ;llOO<, ... _....
• S<r It-"- """'n '''' .• _'" HW ,..,., ..... ,_ ' 0030, 1. ,6.
• A«on!;n8 to .._biw (If.. " .m 6.".10). Ooig<" .. Od "", lohn ..... 'hr .",hor
of the Goop<~ Aponl)l"<. "Od ,n >P;"~ ,Dd ,l><n..J.lrdo ·,hr .. ""T "'" 1><. """""
an<! on ;,J but "'" .. .. y th<y m sr nui",,:
» R."- 8rown " "-'. '1, """"",",,"".
" 11>< 'I'"'''''' au tooo"'" of tl>< goop<l and ,he <f' i ~1n ;. dorkodrd. for ,um r~ .
b,- 'hr folkowms ",halo", I.R. "'gi>'-' A . 5<hJ. "rr, T. ~~n, R. F. 8U<h><l. W . M ~ hM t;~
A. W;l.m ...... "'. G. M,.". L Moori. &n<I • . s<hw",," Thr p "'obrt«·hl1""I><,;. i,
"'pportrod..,. A. ' Ion..... W ............ IV. H<itmuu"" R.' '- 0,.",,- " .H. s< .. <orr.
"- K' ••"n,"", IV.G. KOm"",'. "- ~ ... "'uhl , Dd M. "'"srI. s<, K;m >001 . • _w.
""'_310.
" lh, ",halo" f""'wO< two J'ff"m' .... hen for ,he I!"'pd an<! tl><
fo&~; n8
,,,>tin W;"W "h. C.H. l>odd. R. S<hn"'krnburg. C.K ."m" Ill. """'n.
II.
I. Z""uO<;n. H.-J. KJ..",k , nd U.M . ,,""h. " u ~I><",""" . ""'ny ",hOUn tMnk ,h .. th,
go",," "Od 'hr """"'. ~.", ""-;",n""" I... , on"" d;ff"",n' writ",,"- "ul'","nn.
OA'''O HAKOI..A
The moo' ob"ious difference i. ,h .. ,h. go.pel (ente" around ,he c""me'
betw.. n Je.m and 'the Jew.; while ,here i. no . ign of ,hi. conflict in
'he epi.tle •. " The word '10"&"01 ,ha, appea" in 'he gospel seven'y-
one ti mes is n<H uoeci a' , II in 1. 1 and J John, While th. goope! d.,.lo
exten.ively wi,h . IKh <:entral "pee" of lewish iden'it y ,. ,h. temple
and wonhip (John 2,13-12, 4,20-24 ), ' he Sabha,h and circumci.ion
(~ , 1-,8, 7; '9-24), 'he ,"" .I.t ion . t Sinai, Mose. and 'he law (~, 37-17;
6, 26-~) and Abraham (8:3 1-~), ,h •• e ' opk. do not appear a' 011 in ,he
epistl .. wl><re 'he 00;"''' of 'he a.. ack OI" tbooe who, from the writer'.
pe"'peetive, havel. ii 'he community and deny t h.t Je,,,, i. 'he Christ
(1 John 2,1 8-22; I lohn 4,2-3; 1 John 7)." Thi. dearly ind k .... th.,
'he main concern. are quite d ifferen, in the g""pel .nd in the .pistle ..
The former ..eks to clarify a nd maln,ain 'he iden'ity of ' he beli ..,.,.
in rel.,ion to ·,he Ie",.." a nd lud,i,m whe .... the lauer addr .."". a
community ' hat ha. experienceJ an internal d ivi,ion "
In .ddi,ion '0
dis,imilarity in the main roc,," of writing, 'here are
more s ubtle d ifferences be,ween the ~'OSp<1 and the 'pi.tIe., Together
with 'he gospel, the .pistle. pre .. nt )em. a. the Son of God who h ••
be.n sen' '0 'he world (I John 4,9-10,14) and rep<a,edly use fixed lan-
guage when .peaking of t"" Fatl><r a nd tl>< Son (, John U; 2.21-24;
( ,, 4; 2 lohn 9). However,the d lvi.io n ofl.oor be,ween 'he Fatl><r a nd
8 0 .. how",,,, ""'n 'U}, .,""'" ,,"" m. "" .. Ul k«p mp""d, an" m ) ' f,<he ,
,,;110..-, t""m, on" '" .. i~ rom< to t""m , 00 nul, 00' hom. I"""';'" 00''''''''''''')
,,; to <hem,- 1~ ' , v«w probabl)' p""nu , ""'.. n'", "'nk'1'''''' .... (d_ ' '''I of
,,-,d'(jon.J .pocal)l'''' 'm<S''l', S«, ,-t-, l,nroln >00'5, J", J%.
" 0 R,n.b<'S"
Chn"w" on" '''''r
(I"" lIm .. ho "mut. "", .,o. .bid'ns 01 God J',,,,I, in
in God p " ~ , n),hing tlut .... o.l 'n th, Goop<l of Joon,-
, ""'n ''I''",dlr "''"' ,ho ,~!!'"",to.., in Mm- "h",h """" 'w'" ~ oft," .nd",
""''''', God ." ... " ' ~ m,<nd<d (d, H, n_10; H), lh', "'8"'''''' i, typ>ool of tho
<J""'" (= bd",,),
" 0 "" " """'- "-
OA'''O HAKOI..A
·wh.. e... r i. boom of Goo" or "our f.ith" or "the on~ who believ., , h.,
J<>uo is ,he Son of Goo" conquer> the world ;" in 'he g""pe1. i, i. Jesu.
who ha. conquerN 'he world ( 16,33). According '0 1 Iohn 1, 17. 'he one
who doe. 'he will of God st.y. fore ... r (~iv" fi:; "IV <Ii';",,,). while. in
'he g05pel. i, is 'he Son (John 8ol ~) or ,h. Me .. i.h (1234) who ".y.
fore,..,r. Th. id •• ,hat no one h •• ever .... n Goo i. used ChristologicaUy
in John 1,18 '0 .et up t he ide. tha, 'he only Son ha. m.d. Goo known."
In 1 101m ~,12. t he ph""" "no one h •• "'er "",n Goo" pav.. 'he ",'.y
for the conclusion ,ha' "if "'.., lov~ one .n<Hher, Goo Ih..,. in us, and hi.
love i. perfected in ...." A .imilar kind of d ifference c.n be found wi,h
'he u .. of t he expre .. ion ·'0 pa .. from life '0
de.,h." In lohn ~, 24, the
ph ...... i. clos<ly link<d to J<>u> who promi ... ,hat "anyone who h.ar.
my WON ... h"" p.as....J (~"'''Il<~~'-''') from death '0 lif~." In I John l,l4.
'he phra .. i. linked '0 ,he mu,ua] 10... of tho believe .. , "We know thot
we have pa...,J (~",uP.p~ru~,v) from "".,h to life becau •• "'.., 10... on<
.nother." It "",nlS ,ha' t he cent ....1 r"'. p1ayM by I<>u. in 'he go<.,.1 i ••
• , lea" partly. absorbecl in'o 'he idea of community in 1 John."
We hav~ ~n ,h.t many par.llel, be,wHn 'he epi"l ... and the go<-
pel be, .. y. at . do .. , in'pec'ion. nlianeN difference. which .how that
i, i. no' enough to Ii" par.llel .. pr ..... ion. wi,hou, d.. ailin~ 'heir u ...
The difference. in how lem' role in relation '0
God i. ron .. y"" gain
more .ignificance becau .. many of ,h. t heologic.lly I.den term. that
.re u .. d in 'he go.pel do no' ap.,." a'
an in 'he epi"le,ll "'''!laiv"v
(16, ~ '), m"'l\«iv<lv ('7. 9'), it"" and it~ (8, ~ '), ""f"lY,,", (19),
~VO~v (~), &04:< (18), ~n~'" (H), ~piv"v ( 19), ~pi,n:; ( I 'j." <>o.1;"v
(6), iI,o)')";,,,,,,, ( to), o:v,,,,,ha, (8), o:vIi"",,,,, (4 ), ~""'~Q1<iv (3),
.ip~,... (3). {,110:Y,'V (4), 1f"l~~ (Ll ), 1rO:<P<'V (to with .. ference to the
.",iptm.. ) and v';"o.; (14). It i. especially noteworthy that the ba.ic
elemen" of the hi~h Chri"ology wh ich;' qui .. commonly .... n a. di,-
tinctive to tho go<.,.1 do not ap.,... in the epist'es. In the go<pel. J~.u'
" A=mii"!! to t Jobn U, "you m born God. and h.o,.. <onq""''" 'bem: WhKh
"'''" '0 ,be 'pi';' ollh< anlKhru. "",n'_ in U .
M F..- ,be """"';"!! OOffip",;.om, ... """"
·O'. ,-""t"',106.
".,t.LO_n.
~ F..- Ih< ~ .. of ,be t<n", '1'1" ""ng;n Ih< ppd .... , m; ";ng from "" <1';,,1<>,
.. , Dodd ' ' ' '. "O-t"".nd ""0 ' .... 11'- tn tbe 1;" "", foIow>, "" oc,""nnm
ol It.. 'mn ;n Ih< SO'f"'I m g;,m ;n f"T<n""", ond Ih<~). ';gn;&"" w'g<'
m m","d "';,h ,n ,,'<r'o>; ('j.
~ " "'" ~ lOOn<! 0,,"' It I""" "ilJ;n ,be "1'",Won'" rji ""iJ"i' '''' ' '';'''''''
~-t.Kh ;, not "",nd .. oil ;" tbe ~ .
"'I -m '".,
f'l"'(IAp""" ,,, ..... '"1""'" "".. "(I " " " """,," UH.' p>n",!, ""W • " " ~
,(\It, '~I . ""''''''''' "~, ""fl" l ,u"u>w>fd wo> 1" "'>OJ >WOO
~u "'l"'u, ,.,,,
·,odu><l.-...u>o »vw 'pu,,, ""'" " " "'l"tJO ~"'p" >U"',p "(I 'I"'~" "' P'"
"""J ,'1""'" >q ~nw ,.,"";"'"j '. '''I'''!J'>" 0, >WOO '"'I "I :''''1' ~ '."'I"t
•• '~\"I'" """ "'I' f'>U'~woo ""I 'I"'." PI""" ".,,,oJ >WH "'I' ' .... ~~
"'I' '-l 1"""""' , '.'1"1 YO Am",...""" "'I g, '''I''' ..... "l '1''1'' '''l'''>="'''''''
-,n-or. ',,,,, """"" ... ." ". 'I>d.oi "'I' JO ~"fK> "'1'-'" "",6""''1' • "'.' ~
l·,,~rqdw' lOU ..... '""10, po>') ""'J 0"!""",'1" 1''''''1'
-"'~~. "I' ,,,..~ J,m""u,{:) >u"""!"I_""" 0, 1>Jwli ,.., ""I' ""'I'" ... """"'1
'" "'''I JO ".., "G> "" "f'OI' "., i><'l " u><W<ido "l' ,.n.~ po<) " ".. ,iorn ""1, 00
''l' "'I' ",.,ft»d< ,>!j""I'"'" '-"''1''''" " " "'l ...... "I' .... ,u..,oow, nil".
'""'I "' ij"{' ' I'U "J'OD po. ''''''''''0 "'-~ . ''l'"'"'''''' ""'P "l' " I"''' " ....
"" AfU",,~d ""OJ 0, .. " .. ,,.,,,<1. "I' ' ..... ---po,.,,'w'l' "'" " . "" 'I j~ .... "'1'><0
I'"" .m'l "".. d,,!,,,,,,,,,,,, 1""'.P" " f'O'} F"" ,"",,,mp "".~I><J """POW .. 'f'"
., m,". '"'I"I , g, '"", U" pu. l>ohoi "l' _ " , d ."".. ' "l' '''l' '~>q,oo.(~
"'I' q,," ''!'O'' , >i.."'l' " """, ',<6, ,>i<"1' "'" "'I" 9 'm, ',,-It ',<6, "", "
,,1><1<02 ''I'
JO ' 42n04' .... ' 'Ill,'" ,><>uuo> 01 P'04 ,nq ,.>moo U.l")J4:l "U1UU~40!
_"ou '''4'0 WOJ) l O'11WOj >J~ '''''Pl "''1.1 -(L( ,t '~",!J, ~~l OO!~~
~'i',!) ,u,wllpn!)o .(.p ''I' uo ,,,uPloq .A~4 0, ."~,, 'PI ",2Jn pu.
(g,:, '''1.,..-.00,,") liu!wo, >In,nj "n",! 0, "'j" '(l :, 'sl 'll.W!4 .",1
"'I U",," '''''''!l'''l .... ' u.4'" pm P"]••.\>l '! , m,,'! U.... M ,wI' ~m,nJ •
JOJ "1 .... '4 '(&FI) 2u!wo, '! ")J4'pu~ ~4' u'4'" (000): ~l"rg!) moq
"~I ''I' '1 '! '"'I ' 'Pu."J~pun J>llJ,., 0'1.1 ,dod.oli .41 U! Pl" '1 ,~ ....
pUoA>q "j ,..,li u40J ( '';jIoloI'''!= oJn,nj JO "U~'"~I. UlO,UO' ]><I.oli
.... ' ul ,02"ftd ~WOll 4linoql uOJ\] -.(20(0' .4"" p"z!l0" P"U.>-oo ''I' jO
o]dw.x> pooli. 1><1.02 .41 .""'w pu. om,nJ .41 ul UO!,UMJ01Uj I~uy
',~ ,noq. uO!'.ln:>..J. JOJ WOOJ 4,mu "'~~] 'O<l .>op uOjD1Auo> 'l'U
'lUlOJ .A!l!UYOP • "! .n •• ! U! JI,,"W!4 P"]."'" .(P •• 'l~ '.4 ~ ' 04'
.,u."!'U! "1 ' 1 ]><Iroli ~4' JO "!"!Jo"'J~4' ''I' JO ouo -,.],,!<I> ''I'
ul liUHU!41 I~'ljlol0,"q'" ''I' 'UJ~)UO' o,u.J0J!!P JOf'w J.4lOuy
,,-]><Iroli .4 ' 0, uO<!Jalwo> ul 'Ol,,!do
.... ' JO 'lPl-lIU.""041 .4' ,noq~ ~~ 0 , pOYl"nf '! ') 'UO!"OjUO, '4li!J
uo ')"qdw, '141.,!d"Q '(L u40J " ..-]'f-l't ',,-,T, U40! ]j,n"'J jO
UO!""Juo, ,«.l!J ~4')0 .>muoow! ~4' ".J" .(IP",~><I~J _1.4"'UOU
"<'I' "I''ldo .... ' mOl] liu!"lW '! 'jO!!"'I 1.,!liolo''l''D I."u» "''I'
liUl"Oldx. .(2OjoulWJO, 0'1.1 ',u>lu2pnf liulliu!-,q •• " ]'-'P.UJ>lI. '10
'Y!AI"' ~ U01"!W ' l'lJo [roll 0'1' pu< UO!lDYlJo(.l 'l 4'. JO dn lIuPJ!!
'1'1" poo,,,opun 'I q ,o,p "H 'UOA"" 4 01 JO l>4'~d .... ' 01 liulPu~",
'~pUO U>A~~ 4 W01] 10 ~.'oq. WOJ) liulPun.op'. P"'I!-'=P '! UO!"lW
NKOI",', .~, ~ow"vu ' N'SNV~ol",u
"
OA'''O HAKOI..A
Unlike th. SO'I'"I (Iohn 14016,26; 1~26; 16m, I John dO<'> not apply
,h. fOrm ~" F'OXA~"" to 'he Spirit bu, only to Jesuo (I John 101) . Thi.
applica 'ion i. only implied in the go.pel ""here the Spiri' i. called
"a noth er Paradele" (14.16) ...hich <ugg,"," ,hat lesu. i. unde .. ,ood a.
,h. fi" t Paraclete. The term 'Spiri' of ,ruth' appea,. oot h in th. gosl'"l
(John 14016-17; 16,0) and in 1 John 406 but 'he u"'g" a re differen, ."
In the gospel, ,here a ppea" only one Spiri' call.d t he Spiri', t he Holy
Spirit, ,he p.,.,dete o r 'he Spiri' of tru,h a nd pr...,n,ed in personal
term. with a function tha, i.tightly connected to lesus. Howewr, .. a
port of the duali" ic framework of 1 lohn, 'he Spirit oftru,h in 1 lohn
406 ha. a. its oppo<ite 'he Sp irit of error (," ~""'~"- ' .... ~).U,~<;), Th.
id.a tha, 'here are d ifferen, . p iri'ual being. in ,he world ,ha' act either
on 'he . ide of God or ag:aim' God h.. dear p.rall.1s in lewi .h apoca-
Iyplic a nd dualistic 'hinking. The dea...,,, po,.llel.to t he jUXl ' po.i' ion
of the Spirit o f truth and t he Spiri' of error are found in 'he docttine
of 'he t wo .piri .. in the Qumran C.""munlty Ruk ( IQS 3,7-9) a nd in
The Testamem of lud"I, (20,1 , cf also T, Sim, 2.7, T. I"J. 1904; T. Uvi
3,3), Th. pattern of th ought appearing in t he .. WUfC<. form. > much
doser background to 1 loh n 4. 1-6 than the more refined concept of
th e Spirit-Paracl ... fou nd in lesus" farewell .~hes in the go.pel ."
lhe .!>m'.-mentioned difference •• uggest that, in .pite of t he com-
mon t heological terminology, the th""logical profile< of ,he go.peland
the epi"] .. are d ifferent. The idea. in the ~o.pel related to the cent raJ
role of Ie",. and high Chri<1oiogy. realized e><hatology and the role of
the Spiri,-p.",dete are more "ructured a nd di<tincti>" in compari",n
with the epi"le. who", ide .. are. in many ca",., mo..., loosely formu -
!>ted a nd akin to other Chri>fian a nd Jewi.h ..,urce. ," We may add to
~ II m»" 0. <lut ,0.", m J,If",m' """'<pt, of "" Sp; ~t 'n "" _ , ",<If. cf.
T.G. Hrown ""'3. 26, _267. Hrown <onctoon <Iu, ,0. "" of 'h< ",'ri' "",,'"< I"" '
f",,,<l1 'p«<h<. (JoI.n 13-17) ,. " "I",n' from ' h< rooc<p< of ,I., 'P',"-P".d."
' 1''''''''''&
H-,h ... '"l"',,n.""'"-'.
("' ....
'0< 'P"«h<~
t ,.. s,,, ""oil, ...
tn. romp.orioon of, ,.,.... to 'h< IX..!
obo _""",d '''', ,,.;.. ,6,. 1loUm,," <>'<n ooncioo.. tt.., "w <1">1'" ,. odd"".. d
to. Chri,".n rornm"n;')' """,,, m<mh<n '0 • luI!' ,,"n' hod " 'n " ...... ... If w<
... ;n'-" n th< "oJ"""",, Ok .. ",,,,,.H"g to wh"h <h< 100."""", ,,""nv ,,,,,,;.. d lh<;,
."" >o.m .. "ph=o~ "" >houId "" .ok '0 """Iud< tho, ""'" "",,"" .. Ephn", .n
, ...... rornm,""y" (p. 'M). Ho""',,,,, th< 1",011<1. ""'.... 'n W """nn;n< H,,,,,",,,
. nd "" [1. .<1 "'. Scroll, a " "" "'pt..;.. d <.,.- • <om""", .... k!!""'nd .... Ilakot.
100', '''_100.
w cr. R,n"""I!" (''m, ll ) who """', 'hoi · th< ... of ""'" ,r<! rooc<p<. 00<
fowMl 'n 'h< ,,,,,rlh Goo!,,1 Out <onunon , I"",h<,,;" <o ~y 0"",;", 1;,,,,,,",,,' ,,.
the features thot a.. d istinctive to the Fourth Go'rel but mi .. ing from
other ea rly Christian wurc<" induding the Johann ine epistl .., t he
figu .. of the BelovM Disciple (Joh n ]J,23; 193~ , 20.2; 1) .7.10). That
the epist les lack m.n )· features that are unique to the gwrel must he
explai ned in any hn",thesi. concern ing th e relatiomhip of th e gO'rel
and the epistle •. The .. [eatures rose a serious (hallenge to the th""'Y
thot the epistl .. were writte n a. a reaction to the mi.interpretation of
the gO'rel (_ helow).
Thot ' he epi st ;'" are. at the same time. d"""ly rel.ted to and yet dilfere nt
from the gosp<l "'gg"''' thot ,be>< writing> "'pr<><nt two differen, [ "!'1m
of the . hared trodition, Thi< reinforces the scholarly consen.u. th . t .....
them .. emerging from a distinctive <irde or community. Certainly, the
<onsen.u. ,hat the g""relo in general or the Go.rel of John in p"rt kular
emerged in d istincti", Christian commu niti .. ha, .-.centiy ~n callM
int" question," Thi' criticism may be jmtified in the sense that many
earlier stud ... h.,,,, .. ken quite. bold leap from the n ..... h,e of the
gO'rel to t he historical reality beh ind it . ~ It i, also undeni.ble ,hat t he
Go'rel of John, like the epistle>, con"in • .."",ral feature. ,hat , prealed
to a "ide range of dilferent Ch ri<t i.n <ommunit;'" beyond its local area
of origin. H",,·ever. both t he "idence concerning t he rffeption of t he
go'rels in the e. rly church and ,-.r""" ext ra-canonical texts .uggest t hat
it i, not anach roni"ic to tliink thot, just a. mony "'her early Christian
documents, the Johannine writin);> also ref]«t, at least to some extent ,
the exrerience. and n.,.,d. of that particular community or a duster of
communit'" where t hey were prod uced, ~
-""P I"'"m" ;, 'I""', " ",xuin! ' 0 Rm .... 'lI". ,hi. """'Y "'pm.".n .ffort 00
op<n , ... JoIeon ..... """m.""y .p '0 "'''''' fonm of ",.dop'''!! Chri .. ",,"y."
~ Moo' -.bIy. ......... kIwn , ..... _"" ...... klwn d.;= ,ho,
.11 oh< """",,,"
_10 ~.«< ~T"kn fo< all 0:)",,""'", . 00 noo fo< part~ , Ch ri ~"n <om m un ".,~
". II.o",khorn (:tOO,. 10' _1 l4) -"!"" .... ,h;, ,... "' ,..
~. w. of ,... fourt h Goof><l
.. 0)1"""" aI""", « '",pkI,Iy!h< Johmni'" .p;.tk. ","" '"ppoct , ... """m.";'y_
h)~"'''',
hx ""'ho.IoIogKaI <ri ' o<"'" of ).L M . ~yn', (10[13) "",,·!<vol " .,j;ng of lohn,
"" H~. >00'5. 11_"'-
" h" pa'ri"~ «>Un'''_'''''''''' ,h.
[0, rio" ,..., ,I« go>p<I< wm ..n,,,, fo< all
Chri"w.~ .. , Mj" .... :tOO' , 30-79. "" , .. "'"... "" .... of II.oorlh.m'. p"'f<"-'l en
"" i;gh' of ."",.""",,;00 Chri>' ''n ,<X, ~ "" K." n >00'5. ,.;,_", . ..". ""I." <rih_
,.rul
<i"", of ..... "'kIum'.,. .... ~ .... F.>k-< ' ..... l " _l ... Sim " " ' , '_11.
OA'''O HAKOI..A
On purely Ii....')· grounds, it i. difficult ' 0 define 'he mu, u.1 rela-
'ionship of 'he gO'rel and 'he epi,des. Tho>< who 'hink that 'he epi.-
tl .. pr .. upro'" the gO'rel, often cl.im ,hat 'he beginning of 1 John
(1 John [,1--4 ) is mooel«l after 'he prologue of 'he gO'rel (John [,[-
18)." How",..,r, th e beginning. of the goo!",l and 1 lohn •• ,..,n though
'hey "",m to be surpri.ingly similar, also .how dear d ifferenc••. lhe
gosrel begin> wi ,h t he ".temen'. "In 'he beginning w:os t he Word:
(i.v "PlU ~v ;, J.iryo;;) ",hich pre .. n" J.. uo •• the preexi"en' Word
,h., "'-• • wi,h God before Cre.,ion, !t i. no' de"" ho",..,,,,r, th ., 'he
phr ... "wha, was from t he beginning" (0 ~v~' "Pl~:;) in t he begin-
ning of ] John refers 10 ,hi. view. The expr ...;"n "from t he beginning"
can sometimes be us...J in [ John '0 refer .i,her '0 God or '0 J<sus,"
Howe,'", 'he neuter pronoun ,u);g"" ,h., th. u>age in 1 John Ll
i. rel... d '0 [ John L24, "I.." what you he.rd from ,h. beginning (0
~'''''''IH' a~' aplit» abide in rou ." O,h ... pa ....g .. 're.k of 'he com-
mandmen, 'hot t he community h •• h.d "from the beginning" ([ lohn
2.7,1 lohn ~-6) or of t he m.... g. ("TI,l;«, cf 'he verb "~IlTIfi..loJ
in ] lohn 1,2 and 3) 'he communi'y ha. heard "from 'he beginning"
(1 lohn 3:11). Funhermore, 'he <xpre .. ion "concerning ,h. word of
life" (",pi ,or.
~ Tii; l;.,~;) at th •• nd of [ lohn I,] ,u);ge'" th.t
' h e term "word" i. not used ab.ol u .. ly 10 refer to God', eternal Word
a. in the go.!"'1 b Ul mean. "word " or "messoge:" In [ John U, ,h.
word . o\\,"v;" deno' .. ,h. fellowID ip of 'he beli",'''' with 'he Father
and 'he Son, a word 0>0' found at all in 'he go.!"'!. Th ... d ifference •
• ugg." t h., 1 lohn U-4 i. no' simply a reproduc'ion of lohn U -18
but ,h., ,h.r«l ... di,ion h .. ""-'n do,,,Iope<! in differen, way' in ,he",
p ....g"'." If ",e ,uppose ,hal 'he prologue of 'he goo!",l i. rework«l
"'" lou"., . ~' hoI< in "h ..h "'" th< _ ' :14_11 i, . k,nd """pp,n,];, ,h.< i,
ot""h<d """""h.< dunu"r '" "",,~ 01 'h< ~"". f ... oh< d,,.u,,""'. "" """k«
,,...;. '''''_100. lh,,, ."".. ho", b<m tW" '" ",ond>.')' oddi'''''' to 1 lOOn, ' . ~.
by"- BuJ' .... " " . c'H . Dodd .. Y. \',<lb."" and "- w'"R't whik """k<, hm ;0;"'
R.E 8rown. R. Sch""'k<nbu<& E "'S''''''"'' W .G. Kumm<l . nd M . <I< ""'g' in
,kf<Thii"S ,I><", v<,,<> .. . n '""g< ~ pm 01 1 100". A. ,,,,,k .. _,~ , fob"}01l
" p"" "'-'fly 01 "" h I' ...,.-do In 'h< p.""wnS "'co"'" "'_".00 folio ... th', ",too
".m~.~ y . ,h<" I. no ",,«I '" ' hi'" Wt ' hi' , ." ' .. ~ i"mrily <l<pmd<n' on Joh"
>O:JI.u..J .. U<O _ . lID-ll'.
~ lhw .... &"'"" '''', 1"'_10'. f"" "'" probI<"" ".h thu vl<w. "" I><lo" .
• l l<u ' ''''"'', 111.
OA'''O HAKOI..A
Som~ p.rallel. fou nd in ' he go.spel .... , on 'he I>o,i. of ' he internal
analy.i. of the gO'l'"k explicab l. a , stemming from 'he <ommuni'r
'radi, ion, In Joh n 3,11 . ,her< appears, qui... urpri.ingly in 'h e midd le
of , ~ dialoguo be"o'.. n )e.u, and Nicodemu" a (onfession in 'he
first pe=n plural 'hat i, pu, in I.",. mou, h, ·W•• peak of what ..... e
know and te"ifr ' 0 ,,·h., we have """n." Thi. i, qu ite <ommonly ... n
as a n example of lesu. represen'ing "the pe"!",,,h-e of ' he ",,"ngeli"
.nd h i. comm uni'y."" We .100 find elsewhere in , I>< gO>1'"1 a nd in
' he epi"l... imilar kind. of "w." ·confe";on>, and 'hey """m '0 I>< a n
e"ablisheJ part of 'he Johannine tradition," FA!""i.lly 'he end of ,h.
conf... ion in John 3, II (0 ,O>p<itro~'" ~"p"'f>Ol.~(v) comes clo .. '0
' h e words " .....e have se<n and ''''tify" (;O>p<im~'" ml ~"p,,-..,m;~'v)
at , ~ beginning of I Joh n (1 ,2). Thi •• ugge ... 'hat no' only ,h. "we"-
form of ,h. pa.>ages bu, .Iso 'heir common terminology "em. from
'he ,h.red , ..d i,ion."
The po"ula'ion of a <ommon Irad ition u..J bo,h in ' Il< go.pel and
in the <pi"les may h.lp u. ' 0 ~.p l ain some .. ying. which are no' com-
plet.lyat hom. in ,h.ir pr..... n' <onl<''','' In I fohn 1,2, Jesu. i. called
"the atoning .."ifico for (lAa,,~1.; ~'ri) our . ins. and no' for o urs only
bu,.I", for ' he .in. ofthe whole world," What i•• ignifican' h ere i, 'he
id •• t hat lesu. h •• died for th e . in. of 'he ..... hol. world. [be"'~re in
I lohn, ' he .. h'ific .ff"'t of I.,u' mi .. ion i. u.""Uy r~",icted '0 ·us:
' h at i., ,h. belit'Vingcomm uni'r (cf. I John H,16, 4:9, 16)" In I lohn,
' h e duali.m of ligh' and darkne,. i. d,,-eloped more con.;'l<nt ly ,ha n
in 'he goopeL and it i. even ... ,ed 'hat "til< whole world lies under 'he
H ,-,,,,010 2{"". m ,
~ cr. I .... lOOSb. ' ' ' , - .. ~ ,,-;&., ,..., , od\ ... ",,,, ,,'" of '""i "I""~nc<. !''''_
. "~ .... 'od in f,"l"'.Uy '''''''Y'''''''' =nf"",~ '" '<>"monw fO<m .... ,
",.... rly
W«<.
6#,
f...,~w
"'1<, J loh.
.. .-.tog)'
,,~.
~,,,h;. ,.. b-roo<I<, loh.....'" ,,""""'" ()ohn 101',16; J,Il,
" A"""", 1""'-8" ...... . ~ m;J .,. <;" u of ,,,,,f...""-'l [",m.a. ,. ,I« fi,,, 1"'''''"
pl., .. '!'P'''' " p«", ,,,,,f,,,"," '" John 6# ow, ... ,"
<om< to 1><1;.,-, .nd know
<Iu, T"" ' " "" Holy On< of God.. A!I'-in. " i, "gruoc,n' ,... , ,.. lmg ...S' of ,'"
roof",;." "'"'1 ,,!kct. rommofi ",",nn;", i>o-m.Io, an "n" ..... rom"i"""," __
... '" rom< '" "'I;,,,,.nd know· (... "~,,,;, ......... "'; .............. )', .... Iound do<_
w .." In ""'" '"' In "" NTbo, "1'1""" . 'n ".",,,"
k ..... " , nd "', .... (........... ..,i """"""'-") "" low
",0. " In , 100" .,,6,
,t..,
God h,u i>o- " ,.
"w,"''''
~ F., ,..., foI"""ng. <f, N""h '00' . J.I_",
~s,,, ''f''ri'-llr I 100. u,
"God "'., hi" "'ly "'" in'o ,'" """id .., ,,,,-, ... "ugh'
1;", 'hrough h'm, 1hi' '""''' do", to ,I« .... '''I''",..j in John ",6 .. "h , ..., ..«p-
h"" ,.... ,..., world ;. ,..., obj<ct of God', om . oJ ..J,-;oc '""'" in "" gO'P'L
B
rower of the ,",'iI one" ( ! John ~,J9)." In light "f thi>, the " atement
in 1 Joh n 201 i. surpri.ingly uni ... ""l and inclusive" While t he..., are
no p.r.llel> for the uS<' of t he term iJ..a,,~&; in the go.pel, the id ea
that J.su,> ..crifice is for the';n< of the W<lrld i. logically do .. to the
t.stimony oflohn th e B.pt;st in John ] ,29 (d.•!so John 1:}6): "Here i.
the Lamb of God who take •• way (0 alp"w) the .in of the world !" No
matt" whether t hi, p.... g. i. to be u nderstood ...... ferenee to t be
Lord'. Sulfering Servont (I .. H) or to .1>< P•• "",., lamb (hod 12) or
•• a combi n.tion of both of the .. image •• the significance of Jes ... t be
lamb of God i. ci.><:ribed in univen.al term .. There are funhe r echoes
of t il< Bapt;,,', •• <timony in 1 John J" , "He w.s rev.alM to take .w.y
.in," (,,,,,,,,,,,.;,e.,. "..
0 ,a<; "~"P"<"; iip~). Both the combination of t be
verb al"", with .im (only h ere and in John 1:19 in ' h e NT) and , he
u.. ofthe verb \>Uv,pbm fo, Jesus' mi .. ion (ef. Joh n Ul) connect. thi>
ve, .. ' 0 'he Bap'i"', t... 'imony." It i. con. in ly po"ible to ' h ink ,hat
'he wri'er of I lohn h •• d eriwd the", id ••• anJ ,erminology Jirec,ly
from Joh n ],29, but ' he ..." e,ed referenco. found in d iffe,en' pans of
'he WTi'ing could he expl.ined, a' Ie." .. , ..son.bly, by pootulating.
(ommon traditio n that i. u se<! bot h in t he go.pel .nd in 1 lohn" Thi.
hypothe.i. i. also helpful in expl.ining t he .ppear.nco of t he ide. of
atonemen' in John J;29 whereas el",where in 'he go.pel Jesus' Je.th
is understood prim.rily as h i, lifting up and glorification or as hi.
r<turn to the Foth<r, Anoth<r pa.sage in the gO'rel where J«uo' death
i. pr~ nted in .. rm.of atonement i. lohn 11,~1-~1 th at is formulated
in a .... y that i. do .. to I John 1,2, which is another link bet".""n this
,'eH" and t ~ gO'reL"
lh"", "'3rnp'" of ""attered and mo.tly isolated links do not .""m
to establi.h a direct literary relation.hip bet",,,,,n the gO'rel .nd the
epi"I"., The .imilariti .. concern briof idiom>, ~xed linguistic pattern.
and common yet different ly ohap<'d theological th.m .. which could
regularly h..'e!><-en tranomined in cat""hetical... nnonic or liturgical
tradition. of the community. whether in oral or in written form. It
i. fully plau.ible, therefore. to explain the c<><x;".nt .i miloriti .. and
difference. between these writing. by 0 common Joh.nnin. tradition
th at i. d",'elop<'d in a different way in different .ituation.. Thi. condu-
.ion has !><-en rut forward in a number of writing. by Judith Lieu, and
it i•• ff.<tively argued by Wendy Spro"on Nonh. who h •• used this
hypoth«is to explain the formation oft"" Lozanu "ory in lohn I .. "
The alx",. conduoion do<. not represent the m.jority "iew among
""hola.. , Conj«:tur .. concerning the mutual rel.tion. hip of the gO'rel
and t ~ epi"les are .eldom dedded on the bo.i. of the ...... nlent of
parallel. and d iff<rence •. Many ..:h ol .... are re.dy to admi. that there
- I""n ",51_", "1< ....... oboo t t. d", f<x ().., ... ,,,", a nd not "'" ,I" ... ,.,.
only. bo,.oo (<ni "'" ;.,ue ' ''" i"""".w"", au ' '(,,, "'i) ,. V'''', .". on< ,'"
w ,Xu 1906. " i6_116; """ '99' , ,.._to7,lXu """->. ,,_t" """~ 1001, '7---00,
G.. )"'on (, .... '1_") .1w ok"",,, th, u.d<p<nd<"" ofoh< 'patb from oh< S"'f"'1
..... " ,"' .. "'" h"",. " S"" r.,,- t'" p.... ;'Y of "" 'I';~I<,. Cf. .100 s""k" , ....
40--1 1, .Dd """ ... 1....s, >.I, " " '... th;nk, ,b.,"" pp<1 ;. _ "oN '" ,'" ,,",ok,
. nd ,.... oh< go>p<I,"" , JoM "" ;nd<p<nd<"' "'P",,,"',,;m of t'" ,.....00"" ,__
hon, <v<n 'hooogh '" dot" I I""n r"'" to "" go'l"l (" "", "n>o). ,''' ""'" d;'P""d
po".,( ""', ..... , =on,,"", .... , """",... , " h" ,;n,- ,b., , .nd J loon ... '" writt,n
bd",,,'" pp<land , loon ,"" "1"'"'''' ,'" ,hH ...,;, Ook. .h" ,""m ni"!",'h1 y
.nd ''''l'''''.1 ""'''" .... " ;go, Cf.. ""'.,, , .... , . _ '"" ""'.. , '0%. )1_,>6,
""',.,~. ;n"'P"' .. ' .... ;. bo .. d to , Io'l!""'"' on , '" ;.'''1'''''''''' "hI>< P"''' n'
po"~;pI< f""nd ;. 'I"". ), "who do 00< "",I"", 1< .... Ch.;~ ,,,,,,;ns j;","""",) '"
oh< ... "': "",,,In "y' ",-" ,'" F"",dp!< >houId b< ...&ntood;. , '" lid "" ... 0<
to .d" '0 1< .... Ii"",,, rorn inS ;n , '" ... "'. ,'" """y.,( wh",h "" "f'I"""n .. of ""
P"''''Y''' <l<ny, 1hi' ~ g. om ... '~.uy , poo""'" ;""'P"" " '" of , '" portidpl, bot
,I>< lo.<k of .on)' "'''''';go' of ,h""'''k ,h;nki,,!!;" "" lobonn;"" " ••Mon_,,;'h ,'"
""'''''' of ",,,,10,,,", j .. , f_ _ , ,)- .... " st."k,,·, ,"""'" .... ""P<"""'"""
, Io/;n 7 i. p'oo.bip " •..,,"oo,,,", .,( , john "'"_ , • .,.j u . • Dd , '" pm.,n' P-'~;
dp!< con '" <xpt.;",d ... ,...-." ion of ,'" I""",nn;",, "ad".... "'" '" 1<>"' ;, "'1"'''_
eJly <1<.,,,_ ",,"S ,'" P«'"'' po~;";pI< of ''''''''''' .. ,'" on< who """" ;nto ,'"
..-.xl<i 1'.8-. john "" .... , "B) , C[ lXu 20000. "1_'''.
" littl. "'dene< 10 , u gg"" a d irKI literary dep<n dene< belw""n th.",
",~iling' bUI lhey " ill Ihink Ihal lbe epi"le. build ulKm the idea. pr<-
",nled in ,m, goop<l." Thi. ,·lew "l.rgely based on Ih. rem n"rucl ions
of the ",hi.m Ihat i•• Ilogedly >aid to bt- in Ih e b.ckground of ,m,
epi"!. .. l h erefore. we need '0
,ake . look at Ihe Ih",rie. concerning
the opponent> in I loh n in order to get a b.l.nc...! piclure of the ..... y
Ihe loh.n nine trad ition i. doyelo r...! . nd ",,,,,h·ed in Ihe epi"l...
~ Cf. R->e Ilrown 1981. JJ. Ilrown odm'h ,"', ",., ...... ;n ""y of ,'" of Epi>tln
t""
;, . d; ... d or " ..... n ~ ..... [rom Gloon. a ,.",""ng f... if' I""n ~... "ri''' n
oft" GjOOn.- 'n h', <1<" .. " "'g"~~ how""" . B"",n oII"n ."u"",
Ih< knowINg,
of Ih< SO'f"" by ,o. "'"" of, I"""·
,,""" >00,. 11_14.
"0<
a ;U~''''d 'n'~;,," of "'0"0" '''"''. ""
" h" "" probk m' of m i""' .....odin!o .... &.,c\ay ' ' '' . n_n >.wn ' hough """,loy
«m<m""" "I",ioIty "" P••I'. "p;,u" to ,o. G.... ,,"', Ih< probkm' ",", n"",d b.,-
OOm m 01., h'gh!r " 10,,,", ro. Ih< in"rp«U' '''' of, 1"""-" '"
;ump '" , ondu,""" .bou , "ho, t'" ",,,,.. ""'n too ...y · to
,,,,bon ., .bou, .rod. on« _ "''''' . n ....
" ",I in "'" m'n<!, "" m', in"'l'rr'l oil t'" ,," of t'" ,""""",t",,' I p. 7<). """,I.)'
Ok nt'''', .. 'f'«'" '""'P"'"'t"""-i pOluU. • .au< "kc",;" ~' o. n " bolo" bo .. Ih<i'
'""rpr<'"'''''' on oom< "",",,,d ,n<!i, ·oJuo] ..... 'S"~ """'""'I'm.';" ","'n """"-
~."m< n' in • ..-rili"J! ;, tak<" " • ,<bu,," oft'" '''''"''''-''1\u""", of ,'" oppo.
",nto. .. w..,..ai'g '" »Ok"'" ","'n " halon ignor< he" t'" "f'I"'"'"" mj~t ho"
"nd<r~.,."j th< d i "g'w", " '~ .00 ).,I,h. nz ""'0 ,."..... , "",-a. .nd fir'.'" tho, or<
lak< " .. di,m «ho<, of ,o. "I'I"""'nt' vocol>ulo,,- , nO '"",n • ",hoi< ,"",~ i, hung
"on " - llirruy ""go. - 'or Ih< probI<m ' in "" "..dy of , n"gorU'" in mly a,,'~"n
oou ,«~ "" obo lhw-.'n 1001. 79_'>'. ' n ",,,",, folio"" , ~,.< "'"" "."""" of he"
"" .. problem. "",., .. rlK<d in ' ""' =mh of, 1"""-
" '''' <hi. und prow"' .... ""
of RIC B,own " ". ''''_'63, P.'n", ,.... "_71,
.00 P... ,,,, >001. ,"_H"", m mpl<. "'''''' "",,,,,n" """"minl!'" (".!o. ' Joon
'00".,,, ""_10) or< "",,, o""n tak<" '" "'1"'"'''' '""' think;ng of t'" oppon<n" .-.,.
"" probI<m ' of th', v~"'. "'" ""ndtrbng lOOI!.
OA'''O HAKOI..A
we shoukll>e cautious in ",.ding 'he ano i'h .. icallanguage in ,he <pi .. l",
a•• di""" reil"", ion of rulity.
lhe m.jori,y of ""hola" 'hink tho, 'h e alleged Khi.m reilee,ed in
'he epi"l .. deals wi,h 'he righ' in .. rp .... ' ion of 'he Johanni ne tr.di -
,ion a. i, is enc'p>ul.,ed in 'he go.pel ." It is a.. umro ,ha' 'he oppo-
nents interpreted ""me el.men" fo u nd in the go.pel in. w.y 'hOI wa.
unaccep'able '0 , h. writer of I John who offered wh., h. regarded
as ,he true in .. rp .... 'ion of ,he legacy of 'he go.pel." Th. ""hism i.
oft.n understood in Chri .. ological term •• nd uid '0 concent ra'. on
the meaning of le>u' earthly lif. b<cause in 1 John ~,2 it i... oted , h.t
"every .pirit tha, con f....... Jesu. Christ h a>i ng come in the ilesh i.
from God" (cf al"" 1 lohn 7). The u", of the perf"'t in the exp .... ion
." ,mp" a~i..t&", "",m. to refer not only to the moment of I•• u'
incarn. tion (cf the aor; .. u.ed in John Ll4) but to J<su' completed
coming and the r",ulting rem.i ning in t he il",h." I John 4:2 is o~en
connKtM to t he interpretation of 1 John ~ ,6-8 ("Thi. i. t he one who
came by wa1<r .nd blood. J<>u. Chri... not with th. "·... r only but
with th< wa.. r .nd the blood.") where t he word "blood" i. taken to
ref.. to I",u.' deoth. The combined in1<rpre" ' iom of I Joh n 4,2 and
~06-8 ... then compared to ""me early Ch ristia n writing> 'hot polemi-
du again .. those who deny that Jeo", truly .uffered and that are cu.-
tomarily defined a. represent ing some oort of doceti.m'· It i. claimed
~ 'or , n ...",,,,;,, ...... tho<"''' ,t.. !!"'f"'I'" "'I"""'" '0 th< ",.'un ... n_
,Oon«j 'n ,t.. ""ok~ >« St""<,, ,.... '1, s<h,,"J',,,,,,,,,-,,
",_M. ,I><", ",hoI.o" <h'nk t"', oh< !!"'f"'I .... ,
" ''''. N._',..,
.... . nOT..... "'"",
~
t 'n I"~ . 'go",,, 'h<
",h,,",,,'''' ""nlOON .. docdX. ", , I""" u . " " ,." ..... n!. t.ow.m...t..oh<, ...
con ond 'n "'" Il"'pn, d" " "oJ 'n ~"''' n , Ogh .. n<I "'" 'n H"o' of 10", 'h<oIogOcaI
d'KU"""'~ "ph,," doc,"~ "" . n'; ·doc,,~ w.guos<. ' or , w",u,,,,," ...... , .. , ' ' ' ',
7<'-7'''' Ikck" 1001, I16-IJI . ... , .. , rooKl""'" !hot ,t.. ~"'''''''' ol doc<o'.., 00..
no! ,m,,,s< On th< go>p<1 bo, h<~. to , I"" '''8'' ;n 'h< h'ot"'}' of th< lohann;",
rommun;." "fI<",d "' ,I>< <p'"'''' ''''' 'h< 1"0000m, of fin<l'ns «pld ",h·docrti<
poI< m ~ n ', n On tt.. ... " .... "" 0.,10 ....
~ lh;..., ... ;. "'II",d ""'" "on~'l< ntly b)' R.IC B"",n (l9..,. 6,,-, 16) "'tn """',,0
~. ""oK ' ..... n" ..... I>«n p,,,,,,,,d o.k>«. 'or. ,Om""..,,, ,,;th ~ ; "o' mg,""",
,rr P,;.,.. '036."_'~. P, 'n' .. 2001, '6-11, K" ",); ' ' ' ', H_" , dr llo,,, '''', no_
J,,; ll<n"""s<, ' ' ' '. 10_1'' Cuip<I'I'" , .... ' 3-6" , nd "",",," >OO6.1"_lH
" For ,umpl<, >« T...,,, 100'. 36-
" a.Bum ... 1006. " " _N'. a,,,,,,n "P ""' ,, ', "'" hrlpful '" ,.!I "'" "Pro-
""n" 'n 1 ""'" .;mplr doc<,~. b<cou .. ""'" ... " >n..... ~uj" d"b"" ",n.ti<, of
docrt',m 'n .. rty Chri" ,,,utr. ,I>< fin<. "I",,,,.«d by ""'"""'. d" ""o th" 0.""
ooly ' l'I"",d to >utt", 1>«,"" """""" rI ....... """fir<! 'n h" ploc< 0",,,,, " ,
~J>. S-•. UO"'). 11>< >«ond. '<pr<",n o<d by C<rin,h..., 'hough' <lut "'"' , nd
,I>< Chri ..... " ""tW)y ...,.,,,, =t ;,~, O" n.., u ~ ~J>. ..... u,... I. 1h< <h;ol fo.-m
'I'P'''' On th< poI< m ~ of 't",";"' .V .... ,hoot who d,""," ,... , )<'"' , u,f""d onIr
thot the oppoon<nts in I John took the high O uistology of the gO'r<' to
i" <>"<m< co""1",,ion and thereby ooKUIed the salvific ",Ievanee of
lesuo' .. nhly life or death, 1hi> i> . lso.een o. a ..ason why the tern"
that "p..",nt the high Ch ristology of the go.pel and the "prog"''''iw"
th«>logy of the oppon<n" do not appear in the epi"le."
It i. not ",If-evident, however, whether we .hould read 1 lohn 4,2
•• an expr.... ion of anti-docetk polemOe. 1hi. conclusion may be an
m..,rinterpretation ""'--au.., it p uts too g .. at an empha.i. on the word.
hi ,,,, p~i iA~h9&r,,- .. the focus of the right confe .. ion. 1he structu ..
of the «ntenee " b~oJ..o.-r<i 'I~~v XP"H;'V hi <>"p~i a~Au9&r" .ug-
ge". that .h< whole phea>< "Jem . Christ h"'ing come in the fi .. h" i>
the object of the confe .. ion, no. only its latter part." lhi. is confirmed
as the writer d""'ribes the wrong conf"",ion in 43 only by .. ying that
"ewry . piri. that d"". not confe .. Jesu. i. not from God." It ...,m. that
the writer i. not inter.. ted in .he fac" that are conf.....,J about J«u.
or in the erroneous details of the f. ith of the alleg.d opponents," "
number of early Christian ,,'riting. connect the word "tl"h " to J«u"
while t hi. conn""tion may Klm"irn .. arrear in polemkal conte,ts
([gnat i",), Ihe word i> also used in an un polemical way to .. fer eit her
.. ' PI',,., ..,,,, . nd not ' ruJ)' ('ll'" Smp". U _1, ,,', J ,I , U, "" Ill" . T,.lt 9-.t_"
t<>t) .•.h"""n «""Iud,,, "", ,'" ~ , of,h< "1'1'",,,n";n t loon U " '''''l' ,10",
'0 Ign.<!'. ' "I'I"'",n". 1h",.oo Rm.b<,ll" ' 'fll,
• Cf. .. ,,-- "ro~TI t .. 2, 01_".
'_J.
" lh",." .......Jly th,,,, "'P 10 'h< .D<k,,,,,nd ' h< «>fif'''.... ;n 1 lohn . ",
(1) "Con[...... I".' Uri" ....... g rom<;n th< Ok .. ", {1) "Coni""", i"w o,riot ..
..... 'nJ <om< "' 'h< Ok .. "; ,nd I') "Coo"',... 1<"" .. th< Cl,,;~ ",,;ns rom< 'n th<
11<.0. f"" th< ''l!"mm'' 10< th< fi, ~ on< "", .. 1<0, ' h< ..-hoi< ph ..."·t-", X ..~ro.
;. "",,,.-i ii.",h<l.;,a .. th< 00:J«t of 'h< "","'""", , "" R.E. &o"n t"" . •• '-tn
and 1><. ' ...... ">Ii_ t60. A. "". _,,~ I lobn U_, .... qu;« oftm in"<p«,<d ;n , n
""".doc........r .. ,'" ...Ir ,,,.,,,,. ,,;._""'''''"r "'''<P«''''
tlut "',, ",,,,'im<>
frlt 'h< n«<ilo ,bong< 'h< ,..,,-,j;ns of ' h<", ,.." .. , '" tbo, th<r m«< d ..rlr ' rr'"
.. , fornW ,on","- tn U",h< Cod. . """,n", "" th< ","""h'" i)."."""'"
'n" .." of th< f'O~K;pI< iJ.".""';' .. , "..linS ,bo, ""m. ro pia« mo" "mph>>i. ""
1< .... ,""'''s 'n th< Ok", ("Cool...... 1<'"' O,'~ .. ""rinr ro .. , ;n "" 11<,),"). 1h,
;Mn;'i, ·<.oo '1'1"'" in rol. P1<iI. "t ..I..<h i, p"'UbI, "'ti u<nc<d by t John . ". tn
t loon "'. ",,,,,,<OJ ,".,," u th<n « ..l )."" ",,,,ad of_; ~i.. ,,"";ns ,!w, i,
~'" p« ..1'f"""I by ' h< " ulE,,,.nd ,!w, """""m" bo, b«n """" .. th< ""is'n~
on< "",n '",""," ;' dot. ,." _1'1'''' in th< G""I; .... ""rip< tOO,,""'- a. !tE. Bro .. n
t"" .... ----1'>6. Erum.n {1OOt5, 12 l _1.6\!w, ohow,,- "'-<m. ,bo, J."" ;.. &100. .."
",",n' "", ~ mot< ..... ",,'''' '" th< O,'~~".J
fath<" ,bon th< ong;';.l «..£ i"E
,..'" "f'I""<d by "",,", ,"u"h
M l"," ' ...... 170.
OAt"O HAKOI..A
of a .ingle c .... dol te" ..... Thi. di,-er>it)" .. nd. to blur any detail. of
the faith of tho~ who do no t .hare what the writer regards a. the
authentic faith in lem" The cumulative for ce of the nrying dem.nd.
of the right confe";on i. t h. t the opronen" .imply lack any authentic
fa ith in I... u •• nd, from the writer'. p.".p<"<th'e, an)" a uthenoic f.ith
in God,
There i. little evidence in I lohn as a whole t hat the human ity of
Jeou. wa, the main concern of the . uthor. In ••,,'eral c. .... the wriler
u>e< undefined la nguage a. he .pe.k> of God or Jem. and onen il
i. difficult-if not imro .. ible-to determine ,,'hich of the two th.
a uthor in tenJ. (•. g .. L9; 2,3-4; 1,19; 33,7,24), A. Manin <Ie Boer ha.
rem.,ked, th io "lack of cI.,i,y call. into qu",'ion the claim that th.
a uthor wan" to umhline Je",s' humanity .gain" tho;e who hold a
docetic chri"olo!;),." De Boer continue" "ating that th. frequen' US<
of ,he .. rm. "Son" or "Son of God" . ugges" tha, "the a uthor ac,ually
wan" to empha.i", Dem ') unique, divine "atu. and origin. - At the
end of'he epi"le. the writer own call. J«u. "th. true God."'" It i, not
OO,-iou., therefore, that there i. a delil><rate tendency to avoid term.
related to I... u' divine "at", in I lohn. There i. nothing complicated
in th e ",oy Jem. i, Jeoc.il><d hoth "' d ivine and a, "h.vi ng come 10
Ilesh" .. the>< ide.. ar< pre><nted in I John . Th i. combination a ppea ..
problematic only if we read I lohn with the a.. ump' ion that the writer
had in hi. mind a clea rly defined theological agenda th.t w'"' di,"'ted
" "" .,in' ... 100'. "_93. C[.!", R.' .. Bro~'n " " . m,"l1>< owon, nl> = y
...,' d.~N tl><mod"" .. ,..,1><,,'00 propb<t, .od tw·" d, .... d to ,pule '""""
"" 11"",-, of,b< Sf'i'": wI><o B",..., upI ..... ho" ,b< wri'"of , 101m ""pond<,!
to '"'" d.;m" "' "l" ttw, "'Nil """""""Y ;, wtw, I>< 00.. ,.,. "r .. ·"""'mabIj'
"" ..,,00,- would not d.ov , .. , ,I>< ",int n . "" p,,-"""t<, bu, I>< n".." ""0'_
" . ... "", I>< 'mpho.oi'" w'h.t i. Oftly ~int<" " "' u" S""f"1. n,""Iy. tho, ", .. , "u"
P.... kt,· (PI" '_141). 'n , _I><, '0"""'",". """'n (''''. WI """ .... t'" ""
"" oc< ,boot tl>< P",,,,,"t< io "" ,,,,,I<. "'r b< "ocr""oul:
n lbw abo G"I""" __ • OJ. a . aI", T.G. &0"" 100'. ,"'. T .G."""", OOG_
c""". thot tl>< f""''').... oftb< Sp;,it ;n ,I>< I!"'pd.n<! in Iloh" do _ "d"'f)'
,00.,." • "'l u<nc< of ,b< ",ml""'""'" of ,;,1><, "nli"S 'n "lotion to ,I« o<b<t: ' n
'1'"' of thi~ "" <. 'nd'nN '0 ,hOok tho, , loon borrow'" >Om< of it> i<k.. from tl><
goopd. Sh< I".. ,.uti" 'pp. 107_"'), how<"",",guN w"b p>d ""' "" ,1wI " i.
"0100,1y tho, ,I« "' ..... K.". i" 1 Jooo <l<riV<d ""i, """',"'ooi"8 of ,b< Sp;rit " i''''f)'
from tb< p pd. T .G. B"",n ,b", "i«" "" , ..... "'" '" .... m mpl<. "PC"" "'N 0,-
..,,·mond fl,o,," , od Jooo r,i"' ... (d. "" pc""""" _'I. A"o"'"'g '0 T.G. """'n,
w< find, "' tb< f",,~-d d;.."",,,. of"" I!"'I"', ", ~,« of ,mp"'" Oft "" ron' i" _
oN Usn ific,nc< , 00 P«""'" of ",.U. ,o.t """"'" >«m ,. 'oo" odOct th< "I'I"""n',
,"'" "" i""':
of
" Cf. RE. 8""", ' .. '.17o "lb<
D<c," "' ,
".o,,,,,",
of"" S",,,of'f,"th olon!,i<k ,I«
)00" 4,1_6 ;. ""oS'1y ns", """'" tl>< 1"""""" q "";'1' of "" Spirit:
,pOi'
R,mbu!" ''''7, '14, .PIo<;"g u,< Holy Spin' ""n w in ~ "" 'Sf"'it of """,;,' i.
"""",tw, 00d. "" "''''' of in,,"'''lI 'Sp<rit of tNl h' into , d"""ti< f,,,,,,,~,,,Ic·
OA'''O HAKOI..A
1 John portrays th ..... who, from hi. p<"pec'i"" have left the com-
muni'y ( I John 2,19) .,lacking any real fa ith in Je.WI which fru"rate.
our a"emp" to rKonstruc' a detailed posi' ''m of ' he opponen .. , If
we are ' 0 believe ,he au,hor and condude ,h., , he .. opponents once
belonged '0 the communi'y, i, i, quite ,ertain tho, 'heir portrai' .,
unbelie""" i. exaggera,ed, The .. me kind of .weeping us< of language
i, "",n .. , he au,hor dewlop'. on the ba,i. of 'he "aditional duali:!1ic
imag.., ' he con'"",' be,ween ,h. children of God who >lIould 10",
one ano,her and 'he children of the devil who .. deeds are bad and
who are full ofha"ed (3,7-17). In , hi. connK,ion, , he writer u ... ,h.
example of Cain '0 portray 'hooe who hate ' heir bro'hers or .iSle"
as murderers (3,'~), a depiction tho, i. hanlly ",'er taken literally bu,
,een a . hyperbole,"
The.. kind, of contr.". are quite exp<c,ed if we 'ak< s<riously
'he f.c, 'hat the Joh.nnine epi"I .. , or a ny o, her epi"l .. in the New
Te".men', were no' wrinen primarily '0 give an unbi ... d po"'ai' of
,ho .. "'ho are differen,ia,ed and devalued as "o'hers" bu, '0 p<rsuade
'he audience '0 rKei," 'he m .... ge of the ",~iter. Therefore, what i,
.aid of 'he alleged opponents .hould be ,een nr" and foremo", a. a
part of the rhetor;' of differen,iation that mi..." '0 reinforce 'h e col-
I""i,'" identity of the "'riter and h i. audience, According to the Social
Iden'i'y Perspee'i,", i, i. predictable 'hat the nega'ive traits of 'hose
who are p<rceh'ed a, "o,he,,' are exaggerated a, a group cO"'tructs
i.. social id.ntity." Thi. p<"p<Ctive hoW. 'hat social categori ... 'ion i,
a fundamen tal • • peet of group beh"ior, When we define our",h '.,
in relation '0 o,her people, ,,'e exp<rience our .. I,'" . , umilar '0 one
dearly-defined category of people and ,herefore .. differen, from
,ho .. in other categori .. , Thi. process helps u. to orien' .te our",h '.,
in , .. ,iable ,od. 1 environmen" by making ' hose en" ironmen" more
predictable and meaningful. Social categoriza'ion, how",,,,r, results
h cr. "--,,- R,o,," '''' , ...,,"n.. ,n,,,,.,,, to my,d<", hYP',ooo, frn- m.J",,,_
"",n',- Romb.'l!'" ,...." .., -,-,,,,, " tkn ....., ' ....." th< ,YmbOO< """'ns of
~="
('
.
th< mmpk of Co,.,th< mu,"""" ~ '.l""" whe ..", , brotho, '" ~,",. "h', .. ,m,
ot "," Sl.",«, ' ""J' ''''''1'"''3 "'-tomont. .. [bu'l ~ ~ _ """"''Y '" '.1'1""" ... ,
~. Co~ClUSlO"
In t hi. e.. a)", I h.ve argued that the lohannine 'pi"l... hould not be
read as a re.ction to .he alleged "hi.m prompt..J by the .xces.ive
interpretation of th< go.pel. The detailed comparison of the gosp.1
and th. epi"l.. dearly demonstrat .. the kin.hip of th .... writings but
also r"".I, dear ddf.rences in how common idioms and them . . . re
d'\'eloped. Th ••imilariti.. can be apiain..J by th. u s< of the common
"adition but they are not .nough to <stabli.h a d irK' liter.ry depen-
dence between t h.-.e writing., 'The main d ifferenc .. concern 110m. major
th<m .. that are distinc.ive to the g"'pel but mi .. ing from the epi.d ..,
lhe lack of the h igh O uistology and t he Spirit- p.,..dete in the epistl...
__ .,1>< J"'",m' D< Comm,",'y .. ",~; oh o.ri"""" Som< Probkm.;n Cm , " '
5<" oLuly Goru< .. u ~ · /<,.;,n CIo,;'"''"''' ~"" ""hi,,);'", A,..~"' G"",1'
• ...! rub, M. look.oofi· McC&o., ,d., M;n",,.poIi,, _"'''- 2007_, ,",_>01.
__ ·Soc,.1 [<I<n, 'b" , .0 Groop ""'""""n. 'n , '" s.cond T<""'" P,riod,' '·,yloi• .
i", I!<>rl, / ...." ......! 0.,,,,,,,",,,, c-,,;/,,,,,,..
fro .. ~'Ii .. • m
r . C"""",""n, ,. I'yyWin<n , 00 Il Uro. ro,_ BilK .... '""'1"""'''''
"""I
5<~"""
s.,-;" ".kl·
<l<n' B,JI, 1007b, "'._>lb.
__ "SOCW '.k"tlty .nd • St"""'YI" ;n ,'" ".kin~' 1h, """".,." .. H)pOC'"'' In
M", n: ,J.-.".,. _,.", '" II.- N... T"",,,,,"'. II. '1oImb<'ll.oo M. W'nnJ"lI'.
,d~, W',,,nKholil,,,,, Un,,,,,,,hun8"n ,wn N, ,,,n T......... n' 2>7, ")'Omn8"n ,
Mohr·St.... ,k, 2001, IB_Il• .
__ .,'" Ilw-<l<n of Amb'zu"l' NOrod<mu> an<! ' h< SOCW 'd.nti'y of "" ........ n;'"
0.,1""",: N,,. T'~ ' m,"' "oJ;" , 100\1 lforthrom '"gj.
H ili>Io, R. and A. ""' n",,"'. "I"'m ', .... ri .... : " (/u<" of ,... 11i"-.'
"""n""~
-
I- N........- an.! "D. OW_. «io., "'oro, T<,-, "")"" Un''''''''y P,=.1«f1. "'_141.
HW , C.£.. ',,,, """'"" ,.., 0.,/,", i. ' ''' Eori, CIo"ffh. oIfont oIfocd Un '",,"y I'r<"
",""n. T., "S« ...... ""'r<"to. Sam< ClH; ~" n " 'n" n' .... .,.j
,.. "&h' of f.1" . 'C, nonic&I Tn'~ • Nn< T,""m,"' 5<..J,,, ,, 1'00' 1, 56'-"'.
MlITO<''''od;" ~ In
R<inh.m, A., &fr~..ai", '"' &"",4 1XKitk .. I"'"'" '-J,,,! of ,'" Gc>p<I of i<>h ••
N, ... y",,,, Con"""um, >001.
R'rub<~ , D_. J fohn . 1 I""', j JoIo". """SOOn "". '!" " .... ", Com m<nta"' ~
N..." Uk .. OingJon, , .. ,_
R"'''' uhl. f • • nd P. l»<huin'!!8. ,mk,;,,,, ".a \"ifo-if"'g< ,.. JOO-''''''''''nr<',.m,
1M p..,,,,,.m. '1"",h"rn...I, ".f J"", Hi.,"I"..J J., N,,,," T.sto",,"" ....
"" ~itrmO"_" Iorlk.id'","," '<I,nft'""'" Hm'um T"Umm'.m '" o.t.i,
Anb"" •• ". GOo"ng<no V.oo.n"""k" Rup=hC , ....
Schndl<. U_. A.,--."" ... a,,"'oIog;. im , ....."""''''"grli"'", "''''' U,,,,,..m.",
'" st,U."f <k> vim," '-""gri'."" i • .s". joIw""""''''" Schol<. GOtt'nl'''' "<n_
<i<oho<ck" Rup",hl, , . . "
"m, D .C., - II" Goop<b roo All o",,,;'m,, A I!ap<m>< '" IOC ...... "'u<k/um,- I"''''
n<JJo"'" st...i, of /I" "..,.T,"•...,,' ..
{1001). J_17.
,.....
'...&<y, ,_ ' . L JIM •• wonl " ,bI,.&I Com""n",), ". Wooo, T,,_, won! I\ooJa.
"""la, G ., "0;" An ",,!!, "",, ;01>. ...","'""" Schul.: .\'", T ,,' .....' Slwli" 32
(I'IM), JI .... 7.
__ ,., /<>M"', .... j~n"', A Com"",,"., on I, 1 ... I"" •. H,,,,,,..io. " in...·
j
opol'" '"""". , -
-
T.Jbort. CII, R...a,"~ 101." A...,,,•., • ..I III<,i'l •• 1 c"m ...... ,." "" 1M ..""rio
Go>pd.m! ,II< i«w"", .... "",1.'. ,,>i><d ,<I;'ion. ""'""'. G.. , Smyth '" Hd..)~
lhu.'n. L. "Anugon',, __ Rh<' o<i<.Jiy M.<wn.oJ.,.,j '&n' ;'.,. in ,ho N<,. T"",·
........ J,x"'''f _ ... ,,"" i. ,10< N"" r"",,,,,",. 8, HoImIK'g and " , Winni,,!!, •
.,j.,. Wa.. "",h.oft lKh< Un''' ....j,Uflgon ,urn N<om T""""", '17. T.... ng<nc
.,ol,,-'......k. """'" ,.-."
Whit<, LM" B"ijd'.K God·, """,," AJar"'''''''
""""'I Pap'"" I'.,., .m!
,~
a..,,,,,,.,.,II< _ . w.n.t A"/o'''',,,.,j
IWh""", I""n, Hopk"" Uni.""j,y "". ~
TH£ GOSPEL OF THE ACTS OF JOHN,
ITS RELATION TO THE FOURTH GOSPEl.
Istvan Cuchesz
Hel.inki Collegium for Ad,·.nc«l Studi.. & Ruprecht- Karl.
Univ."it't Heidelberg
• ,.m,,, to."
·, CO"
,.nod...., nd18%. '''_'''''; Uilynl"o , ..."
K ... " j j .....
• Wkmo. ' ' ' '. '10_111.
• ",,'" ' ' ' ' , 6 ) ,
" UIkmo. , .... 116_
" l.all ..." ," , .... '''_
TH. GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO.,'H ' 1
the ~mnd part, ! will diKu" ""id~nc< that fo", .. u. to look !><yond
the previous r"",arch f'O. ition .. In t he third pan,! will <how how my
h),poth<si. explain. the p ..",nt ,hare of th~ >ourc~ •.
A,ts oflohn
8,12, ..,., "''''w), Other expr ..,ion, in the hymn are al>o cha .. cteristic
of t he language of the Fourth Go'p<l , "glory" i, an important attribute
of Je,u. (~,g., John 1:11; 1:11; 17,~,22,M); he po"""'"
"gra«" (John
);[4,16,17) .nd ".pirit" (~ ,g_, John 7:39; 14:17,16,2(1;22 ), ",..., ..1 lin ...
of the h)mn remind one of the form of the loha nnine"] am" uying>
(~,g., John 6,H; 8: 11; I I :2', I ' , I )," p.articularly the do.ing ver .... "]
am a lamp to )'Du who...., me . Amen, ] .m a mirror to )'Du who
p<r«i,-e. Amen. ] a m a door to you who knock on me, Amen. ] am
a way to )'DU, wayfarer. Amen." The attrib ute. "door and ",,'>y" are
on .. that occur in t he r"p<-eti>'e Johannine "ying. (John 109, 14,6),
It ha. to be remarked, however, that where.. in the Fourth Go.pel an
"I am" .. ying. "'gin with the p<r><>nal pronoun q.;" this i. not t he
ca~ in the parallel> of the GA.!. Furthermore, where .. the attribute>
in the Fourth Go.!"1 always have the definite attide (~OOO;. ~ &;', r'u),
they "and without an a ttide in the G.-\/. Ot her attribute. from t he
"] am" .. ying. ap!"" in t he GA.! in Je.us' word. to John on the Mount
of Olh-<o, ~'r«i.lIy in hi. explanation aoout the c,."., of light (from
which le.u. talk. to John),
lbi. ern .. of light is ..,metlm,,. ",lied th. ,,'Otd by me lOr YOut ",k ...
",",etim .. nllnd, somn,m", "'m~ ",mnim.. Chri", ",mnim ... oWer
(John 10}91, so"""in", • ....,y (Joh n 14,61. ",,,,,,,i,,,,,, l",aJ (John 63 ' ],
",metim.. ..,.,.], ",mni""" ....,""mion IJohn I U~], "'m .. in....
100, ",met,,,,,,, rather, IOm .. in", 'r"it. ",m .. i ...... loft (John 1];2"
14,6], ",n .. tlme, tru,h ]John 14,61, ",mni""" f.;th. IOmetim.. g..« .
(GAJ98.8-13)
» p",,,, t .. ,.63.
" l"~m," '''''"; Cud"" ' 0071>. 24• .
ISTVAN CUC ..."
, ..• _,..s.
"-t-. K"",,,, "'"', 6"--0", "".. I, 1.. ',"" P"''' ,.." .... UIk ... n ......
I h~ld him" (89.11- 12). Thi. habi,ual ph ysical contact bet",..,on John
and Jem. I>«om ... sourc~ of knowledgo abou, Jesus, "and some,im...
hi. broa" f~h '0 '0
me I>< . mooth and tend .. , and sometim", hard
liko "on~" (89.12-14). The mo,if of ph)".ic.1 ,0lKh oecu," once moro
in th e 'ext , "Sometimes when I moant '0 touch him, I met a mot~rial
(i.MOO~<;, literally "woody") and solid ('''Xi.:; li'e ... Uy "' hick") body,
and at o,her time< when I fd, him, tho .ub>'anc~ wa. imma'erial and
bodile .. and., ifit w~r~ no' exi"inga' aU" (9].1-4). A. Iha ... .,gu~d
else""her~, 'h~ 'h~m~ of fondness and physkal d .... ness I><,,...,.,n John
and Jesu. origina'.,. in tho Pla'onic , radition." In 'he Sympo,jum,
Soc ... , .. arri"", for the dinner aft .. " .. i,jng outside, d~ly immersed
in hi, ,hough". Aga,hon expro .... hi. wi,h 'hat Socral .. would
recline nexl '0 him. "Here you are, Soc,.,es. Com~ and recline next
10 mo; I wan' 10 ,hare Ihi. grea' , hough' ,hat ha. just "ruck you in
Ihe porch n~" door" (l7~8-.u)." Soc,..te, complie. with Agathon',
wi,h, r"din~. next 10 him and an.w"rs, "My d~ar Agalhon: Socrat'"
r~plied .. ho took hi. seal be.ide him, 'I only wi,h that wisdom wer~
Ihe kind of Ihing one could .hare by . ilting nex' 10 som..,ne-if it
flowed, for instance, from 'he one ,hal wa. full 10 'he one ,hal was
emply, like the woter in ' wo cu p. ~ndi ng its level Ihrough a piece of
wo",ed'" ( !7~4-d7 ). In 'h e famou. Dio,im. 'J><1'ch (20Id-2!lb),
Socra' es 'peals .bou, Iwo differenl ,ff«" of Ero•. M"", people are
"fertile in bod)": lurn 10 womon ond rai .. a famil)", in Ihe hope ,hat
Ihe)" will ""ure immonaJi'y, a memory of thom .. lv~" . nd h.ppine».
They who ar~ "fenil~ in soul: in con"a", conc~i"e and bear Ihe thin&>
of 'he spirit. They look for be.u,iful souls, edncale Ihem, and procro-
ale more beauliful a nd immortal children. Soc,..t", ,hen ~xplain' how
'0
Ihe philosopher proc",,& from dfi'Ol ing h im",lf ' he beaulie. of , he
body '0 Ihe re ... lalion of ab>.olute beauty:
And.." when hi, corr«t boy-loving hal "rritd our <. ooida« II<> far 1h>.1
].., begi ns 10 w(h .ighl of 'hot beauI)', he " . lmoot wilhin ",,,h ofll><
1in.1 ""·,,. ,ion. And lIIi, i> ' he .... y, Ihe only "'y, h. mu" . pproach,
or be led IOw"d 'he m.''''", of lov•. S.. ning from individw.1 I><. uli..,
III. q""" for ,he unive=l be.u,y mull fioo him e\-" n""ing up""rds,
"'Pping from rung 10 rung-,hal 1>, from on. ' 0 ,,.0, .nd from lwo to
e\'efJ' I",..,ly body, from bodily beauly to It.. be. lily of in""utiono, from
in"it"""'" 10 I.. rning, . nd f,om " "nlng m genefOllo lbe <pt<w 10",
t.... t pertain. to nothing but t.... be, utiful it.. lf-until " IHt .... <om",
to know ~'ha t b<auty is, (l !!bl -dll
later, Agathon', pl.ce next to Socwe. i. token by Aldbiade" an <xcep-
tionally handsome young man, who earlier im'ited Socrate. to hi. home
in the hope that he would sleep with him. Socr.t.. explairu th.t the
int im.cy bet",ee" m.ster and di,dple, which Ag.thon.nd Aldbi.d ..
conceive in erotic term., mwt be de.n ,nd ,piritual. In ,um"he rel.-
tion b<tween Socr .... and hi, disciples in the Sp"pa,ju", i, , imilar
to the ... Ia,ion of lesu. and lohn in 'he GAl. While the GAl is more
re.e,,·ed in the w< of ero,ic vocabulary, the overall theme of ph)"i-
cal dos<ne".nd fondne .. bet ween master and diKiple i, still dearly
recognizable. According to t he'eaching of the Sympo,jum, .uch dose-
ne .. and fondn ... provOde an opportunity for learning. Furthermore,
.ccording to the Diotima 'p<"<'Ch, the love of phy'ical bodie. i. the
fir<' "ep on 'he way to absolute beauty-an ide. that i. elaborated
in another >«,ion of the Act> of lolrn." What d"". this imply about
the parallel. between the GAI.nd the Fou rth Gospel' In the Fourth
Go. p<1, the tradition that John i. the "B<k",ed Di,dple" is m .. ely
reported as an epi'het, without filling i, with .ny ,"ntont. The content
of thi. tradition, in tum, becomes dea, from the GAl. Thi. lead. to
the cond u.ion that 'he GAl, rath .. than borrowing from the Fourth
Goop<1, pres<rved an a<pe<' of loh.nnine tr.d ition ,hat i, only ,,"guely
recognizable in 'he Fourth Goop<L
In order '0 understand the ,ign ific.nce of 'he knowledge that John
g.in. about Ie,,,, through ph)"ic. 1 d o""ne .. , we h.w to tum to
another m ajor theme of the GAl, that i, J.. us abili'y to .ppear in dif-
ferent fo,m" Thi. phenomenon h •• been d iscu,..,d a. the " polymor-
ph y of Christ' in P' '';o", ",holar<hip." The c.lIing of lohn and I.m ..
in the GAl 88-89 contain, various in",nc.. of polymorph y:
And my broth .... Id, "loon, this child 011 the .ho", who c,ll«l to u~
..-.... t doe. he w. nt!" And I .. id, -W .... t chdd!" He r<pli<.!, "1"" one
..-ho il h«:komng to us: And I ,n,_red, -ll<cau"" of our long w. 1<h
t.... t we kept at ••,. you are not seeing ",. igbt, brother Jam", but do
)'lu oot..,., the man who " , nd> there, f. ir.nd <ornely , nd of , che<r-
fu l coun1<n,n«'" But .... said to n>e. "Him I do not..,., brothe~ but let
us go .nd ". mall ... "hal i. m""n~" .. , An.! ~'h.n we I.fi .he place,
~ilhlllg 10 10110", him >gam, he 'g. i" 'pre .. <d.o me, b.ald-he:ul<d bu.
~i.h , .hick . nd Il.o~ing b.. rd, 00' ' 0 10",'" h. ' pre,r<d ., , you.h
~-II"", be ..d was jU>1 ,,.,,i"1>We W<fe p<rpI<X<d, bolh of"" '" '0 ,I><
m .. ning of ,,-II.. we hod ""'".
'ogeth .. form ' Il< ,heme of ' he "rolymorphous I<>u •."" From ""he",
did ' he .u,oo.(.) of , I>< GAl toke 'he concep' of rolymorphy1 The
polymorphy of Chr;'" according '0 Lalleman, ""a. introoucM fi"t by
'he Acts of fohn , and ' Il< other Apocryphal Acts of 'he Aro"les bor-
rowM 'he concepl from it. The Act, of lohn, in 'urn, reliM on 'he
canonical writings, including 'he tr. nsfiguration .«ne of Mark 9,2-8
(and its pu.lIel» as well a. 'he po&t-Ea" .. appearance., particularly
in Mark. Luke, a nd 'he Founh GOIipel (Mark 16, U; luke 14; lohn 20),"
H.,.".-,,-er, 'here i. one a.pect of rolymorphy in the Apocryphal Act>
,h a' almo" «"ainly exclud .. 'his aplanation, ' hat i., the polymorphy
of the evil In Act> of 101m 70, 'he loyer ofDru.iana i. "intlamed by 'he
intluence of the polymorphous Satan '0 'he mo.t ardent pa .. ion •." In
Act. of 7hom", 4-1, , he apo"le ca ll. the .-11 ·,h e polymorphous 0"""
(Il ~oJ..';~~)-referring to 'he two black demon. ,ha' ."acked 'he
woman and her daughter on , I>< "",,,,." A similar sto ry i. found in
the I.ter Martyrdom of Mau/I<M', where the 'po"le .. orei .... the king's
wife, daughter and son- in-law, but the demon app<a" again a, a sol -
dier, In a numkr of other, later Acto .nd a pocalyptic te"", S.t.n and
th e demons are capable of pol)'morphy" Where .. the sour« of the
idea of polymorphy in the Apocryphal Acts can not k decided with
ab.oI ute cenaint)', I will ou, line a n ahernative proro.al ,"
lhe moot proo.ble solution;' that the .uthors were acquainted with
the colKept o f rolymorphy from Gr.. k and Egypt ia n tradition. a nd
combined it with Chri"ological idea. oftheir communit"" Except fOf
one debatecl occurrence, the noun "rolymorphy" (~oi..,,~~i,,) doe.
not appear before the fourth century C E. and then it is...."j mainly in
Chri"ia n sourc<->." The ad/<'<th.., "polymorphous' (~oA{,~~), in
contr.", ha, been in us< .in« t l>< fifth century BCE, in the meaning of
~ I"""" """ ""',,~ (' ''', 466-• .,) ... oIy« d".I7_01 "'0 ''''_'''' ... ,h<,oricaI
un;', and ' I'",".bou, ""'n', '1",1,. ""'mon'" of I"w' poI)'''''''l'hy, I fi no th<
fom,.J rh<''''''.J . n.Jpi' ...m<Wh" forr<d , bo, 'I!'''' "d,h th< ,",hen ;",0£.., .. 'I><r
do "'" ,NO« , I>< 'h<m< of p>J)motphr '0 , I>< ~m uJ ,", ...... ' Pf.. ,.. n"~
" Ulkm>. , .. ~ "",'n 2007, 67_ll.
~ eu"I><" 2001, c",,1>< ... 200'" ,,--Ii,.
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G_eo< 1001'- A """ ~)' .. rl", """ ' " '''' " ~>n..io-Lon8'n"', On ,It.
19.,-", GnN b<t,,«n ,I>< firn ' M ,M," «","ti,,, a ,
,ubi,,,,,
TH. GOSPEL O~ T HE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO"'H 61
~ H ; ppom"~ Ai", W.'",~ PI"w ".", An""'"" """,n. "" .. ,,1,"", 6<>Ib.lS,
1LJ""'"_'l,
f ....... ", >·I"~. <1<-
" H"",';'''' Ali<yori<. ' O.I Ll (dak u"",,""'n).
• lIKi>n, Di.!o:r> of'M God. 10,1.'-
~ H ;ppo/yI u, "1 B.'. " ;f'!"'IY'"' k" '""l' ".,...uk Ih< Am of /./ .. , bo, hi'
""!I' olPolfn-phr oloo, "'" "" m inli"meN by iI.
~ H ;ppo/yI u, "1 •. " ., .
" Cf. Wl<m.on , .." ' ".
» luooO ' ' '', .."Go,," , ..... , 11.
»"m." b< -.d ,"',,-"<,.n. z..' ad",",,,,,,
o;"tov ofl'" (;0,/, 10. 1.' ,<I", '0
'n d;,f«<nt ""P" ..,b<, ,"'" h" "...,..j,jp in monr fon....
" Apuk " ~ .\I,'""""1'i-' ' .1-1-17.
~ ,",oc' ' ' '', <>porul'y pp. n _.. , ' ''ow "~<m cull, T"",~-
ISTVAN CUC ..."
was also repr<'Sent..J in m.ny pi...., but its p..",nco "' • • ti..J up with
the p..",nco of the Jewish population. Cyb<le, lsi" Mith"", and ~e ...1
other popular cults of the time reli..J on their p"ychological apreal
... ther t han on migration, d.mographkal f.ctors, or political power
•• t~ t,..vel..J."
In the light of th .. e parallels, I .ugg... that a u i.. "'"a:I call..J "poly-
morpho ..." ba>ed on the .nalogy of A"i. and lsi .. A. Christianity
" .....,d geographical, cultural. and soci.1 houndari • •• the cult . nd
its deity nee .... rily follow..J other popular religion. in dev.loping
toward polymorphy. In early Christian art and literature, Chri .. could
be identifi.d with. number of well·known figures •• uch a. Apollo,
A.depiu., Diony. u., the eagle (bird of Ze ...), Herml . .. Heli<» . nd
th . shepherd (biophom.). " The puIpO>< .nd extent of identification
,'ari..J acro .. t ime and .paco. The quick ' pread of Christia nity i. prob-
ably responsible for the f.ct that Christ did not h..'e . "prorer" form.
Thu. , ,,'herea. Christ had m. ny form •• he actually had none. Thi. issue
m ight alre.dy be addre ....J in various p . ... ge< of the New T .... ment,
",he.. res..... ache< th.t he i. pr"",nt in the form of child",n, the
nee.iy, the .. ... nger, the ,ick, the prisoner, and the 'po"le .. " Otri,,' •
• mbiguou •• hare i•• ign.led in the po,,·r<surreetkm ' prea rances,
",hen h i. di><:iples fail to recognize him" Fin.lIy, the same . mbiguity
i. expres>ed in p . ... ges ahout Ch ri .. '. return to e anh, "And if anyone
say. to you at that tim., ' Look! Here i. the M""i.h !' or 'Look! There
he is' -do not believe it, - Such ambiguiti .. ahout t he .ppea ... nce of
Christ contribut..J to the form.tion of. particular im.ge of the poly-
morpho ... Chri .. , one that i. different from the polymorphou. I.... ,
",ho>e polymorphy r.ther con. i"..J of .wallowing up th e form. of
other goode"" •. The polymorphy of Chri" in t he GAl rather mean.
the I.. k of a prorer form, Ie"ing the reader with ""er ,h ifting, elu-
.h'e im.g ..... In .um, the concept of polymorphy in the GIt/ was not
in.pi.-...:l by the transfiguration and po"-r<>urr«tion n.rratives (such
a. John 20) of 'he canoniall gO!pel., bu, ,..,her by ' Il< div~"i'y of
contemporary Chri"i.n wo"hip ., well ••• nalogi .. in th ~ religious
context of th~ .u,hor'. community.
Yet ano,her gene ....l f"" t ure of th. GM to be diKu.>«l in 'his con-
,~xt i. its intriguing 'heory of miracle •. The GM contain>, .. rie. of
mirade.-in fact, apart from 'h~ ri,u.l danco, i, mai nly focuses on
miraculou. episodes from I~'u, ""tivity on .anh. Mo.t of ,he", epi-
sod • • , how"",r, .r< qui'e differ~nt from ,h. miracle ..ories known
from otll<r gospels. Th. c~n, ....1 'opic of mo" ofth ... "ori •• i. Ie.",'
polymorphy (understood in a brood ... n.. ). The mir.cl •• culmina'e
in 'he crucifixion episod~, .ccompani.d by ' he in'erpre'ation of t il<
"-~nt 'hat i. r~lated from ,h. cro .. of light, .ccording '0 which t il<
lord did no' "",ually .uffer .ny of ' he 'orm.n" ,,-hich r«'ple ... w him
.uffer. lhe final m irade i. Chri,,' •• s<~nt '0 h""v~n, which is not .... n
by .nyone in th. mul,i,ude (GAl 102.1- J). A. we ha,-. """n abm'e, in
'he conclu.ion of ,h. pre-E.".. """ion, lohn ...y., ow. mmt at t il<
p....,nt k..,p .ilen' about hi. mighty and wonderful work" (93.[~- 1 6),
Sinco 'he GM in f.ct contains m.nr miracl .., ,hi. . . n'ence can be
in'erpr<ted only •• on .. planation of why ..,me o,her miracle., k nown
or heard of by 'he a u,hor, were not includeJ in 'he go.pel ,
Whereas the m.jori,y of th e mi,..d", tha' are report.d in GAl are
unknown from other go.pel., ,he .. are 'hree importan' excep'ion.
'he ,,..n.figu,..tion of le.m (repon.,J in 'wo dilferent ,'e"km. in
Gltl 90), 'he multiplica'ion of bread «13.4-10) and ,he .... noion
( 102, [-3), Neith .. 'he "an,figura'ion of Je.u. nor hi. as<~n,;on occun
in 'he Founh Go.pel. Among the thr"" 'ynop'ic ,'."ion. of ,he ',..n<-
figuration "~ne, Lux •• t~" probably come> d.,..,,, '0 'he GM, both
containing 'he information 'hat )«0. took the 'hr"" d 's<iple. '0 t he
mountain'op '0 pray. The GAl report' 'he ascen.ion wi,h 'he word.,
"When he had .poken '0 me ,he .. thing. and o,hen which I kno,,' not
how '0 "'Y" he would hav~ m., Il< w.. taken up (a,,~iw&tl), wi,hout
any of the multi,ude h"'ing .. en him." Among 'ho different .... mion
episod~ in 'he New T."amont (Mark 16,19; Luke 24, ~[; Act. 1,9),
'ho do .... ' parallel i. found in tho long .nding of Mark, "So ,hen t he
lord Ie"", aft" h. had ,polm '0 them, W"S take" up (a",i..~~~)
in'o he",'en and .. t down at the righ' hand of God" (M ark [6,1 9),
1he multiplica'ion of bread i. t he onl), mi"",\< ,hat occurs in aU four
canonical go.pels. I, is remarkable, howe,,,,r, 'hat 'he GAl, in ag"o-
m.n' wi,h all 'hre< ')'llop,k ,'e"ion. of 'he f~ing of ,he fi,'e ,hou-
>and (a. well a. wit h t he "ory of the fe.ding of ,he four 'ho .... nd in
ISTVAN CUC ..."
M.tthew and Mark) " ... 'he \"ern ~('f""~'" when it mention< that " .. -
ryone "wa. fill.d" (Mark 6.42; 8,8 parr.)," w .... r• • • the Fourth Go.pel
use< ;.~.(~ ~~~, to expre .. this (John 6.12). Mor"",-er, 'h e GAl .." the
mirade into , .... episode of a vi.it to , .... house of a Ph .. i..... Thi. scene
h .. ,-arioll> 'ynop'ic paralle'" yet the do..,,, ones are found in the
Go. pel of Luke." In .um, .mong th. m iracles that occur in the Fourth
Goopel, but not in the .ynoptic., the Gill mention> none, wherea . it
doe. contain mirael.,. (tramfiguration and .scemion) that occur only
in t ..... ynoptic. but not in the Fourth Gospel. finally, when it come. to
mirad .. found both in t ..... ynop'ic< and John, the account of' .... GAl
contain. no particular reference to t .... Fourth Go.pel'. ,'."ion, The
,,-ay t .... multiplication of bread i. present.d in the GAl , ugg"''' that
the a uthor did no' know the mirade stories of t .... Fourth Go.pel .
The Gllr. terminology of miracle. also de",,,, .. attention, When
describing the unutterable charac'er of Je>u' mirades, the GIt/ refers
to t .... m .. - mighty and wond erful wor"': in Greek ,it ~q(l).z;a ml
,it 6a"""",a (GIt/ 93.1 '-[6). Thi' terminology i. different from the
u ..ge of' .... Fourth Go<pel, which famously call. Jeou' mind.. -.ign '
(,,~~<ia, e.g., John 1'11,23; 2(030), or ".ign. and wonders" (,,~~<i:a
~,,-i rif"Ha, John 4AS ). Thi. difference in terminology . 1>o challenges
th e a.. um.d paral..1 between the fir" epilogue of the Fourth Go'pel
and the Gllr. conclusion of Jesu' ministry, .uggested by l.aIlema n
("'" above). But where dO<'> the terminology of the GAl come froml
Both ~<r<'hi" and 6au~';m" occur one< in the New Testament, but
not in the Fourth Go.pel , ~<r<').zi" i. found in Acti 1,11, referring
to God', mirades, wherea. 6a~~"o,,, in Matt 1U , refero to those
of Jesus, Both word. occur frequently in the s.,ptuagint, the epilogue
of Dt>uteronomy containing ,it 6au~6m([ ,it ~q<iJ..o: (Deut 34,[1)
next to 'Jlw"a ~"i "pam (34 ,[1). We cannot decide with certainty
whether the GIt/ creat.d the ph .... from e. rlier ("po ..,.) occurrence.
of bo,h word" borrowed it from the s.,ptu.gint," or the combination
wa. already p. rt of Chri"ian u.age," We can con dud., howe\"er, that
~ \' ,nli<lk , ..... 11>< " '''m,, of II>< "''''';, ""'= ;, "'" """;"""'~r "'''plN
by "". T'~. m<n l .d."I,, ~ 0", thi. don "'" 'nR",,,,, my hypoll><'"
ISTVAN CUC ..."
" 'or ' " ""mp< to = ... ~n.ct lh< .odol dy " ,,"~ , lo<h;r<! I"" ,,,",oct,,, of ""'"
• ..d e,,,,, ;" I"" h>u~h Go.p<~ "" ,'''';'''' " t _ 1"";.",". j . ;[..., ,00 , ;". t9'16.
'il'O-ll« ,r<! 'I"";"",n , .... , 157_',..
" "oII<nw<Kk, t.." t '_>7; '"row t... , ",WId""""", ' '''11 . .-.X • di""""'n of
om, "" ~ of Jolon , "d .p>phawm. "" Cuo""" lOIYl' , 11 '- tt • .
TH. GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO"'H 69
~ l .. "i<bow,n ''''. "'_'47. for "' .... ","n "'n, .00.., ,,,. G"",,", <""oct .. of
d\, .,_,,,,.,,,j ,..,'" Lalkmon , _ , "_J>, »-li' .
" 'n ,!,'I< oflh< <kt>..t<> «oono !hi, '«m, "doc",,";, ,,"I ,t.. "'~ '"" 'gn.bon,ho,
"P'"'" ,t.. "'I'I"'mt" honunity 0( Chri~ ' n ,,,. ''''. talk"",n , ..., ><><_>1'.
~ , "i«' "" """ tho, lh< Rrl.od, P'Pl"'" » """"",,,,' .,~ .c<"'u'l' do" 10<
"" fourth """", , .. o"'p! ,,,. <"",Iu,""" 0( Nons"'; (>00., ";1 tho, ,,,. nun_rip!
<"" '" "'-tN .nywhm in ,,,. .~'''' "oon<I . 00 "rlyth;,d c<","ri<>."
~ H Ug<nfdd '900 !om<, """.
" Iuood .",; "".tI; ' '''', 6, 1.
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TH . GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH " fOUkT H GO.,>H 71
ti,,",,, I'I.H .. ·S)·mpoo'"m: v.. KI,i", Po.I" 1<x""," . " A"'iM. ~ . ZO<gI< " W.
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IKKh. lO", ...... "'.
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f'Tinc< •..,,, Pri"""",, Un''''''''r 1'7<", , "", .
"m~ R.. "A'ki<p;oo: . ..II<,i"" fo' A.,,,,, • ..1 C.ri",",",", s..ch_t<.bwch
'"' A""'i""";""""'"", J" 0";"","",, ",iI ..... 0.'''''. <>"d" T. ~lo"",. «I .•
"u"g"" m., ....... n. '",",7"'_'''.
Hilg<"f<ld. A.• "0., W""hoci>< " M d." "''''''''K"" lobonn.""",, J.,., '-<b<n I" " :
ll"Khrift fo' ";",,=hoft/;c'" l~ ., (1_), ]--61.
... "" ~ M.R , A/"K')'/'M A ... ,oIo<. 1. C.mbn<lg<, eo"""OdU U n ''''-'~'r p"", , . ., .
- -No<" on Apoc' yp": I""mal:! 1~ "u./i" " (19' 0). 1"___ 19' .
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}o<onooJ of!'l.iJokg 111 (1000), '~J_6"-
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",J U.""..m""ge" , ""m."
1Ub;", c .. """'",, .... M.",,~ 'n ,I>< ",n' un'u,),: ""'}o>-W> ""'1'1<' i. , .. Fi,"
c.""?,, Hi~",~a1 Grofmpl<" l'»IiI;.-.1""'ory. """'- c",,",oIo"; "Ip'" Lif<
, nd ,.,IiI"Ii_ s.. Sofr>i, M. ' ' ' '"- " . l'iu"'"' .... W .e. om U.n"', ,<I.. A""no
,u (;orrum; 1'h0Wk1ph'" ,''''''''''- 1076, '00' ___ '030.
It"'!!"'" LV .• "'0'=.""'. """,,, '" s..«h of 1M . _ <1 o.''''''''iI, i" ,I><
""'''"'..."' <1'''' ,',,,",,, CiI,. IN'''", P","'~ lOOO.
Schm'ot· P.n,,' p .. "G .., ... hI, Gri«I><ru.nd,' u" N' .... Po. I" f""llopoJi' v..
Anli'" H. eo""",, H. SChn'..., ' .... A.f. yon P.uIy, "'-' .. StuotS"" "<tn.,. ''''.
" ' ___ ""J.
""'''''0, ".A., "- ,"Un_'"
R. , 'Oft <1m [loti, ." . "'''r.''.J., """"": ,I."""",,
",h", " ri'""m • "i'1""'""' n"nCRA I. "01. 1: P"i"",',,",. ',iI '"'''"'. Ii",",.,,,,",
n ISTVAN cue ..."
AI'<'lIwrui~ "'''''''''''. 1.>0""'. Mg,i.-, c..1, J""'g<~ v. Uffio,'nou<!ili. and!_ .... '1'.
,d~, loo ""!Id.." 1_ p.w "'''r ""><urn, >004. ,.._}<3.
"1""
51"". R.I .. C"" .... ,.,., oil.",.,.,. T""
o-",rl, 37 ( ' '''7), 1lJ_111.
in '"" """"'nW",Id: '1M a...s;.-01
'".. m.. , G .A_ ·Pol,....o."" .. d ,, -•..., " ""'.r...... 'oo, J'on m)1ho1ogi=
rApoc'J'F'hon <I< ,,," " "" "",.m," v"n..., o.ri,"" .... " (''''I, <12-<,..
s""",..."no Cu,-, ,""'it_
__........ ,,""Ie
.. ,.
j.i....' ... ""I.",,,. d...I",,, "" ....
,Im"i•• i, ...
Manlin Meyer
a.apma n U niversify
Whom did Je.Y> love moot! Once upon. time t his question may have
~n .ru5wered with rel.tive confidence and ea><, .nd the typical an,wer
to this que,,;"n i. d i.played in much of a.risti.n liter.. ure and art ,
Je.u. loved the Beloved Disciple, 'pecifically a. pr<><nted in t he Go.pel
of John. While the text of the Grupel of Joon certainly rai",. a number
of question. about t he figure of the Beloved DiKiple-the diKiple
whom Je'W1loved-in the gO.p<l narrative. t he traditional understand-
ing h.. been that t he Beloved Di.ciple may he none other th.n John
son of Zebed ... taken to he the author of th. GOIlI"'I oOohn, Leonardo
D.Vinci a nd m.ny others in t he hi"ory of Chri"i.n .rt thought >0,
.nd in DaVinci'. -La" Supp<r" he paints a young John lea ning on Jesu.
a. hi. dear friend a nd confid.nt (comp.re lohn !3:B-2~). In our Jay,
in popul.r culture, Dan Brown in The DaVi"d CoM also a.. um .. th.,
this figure in the p.ainting i. the Belo.... d DiKiple, t hough he .uggest ••
dramotically different identity of who the 1"''''''" actu ally mighl be.
With careful a nd oom<1ime. inno,-a tive study of the Go.pel of John,
e.peeially in mooe," tim .., the complexit... of the Go. pd of John
are b<-<oming increasingly app.rent and t he identity of the Beloved
Disciple i. op<n ior renewed discu .. ion.' Furthermore, o .... r the 1"'''
.... er.1 decade. the discovery of new manuscript>, ofien in the .. n.ls of
Egypl, ha. made a""il.ble a numher of p' ''''iously unknown Christian
texts that contribute to Ihe discu .. ion of the B<>loved DiKiple, or
helo,-.d di"ipl<s, in the early chuffh . The", manWICript disco,'erie.
include the (,upposed) discovery of the &,'" Go,~J of Mark in t he
library of Ihe Mar Saba Mon."ery; the discovery of Berlin Gnootic
Codex 8~2, p<rhap. deriving from Akhmim; the disco .... ry of the
Nag H. mm.di library at tM bas< of t he J.b.1 . I-Tarif in Upp<r Egypt,
and the more rKent diKm-ery of Codex Tch.co ••• pp.renlly from tM
r<gion of aI-ktinya, The stud y of the .. texts shed. new light on the
qu .. t for t he BeIOVM DiKiple. and now ",e ",em to h"'e before u.
more beloved di""ipl« than we eyer im.ginOO before.
So who. a«ording to early Chri"ian KlU"' ... might be the follower
Je.u. 10>'00 mo"> In a' king this question. I do not intend to addre ..
the broader i""" of the role of love in accounts of the proclam.tion of
Je.u. or in description. of relatioruhip. among Jesu. and the follow-
e" of Jesu., Nor do I .... k to trace the widespread " .. of .uch word.
K' pn
a> a)'U~~,,,, or I for "10"00" or "beloyOO" and rel.tOO verb. and
.imilar .. rm. as they are appliM to a yariety of followe" of J..... a,
,,'ell .. the "uden" of other te«he" in the world of Mediterrannn
antiquity. Rather. in thi, e""y I su""y the figures who are .inglOO
out in early Christian literature-much of wh ich may be d.tOO to the
fir" two centuries C F. or may cont.in tradition. deriving from the
first centur",-a. tho .. f.vorM beyond others among the disciples
of J<>u .. '
And th..,- WIIW 10 Bethany. l his woman ,,0.- brother bad died "'••
ther<, She carne and knelt btfore/esu, and ")" '0 him,"Son of David,
ho,'e mercy on n",: BUI the di,dples rebuked her. lhen I.. u. became
angry and wenl ~i lh her Inlo the garden ~'here Ihe lomb "as, Alooce
a loud I'ol<e ~.. , heard from the lomb, .nd Je",. wenl "I' and rolled
Ihe "01>< '''-.y from the door of lhe lomb, At o""e he "~nl in wher<
the )'OIIlh (b vro.,;o",,,) ,,-.., He .. ",hed oul his hand, took hIm by lbe
hond, and rai«d him "p. lhe youlh looked at '<>w and I""ed hIm, and
be began 10 beg him 10 be ~';u, h,m, lhen th..,- lefi lbe tomb and wenl
inlo lbe youlh'. bou", (,i; '~v o jri"v '"" ,~"v;~.""), for h. was rich,
Six do)" lal<' , ..... ,old hIm ~-h .. to 00, and in the <I'.ning the )'OIIth
(i> ""';~« ,,) comes 10 hIm wearing a li""n oIlrotld over hi. naked bOOr
He .. ared wilh him Ihat nighl, for Ie .... ~... ""'hing him the my"ery
of Ihe kingdom of Go.!. And from Ihe", be gol "P and rOlur!><'d 10 lbe
other .ide of the Jordan.'
lhe .«ond, .bort fragmenl, 10 be pi><ed alter ~tark IOA6 •• read. a.
follow" "The .is.. , of t he youlh whom Jesu. loved (~ <i&r~~ tot.
","vi<>~o~ ov
ir!<i." ""'ov"
·I~"ol.;) ",a" here, .Iong ",ilh hi. mot her
and Salome, bUI Jesu. did not r«~il'< t hem,"
A co .. can be m ade, .. I hal'e t ried to m.ke .uch a ca.. elsewhere,
Ihat Ihe fr.gments of Se<ret .\lark, if ,",hen,k, may refl«t a version of
, On the "",., (;mpd of"'''', d. Sm;!h ,.,,,-, Sm;th 10"0. Sm;th , ..1, M.,-"
"'"'" "G, """'" >em,
• vnk .. othtrwi>< o.dK. ted. all ,he '''''''',,'''"' of 1";""'1' It,,, ;n Ih;, ",ar Or<
my .....
'he Go'rel of Mark 'hat precMe. wh., we now call canonico! Mark.'
Further, i, may 1><. a. I ha", abo argu..!. ,h."he ~gure of 'he ,,,,-,,om,,
in tm, Markan tr.di,ion (rerhap. interpretro '0 indude 'he story of
'he so-called rich young ruler, who had kep' 'he commandments
"from you,h" (h \'''''~fO<;J and i. lo",d by le.u>. according to Mark
HH7-21, the references '0 t he ,,,,-viom.; in the o'her Markan pa.-
sage. d ted. and 'he fragments of 5«,</ Mark) communicate. a .ubplo'
on di.dple.hip in the Markan tr.di,ion. According '0 ' he n.rra,h'e of
'hi< .ubplot, a certain you,h, a """""m>:;, exrerience. 'he ,'id"itude.
of di>ciple.hip, but he i. ,here in 'he ,omb of !em.. iden'ifying with
Je.u. and procl.iming hi. ri",n life. at the end of 'he goo!",L He h ••
no n.me, but he 10\'.. Je.W1 and in 'urn he i. 10VM by Je.us: he i. 'he
unnamM yon,h "whom le.u. 10"ed ," He may function, if my argu-
men' i. con,'indng, ••• li1< ... ry figure rather th.n an historical figure
in 'he Goo!",1 of Mark. The "''''',,,,....,, 1><1o,'ed of I.. u., i. everyman.
e"'!)'W0man, ",ho m.y m,.r 'he go'rel, follow Je.n., .nd I>< lovM.
The par.llels betw..,n t m, story of 'he """,.,,,,,,, in 'he Gos!",l of
Mark (including the Sa'reI Go'p<l of Mark) and 'he figure of La zaru.
in ' he Go.pel of John h.ye been dear ,ince the initial publica'ion of
' h e 5«re! Gospd of Mark. and from ,ha, ,ime it ha. ~n .uggested that
' h e story of the Markan """,i"~,,, preceded the story of the Johan nine
Beloved Disciple. Morton Smit h h imself concludes 'hat ",here can be
no question that the story in tbe longer tex' of Mk, i< more primi'i'"
in form than 'he story of Lazaru. in In,'" Some scholars concur with
Smith, some do no', Fea'ures o(,he >tory ofLaum. in John II r«.ll
'he .ccount of tm, Markan ""-vio ,,,,, "red.lly from 'he fragments of
S.cr" Mark in 'he le11er of Clemen', and Lazoru. i... id '0 be lo",d by
Jesu. in four p .... g .. in the Gos!",l of John' Laz.rm i. 'he one whom
Jesu. 10VM (;;'" <plui". I lol), Jes", I",'ed (~.,..,.,,) Martha. her .ister,
.nd L.zarus (I D), Je.u. can. Lazaru. onr fr iend (or. our IoVM one.;'
",iJ..c.; ~~ffiv, II, I I), .nd t ho .. who are around ..y of lesu .. "look how
he 10"ed him " (i& ~"" ~ iMI n"'';''" I LJ.6), Thm. it m ight be .ug-
gestM ,hat 'he li'erary figure of 'he """(0",", a •• belov..! disciple ha.
been hi"oricizM •• 'he belo,..,d Lazaru. in t m, lohannine , ... di,ion,
lhe pl.c~ .nd identilY of Ih~ Beloved Disciple in the Joh.nnine tra-
dition ha, been discu .. «1 by schol." in counl le .. publicalions, and
Ihi. is • prominenl I~ me in I~ pr"",nl volume. The lexlu.1 .ilu a-
lion concerning Ihe Belo,·«1 Diociple in John is m.de complical«l by
Ihe presence in Ihe "", of Lazarus, said 10 be 10,'«1 in John 11. along
wilh • cerlain unname<! di>ciple (or di.dple.') >aid 10 be iovM by
le.u., ".noth.. di>ciple: and "illo>l ~r figure,;. The Belov.d Disciple i.
explicitly menlion.d in fe.." pa .... g.. in Ih~ G""pel of John in addilion
10 Ihe Lazarus accounl. '
(1) In Ih~ )ohannine .ccountof Ihe lasl ,upper, when le.u •• nnounc~.
Ih .. a di«iple will betr.y him, Peler asks one of II>< discipl .. 10 find
oul who the be"ayer mighl be, and ,h., disciple .ddr"""d by Peler i.
idenl ifi«l .. the II<lovM Di.dpl"
0... of hi, d ..dples. whom )e"" kwed (.;, I ~ , .... _nihl, .... «;"oti . .
[;,.. ~y.i.«" 'I".,.,,,,), was ,«lining in 'he oo..om of I"'u~ Simon Peter
I><don. 10 him'" . <1< ~'ho i, migh' I>< of whom he ..,.ah wmng 'htu
on ,I>< br .." of reo .. , he .. y. ' 0 h,m, "!.oml, ~'ho is "1" ( llB-2.'1)
Jesu. proce.d. '0
give indication th., Iud • • i. the one who will betray
him (H,16).
(2) Acco,ding 10 'he Joh . nnine pa»ion narra''''e, ><veral women
are "and ing by 'he CfOM," are 'wo ot l><r"
J...... ..,.,inS hi. me,her . nd tl>< diKipJe ~'hom he [o"ed (,/w ~<r&.,,~ • . ..
[;,.. ~-,6.ru) ".ndinS "". r, "Y' 10 hi, molh .. , -Woman, look, )'o ur ",n,"
l h<n he ")" to> the d,.dpJe, "1.oo:Jt. your moth ..: And from that hour
II>< dI>Ciple ,ook h<r '" hi, own .., .... : (l ~26-27J
, 0. lh< ikiov<d I ~K;pIr" ,'" Go>p<1 of Jobn in U""aI, d. R.E. 11<0"" 1'0\6;
I.ro. """"'8 num,,,,,", oil«, ~ud ....
o'h~r di"'ipl~ (0 iiiJ.o.; ~,,&r, r~<;. 20,3) run '0 'he 'omb. and while 'he
o'h~r disciple rne"'" 'h e ,omb before Peter (20,4)•• nd looks in.We.
he him .. lf doe> no' enter un,il Peler Jo..s so. "lhen: i, i> >aid. "'he
o,h er d i.dple, ,,'ho came '0 ,m, tomb rim, al", entered, and m, "w
and beli",'«I" (20,S).
(4) The final p .... ge th., refe .. '0 'h e Belov«l DiKiple occu .. in 'he
'0
epilogue the GOipel of John (chapter 11). There i, i. maintain«l th.,
,m, risen Chri .. reve.l. h im",lf '0 hi. diKipl.. and disc ...... 'he ' opic
oflove wi,h Peter. and he m.k<, mention of 'h e BelovM Disciple. It i.
,m, BelovM Disciple ,,'ho initially ",cogni"'" Jeo u, according '0 Joh n
1 L7, "That disciple whom Jes u. loved (0 ~,,&r,rie; inivo.; Ov ~rU'" 0
'1 1)<>ol,.;;) .. y. to Peter, 'It i. 'he lord,'" Later, , hi. IId o,'ed Diociple i.
linked '0 ' he one who i. leaning on Jesuo at ,h. I. st ,uppe"
P<ter, turning, ..... the discipl. ""hom J..", 11",«1 (, .. ""ih),~v ~'"irr<\."
" · I~""t.;) following. ";'0 al", "'.., Ie. ning on h" brea" " ,h. ,ul'P"r,
aod .. id, "Lord, ,,'ho i, " 'hat ;, going '0 bet",y you'" Peter, ... mg h,m,
" Y' '0 I..u., "Lord, what .bou, him'" 1.m, "Y' '0 hin!, "If I ,"',nt him
'0 remam until I con"" ,,'hat i, ,ha, '0you' A, for you, follow n,,: So
,hi...yiog .pread '0 tilt brother>. ' hot ,hi, di,dpk i, not ' 0 die, b",
I",", did no' .. y '0 hIm that h. was 1>,,' '0 die, but rath". "If I w. nt him
'0 ",nwn unull come, "'hat is that '0 you'" (21 ,11>-23)
Near 'he wry end of 'he epilogu., t he author or «Ii,or of ' he chap-
ter ",~ i' .. t h., this Beloved DiKiple i. in fact 'he witn." who stand.
behind 'he Johannine ... d ition a , an .u,hori'y figur" "Thi. i. 'he dis-
d ple who be.rs wi'n=> conc~rnin~ t he>.< 'hing> and ,,'ho h., written
,h e", th ing •• and we know th., hi, witne .. i, 'rue" (2 U ~ ).
In hi. study of 'he Beloved Di",ipl~ 'rad i' ion" Han.-Martin
Scm,nke is certa inly correct when he ob",r".." "The figure of 'he
Beloved Di><:iple i. admittedly one of tm, grea' puzzl~, in 'he my.-
terious Fourth Go.pel."' In the h i>tory of the schol.rly study of 'he
Joh.nnine Belm '«I Disciple, .ttempt. have ""-'n m ade to connfft 'he
Beloved Dis<iple with ",me h istorical figure-John son of 7-"bed ...,
of cou"", a nd al", John Mark, John 'he presbyter, Matth ia" I'. u l,
Andrew. or 110m. o'her d iKiple, includ ing tho", ment ioned here, or
el ... a Johannin~ character comidered to be the . u,horita,i"" witne ..
o[,he Go.p<1 of loh n' -bu, Sch.nk< doubts th., ,h. i"ue actually ha.
'0 do wi,h any h i"orical figure of a beloved disciple. Schenk< .urv<J"
olher figur.. who funcl ion a. beloy."j diKipJe.-a lask,.., ..~ un d~r
I.king hore as well-and he concludes ,h., "th. Belov."j Di.dple pa.-
>age. are only a simple fiction of Ihe red.ctor_· H. "ale>,
Referenc. i. n1.ade 10 Ih •• Ile~ Beloved DI.ciple in Ihe <om< ""p'II><
Pa>lorals refer 10 Paul. 1h< function of Ih. B.eloved Di«ipk i. 10 ground
III< Fourlh Goop<l (and Ih.,raJilioo oflhe Ori""n group in which il
origina... and h .. il! inliu,j}{,) in Ihe <)""'il""" I..timooy of 0"" "ho
.... <>p«ially inlin\;l" ~ilh Ie"", lhi. kind oi d«.ption may fin d i"
explanarion . nd, whol" n",re. i.. iU5IIfic,'ion. only ~irh i ". particular
hi .. orical ,iluarion of conflk!. 111< cirmrn",n«•• ho"eY<I, do nor pornl
10 • con8icl wilhin III< group. bUI rarh" 10 • cOflfronwion wilh ,,,,,,her
Ch""i", IP""ne) l .. dillOn. ~
Of Ih. olher II<lo.... d diKipl .. in early Chri"ian lileralure, Scll<nke
ill mo" inlrigued by Iud .. Thom .. , and h. propos<' Ihal it i. ludas
Thoma . who, a . a do>< di><:ipk and beloved brother of r... u. in th.
Thoma . lileralure. m ay have serv."j as Ihe prototyp< or "historical
moo.l" for Ihe B.I",,,d DiKiple in Ihe Go.p<1 of lohn. Th~re ..~ prob-
lem. wilh Schenke'. proposol. in my e"im" ion, bUI hi. Iheory dO<'>
addre .. III< prominenl rok of Thomas-doubl ing Thorn .. or Thomas
Ihe pious Syrlan apo,,\e-in Ihe loh.nnine gO'rel .nd Ih. >)'Ii.n liler-
alY lradilion. FUrlhor, anolher bel",-ed brother of lems, I.me< Ihe lu",
has .1.., been propo<..J, now by V,r,lhelm Pr.,scher, "" po»ibly .Iso
being connecl."j 10 III< figure of Ih. Bel",-ed Discipl~ in Iohn," W•
• halilum 10 I. m~s Ihe Just as well below.
ElIII<r d. Boer, echoing some of III< work of Ramon lu.ino, pro-
,ideo. differenl an.ly.i. of Ihe Belo .... d Disciple p .... g.. in Ihe Goorel
of John anJ draw. .n enlirely differenl condwion. Jl According 10 J~
Boer.th. besl c,nJid.1e for re"'hing Ihe q",,"ion of who Ih. Beloved
Di.dple i. in Ihe Go.!"1 of lohn musl be Mary M.gd.len._ Though
r~pre .. iv. ~kmen" of Iho~ oppooedlo the ,ulhori.y of fem.l. d i.-
<iple.hip may """ure the I..,., 10k of Mary Magd.len. in Johannin~
II.dillon, J~ Boer J~d.r .. , , dose ""ding of lex" cenlral for our
und~r".n ding of Ihe Beloved Disciple may ~1w:id'le who the Beloved
Disciple .nJ .uthor of Ih~ Go.!"1 of John Imly is. For example. in
Ihe ",counl of the mother of I~.u •• nd Ihe Bel",-ed Disciple at l he
cro .. in John 19, Jesus .ddr~"'" hi. molher as ' woman: bUI he n~ver
Beyond the Go.p<1 of John and t he other New Te"ament text .. the
figure of Mary Magd.lene occupi« •• ignificant place . . . di.dple
.nd foil"".." of km •• and .he i. des igna,ed as. disciple whom Jes",
lovro more than t he other women or the other d isciples in a number of
texts. In ",me of these texts ,he i. pl.inly understood to be a beloved
di><ipw. "
In the Gaspd of M",y. the fir" text of Berlin Gnootic Codex 8~1,
Mary (almo" alw.y. identified b)' .chola.. as ~tary Magdalene on the
b.si, of par.llel. elsewhere) i. the central and mo>1 .ignificant disci-
pie of J<>us on Ihe exlant p>g'" of the g".p<l. When Ihe di,cipl .. are
w•• ping in sri.f, il i. Mary who "and. up. gr""'. Ihem, .nd olf.rs
word. of imighl anJ comfOrl aooul the ",vior Jesuso "Do nol weep
or gri"'e or be in d oubl, for hi. grace will be with you all and will
prol«1 you, Ralher. I., u. p rai>< hi. gr<atne><, for he has pr<p>.red
u. and made u, lruly human ," The texl <onlinu .... "When Mary .. id
Ihi., '"". turned l heir hearl' 10 the gOO<!, and lhey began 10 di.m .. , he
word. of Ih . [' '''ior)" (9), p., .. lhen addres",. Mary' "Si".. , we know
Ihe .. vior loved you more Ihan .ny olher woman (1'<'''''' ''' 1',. ,00Y"
,,« '~'f'fl"(';W]' o,",,">If< I<:,oyo ""~>. 1"",,,,,,,,"" I ",~lt ",), Tell u. t he
word. of t he ..,ior that you rem.mber, which you know but we do
not, because w. h"'e not h.ard t hem" (10). Mary r .. rond. to p., ..
by .a)'ing, "What i. hidden from you I ,han rev.,.1 to you: and ,he
r«oun" a .pecial ,i.ion of the master Jesu •. Following the occount of
the "i,;"n (and a long lacuna), Andr<w and Peter, brot hers in anger
.nd chaU>'inism, pro"''' agai n" Mary a. a woman, Peter play. t he
gend .. card and say. about I.. u., "Did he really 're"" wilh. woman
in pri..... , witho>ut our knowledge! Should we all turn and li".n to
h .. ! Did he prefer her to u.t" (17). Such hostility between Peter and
Mary Magdalene i. al", a"e"ed in the GOird oflhoma, anJ th e PMi.
Sophia, and it may call to m ind the lemion between p.,.. anJ t he
Belo"ed Di"'iple in the Go'rel of loh n. Eventually. in Ih. Goird of
Mary, uvi opro"" 1'.,.. anJ defenJ. Mary. and he .. y., 'p., ... you
alway. are angry. Now I..., you arguing .goimt this woman like an
ad"" .... ry. If th . . . v;", made h .. wonhy. who are you to rej«t her'
Surely the .. ,'lor know> h .. well. Thai i. why he has 10vM h .. more
than u." (en" ,,>., "40YO<I><'"' ,,,,oyu "fOI', 18),
In the GO'p<1 of PlIUip, from t he Nag Hamm.di library. Mary
Magdalene i. calle<! the <omp.nion (.01'''''' '0'', ~'""'I-'«) of )",,",, On
one occa.ion a meditation in the Gospel of Philip di<tingulshe. among
the thr« M.ry" "Thrff women alwaY' ....alked .... ith the rna"." Mary
hi. mother, <hi.> ,ister (or, without .mend.tion, h<1' ,i"er) •• nJ
Maf)' Magdalene. who i. called h is compan;"n ("''''-1''01 1"'''00;), For
Mary i. the name of his sister, hi. mother, anJ hi. companion"
(l'e'-12Wl' f"" '9), Anoth .. time M.ry Magd.l.ne i. de><ribed a. the
moot beloved of the di",iple"
Wisdom, ~'ho i, C111eJ b.imn, " tbe motber of tbe angel,. lhe <om·
panion (IT \l<o,"" ""oc) of tbe l.. vio,J is M. ry Magda""". the ["viot
1o,-eJJ bel more thon [aU l th. dj,dpl.., [.nd bel kj..eJ h<r ofIen on
ber [moothl. lbe OIber Idi><ipleo] " ."Id to h,m, 'Whydo you ""~ he,
more th.n.U ofus!" 1ht .. vi", . n.""erN.nd .aid to them, 'Why do I
nO! 1o," y"" hk< her! If. "hnd person .nd on< ~'ho <on .... r< both in
J . rl:""s>, they . " ,h. ""n". WOen th. light com"" OIl. ,,00 <. n "" will
.... the j,ght, . nd the blind penon "ill "'yin d arkne ... • (63--64)
Th. ,,"oration of I.cuna. in thi. p .... g. m.y be a«'pled with a
consid.rabl. amount ol con~d.n«, .. «pt for the won:! " [mouthl ,·
[n"f'Ol , which may be ","ored variously." Th. ",fer.n« to kissi ng
can be interpret"" variomly, though in th. eo,pd of Philip a ritual ki ..
with a .piritual intent m ay be moot likely; nO! •• Iso may b. taken of
th~ additional r~fe"'nce a few rag'" ~arlier in the Go,pd of FlrjJjp ("lh.
perfect conceive and give "inh thro ugh. kiss. That i. why w. al.., ki ..
• ach OIh er. W. conc~h'e from the groce "'ithin each ot her; ~9).
Other texts likewise highlight the p1a« of Mary ~1agdalene among
the dis<iples. though not al",ay. in the langu.ge of being a belm 'ed d ;.-
elple. In the Diaiogu< of ,h. &"';0', also from t he ~ag Hammodi library,
M.ry i. a major dialogue pann<r (along with t he oth", di.dple> Jud ..
and Matthew) with le>u •• and .fter >he un e" words of wi.dom "'min;'-
c<n' of saying. of r.. u •• i, i. >aid, "Sh •• poke t h;' utter.n« '" • wom.n
who understood eV''')1h ing (or, u nderstood completely. 139): In ,h.
pj"i, Sopilia I..m tell. M.ry th.,.ru, i •• xal,ed above her "ro,hers and
aU women on eanh, and 'hough .h. i. h."hly opposed by Peter, .he is
,-;ndkated by r.. us. Je>u> pronounces her "l.. sed (T' k'I<.>.J'l", 17), and
announ«. th.,.he i •• pur ••• piri,ual woman (0'. pur" .piri,ual on.
[ f~mini""l. T"''' "'\,'''' TIm A,
ii-,'A'" i" I ~'''. 87) . 'he sam. ,im<. r.. u. in
'he P;"i, Sophia also .dd,...... some of Mal)'" fello,,' d is<iples, i""lud-
ing Ph ilip. rohn, M.tt hew. and I.""", a. "beloved" (" ' ~'I'IT), and h.
",'en calls ,h. d;s<ipl<> •• a group "my belo,'''''" (,,,,,,,.W>-
Tt,). 1he", is
enough lov. for all t he d is<ipi<. in ,h. PMi, Sophia.
h.tly, in a >eng from the Manicha.an Psalm. of Herod.ide. in ,h.
Manidl<uan Psalmbook, M.,y i. portrayed, poetica lly, in a "".n. f•• h-
ioned aft", th< gently erotic accoun' of Mary a' ,h. ,omb of Jesus in
John l{}.1- 18. an ""cou n' which it ielf recall, th< depic'ion of a woman
_king her lo,'er in Song ol Song> 3, 1-~. In the M.nich..,.n song resu •
•,k. M.ry to be h i. m ..",nger. h is apos,le, th< apo"le '0'he apOlitl",
You will find ,h.m g>' .... reJ on ,h. bank of' .... Jord, n,
111< '",h", w"" i",.d ,h.m '0 fi'"
lS ,h..,. did ~..H.r,
.00 '0 liy down ,h.n."
in ~tll(h Ill..,. ~.ugh' peopl. fo, life.
Je.u •• dd ••
u...U YOU' oItm and koowledg.
Wl,il yoo bring ' h< >h«p 'ollie sIl'pb"d,
lh. rong condude ••
~ UTI ,,",,<n«. t" ,,., ",Im'a ! '" t"<I'i"~ "'f>Ioi«.oo II", ",••KIwM. "",1.."",*.
<f. "'I" >004, 6O_", . nd ])"ml<_g >ro>, '''''.
of the r..,1 in the Ac" of 1homa,. Late, in the Go'pd of Thoma" in
•• ying 13, Thom .. i. the one, .nd not ""ter or M.tth ew, who ... "" to
h.ve the corrKt an.w<,-or no-.nswer-to the que"i"., of Jesu •• I>out
who he i •• nd what he i. like, .nd lesu. withd ... w. with Thoma. and
.peaks th,.., ullSrecified sayings or word. to him. Thi. puzzling "ate-
ment m.y be intended to prompt a cre.tive ""pon.e in t he reader, who>
m.y tbereby be encouraged to take the pI.ce of Thorn ••• nd inter.ct
with lesu •• nd hi. wi .. saying •. "
The &ok of Tho,"", i. more oven in ide ntifying luda. Thom ....
the ReIDYoo Di.dple. The &ok of Thoma, pre .. n" .. yi ng' of lesu.
in di.logue with Thoma. . . welJ ••• monologue of )<suo, The text
begin. by referring to the Book of Thoma> •• h idden ",ying. of lem.,
•• with the GospeJ of Thoma" but in t his ca .. Jud .. Thoma. i. talon
to be the panner in com'e=tion with )"'uo and • «nain Math.i ..
i. >aid to be the ",rib.1 r~order. r.. u. (caUed tl>< .. vior) add ...""
Jud .. Thorn .... "brotl><r Thom .." (1)(;>'11 ",,,,,,,,,) and "my brother
Thom.," (11).''Ott "'"' ,>.(;), .nd instruct. him in wisdom, r..", ..y.,
In Grupd of Thoma, . aying 11. James Ihe JUSI. I.ader of the church in
Jerusalem, i. menlioned. and Ihi< brief reference may help i l l anlici-
pa.. hi. more dominanl place in I<xI> of the Nag Ha mmaJi codic...
and Codex Tchacos. In Ih. Go,pd of Inomd' Ih. que"ion of <om-
munily I.ader>h ip i...i>«l. and )esu. ",.pond. , with a nic~ Jewi.h or
Jewish-Christian flair, in Ihe anribution of honor Jue 10 Jam .., -No
mailer wher~ )'Ou have come from, you are 10 go 10 J.m .. the 1m'.
for who"" sake hea",n and earlh came into boeing," While Ih i. saying
prai"" Jam ... Ihe Ju,", Ihe next ..ying (13), placed in juxt'po,ilion to
saying 11 •• ""nlS 10 .hift t he focus of imporl.nce to Jud .. Thorn ••.
The hi"orical person of J.m .. Ihe Ju" "''''' Ihe bro,her of Jesu. and
Ihe .arly leod.. of Ihe lerusalem <hurch. a. New Te"amenl and early
Olri""'n source. indicale, .nd the", f.c ton provide t he background
for 'he accoun .. concerning Jam .. in t he 5«,</ Book ofla",,, and the
R,,~ld, jon. of la",,, (usually enti,led t he Fin! and s"CO"J R,,~ld, jon.
of fam,,), " In Ihe s",,,, Book of fam". J.mes i. coupled wilh P., .. as
booth ar< in a com'e=-,ion wi,h Je",. recorded in a book thaI, Jam ...
"'Tile" hewmpooed in Hebrew. Both James and Peler are called boelovro
('" "'I-'< d) in Ih. s"CW Book of fam" (10), and Jesus saY' 10 Ihem Ihal
if Ihey do Ihe f.. her. will, "he will love you (plural; 4"~'1frt< l'''' M!) ,
make you my equal, and con.ider )'Ou b<loved (u ll'l'« In ) through hi.
foretoough', and by your own choic." ( ~), Jam"" him",lf i< made 10
rellect upon too.. who w;n come afier. who will abo b< b<lowd, when
he observes neo, the end of ,he lext •• fter the apo"les are ><nt oul in'o
M 11Y ,,,.d,h,,n, of ,IY "'Nt.oo "'""'" ......., _ of I.'"" from th. N,.
,.........ru 1,,,,,"'1 '" ..,. wolf·."" "' nk. in M.m 10071>, "t_'''' ,IY ,,. ...... ,.,,,
of 10"''' (,IY ,"n' R<WIoIi"" of"'""') from c..k. Td", .. , . nO tho .. ,"do<"" of
'h< <;o,/><Iot I"'"" (h<Iow) ,. " {,"'" K..." , M<)'« , Wu..' . nd ""..t,,-d :roo7.n<! n"
,h< , ... of th, Goq>d of '''''') K .."", Mqu, Won' . n<! Goo,",.! "",",
" a.tho""", from wolf·p"" fo n);;n M,),<, lOOn. , JJ6.
'" HO" UIU IfSUS co\' . MOST! H'CO"fU UISClI'll'S 87
Jame. "'ror" aboul the lime Ihal Je.u. ki.~ him, a. in Ihe Fir<!
ReV€/a'w" of lam", and call«l him belovN. The enlire pa.. age, pUI in
Ihe wonh of I.m«, depic .. Ja m.. as Ihe belo.... d 'piri",.1 brOl her and
disciple of J"u •• and he com" 10 lrnowl«lge and embraces Jesu. with
what ""'IllS 10 be a .piritual embrace,
He kw..d ,,'" on the mouth and t ",bra<<<I mt, ..ying, " My beloV<'d
('''' . 'p'T)! Look. ! >10.11 r<v,alto you ... hat lhe he ,,~ns ha,'. oot lrno"n,
oor thei, rur", ., .My belo,'«1 (, '~'.' [p'T]), uoo.,,,.oo . 00 know Ihe",
Ihings. [,hal[ )'Ou ""'y <om< forth from ' hI> womb .nd be as J . m,
Look, I >Ioall .. veol '0 you "hal Ii, hidd<n], Re.ch 00 1 your [hand] and
,mbrac. me: A, o""e I .... bed oul my [h. nd.], bu, I dod no' fioJ him
as I Ihoughl be W<luld be. Aft... ,hi, I hurd him " y, "Unoi<.it.nd, and
erub.",. me: lhtn I und<r"ood, .nd I w...f"i d, y<l l "/01<<<1 with
gr ... ;or. (~ - ~7)
lh,,< i. little I,,\,< in Ihe Go'pei of luda" and .. tietly .pe.king no "al
I><lo,.. d di",iple, unle,. the love and 'he belov«l at< 10>1 in a lacuna ,
lh is "XI now lrno,,'n from Codox Tch.co. f<atur« Judas hcario' ,
'hough ,he pr«ise interpretation of hi. role in 'he text i. di.p uted
among ..holan, In any c a"" whe'her or no' Jud .. i. 'he pro'otypal
di>ciple in 'he Gospl'i of /uJ"" he is not de",rii><d .. a belo .... d d i.dple.
Perhap' lik< Peter in 'he Synop'ic Go>pel. and particularly 'he Go.pel
of Mallhew, Jud •• i. ,he leading diKiple in the Grupel of /uJ"" and he
h.. 'he corr«' confession of who Jesuo i •. Like Pe"r, he too h.. issues
and problems, and if J'"'u. can 'um 10 Peter in Mark and M.tthew and
"II him. "eet I><hind me, S.tan," he con refer '0 Judas in 'he Go,!>,1
of /uda, .. the ·,hi"..,n,h doimon,· Pe", den ... Jesu •• Jud.. hand.
him ov.r '0 'he au.hori,ies, with .imilar langu.ge in , he two in"anc, •.
In ,ime, Pe"r end. up in St, Peter'. chu rch in Rome and Juda. i. in
'he low,"" cirde of Dan'r'. hen with Bru,u. and Cassius, yel in their
",.pective tex," 'hey are the fi"t among , he d i"ipl«. Bu, in .pit< of
'heir prominence, nei,her one i. 'pecifically called 0 helo,..,d disciple,
'hough Peter has, we have .. en, a brwh with heing helo.... d in , he
5«,,/ Ii<>ok of /~m". They a .. both awarded con.iderable "atus, bu,
'hey ... d ..",ii><d in other te,m.than those of a lov«l disciple."
" On 100.., ,.,,,_ .nd .... Grup<I of I....... d . >:hnn'" 2Ol6; l ><Con ~k 100';
"'-',"'r<', W..-." nd G.oud.,J ".,,; K ;"~ .oo ""I!,h ""'; M,l" 2007" K.... ' .
)ud • • Isuri01 in .h< Gospd of /uda, is t il< one di..:;pl. among the
,wei," (or thin~n) ",ho 'r<nd. private time in dialogue wi.h /<'>us.
The text ol""n. with a n ineip;. ,hal place, JuJu in lhe company of
Je.u •• just before 'he time of the crucifixion, "The ""ret word of de<:-
lar.,ion by which I.,u. 'roke in com.."sa,ion with Iud •• r... riot. Jur-
ing eight day>, ,h,.., days before he « leb wed I'usover (or. three day.
b<fore hi. pa.uon, 33 )." When lhe di",,;pl . . .,..,mble, 'hey aU h . ...
an incorrK' prof.... ;on of who 'esu. iI, except hul • • , who correctly
conf~ in S<thi.n Gnos'K term", ,h.t ,<suo i. the ... lted <hiM of
'he di,ine. Iud .. saY',"' know who you ar. and where you have come
from. You haye come from the immortal aeon of !\a,l><lo. And ! am
not worthy to utter 'he name of the one who h a. >en! )'0". (n) . le.u.
r«ogIliH' ",ha' he (juda.) wa , reflecting upon the re<1 (of the things)
that are .. alt",t" .nd so "" t.h. him • • ide to teach him ·the m)~teri",
of t"" kingdom ." hentu.ily J<suo prm'ide. Jud •• with a co.moiogical
",,'eiation of the er • .,ion of the un;'",r .. and t "" cor""r of the light of
the divine, and that revel.tion, which dominat"" t"" control portion of
the Go,~i of lUlL", contoi", much of the gno,i, needed for salvation
and .nlightenment. Toward the end of the go>pel, after I",u. predicts
th.t Jud •• wiU sacrifice the m.n ",ho bear. him (th. mortal My th .t
th e true, ,piritu.i I",u. h •• J><.en using), he .a)" to Juda" "look, you
h"'e be"" toid .""rything. Lift up your .ye.
and iook at th e cloud
and the light within it a nd the " .... urrounJing it. And the ".r th.t
le.d. t "" w.y i. )'Our "or" ( ~7). The text t hen come. to a clo ... with
unfortun.te IKunae.nd . n underst.ted Ken. of Juda. handing O\'er
the mortai My of le.u. to be crucified.
In hi ..... y in th. National G<-ographic edition of th" Go'p.! of
/uJa>, Rodoiph" K • • ",r de.eri"'" what he judge> to be • prob.bl"
",action among some r""den to the figure of Jud •• in the context of
the other diKipl .. in the go>pel
II'" .mil" at the «luC1lioool dialog"'" of the "M."", ( Rabbi) with hi,
d"dpl .. of IimnN '!';r;tual in"'His"""e, and "\'e" with th" moot gifiN
among them, th" hum.n h. ro of th .. "Go'pel." Iud .. the "\I.uoo«-
"ooJ-wlut,,~ r hi, ""'.kn....
~ We . bo h>.ve """,n, to untie ""her
tlun to moan at the """""go
previously Io.>t to "t, m".",oou>ly , ,,uKi-
t.tN, emerging today from;ts kmg .ti"nce.D
M,)"" . Wunt . oo G,o ...L",I!OOl; . nd SropdIo 1001, ,1>< f"".!Id, bot,..", l...w ..
p,,., .. ,,",
,,", fi,~ of ,1>0 d;"ipk> .. ,1>0 """1'<1 of I,.;.".nd fi, ~ of ,1>0 d;.oipk> tn
,,", 'f""I"X Go>p<h (,op«Wlr .'I,",",,, ""I M.n.) ""'" r"~,"" "," .. <1<'''00,
~ "'"''''. "'f<". "'"'" on..! G. ud.,d lOO.O, " ,
'" HO" UIU IfSUs co\' . MOST! H'CO"fU UISClI'll'S 89
)ud .. may I>e ... n, within lho currenl di«u .. ion of Ihe inlerprelalion
of lho Ga,p</ of luJa" a. "moll gifted" ~n >OITIelhing of a "human
hero"-for Birger Pearson,"a tr.gk h ero""-in lho lext .... hhough ho
may nOl be de«ribed in Ihe language of I",'e used for. l>eloved di , -
ciple, he rna)' I>e under"ood .. lhe foremo" of Ihe di.ciple. in lho
Gos;m of Iud""
ll<mt",im, ~__ A_.lo""" s,,,,I><, of i<"" I. _n, . ".,.~ londooo, SCM , ""Il_
R"Kk, M i .. "'0". "'.goUW.., "'" ,-,,,' Apc>'." ""'W,.. A,'Ioori'"
11>< H,,,..,-d
11><o1og",] ,,,,,1;,, ...
C. ..... Odl!', " .... , H.".,ru U"'''''''ty P ...." >001_
R",.. n, R. E.. 11>< Go'fd A,,,,,Ji"f '"
N .L ,-"","kdoT. '%6_'<>70.
J""., 11>< A""ho, "Obi< "_;><OA. G".kn C;ty,
,,,Con"'k, A_I) .. ', ,,, cnz;..! "",,/,<1 of ,loom., i. T,o..J",",", ,..;,10 0Com""",.,,.
omi N.", '·~i.n l.on,),,''''' of'''' Co ..",,, Grupn. l;b.w)' of ........ 5<00 .... "7.
'-"D<Iono TaT Cluk, 1006.
- - 1'" ',hi",,",. Apo>d" 1\'.., ,'" "",,/,<1 of I",u" RndJr s.,~ londooo, Con';nuum,
100'_
llon<l<rt..<& L, 'II.. _ d I);"ipl. i" c..fl_ RnU'h"K ,10. """pro of I""" ami
'."""", 0,""", o.f",d Un;,. ... ~l)' ....... lroS.
fh <m>n, IW., 110. "'" (Jo,f<lof I..u., J""not, Od"M o,fo,-d U"'''''''' y Pm., 1006.
"'rio
' ''>Ioim, ' .. "' • .,. "'.goUW"' omi"'''.p/><><, N,,, Y",ko H.<p<rt:o!; .. ,
J.tf<ry, f .. 1'" "',,' ""'1"1 of ",• .k u"";w. Jmog;....i R"..w of S.x, .....'h. ami
'''J.
"'''''''''' '" • B,OI.... 1 h"f"', N,,, 11m", YoI< Un;""~l)' Pr< ... lroS.
J"'""', R."-. "M,,'I ".gdakn<c A.tho.- of , I>< _~h ""'P<"-"UpH""'''.
Ikk>vNDiKipl<-"'J, , ... _
"""'" R., M_ M,t'" G_ Wun< ,00 e . Gouda.-d, ,do., , ... """pfl of I..w.
""iii"
,,;Ih ,I« In •.,. oj Prl.,. 10 /Om" .oJ • """'" ofAIIoz<"'~ pm c..kx
T_""
1<1""""
Crl,,-01 &Ii'''''. W ..hmgl"", I).c. , Not""''' G<"!!"pho<, >00,_
- - ,., G<npd of I..M.. W..MoRlon. I).c. , N,,""''' """!!,,ph". ' '''''".
'''os. "-L, 'JI>< G<npd of""', of ",~, I""' .mi ,'" F',,' ,,",mo" Apo>'i<. .... "
Ilou, c.];f, P""'"'kls', >OOJ_
K;os. "-'-...d ~ . H_ P,!!,""
o.,;" ...iI"
il<od'", I""'" ,~, """/"I of I",u" ooJ ,'" SIu.,,", of
N,,, Y .... , V;k;ng, 1fm.
'-"yt=. B. ,d .. No, Hom"",.' eo./" " ,1_7. 'I"",.... wi'" "00;.,,
"l6(j~ ami P_ 0",. J,654, "' • . 1 ,'01.., N<g H,mmo<!;
XIJJ,l', Bri •. Lil>_ Or_
10--" , 1.<0.1< 0'
"riI. ,•••.
M')Y', M., 1'" Gmpfl of lbono"" ,., JJidd.. So""V of I""', s"n h.n';",o,
"."",Son""";"o, ''''.
__ """ (Jo,/"k f.uop "" ,loom", ."d ,'" "'''' Go'pn of"'o.k. ""ri....,!. P._,
Trinity P.. " 'nt«n._", 1OOJ.
- ,'" ao.t'<I, of "",-", 1", S",,'
l""'i""" 0{ hJo". "'.gdo""" ,'" ComIM""" of
I''''',
s"n to."",,,," ""1"''''"'''''';''0, """'_
- I'''''', 1., '''ft"'".. GoO"",;,. of """/"~ ami Lw'"" a",,", '"' J"fO""""
Apo"" of 1<>"', "'" "","""., " <",,.on., >00"-
WHO" U'U IfSUS co\' . MOST! H'CO"fU U'SCII' ll'S 91
', .. Nal Hom",,",i Senf'""'~ 1... i.'",",<i~ Ed"",", "" >"""'K'" H,'I'<"_
Dn<.1OO7b .
•• g<b, "-H .• ~ ""~f , ... Sea" =p<f of ,."""'" N<w Yorl" IW>OOm How<,
~,
.,'nk" ,., I"" 10'''''' .,It< 8m'.... of """ ,. H"' ..., ,..I r,.."",", " ud ~, on
P",on.h,~, of "'" N.... T<~"","" c<> umbUo " n'''''"r of"",th Carol'n, p",,~
,~
•• n'",k, ... ,. ,oJ '-G . H"""n. - ... """" """ . ..... . Mad""" 'krh<n c,rl>on',
.. ,,,;t.uhOfi oHm" "'oric ,,,' IWd S,,' ndl<,,- I=rnoJ fo< lit< "ud, ofllt< HHtcricol
Ie'"' 6'lOOIl). ,06-m.
c..J;f, Fok!>ridg<, ,.OJ. >""''',
• "" ' '"'''', ,-, ., , ... <A>f<1 oj '11,0""" ooJ I"'''. fog ....... "'"' ond s"n" Rou,
.,n",""", '-", I.M. ilobiru.on ,n" H._G. II<thg<, n, ,·'ftl< eMf<l 1 .. Go>J><i of
1"""'.. Ccmfi of ~gr, H.rn,oo'J, P• . , Trin;,y p,,,, ' n"m,hoo.ol, , .....
... ,oon. B...., -,ud.> hwiot ond th< <A>f<1 of l..w: ,",ti' u" fa< "nbqu"y
ond Ch , '~" n ; ty "'",., .... P'P'" }t . CIo",,,,,,", lru' ..... fa< A" 'MJuOy and
Ch" """o'y, ><lO1.
• "''''"' ', W, v., II"",."""", /Ok"""' "oJ 0... Jaloh""mJil",", fon<l;o ng< n
n" Ikligoo "oJ ,-,,,,,,,", <1<, AI"n und N,,,," T"",""",, D •. GOIhng<"'
v.nd<nho<ck & ltol",,,I;,. , "",.
SclKnk<, H.·"., "1'" >unction ond ""'kll""'nd of ,,., """,,-.,I
o,ri""' !);,.'pI< on th< ""'p<i
of lOOn.' No, H.m ....' , C"""~""'- .od /'orly
R. Hods>on. ,I.,,do., ."bOOr, M.... ' H"'<lri<hon, ,.86,",,,.. CW. H,d ,~k >n<I
'''_,,,.
...... 10, M., «I. ,'" eM", of ,...., '" C"",,.t Proemi"1' of ,''' F'", i.""","""",1
CooJ"''''' "" ,I>. Go>pd of ,....., Pon, """""', ""00.-.171"_1"," , """" N. g
'''mmod, ,n<! "" n ~""'." ,,1><1;., 6,. , ~;dm , lIrilI. lOOIl.
'mOt", "., Ckmml of ~kxa,..j,", 0 . . . . " " , ,' '''''f<' of Mo,,, c..mbridg<. M.... '
' '',nod Un'",,")' Pt-.,., , . ", .
".,k,
to "... oJ''''''''''' Go>pd ..",..d'.K
-- ',.. ""'" eMJ><i' 1M 1);'""""' .... i."'1'ffl0IOm
Yon, El,'P" & """. ,.,Jb.
__ -o."" n' of Ak..oJ,", ond s.c,,, M,ok, 1", """' .. th< End of ,'" >On'
0.<0<1< ,'Ifa""". '1~ Rn-W .. " ('''')....----<lil.
IfH''''! of I"", IfH _"",I ""mily, .oJ ,I>.
T.oo.-. , .1>., "M I"''' D>->'r 7.. /f;.IM.
&rll< of On""'"iI" N,,, Yorl., SO".,. & Schu~" , 2«Mi.
Uro, R., ..t. ',,,,,,,,..." .. c"",,,,,,",, f ...,., "" ,... Gm", of1""",",, "udi<.
of , ,,,
N, ... T""m<n' .n<! 't>World, ldinbu<v<' T&T CIo,k, 'OlIO.
\'u. n ""~ Il. " M Gm)'<1 4 1"""'..... N ... T,,,.,,,," , "'..dong', Lond"o" lloulI«Ig<,
,~
THE TRI.'.fORPHI C PROTENNOIIt (N HC XI!U) ItND THE
JOHANNINE PROLOGUE A RECONSIDERATION
Paul-Hubert Poirie,
UniversM Laval
a.,h. wndu.ion drown from , 1>0.. par.n.1., nam.ly, 'hat "bo'h 'n"
intorpr.t .ach oth.r, but it_m.at fi"t glanc. th at t il< light foil. mor.
from Protmnoia on'o ,h. lohannin. prologu. ,han ,h. r.v."","" Thi.
affirma,ion ha. giv.n ri", '0
a h ... ed d.bot., th. h istory of which w.
h ..,. charted .I",,,..rn,.. ,"5<,..,,,,,1
Ii... of p,,,,lId . ""'w"",n our 1I••
,i ..
and ,h. prologu. hoy. """n dr.wn up, " bu, in ord.r '0
f. eili .... trn,
comparison h.r., it will "" u .. fu l '0 provid . o ur own Ii", ""ginning
wi ,h pa.,u"I. ""'w"",n ' Il< Trimorphic Protennoia and c... ain v.r",.
from ,h. prologu., befor. mO"ing on '0 0 pr ... ntation of parond, fol-
I"wing tho ord.r in wh ich ,h.y 'pp"" in ,h. tr... i"" Thor. or. . .'u-
any 'wo wOJ" of ",.. Iuating ' Il< ",I"",nc. of t ho .. paron.I" .I.m.nt by
.I.m.n , (for . nmpl•• th . par.lId "",w"",n John Ll4 ond Tn'm, Pm),
n,1 4 -1~) or comidering ,h.ir ord.r of appearonce, in th. Trimorphi<
Pro"nnoia or in ,h. prologue, "
."'.
38,23 "God ~-oo alone cam< 10 <xi<l'
46,~-7 "I am th< lLodo. who ;. John U 'h ~p;(ii h. i> ~ rot;,
"-
[in the l 'n<!fabl. IUght l, 1b<lmg in ~ ~v."", rov (I,"v. """ 9.0.; ~v
im"",cuia" l.. r
46.1.- 1 ~ "I _Ion< am tl>< word, John 101 'Ev ~p;(ii hv" ~ mt;,
'n<!fabl" irnma<ulate, ,mm.. mr.t.l" ~ ~v."", "',. (I,"v. "",\ flro.; ~v
il\Coo( .. v, bl< " ,,~
46,JI-32 -Who was ",nt- John I 06 ~""'n4<i"",
46,J2-33 "To mumin. too.. ~'t.o ". John ,,9 'ltv ",.,0.; ,II itl,.llw",v. a
in tl>< dar[knl..'- ....,1<;>,
47,14- 1 ~ -I m,nif«l<d mystlf to John U4 "~<><i~ __ ",.~<v
lII.m lml th<1! "nt' Iv"'iv
~7,1~ "!l<ing logo.' John 101 1'v i.m:ii ~v i> ~ ro,;'
rov (1,,,,. ",,\
"-
~ ~v."", 9.0.;~,
~7,l g-1 9 "And Ith")'l did 001 know John 1010" ,i.,~", "",II, "U" 1'r-
III. 00< who p,.... m< row<,
47.2-4 ""on< of tl><m kn<w "",' John LlO" """~'" ,,(,,11. "u" 1'r-
~7.2-4-26 -IAlthoughl i1 i, I ~TIo
John uo ... """"'" /;" ""wi; rr<'~.' "
WOlk in th<m. but Ithey thoughtl
lIIat i, "". by Ith.ml tlu, th< All had
b«n "".,,,,,'
47.28-29 "III am the light that ill~m John ,,9 '!tv ",.,0.; ,II itlrr;Jw",v.;;
in< the .U' ....,1<;>,
~,l~ "And th<y did _ know n,," John 1:!O'" """~'" uu",. "U" 1-r>'"
In hi, imronant ",,'i.w of t h< faes imil< ""ition of Nag Hammadi
Codic .. XI, XII and XIII, Carsten Colpe was t h< fint to call atten-
tion to th< .. '''ionship bet "'~n the Trimorphic Prorennoin and t h<
Johannin< prologue. He a rgues that t h< treati .. gath<,., in. m.nn~r
unlik< any pr"i"".ly known text, th< main material. of the >opient ;'1
.peculat ion whic h.re" work in the prologu<, ",,'en though not in t h<
>«Iuence of the Prologue."" Our synopsis of th< <Ie men" common '0
both t<x" confirms Colpe'. judgment on ,hi. point ' th.,,< elemen" do
nOl .ppear on ~ither .ide in a .imil.r ord... Thi' is ... ily explain"".s
the resul' of th< f"' t th.t w< have, on the on~ .ide,. mort text, the
prolog.,." exh ibiting a rel.'i,'e1r . impl< " meture, and on the other, a
much long.. '<xt, th< compo>iti"" of which is both complex and 100.."
in wh ich t h< parallel. to the prologu< are cone<nt ..."" at the begin -
ning (pp. H-37) a nd 'o",,,d. t h< <nd (pp_ 46-Yl). On< ha. 'h< clear
imp", .. ion that the lohannine <Iemenu ",rv< '0 construct or iJI~"'ate
"[ manif...tN! my,elf to th.m lin] their ten", "'ing u,ga.," To this
d .. ign.tion of Jogo< mwt be add.,.] th ..... of "God who wu begott.n·
(39,6.13) a nd of "God who .[o n. c.me into .. ist.nce" (38,23), which
e\"Ok< the ~owY':"~,, 9,.0. of Joh n 1'18,
lhe fac t that those to whom she manifests her.df"in their ten"" and
who.e g:armenu she wore (47,14-17). or those "who watch over their
dwelling p1ac"," do not recognize Protennoi. constitute. a third hkelr
.Uusion (~,"-16). This I.ck of r""ognition "and. in .harp conlr ...
with the pre><nce of Protenno;' among th ..... who are he" and the rec-
ognition .he enjors . mong them (;\0,31-31.]6; 4 1, 1~ 16.27-28.32- 33;
4~,28-29; 49,21-22). The "'ong emphasis put on tho", who "'[ong to
Protennoi. a nd acknowledge her, and the fact that they are designatN!
•• "those who are m ine ('~"" H "wi ''''' _ 0; i~oi ): con,,,,dict> the
...."ion of the prologue, .ccording '0 which the Logo< "c.me to what
" .... hi. own (,it iliu:.) and hi. own (oi iii,,,,) did not accept him' (John
1,11). In the dtN! p .... g .. of 'he Tri",orphk Pr<>le""oi~, we have. so
'0 'P<~ a neg:atiy., po[emical. . Ilu,ion to the prologue.
Finally, among the numerous mentions of 'he light in 'he Trimorplok
Pro"n"oi~, the one on p. 46,29-33, "Whi[e i, (i.... 'he Mother) i ••
sound from a 'hought, it i ••[so. word (.. occ-:,) from . YOKe which
w.,; sen' '0 illuminate th ..... who are in the darkne ..: is an evocation
of luke 1,79 bu, a[so of John 1,9, "(lhe Word) w.s the true light,
whkh enligh.en. ""eryone, whkh was coming in.o .he work!: a. well
a. John l ,~ even if here .he participle ax"""J..~f"", refers originaUy
'0 John the B'p.ist.
On .he ba,is of .he .. parollel •• i. is po. sible '0 "ale .ha • •he
Trimorphic Prormno;a polemicolJy reinlerp"'" the Johannine pro-
logue through .he use of .Ilusiom inlended to convince .he read er
that .he Logos-Prolennoi. i•• uperior to the inc.rn.ted Logo. of.he
Fourth GospeL The polemica l in .. nt of the tre.ti", .ppear. dearly in
the .. If-predication of p, 46. 14- 1~ , "/ alone a m the word (AOH'C),
ineffab le. imm.cul.... immea.urab le. inconcei,.. ble," which relegat ..
the Logos-Ie.u. of lohn to the po>itkm of a """ond.ry. inferior. ~gure,
who will need to be re.cued from the cro .. by t he Logo.-Prolennoia
( ~,ll-I ~). A similar polemical in .. nt may he hinted.t in the .ub-
versh.., u~ of the word ""'lV~. -tent: which reduce> the d welling
(in ,,.",,,,,,,,,) of John U4 to a temporary manife" .. ion. Finally •• nd
in marked contr." to the Joh.nnine Logo. who w•• no. r",eived by
hi. own people, Prolennoi. i•• cknowledged .nd welcomed by her>,
A. "'" have .. en then. t he dependence of the Trimorphic Protcnnoia
on the long ,..,,,ion of the MeW Book of 101m can ea .ily be e".bli.hed
on the ""'i. of "yli"ic, mythological and doctrinal tr.its common to
ooth writing> , Furt hermore. the m.nner in which certain elements
common to both t.." are treated in the Tr;morphic Protcnnoia. i,e"
in a n allu.h.., and, at ,ime •• almo>t ab"ruse way, indicate. wi,hout a
doubt 'he nature of it> relationship to the MCW 800k, The Trimorphic
Prolmno;a i. e"",n'ially a dewlopment of the final hymn of the long
,'e"ion of the Seem /look, inle"persed wi.h elements drawn from
el .. where in ,hat same w<>rk. Doe. t hi. me.n th .. the use of the pro-
logue made by the Tr;morphic Pro'mnoi~ i. to he explained by it>
dependence on the Secret /look' The an.wer '0 this question i. nega-
tive •• imply because in tbe long version of th e Suret /1001:, there i. not
• single occurrence of the term ~ nor, in o ur opinion, any 00,';-
ou. link with the prologue. lh is is . Iso 'he ca .. wi.h .be ~n.1 hymn,
According to Michael Waldstein·. det ailN! an.ly.i •• -despi" a striking
o,.., .. U .imilarity, there ar., in f. ct. no literary contacts betw .. n the
Prologuo and the Monologue (.h.t i" the ~nal hymn) d o .. enough to
indicate literary dependence of th e Monologue on the Prologue."" In
~ W • • I>1<'n ' ''', -I{)1, >« .I", N.u! ,00>. <liJ, 'Z","«hlJ'n' ...... .,mmunp ... '_
Kh<n . .... wwJ .km ;oh- FroIos ,>! ,,>!"'''''''".d,,6 "'h 'n Prot """",r... "''''',
his r~orking ofth. ~nal
hymn of the Me",! Book. the author of the
Tr;morpilic Prormno;d. having <onstructeJ t he "",und -mlce-word"
metaphor u..J throughou, t he treati .. wa> .ubsequen'ly leJ to eng. ge
in a polemical reading of th e prologue, This had 'he elfect of J,,'.lu-
ing the ioha nnine, and purely a uisti.n. Logo. and of elevating 'he
Gno<tk Logo. ,
B l "UOGkAPHf
&din« Aot..;"k<ri. ii;, K "ph>< ~ ·Gno><,,.1>< Sch,""n , "'M lI<d<u,"n! door- 'f<xl< """
N,! ".rnmod; fi;, d .. mod<"" G"""oi"",,""ns." G _ • ..1 N,,,,, T,,,",,,,",,
SI..,j;'" "., R<IT""'''''''"K''''ft "od l~ , K.·W. T,Os"', ,d .. G Ot",Ioh,
Mohn. IOn, tJ_76.
CoIl", C, ' ''6ol"i"",- jUd,,.I>< ..nd ,hri~Jjd" O"'rlirf,,""S in <ltn "~riftm . "'
N,! " . rnmod; m: jo1o_ for Antil, ""4 CIr,;",","," " (1'''''), to._
tn.
j~m,"' , D .. ·u".nd ' n"'I""""'" of Moo,. in ,'" Apo<,.,-pho , nd p"...s.pi!",pho:
Mil .. , T,x< T,""<10'",,, R...a,", • ..d ""'/',,,,,,;'''' ofll« /f,hn .. ,"Ok '" A"'-;,",
j .... " .. "nO '-"rlf CIr,;,,,,,",,,. "' .1. Mokk, onJ ,I. S)·~ ing. «I~, Comp<nd;.,
"'",m ,uda""",m oJ N"",rn T"",,,,"'" m '.J, A ...", ",n Goocu", ""~_ph '"
'ort,...., ,_ ''''_....
N, .. T",,,,.,",
"'11, ,,,,_.m.
E"' ... CA .. "a. '"' Proiogu< oflo/" ond , '" 1',;"0<)<Ir" /'rut,"""", -
SI..,j;" " (' __
- w""d ,,"" Glorr "" 'M J!x<F'arJ ,,"" llr<okgi<"llIo<l""""" ofjoh. , f'roio<u<,
"""na! roo- ,'" """r of Ih< N'" 'f" ' ",,,n' SunH<"""t
A, a<km" p" ... , .. ,.
"ri<, ...sb<ffi<Id, Sb<tl;,1d
Hdd",,,.,". I.. "' n ih,," 7-<k," .. : ' "'''''''''"''8'" '" cod" Xtt, N.! '''rnmod;
p• • ,,]4_" im '''nblick ,uf Joh. , ..: M.><dlo .... N_,"."",",~,. vol. "
ru...
'r...... A.'.I . lC;j" orwl W.c. Unrtik, «1>., Nov"," Tffi,,,,," ," m Supp\<m< " t>
". '~'dm, ",iB. " " , '''_1' 1.
I,n", ... Y., "", Cod<x XtE J <It Nog Hommadi: '" .1.].",," " (''''). J-I' --<tJ.
- - 'Un< "'"'''' R'""';~'" du ProJos""" L'lN"Z;I, dc """ ..,..,,,, ,1.10<,;""
'1rioI.,z;., " . <It I""S', «I .. RObb".o.c. >:ph<"",;dum '''''''''sK",um l<n·. nKn,Hrm
". ' ~"Y<n' l,",n Un;,'' ''''Y P",~ G<mblo",c ,>u< ..... , "". ""_J"-
'--'y">"- B., lh, Gn<»1i. Srr'f'""£ A .\'" , T...".,,,,,,, ""'h A"_","'" ""d "'r0-
d"",,,,,,,
G"dm City. N .L t.>oubI<day, .. " .
M"RM, G.W.. - II>< Ihu n<k~ p,rf«, 'hod (n'; 11.1-11,32): N"S H" .. ...J,
u.J~" " , 1_' • ..J VI "",h "'P1"" "''''.'''''''' ""1, J "od <. D. P,,_, <d., N'Il
El.mmo<!; swd .. , ". "'""n, BtUl. 10", "'_", .
Noyl. T., Di< 0",,1""" dc, i""""",,,,,,ngri'"m, 'to
l. ",lrrlrU"a.." SI...t,,, '"' ""_
,,,. .ire"," A"''v'""I"'''' A..,[,j',"Z dc, ""'" E"'"l"I'"",,'. ,1r,;>tU,"" u..l
,1r';"I"Ir.I'"'''"'''' L ir"","" Ark"," '"' "''''' uod;l,,,, G<Kh"h,, '. ""r'j! ,
£.-.ngd;"h< V'"-'l! .. ru'-"t, ><ro.
P';","''''' L . od •. ""re,·..... rfu,;,",,,
<It I'Ap""yP""" <It "an .
J. lurn;<r< <lr
''hy"'''' fino l ok lo. ,,""'" ionS"': " ",".ron, " (''''), ' ''_,''-
' nd;'~ n '"' d~ l'tioriti' J ;"" T",,, 0<1<, <lr,", ihm .ng<"""''''''''" 'f,oJ""",,"
g<g<niihn <ltm Joh. ProJos 0<1<, <lrm "'-.ny E;um .ndm."
T~IMOR PHIC PROfEHNOIA AN" Ttl. ,OflANN'S> "OOlOGU> 103
" oi,in, P._H ., ' l ~ pro ........ lri""".., (N" XlJl,l l" .. ""'....... ,,, do )),,,u.,",..a
Infrros. - U M",,- 96 ('''''I, .. ,-""' _
__ l' r""",",, 1.".1.." ,."""(",, "I, ll, ."".k ... m",,",bu'''''' J< Wop.
lIibIio<hlq'" <opt< ol< N.g H,m....!;, """"" . 'f...... ", Quib<c "" r",,,, ol<
'·"n',
l'un ".",i.1 ...,..1; "'"""n ; "',"n, , .. , _
' " PI"';' Pr< .. ,m.; .. IriP/< ""'", (~'" XIII, II, R'i>l io<hi'l'" " 'I'" <k N.g
• Jl, QWI><c '-'I P,....... ol< I'U n;' ·" ..... Lo........""1<
""""'f
john D, Turner
Unh..,,,ity of Nebra,ka-Lincoln
- , "" . """' . , im. " buI dHf",.nl di" o.. "" of Ihi' "'Ytiom"'p. >« ""'mo,
IOHN D. TUO~' "O
Moot ""hola" "'ho haw toucheJ upon the topic of the in,enextual
and history-of-religion. relation'hip bet",,,,,n the Fourth Go'rel a nd
the .-Ipocr),pilOn of loon have focu...J attention uron the milcing ... of
conceptual par.Uel. between the Go're' .nd the Pronoia monologue
concluding the longer ,'e"ion of the flpocryphon. parallel. that are .1..,
.hared with another Nag Hammad i treati ... the Tr,morphk Pro"nno,~_
In my view, the", parallel. mongly .uggest that the.. two Nag Hammadi
tre>1i",. were originally wmpo...J in t he .ame environment of late fi"t
and earlr .econd century Hellenistic 'ewish Wi.dom .peculation a.
" ... the Fourth Co.re!. The .. two Nag HammaJi treat is .. are part of a
corp'" of elewn Coptic t reati ... from the Nag Hammadi codices that.
together with , .. rio", patriotic t«timoni... >chol",. haw da .. ified ..
"Sethian" or ·Cla"ical" Gno<tic' Thi. corru' of writings. which .hare
a number of common my themes, dram .. is rer""nae. metaphrsical and
SOIeriological doctrines, a nd ritual and contemplat i,,, p",,,,,rip<ions, i,
.uffici<ntly <ohe,ive a. to implr the ex;"ence of a sectarian movement
of the ""ond through fourth centuri.. that I and others h.w c.lled
Gnostic Sethiani.m.' owing to the prominent role t hat the figure of the
biblical Seth eventuallr came to plar in their religiou. thought, '
, 11>< .. ",dud" ,,", Apoc"",""n of loon (.I", 'n ,,", ll«un G"",h< coo., 100 1
'''''1. ,,", Tri""''/'h'" """"""""', ,,", Apo<oI!,/,,,, of Ada ... ,,", ""..,,,"'" of on.
Am.""" l"""pl ofN",... , M.-k/o;,.-.Id, , nd , ,", 1101, """" ofll.. C,.. , 'm;ubk 'I"ril
(,I", <aI~ ,,", c.,'f<i of ,I.. Em,,,,,,I. , nd ,,", 100, ""'on~ '''I! 5<,hOan " .." .. ,
Zo>I';'''"'', flu",..",~ ,o. lh",. ,,,In 'n
of"'", , nd ,"a,,,,,,,~ oddo""" <0 ',",><, 0""'
.oo.dd.oo .o.f'Cnd, EN<_ ""WN. • nd from ,o. '''''ntl)' p"bIi""" Tet""", 0,0.",.
,I>< Cruf<l of /",;", , nd P<"'"'". ,,", Book cf flllog<"'~
, ",",nk< ''''. ",,_6'6, Abhough .,"'" "hoIu, doubt ,,", «,""DC< of, G"",o;<
oom",un''l' who ,.Ji<d ,,",,,,,,,I,,,, "'&<h".~" , )u,,,, " ,. , )u, N'I! ",mm..!' Iib<-")' ,n
abun.lan' " '""u,,, « .... '~" ntl y ,,,,",act,,,',,,j by ,"!fK~n!ly 'n",,;'", , n<! «.1""," ,
"" of ml"holos",,,,,,,, 'ymboHn n8 ,,", ..""d hi"""I, ,"woI ~ .,.,,, un .,.j..-..ldlr
"p<'~n« '"" poI<m~ . ,,"h "","" Y-OUP' ";'~ h .... ",iI". ,nd "'..! by P<""'"
~' ho "",,;&,,,«1 'h,,,,,,,,"", '0 br ,I>< ","I<mp" my off'I"'n8 of . n ....J "TK<""-
""",d" of "',h," '" ... ,,,n' "'" """"ng of , n Ktwol «>mmun"r ~' ho ",,",...ar
"'n"fi<d ,,"h "'" ')'mboi'" "n',.."", of , )u, .. ",,"""_ Ahl>oogh " .... , ,",,, "ft"-
""n" "",,", ,,,,"n ,,", P"'f"""n" of""' .. rio", ,.......... ,fia! Ih<m .. 'Sdh~ "" ' h"
dr,'gno'''''''' ..
",."",",~ ,",",'~"aIIy _Iul, 5<" en go"",aI To""",:tOOL
• "" "Ujn ''''. ~nr. Pm.... ' '''. <71_ "", SOo"" ',," I, '''_'''; SOroo", ..
' ' '1,100_'''' S'rou", .. , _. '._", 71_"",.nd Tum", '''''' ,,-so, 'nd«cl. ,,",
f",""", ""to ph,... of ""n . ," " ppo;n,«I foT ... " ("rnWI "'.. rtymolog'«d 'n'"
,I>< M.nd.o", n, ... so,," ('rnWI "'" of Adam. ,,", ' P"rl", I'to",: DO oW>I<' of""
"p""'" ('-<'. h', =d; d , Ih< "pWu' of ,I>< Grup<I ofll.. fOP'''''' '" 00.,,- ,, , nd
, )u, "fru" -,",,,,"!l <>"<,,. of Ih< fI~ of AJ.m 7Ii,l5)_
Although there is no historical record of any group. Gno>1ic or other-
wi.e, who actu.lly ca lled them",h... "s",h i.n",· duri ng the p"rioo
17~- ~n C E. a numi>er of t he f. thers of the early church produced .nti-
hewical writ ing. in which they refer to cen.in revel. tion •• nd G"""ic
groups t h.t eit her they or t heir l.ter interpreter. caUed "s",hian",
lrena<'ll' of Lyon. (Adv. ha", 1,3(1),' <Hiprolytuo> of Rome (preserved
in Pseudo-Tertullian, Ha", 2), Epiphaniu.. of Sal.mi. (Amario" 26,
39-40), Fil.",ius of Bre<c;' (Div_ h... lib. 3), a nd Theodoret of Cyrrhu .
(Ha,,", Jab. comp. 1,14), of the><, Epiphaniuo-though hi. testimony i.
often ,u'p"'t -i. the fi ...t to offer any det.iled in form.tion,' Evidently
the term "Sethi.n" wa. originally coined and u .eJ by various church
f.thers •• a conwnient design.tion for certain GnOlitic groups who",
literature . ingl<d out the ancient figure of the biblkal Seth to be of
.ignal importa nce. So while the term "Seth ian" don not appear to h.ve
~n a ,,,If-de.ign.,ion, the group or mm..,ment to which it referred
fi r" received hi<forical treatment ••• uch in the fift h century P,mario"
(39-40) of Epiph.niu., bi.hop of Sal.mi •. Here Epiphaniu. de><ribe.
two cios<iy-rel.ted Gnootic group" the Sethi.n. (",me of which he
say. he had met) a nd the Archontic", and pro<<<d, to describe t heir
, 1bro.1om (<&. ' ''' U) ,",nt;b<.! ,'" """""" (.liO L<.. "' ..... G""" 0) of,,,,,,,,,,.
Ad• . "",'. ' .J(l .. S.1h ,,", '" Oph.,~ oi II< 1,,&,0""' ..... 0.-....... ; ""i,... "vi,
';"""";"""'''' H ... ,_ fa!> . <om,. U'. PC n!M.J'}_ Sim ... ,t,-, "'.t", kk nt;b<.! th,
,",,,;<0; of Ady. "-'. U'.t (.. u nt ""'" only ;n ""'n, "'"P<' .." ".,,," ox hN, ~ i
p<M.;'" '""' """"''''"' ... /"'...., (;"""~"'.m """",,xd, .. ",ro.lo't<,,'" ,_
""""." i.... 0 ....... ' _ ""1'IIql.,,,,...
'" "'" ;,-,.,w ~,o";;,, Ii '''''''''''',..... Ii
",""' '''', ...... " ..... ..,.".. ",;""";_ . i~_ """'" ( 110" . fah . <om,. U 1, PC
SJ.JliU,-,"). p,ob.b[r 1>0=1 "" lh< prom'"",,, of"" n,,,,, '1IMk1o" .. I",,,,,.,
... m ..."l' ('" which S<th pl,)" no " ,.,) of lh< th<ogo" ). ,..! '''''''''SO''l' .'""'''P"g
"""~ of I"""· 11>< f"<" n' f""" of ,'" "~-'pp"m'Iy unkno..-n
to I",""w-",m. <0 "-,,,, <ombin<d , -",rodo;,,' 'hrogonr , nd "'''''''!!''"r ~m""
'0 Ad,_ "-'. L" ".h.n "" h"'l"'S""'Y ~m01u to "" "<>Ph; ,," "",h'''I''T'''r of
",/y. "",'. LJ(l, 'n ,'" pro,,,.. , odd .. g ,J., """ oft'" """nlr ",0 "rthir ><th, t'"
G_", .. "" P"'""""" ,,<0<1 ofS<lh, t'" roo, l.m,.."', .. ,'" """nlr d..-d;ngo
of A';'m, S<th, anJ hO, ,,<0<1, ",oJ t'" di.;,,,," of h',,"'T '"'" roo, 1''''0.1< 0.""",,<0<1
Or "'roolo', Ih"" ""it;. 'nt<",,"''''"'
- 11>< ... 1"" m,;" "."i ~" ">t'""",",, '" I",,", u' Ad",,,., "-,n,,, (, . m)
"'" ,'" "", 5'='0 of H'rro/)'''' 200), "" both
(,~ of"-'h~h
' " b.><d lh< ,,,_
"moo"" of. _l'"tull"" jl"_l501. "1'''''''".' (... '''I, hL..",", (,""I'J<I),
"'" 11"","",,,, 1"- " '). 11>< ><th, .. , d<ornh<d 'n " 'rro/)'.' . ...t... ",mqu;t<
.!itt",n' '''-'n ,ho>< <i<Krih<d 'n "" forrn< , "'",c<>, on<l moy p',h.p> b< , ,,,,,,,,,<0<1
";th th, non_S<th;"n '''''''0< ,'" Po",""'" of"""' (NHe VI1,I ).
IOHN D. TU.~· ".
In my view, t ~'" Gno"k Set hi.n. likely ori&inateJ a•• fint century
CE fu.ion of two distinct grouP'> nei,her of "'hich had a ny .. pedal
interest in t he fi!;Ure of Seth, ,,'ho~ ori&in. may go back to the first
century BCE. The first group i. the "mul,i/wlo gno>,;'-o,um," whose
m)1hical th.ogony and co.mogony i. ,ummariuJ b y Irenaeuo in A..Iv,
ha<r, 1,29. "'hom I will deoignate by t ~ con ... nient term "Barbeloit..."
The hallmark of the.. Sorbeloit.. wa> a communal ri'e of baptismal
immenion in ordinary ",ater that r.. ulted in an experience of tran-
«endental vi.ion leading to totol enlightenment . nd .. I'-ation. Thi.
rite. call'" the "Five Seals," was the instrument at .. h-.tion recent ly
conferr'" by S.rbelo, t he uni ... r ..1 Mot h.. and Fin' Thought of 'he
supreme Im'i.ible Spirit. Together wi,h their ",If-generated Child
Autogen ... the Imi.ibl< Spirit and S.rb<lo formeJ a .upreme trin-
ity of Father, Moth .. and Child.' This Child es'abli,h .. four angelic
lumin .. i.,., one of whom, perh.ps acting th rough the agency of
, w;,h;n thn< ""''''''', "" ph"", ",,,",,, who "" ~<>rthr" "'''"'' f«q", noi,-, ""
ph",.. ·Unl"',;.t..bk I"" "hoIr"1 >«d," ",I>< U<" II"""""'" and '.""8',,' occu,
;. "" " poroIyp" of A""" .•"" imm"..bk, inrorrup<'),k ",," .00 '""d (or- .""".)
of ,ru, U<" Srth' ocm, '" tl>< =pn of''''
fm"."', ' ,1>< >«d of Sr,h" , n<! •... d
of ,I>< puf«' (or- "'mmo... _"1 ,,,,," in "" Ar«ryp/Km cf Jolt •• """ .... ;.8 ,n<!
Un""""'_ ,,,,,' , .-.l "oootl><, lUn<!" in ,I>< lit"" ,,,IN of Sri". ",I>< ""ns gr"'''_
Uon," 0"" "tl>< ,hdJ,m of Srtb" ;n MdchiZ«kk."thr hoIr >«il I"" ",hild,... ") of
During the fir" half of th .... ond century, the lI.rbeloi, .. evidently
.malg:amatNl with cen.in Christian baptizing groups a. fellow p ... c-
,i.ioners of baptism. In t he proceu, they identifi«l the pre-exi".n!
Christ of the Christi.n. with Ihe Autogene. Child of 'heir supreme
Father and Mother. This Child was ..,If-generated at B>rbelo', r~ue"
and had ~n anointed with the Invisible Spiri", very OW" goodn ... (or
"Christhood; ,h,,.,Ua), At the >arne tim., le.us-who in the Go.pel of
Mark had ,«<i,''''' divine KInship at hi. own baptism and was identi-
fied as ,he divine Logos in the Fourth Go.pel-became regard.,d .. the
earthly and m a><:uline guise in which 11.,.,.10 had '«<ntly appeared
as the divine Logo. 10 confer Ihi. ",,'ing baptism on the lI.meloite
community. It would h.,'e """n lh.se a ui";.n lI.meloi, .. who for-
mulated the myth ,u mmari""" by ]renaeu. i n AIIv. haf'l". 1.29 and who
incorporated a third per""n narrati," .ketch of the ,a rne myth into the
fi"t'person aretalogical .~he, of the Trimorphic Prounnojd (37.3-
40,29). During the .ame period. lrenaeus account of the ·Ophit.."
in Allv. hde., 1.30 (Christ a. the "third M.le" who with Sophia pro-
duced and redeemed le.u,) and 0.. th. Onsin of 'he 1V0rl,1 (Christ a.
5.abaoth'. son) .how that 'pecifically Olristian elements h.d corne to
form pan of the othe""i", strongly lewi.h ch .... cter of the Revi.ionist'
preoccupation with the Genesi, protology.
Apparently by mid-second century. there had erner~ed among the
, ,,'isionist exeget« of Gen .. i. 1-9 a peculiar inlere" in the figure of
Seth as the paradigm of all person. in whom the divine im.ge w.,
primordially restored .fter its ]"'" in the figures of Cain and Abel. Thi'
morally earnest group of person>-which. in d;,tinction from Gnostic
Sethi.n" ] call the ·Sethit ....-styled them""I,'" a, the ·wonhy one,,"
the true de .. end.nts or ·"",d" of Seth. They based their sen .. of a
unique role and social ""u, within Jud.ism upon the sacred history
of their primordial enlightenment rffently brought to light in the form
of certain pill.rs inKrii>ed by Seth .bout t he ,,-en" in P.radise (Adam,
he, Seth and hi. virtuous ...-.:I. t he impending dest ruction, by ficood
.nd fire), Unlike Mo .... Seth wa, able to learn the first-hand truth
.bout the """n" in Paradise d ir«tly from hi. father Ad.m, 1I The ..
.. "''''''nt;.n,' 1h<><
I ~ ,..,'" "w ""h'" "«""'" of t'" ",_d {;''''',. f'W'oIogy!h. t on&"'_
",<Don "',.., A/,«ol)1>< of Aa.,., prob.bIy rornp""'d during t'" I.n"
h>.!f of thr " ""," ,,",u'1, ,00 10"" ",llr",d 'n ,.., rorlr Ih;,.o "",u'1 on , hr 1",...
,,,IN of ""h.
" G"","" s<th"-m <>p",.".,J """ .Ioctrinr. 'n ""'" ""''''''' '" ,.., ~s-ol)-ru-
~ a.,., . oo_mn '" obr poi"' 01 Mlrn'Oiy;ng S<th ,," h Chri .. _m "" Go>r</ of
:I. '01""'"', . nO ."n' on '0 , uprffi<wly -",he" ",,· "" <>rig;nol, """_"" hO,,
"ypc>I"'" of 'M ~""""' . 00 M,k!r;,..",* ,
'" IOHN D. TU.~·" "
" 11" oo_<oIk<J "''''' ,«<n.;oo ,SK), N.g II.mm.w coo." "J ,J .n<! P'PY'"'
ll<roJ'n<n, ', G""" ~'"
,. 11" oo_<oIk<J k>ng
''.-.,,,,.;00
' ' >_ (lR), "'g II.m ",," ' CcdK... It ,J . 00 tv.'-
• On ,I>< idm,;,y '" ,I>< . """" '" ,I>< Fourth Gu<f><1, >« .100 ,I>< ""Y' '" ' hll
M,f<', MUI><hlo" ond ""'m", ('mrod,,.-b,,,,) '" 0],;, ,01" "" .
• ll<f'<ndJn~"1"'" th< .-..d"'g of ,I>< ohort" , ." ,,,,,,,'.', ""'" ..«ndoO '" ,I><
f'<"'" "",,- "' 00 15,14_" , ." ' .... th< k>nSO' ",,,.,.,'. 'l><hoId, """ , . m .00", '"
p<ri«1...,,,-
..«n<! '" , I>< (ll Jl)6-17).
First Thought of t be .upreme deity, the Invi.ibl< Spirit; (2) Epinoia,
B.. l><lo'. e.rthly rell«tion in the primordial !>a"di.. who appear> to
Adam .. the .piritual he; and (3) • lower Sophia r .. pon.ible for both
the creatio n of the phy.ical world and the inc.rnation of portion. of
the , upreme Mother'. d ivine .... nce into human bodies. Salvation was
.chiev.,J by the Mother'. reintegr.tion of her own di"ipat.,J e...,nce
into its original unity,
None of tl>< four ve"ions of the Apoc,)phon ;. a ... ml ... pro-
duction, In all version .. the fi", h.lf contain. , very do .. pca.,lIel
in Irenaeu' . umm.ry of a Gno"ic myth in hi. Adv'r>u, hM"'"
1.29, which begin. wi th t be emergence of the Mother B.rbelo ..
the .upreme Father'. Fint Thought and end. with Sophia'. gener.-
tion of the world creator Yaldabaoth, who bo .." of hi. sole dh'inity.
This SKtion of the Apoc,)phon of lohn i. also roughly parallel to a
.imil.. co.mology in the Tri",orplrie Prolennoia (36,27 -.w,29). The
SKond h.lf of the Apocryplron of /oh" contain. a mythic.l anthro-
"u,
pogony .nd ooteriolO!.'Y thot h.. no parallel in AJ .... Irae",,, l.l9,
but lren",,",' immediately .uc,eeding ch.pter (Adv, Ira". 1.30) g"...
on to narrate an extremely .imilar myth that he .ttribut.. to certain
·othe' Gno"ics. Beyond materi.ls similar to those found in lren""u ..
the shorter version of t be Apocryphon . lso includes. lengthy nega-
tive th..,logy on the ,upreme monadic Father, the Im'isible Spiri' (BG
B,3-n.7; II 1.33-4. ,9. p.." Uel.,J al"" in t be Sethian treati .. Allog,n"
NHC XI 62.l8-63,H) .nd a short treati .. (Be 6·1.! 3-7i.l: II 1,.,6-
17,33) on the destiny of four kind. of >oul .. In add ition to the .., the
longer ve"ion of Codices II and IV contain an excerpt from a "Book
of Zoroa<te' on the creation of the I"ychic Adam m 1'.13-,9,10)
and condudes wit h a thr",,-".nz.ed monologue in which the divine
mother Barbelo. the Fi"t Thought of the .upreme In,'i.ible Spirit, n.r-
rates her three S;O!vific descen" a. the divine Pronoia or Providence
into the lower world (II JQ., 1-3,.n).
" Hy placing ,I« monoIosu< 0( Ih< ".<ntWl)' [,m'n'", fig u« of P""",,", on ,I><
I~ 0( ,. . . .'n ,I>< ",nd,,_ 0( tl>< r.. m< - "'Y, Ih< long< ' """ion of,l>< "1""11/0""
oj i<>hn ><eon.\o,;Iy .... of><. <On ""l!'nalJ' [<m'n'n< ",,,,,.1,,, figu« ,,;," I""" " ..,n
'n
Ih<>ugh Ih< ... body 0( ,I>< ""'" ,oru"1<",ly Odrn,;f><, II>< p «ui"",' 0",,, ...,,"
A"'Og<"" ~ 'h< "'" 0( B.ro.Io!P""""". 110", ,. ... Mm.df. not Bo"'do/Fronoio," Ih<
on< ... ho ""«""'''' Ih< fin.t ,""bn"" 0( <ViI , 5« W.!dol,i" ,.,., '. 16.---W1,
• 11." , and p,"",baud , ..... J"_JH lh<" d " n S" to II>< 1<XI 0(1h< ""'in "",",_
'i,',OKiuok tl>< «p<,,«1 " " (,', """.<OmpH<d '0"",' 'n l\G) 0( 1h< "', m ' M",I><,_
hlh<, - t o ",I", 10 Ih< 'p<,,,,,- P""",,,-, P"......... c),.,..,«".., .... .. "fi,~ '0 ,om<
forth" (ll ' ," ~ Wkntili'inl! P""",,", .. tl>< >ou"" 0( .... d,,.;,,,, - . oh.., ""m< iorth"
10 ,,,,,.I ,),.,'11>< " '" ,,'>t, , nJ ,I>< Son of ~" n - , n<! "..,..j ,I>< oron 0( II>< ,hNf
A"hon "'" 'h< <1<1"'" 0(1h<.by» '" ""k<" tl>< ' 1'1 '''''''''' of h" ~gh' 'n tl>< fo.-m
0(,1« mh<tJ-y.t .. ," ".n tll ... !J_JO), ..... U.. ;d"n'il')' ng 0" ... -. 'PP""UOC< "
. n "&I< "I"'" tl>< "'" o( ""","Ws<" • m>"u.."" ... 0('11>< ' 1"00. from tl>< holy.
1"";"0'" P""",,,-" .. oru., th", I>< migh' . . ..... <" ,o"ffi from tl>< d<l"h of >k<p" (ll
H~") , 11>< ~'" ""r.oo "''''' odd<d II>< . ,,,,,,,n' 0( ,I>< ... "hd ... wal o(!.i"
(7.0<) from lv. (on ' ~r "h 'h< ... ""OJ .... .! of P, ...... from , haoo 'n ,I« mo,.,_
' - ) On« " " ,h...r Mchon h..d """,,<OJ h<, 1""''''' 'n £," (ll ",1_"1.
The ... If-ron",yal of Pronoi. «h".. 'hat of the divi~ Wisdom of
).""ish Wisdom Iit.ratUfO," A. t il< omnip"'''.' <",ator of ev<rything,
ProDoi. take. form in her ."""'," t he fr.gments of h<r spirit ual . ub-
st."". 'rapped in h uma", t h.t inhabit the low" world, bringing them
light and knowl..Jge as the memory of their di,ineorigin. A. Bare and
r.inch.ud note, the monologue', <mph";, on Pron"i •• lumino,ity and
primacy is ,I..,
rotlKted in the longer v.nion', ini. i.l d.sniplion of ,he
emergence of P,onoio/B.rb<lo from the Fother'. light ,
And [hi. 'Ibough. t><camel oct ...1 .od ,,,.... 100 "",><if r.nd .. 0C0d
at , .. , and apP'""d) b<fOfe him [in 'he brillLm« of l hi. lIght, lh ..
is lh. fim [po"~r that) em" priO! to to. Ali, [which . ppear<d from
II;,] I"ought. She lis the univ,,'" ProoOl. I-her light [ohi.", lik< hi,]
light-til< lretf«' ) p<M<I who is [thel Im.g< of ,be P<lf«1, Virgi .... /,
Im'i.ibl< Sp,rit. [1h, fi'" po .... r[, ,It< glary oj I\a,be/o, the perf«t glory
in tho >«lno, II" p,ry oj Ih, "" ', wli"" . She glorifi«l the Virginal Spiril,
proi'i,,!! .im, .ilK. be,,~ ef him"'" had aw . r<d l his io ,he First
lbought,his im. g<. SIr, b«am, 'h,Womb of aU 'h,ng~ !In<< .I" ;, prior
1o IlKm aU, lit, MOIhtr-Fa,lKr, the First Man, the Holy Spi,;t, the TripI<
M.l<. th. Triple Pow<red, th. ,hric..-"arn«l . "J'''IlYMIl' 00<, anJ 'h,
""""I """n among lit, in",iblt lIting<, and Ih, firil 10 "om, forl"_ (Ap .
lolln II 4,l6--',1l)
~ tn ",e), ... to .. p"""rho '. ,.,.. ". SilK), " . .00 <>r«"Uy wadom of SolomoG
', Soph', ', ,'V,<kd .. , p"U'''''n1 d"·,,,,, f'DW"'. ,I\< I,m'n'"" ;m, &,. ",lkeh"n.
""""","," &nJ b,,,,",, of ,,,", h'gh ok;'y, h.. 'n~ '" ,""n' 'n th< "",,;on of ,,,", ..-orld.
Sh< " • ""'''' of ];f" and IOgh'. "hKh "'" po.... foo1 h Ul"'" , hoo< who ><,k ,,",,_
Although . """,,oIy fig"'" who P"''''''''' all ,h'nR'> .. God', o..-n bmth "'" ""n,
th< p,'"",.J ",'h .. , m'" 10k, "'" d;,.;", 'P'" of G<n U_J. """"oou.g from """
« 1<" ... d",UOng '" bn,,!! w' w!om .oJ d";,,, "'" .. ,,"'. '" h um.onk' nd . ..... ng ",",,,,
"'" "',.. , <I . -d'ng, "" """" ",ro.m" ..,,,,,, .. f,11y oOO;"g , 1''''''''''''"' <u' h/y <I ",d _
u.g (.. T"",, ,00 "",>pi< ;n ", och ,.) . nd on ",,,",,, II f"""h .1) ,,;thoo, """'~
,,,,"k;.g ;., "",, ,"'um ' 0 "",, <n....w """"_
n. IOHN D. TU.~·" "
.rch<typal Man and im.ge of ,h. Invi,ible Spirit ul"'n the lower walen,
The im.gery "f the longer , ..".ion', .<wun' of this episode has also
b""n infl""ncM by the Pronoia monologue', motif, of the ,haking of
the found.tions of chao.," ju con"",,, be,w«n the light of Pronoi. and
the chief ruler'. dark ignoran ... and the inability of 'he lower authori-
ties to fully grasp 'he pr.",,, •• of the fir" Man as the true im.ge of
the clivin"
AoJ • Vo", '0"" fi"'" from abo"" ,10, ,xal"J a","" "M.n <xi"...00
,.... >on of Man." Now the fi", rtil«, r,I'aNo,h 11",,,«1, thinking that
, .... vci« "'me]rom hi, .1-10'/"', onJ M JJJ ItO' ".iiu "",,,, it hoJ com,
from . And the holy Moth,r-F.ther, the Perf«. On" P"fw "'ottO'o. ,Itt
/m"1' of'~ Im'i"b/i On<, ,10, F.,h" of all ,hmg>. 'h, 0"' within ",hom
.U thiNg' ".'" com, '"'0 bt,"t. 'he Fin' Man, Ifor hej.p .... '«l to them
lin' hum. n form ]. lh<fn,i" own oj 'h, fm, ,"I<. "<,,,bI,.!, and ,",
fo"n,u"wn, oj 'he "by>, filook, and ,h""'giI '"" "",'m 'h"' "If ov" ",",.
,,, 'he io",,, "Ki0n [Jron , ] from ,/" ["p!"," ,"nct'j of his i"",K' 'h"' MJ
'-n ,<WahJ. .0.00 wh,n.1I ttl< .ulbo,iti.. . oo ,"" fi"l lUI" gaz<d in
. "ooi.hm. nt '"ry "'''' rI" ""'01, of I"" io"", 'flIio" ,h,mng. AnJ Ihto"giI
I"" iiglrl, they >ow in the w, te, the p, ,,,,,, of til< !m.l.ge. (Ap. loon I!
14,lJ-J.4)
P,onoia', ..,.;:ond d<=enl (o' .... pond. to ,he m.in narrati,,,', p'e\'ious
epioode (II 22.28-13,n, l4,9-17) of the .ppe.rance of the luminou,
Epinoi., hidden in the protopl.sti, Ad.m a, hi, 'me im.ge, '0 .... ken
him from the deep sleep of d.,Kne .. that ><ttled upon him when the ~'"
ruler had <" ..cted her from his , ide .nd molded her inlo ,I>< figu" of
M Sign;Ocondr. <h< ;n"w 'PP'''''''''' of Ch,;" '" John "'" of z..t...k< " 'h<
~;nn;ng of ,I« fram< '''''Y ;, muW by ,I>< >om< ''''m~ .!WUng tho, ,.,,"" "1"'"
PronoU', fi", <I<""n' I"'" ",,,'<n, "!",,,<d ml "" ",001< "".b,," ohon<, . nd 'h<
"",l<j w.. .t.ak"- II 1,1l_J1)" motif "'" probobIy ,k,,,.,, from pl.","! ,'" mo,.,·
~ of ",ono<o on th< Hp> of "' .... ;n <h< "'0001"""" of th< Jon ~r .. ,,',,'" f,,,,,,,
"""'I.
the earthly h •. Erinoi. i> thus t ~ .piritual Ew. life, and the mothe,
of the Ihing. a. well as t he Tree of Knowl.,age, awakening the earthly
Ad.m and Ev" though"
llltn .h. Epioooa of the light hOd "ithin him (Adam), And the fir>'
ruler wi.b<d to bring her fonh from h" rib. Now ,h.
Epiooia of II><
Ugh. com"" be gr..pe.!. lhough the dark"",. <h.ased btr, ;, dOd 001
g""'p her. And he brought fort h from him 1 portion of hi. pow" . • nd
bt mod. :mot"". molding. with. (. mal. form .fi"
,lit hk<.....,. of II><
Epioo .. ,,,-,, hod app<..<d to hIm. And he (tb< fl,,'
ruler) brooght II><
portioo thal he h:od ,.k,n from the pow.. of the Man into .he nloOiJ<.d
figure offemale"... -nOl .. Mo ..... jot -hi. rib." And he (Adam) .. w
!h. woman btoo<him, . nd imm«l "t<ly the lurn;llO ... EpinOl' "I'p<""J,
""ving ",m,,,,ed the v<il Ih .. ".., m'.. hi, mind, . nd he """'red up from
Ih. drunk<n""", of d.rk"" ... And he r«ogmZ«l hIS I,km'" (f,m.),
. nd .. ><I, -lhi. now i. 00 ... from my bon ....nd rltsh from my n",h.
1I1<r';0"" the m.an ",m !<ave hi. fath" .nd hi, moth .. . nd ,.,,,.., to hI>
wife,.nd tho tW<l will become 0""' tk>h.· fo,lIu (0""'" willI>< "'" '0
'0
1I"" •• nJ "h, ,.,1/ {,.w II" f.'/'" "nd hi, mOl"" "nd d,"", hi, ""f"
a"d ,lie ''''0 will "',om, 0"" fl""'." {Fo, h" con"," ,..,U '" ""' '0
him
a"J fI, ",iIIluvt hi, fa'"" a"a mOlh".1 0., ,i"" SophUl, ",11o ,am,
do~'tI ,n ,""""",, SO) ,II", .m m<glr' "" ,igh, her ,ufiti,""Y. was th.r<for<
",m<d '[ifo'- i.•.• the Mother of the livin$' by ,II, /'ronoi" of h,awnl,
"",honty, And th,ough h.. 'lit)' ,",,<oJ oJ 'h, p'1'" *"""'I<Jg', I (i.e .•
Chri" the narrat",,; SR h.. [pllloi' l .Pl',ar<d in the form of.n <ogle
0" ,Itt "" of *no~uJg" ","i,h i, 'he Erinoi. from ,,,, 1101" lum,no",
Proto", •• '" orJ" ,ha, I m,oh, reach 'Mm .nJ a"",km 'h,,,, from 'h,
J,p''' of dup. f'o, 00'" of ,Ii,m ...,.,., i" • fall,"""It, anJ ,"" ".I,::<'d
'"m na",dn"~ '/1" Epino", .l'P'artJ '0 ,n.m ., {igh" aW<JkmH'8' 'hm
'""'king. (Ap. fo"n 1I 22,18-2),3')
like the .d.... nt of Pronoi., the coming of Epinoi. to Ad.m ""hoes
the Johannine prologue'. annoync~m~nt of the light coming into the
world. IU<1 .. the prologu~ "".. th.t the d.rlm ... h., not o.... rcom.
the light (John 1,'), so also y.ld.baoth, t he ruler of the darlm .... an -
not gra.p the luminou. Epinoi. . . if .h. wer. a ph)'Siall object lik~
Ad.m', rib (G.n 2,21-21). The Apoaypl,on goe, on to interpret further
det.iI. from t he G.n.';. protology , the mystery of marriage in (;"nesi>
2,23-24 i. actu.lIy union with on~·•• piritual consort from abc",e, the
nahdne .. ofGen 1;2~ (cf. 3,7-2 1) repr"",n" a state of .piritual igno-
rance rai.ed to consciou> thought by being clothed in the light. N~ither
w.. it the sn.ke (Gen ) ,13) who instructed t he protopl ..,., but Epinoi.
appearing .. Chri" in t he form of an eagle, a pu<ag~ t hat m.y be a
veiled allu.ion to tradition. id.ntifying Chri<1 with the ",rp.nt that
stemmed from lohn 3;13-1 ~, to the ~ff"'t th at that the true reveal" i.
'" IOHN D. TU.~· ""
Christ. an ~nem)" of the ""rent, "No on. ha. "",ended inlo h,.,,," but
he who d...c.nci..J from h<3 ... n, the Son of man, And a. Mo .... lilted
up the ... pent in the wild<rn"",.., must 1M Son of man be lifted up.
,h., ""hoever bel"" .. , in him may h .... <ternallif.,·
Again, Pronoi" retreal to her luminou. root;' refl""ed in the lon-
Ge, v.,,;on alone by the episode of her t imely extraction of Epinoi.
(rom the virgin E..., just before y.ldal>ao,h a"emp" to rare h.,,"
',be fir" ruler saw to. 'irgin ~'ho was ".oolllg with Adam, anJ Iiv- ,II,
,nt, 10m,""", Epinola oF'Pe,,,,djrom "';,.i.
Itt" And y.lda"-h ii1kd
up with 'gooralKt, B",
~'lIt11 ,Itt Pro"J,"u of all,lIinl' wziiuoi 'hJ~ ,Itt
~nI ""m, bt,"g~ "nd l!tty , .."II,d Lif- .",.yfrom r"" And the fir" rul ..
d Efiled h<r and bego< from .. , ""'0
,hildr<n. (Ap. loon II U,9-17)
Stili for , third time I ".,",-1 am th. light "hKh «i", in th. light, I
,m th. '<m<rnb"nc< of tl>< P,O>'id<n<.-tlut I might .n", inlO th.
mid" of """Ime,, and tl>< in"rior of Had<>, and I fill<d my nc. with
tl>< light of th. comp"t",n (~\",IM",) oftl><i, a«ln. And I """M into
tl>< mid" of thn' pri",n, ",hich i, tI" pn'"," of 'h, body (~"'n), AnJ I
",iJ. °H, ...00 /r,ar~ k' /r"" P" "P fro", ,/r, J«p ,I«p, " AnJ /r, ""pi "nJ
dud ""I>, b"," rea" '" ";p<J fro'" /rim~Jf And /r, ",jJ, -Who i,,"hal
,aU, "'y """" ""J from ","","a> ,/", /top< ,om, '0 ..... ",/r;i, I am i"
,"" d.",.. of'ir< pl'i"",1" And I said, "I am th. Pr",i<i<n<. of tl>< rur<
light; I am tl>< t hi nkin g of tl>< virginal Spirit ( .... ""', .. .;".. .vri.,.n), ,"'00
rai"" yoo up '0 til< hooor<d pr..c •. AYi~ and rtm,mb<, r/"', i, i,},,"
~'lro "".rk,md•• ..J folW ... """ root, ..bid, i, /, '"' m<rcijr.1 On<, "nd
guard ""''''if .gam" 'Ir,
""I'!> of pcwrty a..J '"' d,mo", of ,h.." "nd
"u 'Ir"" ",lro """"" },,", "nd b<""" of 'Ir,
d«p sl«p • ..J
of ,,,,, ;",iM of HaM'," And I rai>al him up ,nd .. aiM (""""-;I;<,,)
'Ir, ""'""""
hIm in tho light of tl>< wa1<r with Fiv. Soal. (~.".,y"). in ord« that
d.ath nught nOl h,v. PO"" o'~r him from this tin'" on. {Ap . '''''" II
}(),J2-JIl~)
Pronoi", ultimately- .. lvi~' go.aJ ha>'ing bun t<mpo ... rily thwan..J in
he, ~"t Iwo JeK.n". fi,,, by t l>< iII-prepa.-...:l wicWn .... of heT r<>"n-
tial follow,,>. and "",onJ by th. impending <ollap'" of th. ma'eri.1
co.mos th.y inh.bit, her third JeS(~nt ,u«",,<Is in guar.nt«in& ,h.
fin,l ••h .. tion of heT f.lI.n m.mbe" by rai>ing th.m from their cos-
mic pri"'n by mean, of the bapti.m ofth. Fi", S.. I•. Thi. patt.rn of
Juan" i. «miniK.nt of « n .in I.wish Wi..!om pt><m>. according
A.nd '"' h"ma" "pp" mJ, b«""", of th, ,""k... "p",I:1] of '1Ir Litl"
","hon """_ And his mtelle-ct ~"" , up<OOr to all thoo< "ho h>d ",oted
him_ WOen they looked up, they .. w thot hi. intellect was , up<rior, . nd
th<)' deyj..,.j • pbn with the ,ntil'< . "bontie . nd . nge lic comp. ny. The)'
took fil'< .nd .. rth . nd water . nd n\IXed them togethe r ~ith the four
Ihming winds, . oo heat them together, . nd " .. tN a great di<turban«,
A.nd 'llry /!rough, him into 'h, J.aJow <1 J,",h. '" ,Iult rIuy migh' 0"«
again mold him,/rom 'h, ,arth "nd ",a'" and firr anJ ~ind tha'"rr from
mattrr--i , ., '"' it""'""" of Ja,kn,,, "nJ J..irr "nJ ,II", Countrrf'i'
Spi,i'-, Io'hkh ;" ,"" 'omb of ,/" rrmolJing of'h' body >I,th ",hif/' 'h,
rohbrn d",""J 'h, hum"", 'h, bond <1 forgetful""", (Sit " .. "rr,,") And
Oe h«. m<, mortal hwn. n, I' ....., ,hi, on, .. Iulfiru J"",nJ,J. "n,1 ~w
,." f"" "I'"ra';oo. BUI il ~'" 11K Epioo;" of Ih. (SR "Ji"'") LIth' , ..,
.'a.! i~ hIm "/'0 ~."" '0 "~.a.t." II~ i",,)ket_ (Ap_ 100" 1I 20.28-21.161
An.! behold, oow I .hall go up (SR "I fir" "-'<enJed") to !h< perf«t
aeon. lluy< mmple'«l ev<rythlng for you in your h ... rins. I Iuv< told
)'lu everything. .., tlut you may write it do~-n and giw it """til' to
thas< who .hare the .. m< Spirit •• you. For this i, the of the s«'"
imm,w. ble fa<e. (Ap. lo/rn II H.2~- 31)
,one"'_
D ... , """ ",J p....... od 1,.... '111_ . "') 00<" ,o. IT"' ............ ·, ,<f",
th< ".d<, .... k to ,I« oMr" r«pendN ,,, ,'" ' nh" 100&", ,~" .... of,,,, ...,..')p...."
-:II>< "K.' ~ [of ,'" So'""[ and th< ["",I.bo. 1of "" mp"_ h;d&. On ,01< ..,.
[,,-.Och [ o. to","1 to ..,., •• [M' I dadpk"1 tt ", .... )_
~ M...... " '0, 86-10'- eo< furth<, J.ocu, _ , >« "oi,;.,', " .. yon 'ha ,·o/um<.
" ".I .. Turn< , ,...,. "'_-I(I}; ..... T., .... 200' . -1(1'_'''.
'0
,. t il< Log"" who d.s<.nd, to r"",.1 him..,lf ,ho« dwelling in d.rk-
n<"S., reKue leou, from ' he c"""and eleva.. her SNd in'o ' he light ,
Acwrding to the Pronoia monologue, during her fi .., and S<'Cond
desc<n'" Pronoia i•• pparen'ly not r<cogni""" by ,ho. . . he seeks '0
enlighten , Bu, when 'he " iple-de.,,.nt mo,if of ' he Pronoia mono-
logue wa. taken up by til< Tr;morphic P,o/enno;d, ewn ' h ough the
hootile powe" wn'inuaUy fail '0
re<ogni .. her 'rue identity. any con-
ceh.. bie im'.nce of her failure to be manifested '0
her faUen member>
"'... eliminated. Thu. on Protennoia '. fir" de",en' she "y" "! cry ou'
in e ... ryone, and 'hey recognize i, (,he voKe). >inc< a seecl indwell.
[them !" (36, 1 ~-16),
I ".,t into th<m to. «"nally ""Iy Spiril , nd I , >«00«1,00 ,nt< r«l my
Lith' , (Trim , Prot, 4 ~.2 1 -}1)
On her third d<>cenl . , Logos, Prot<nnoi. di'gui",. he....,lf by 'ppt'ar-
ing in th< Ii""n ... of ''''' yon.; no one "<ogniz.. her, hum.n. a nd
co.mic powers al ike, until1he ",,-..1. herself to her own, "'ho imme-
di.t<ly r«<ive her,
(1r.. fint tlm<) I ['oM aU of them .boot my mY""i<,] that <xist in [th<
iD<omprel><ruib].], in<Xp ..... ibl< [Aeon,). I ,o0th' [,"<'" th< m)~1<ri<s]
throuth Ir.. [VOl« tOat ""i,"] ",ithin. p<rf«tln"U«t [.nd I] bK. m<.
foundotioo for th. AI~ and [I . mpo",,,«I] th<m, 11>< «,<ood tim< I can",
in th< [Sp<<<h [ of my Voic._ I gav< >hap< to too", ~'ho [took[ >hap<
until tl><or con.ummatioo , lhe thord tim< I ",,,, ..d mY"if to th<m
[in ] th<ir "nto .. Word .nd I ",-.. J.d my«l( in th< Ii""""", of th<ir
.hap<, And I ,,"ore ""<..,-0",,'. garment and I hid mys<lf ~ithin th<m,
, nd [,Ir<y] did"", know ,/0< o~";'o ''''r.w''' '"', For I dw<U "'ithin
all th< s",-,,"';gnti<s , 00 rm.~ .. , 00 w,thin til< Ang<l, and in ""<ry
mov<m,nt [that l ",im m all m.tI«, And I hid m)'S<lf within th<m until
I "w<li,d mystif to my Ibf<th"n l, And non< oftl><m (th. po~'",) kll<W
m<, [although ] it i, I ~-ho work in thrnl, Roth.. Ith")' tbought] that th<
All "' .. ".,.. «1 [by them] .inc. th"), ,,< ignorant, not koowing [th",]
foot, tl>< pi .., in ~-hich th")' gr'w, (T,im, Pror, 4 7,~ -28 )
Thi. failure of t he co.mic powe .. and tho .. who "",,,hip them-
pt'rh.p. Old"ian. who wo"hip t he c"ator of the lower world-to
recogniz< Prot<nnoii, id<nt ity i....p<dally evident in t he ~nal pag..
of the Trimo'phic Prol<nno;a. They n.rr.te the incognito de>e<nt of
Protennoia a. the divine Log"" hidden in t he form. of th< various
eel<"i.1 pow<,,- (ulminating in her ~nal ""If-rev.bt"'" within h«
earthly memb ... , In 47, 14-1', Prot<nnoi. reveal. he""lf to them ••
the Logo. "in their tent, (d_ lohn 1:)4). Then in Trim, Pro,. 49,7-8, it
i. >aid that the Archon. thought Protennoia-logo. ",a. "th.ir Chri<t.
whil< .<tWllly ./" dwell> in everyon.,"
In 49,6-loO,20. tr.d itional Oui"ological titl ... uch as Son of God
("Son of th< A",higenetor") and Son of Man ar< pol<mically inter-
pr«ed from a Sethi.n point of vi.w, in • consciou.ly " .... <nden-
talizing f•• hion, Protennoi. bKam. th< ·he l o,~d" of th. Archon.
hecause ,in« .he had temroradly di.guised he""lf a. Son of th<
Atchigen<1or until the end of hi. ignor.nt d<"ee, Among t he ·Son.
of Ma n" Prolennoia revealed h"self ... Son of Man ,,'en though .h<
i. really the Father of ""ryene, A. Log"" Prolennola ha, p~t on lesu •
• nd born< him .Ioft from the cursed cro .. i~to hi. Fath<r'. dwelling
pI..... (d, lohn 14,1-}), By implication, th< Son of God of the 'po<-
tolic Christi.n ch~rc"'" i. ,ct~all)" the >on of t he ignorant world cr<-
.tor; . nd it5 Son of Man i. onl)". hum.n .mong t il< ",n. of men ,
a Cf. john U '-14; "tl_<, ", '''''0;In_", J 100" u_>; "'''' H ,IJ; " ..-w_
' " th< w.«,.", on th< goo<! >h<ph<,J (john 10,4_'). th< - . """'h th< >h«p h<"
_<
,"J ,.. pond to" Ih< _ , 0< th<;,- In" >h<phn-d who c.olI, th<m ou t 0< Ih< " m i""",'
0< It.. "",1<1, 1h.ot ~, th< '""r uniq",ly "''''l!";''' \h<;, oh<phn-d'. not "" th<
!""''',.. o< hilil, but D.c,." th<y m th< >h<phn-d'. · o~'n·; th<y .hm """" olfi";ty
,,;th th< >h<ph<.-d w " ~h <""Ok. Ih<m Lo '«<>gniL< h~ _,.oo,...U ",h<,., " .. ,
""" h<" h;. "","" •• do.Jl It.oo. ",ho m 0< 'h< "uth (I"", <f, U , ; 10'_',16), hot
"'"" ... " do not ( " ' " d , H),
'" IOHN!>. TU.~· ""
• 0. 1I<,k<, I..,... 70; Sm;," I...., . " K<." ,,,, :tOOJ. J36-JJ7.
• Pog<" , ......" .... 96.
1!6 ,OHN D. TU.~· ".
primordial light of Ceo 13, bu, immed iately th .... ft .., G<n 1:27< and
C.n 2 depict hum.nkind a. a dual '1'"";,,,, male and f.male-"male
and fem.le he created ,I",,," (Gen 1,27<), Likewi .., the Apoc,ypilOn of
John (11 4.l6-~, II) initi.lly identifies the primordial light a. Barbelo,
who i. "the first Man." Later on in th. text (II 14.16-101, after Sophia
give> ri.., to the Archon, the divine voice-which in G<n«i •• ay' "I.<t
there be light"-again identifie. the primordial light by informing the
low .. authoriti .. that "M.n ex;'", and the Son of Man," Thereupon
"the Holy Father apre.red to them in human form " and the abyss ,,'a,
.haken by "the light of his image that apreared" (II 14,33, I ~,3). Her<,
the primordial light i. both dh'ine and human, and not a few Christian
ex<get ... would have identified that light .. the pre-existent Christ.
Against ,uch view •• the Johannin. prologue (John 1:1) drn;" th.t
the primordial light of Gen U-3 wa. avail.ble through th. im.ge of
Go.! implicitly pr.",nt in human nature. Th. divine im.ge r.. id ..
• xclu.ively in the I.og"', which only ages la", t>e<:ame manif.st in the
figure of J•• u •. Instead, the primordial light .hone into an uncompre-
hending darkne .. (John I ,~), Far from being 'haring a natural affinity
with hum.nity, when the light came into the world. human. f.iled
to r«ogniLe it (lolO ), and when it came to "its own: they re;<cted
it 0:111. From t he time of i.. original apre.ranee until the time of
John the Baptist, the primordial light failed to penetrate t he world',
darkness; it ma nif.... its glory, not at the beglnning of the co.m",
or in primordial humanity, but only when it "became fle.h and dwelt
among u' in the p'''''''" of J<su •.
For both the togo. of the Joh.nnine prologue and the figure of
Pronoia in th. Apoaypllon of John, the r,,'.,.l .. remaino unrecognized
by the denizen, of the lower world, but on the third des«nt ",cc<ed.
in being r<cogniud by th""" who are to be rai"'" into the light, Yet
unlike the prologu • • Pronoi" failure to k recogniud i. due. not to
the natural oppo.ition of darkne .. to light or to • r<j«:tion on the
(11)<,,, ~.,'" m," ",nt from God, ~f1<»< n,n" " .... loon. He cam. for
""imony, to bNr ",it"... to tl>< light. thot all nught believe through
him. H. w"'" oot tbe light. but com. to bear wit""" to the Ilgh'-) (John
Hi-8)
H ""' .... "" t"'t, to_,, ; "'""..... ,," 100'. "'_",. 11>< A~ of /Oh"
oom"'". ""' .. " ,<I"';ng r. /Ohn "'" of z<00k<.
M 1h< I""'''y>t of 'h< cl.~ .. "" 0< h" i>o-nu"",,, ... Hgh' d.owning I';w"illo, • .
""""Jut) '" ' ""ring 'h< "'<Kid ,. aho lou"" en ,I.< T" ,.",,", of lLYi .. ,on«m;ng
rl.< od..,,, of rh< ....... ,u, I'0"" 'irog. ""Ok, d""'ing"'" 'h< I"';'" moIif of "'"
"'",,"r of rl.< wvin< W;..!om .. I'"",""d .. "'oK), 1• • n<! I •. ..,m '1, ""h " ",
""Y u.o dr... on "'" "..lit"'" of rl.< <><~ ..h,"r of 'h< "" . "" ""P'''
of N"", " '' '. oft," i"'''1''''''''' "'kITing \0 ,0" ..h=r of. "",.1.uwl . f""'ify
M" ..... by "'" IX..l s.. "" "'" ",0"" lOr. tQM 11,6; tQSb ' ,>0-1', 4QT,,' ._t"
CD 7,'_1t, aho T. loJ. l-I ,,'" "'. n 16).
true iden'i'y do« not belong '0 fl"'h and blood nor '0 sexual dosir.
and r.production, which are 'he Ii.. wed by 'he rule" '0
keq> ,hem
en,r.pp<'d in 'he d.rkne ... In"e.d, 'hey are 'he children of God '0
whom i, revealed ,he true name of God, , he Christ, ·,he Name will be
'old'0 'ho", who are worthy of i," (Be 32, 18-19: 'he longer ve"ion
II 8,27-30 add. 'hat Christ "h •• been called wi,h a n.me 'hat i, above
every name." cf. Phil L~-II),
In 'he Apoc,ypmm of '''''n, on her 'h ird d.",en' in'o t he lower world,
Pronoia-Christ, a. 'he only-begotten of 'he Inyi.ible Spirit ",nrereJ
in'o 'he mid" of 'heir prison which i. 'he prison of ' he body" (II
3t ,3-4 ), no' only t he marerial bodr a. in both Ye" ion., bu" lor ,he
longer ...,,,ion, also in 'he ,urer-addeJ p.ychic bodr.
Although the Trimorphic Pro"nnoi" empha.i, .. ,ha' Prorennoi.
a. Losos ap~a"J in human likene .. ra,h .. than actually bN'oming
fl .. h, bo,h i' and 'he Pronoia monologue equ.t< Pronoia/Prot<nnoia '.
'hinl de .. en, in'o 'he world wi,h 'he Johannine prologue'. accoun' of
Jesu. coming in the fles h and 'h ereby invite 'heir reade" '0
con. ider
the en,ire Fou rth Go'rel in term. of 'he Chri,,', mi.. ion '0
a,..aken
ignoran' huma ni'y '0 a recogni';on ,ha' 'hey.re 'he t rue child ren of
God who must r<jee' darkne .. and rece"'" 'he ligh" which i, Christ
himself, In ,hi. way.lI imtanc .. of ,esi"ance '0 Jesus' mi .. ion in t he
Go'rel of John .re '0 be .""n merely a, lurther a uemp" by 'he rule"
and powe" of darkne .. '0 oppo ... t he saving work of ' he d i"ine realm
'hrough Chri .. ,
(John ""I<
wi"'. ... '0 hIm, . 00 eri<d, "lhr, "'a> he of ~'oom J ..;d, 'He
~-ho com .. after me "nk< befu,. me, for he "'... befOl< n.. : ) (John
U ~)
An.! fro m hi. fulln",. (.J.';"~;) have "e all r",elVed gra<e upon gn<e.
For the low ~... given 'hrough Mos<s; grace and tru,h ""'" 'hrough
'",U, o,ri .., No one has ",'<r . . . n God; tt.. only Son. ,"",0 is in the
bosom of'he Father, he h.. mad< him Imo~-". (Jolin U6--18)
Both the Itpo<rypilon of JOHn (ming .J.~P"'I",) and the GO.p<1 of John
(her< u.ing .J.~p~:;) 'gr<e that the fuUne .. of God i. reveal«l only
through Christ', de",.nt into the world. which is what m.ke. both of
the.., tex" 'Christian," By contrast with Christ. who .. til< only son of
the Father has seen God and bring' t il< full revel.tion of the truth, Mo>e'
did not truly.ee God • • cl.im«l in Exodus (Itp, John l! 24.9-12; d .
13.20), and hi. Torah (ontain, only a clouJ«I ",mon of the truth.
Mo .. , h .. ><'<'n only the lower God. and mi,understood what h as talon
pl.ce (e(, -not .. M.,..,. >aid/wrote," Itp , lohn l! 13.19-20: 21.21-23;
13.3; 2;9,6).
Although presen' e"idence is inconclusive, the parallel> in imagery
.nd "ructure between the Pronoi. monologue .nd the loh.nnine pro-
logue .uggest that they m ay be nearl), contemporan<ou. compo.itions.
If so. the notion of a r«leemer'. thr~old or three-"age de",ent to
rescue those few "'TIO rKogniz< him or her from the re. lm of darkn ...
or chao. to the realm of light was celebrated in the form of various
lit urgical hpnns sometime in the late ~"t century.
Essenti.II)'. thi, ",heme of ,II< t riple d""ent of the di"ine First
Thought into this world i. a deri,.. t ive of 'reeulation at home in the
Helleni"ic Jewi'h Wisdom ",hoo]. responsible for tt.. p<uoni~cation
of the ~gure of the d ivine Wisdom and the de""lopment of'he myth
concerning her role in t he creation of the world .nd in the .ub><q uent
enlightenment of mankind as it i, found esp<cially in Pro,-erb. (esp<-
d.lly 8, 16-18). Sirach (e'reei.ll), I; 24 ). Wisdom ("'red.lly 9 -10). 4
Ezm. 1 Enoch 42. and in Philo." In this Wi.dom tradition. the e.. lt«l
Sorhi. w .. identi~ed with the di,-ine n.me. glory and Shekin.h. and
wit h the rewlation of the di,-ine will in the form of the Torah. Sorhi.
was conceived a. a radiant light. the effulgence of the moo' high. who
provided enlightenment for all who would ...,k her instruction. She
was the first-born ofall creation. and by h<r the world was ... tabli.hed.
She w.. the o,'erllowing source of light and life. a can.l of water fiow-
ing into a ri",r Aowing in'o a sea. a nd made her instruction .hine
forth like the dawn. She made her throne in. pili .. of cloud •• nd ,he
On """ ,,!<.!5 . n<! ;n C, . ... {}, 10·10) p«f.d"l! h;. bri<f " " oj .... of l"'"' bort;""
'n , ," by th< _"" 'w' 'olm t.ad o1«..!)' b«n 'mp<i>on«J by H,rod An"!"" , 'n
,ff,,' I<.," ng 'M adm jn;",."", of ,I« "l< 102'·1',
u lh,,,, l"riOO', motd """"',.,, ;n John
" n Wknhr..J.
O,t, ">-"'_<2,
" ",,,,rth<I<,,- 'n 'M ''''l!'' ..I«"" of"" I'oorth ....1"1, 'M u"ft from """'"ri')'
to d .. ;,y "''' "'" ., moaoh on ' h" '''''''J' of 'ncrw'ngiy ,rt"'""" """""J' m«I,.
.. " 00.. Oft ' " ' kg ... ,n' of '"' m.cOn ••"" '''us .. ,,,,,,.10,,'I""k> On riddk, "n'"
"" po;"' of h', gJorioc...... on "" '''''~ .. .rn"h poXn' • """",,, ,I<", ' " th,
'"""rl<. tha,..,. 00)' bo.", rom< from 'M r,,,,, ,, bo,"" , obo so'"I! bock '0 ""
" ..I", (Jolon ,6,1>_"'),
'" IOHN D. TU.~· ""
~ "m ••d y ;" ~ , , of "md<o.... rommm"'), Oft , . . Goopcl of ""'n. lh< ,n';",
,.,,'" of ,.. prop/><t." ,'S'nkd ooi.. (~, lohn ,.. "'Pt i" ~ ,.. \'.,.,. (_~) ,
whO. the s",'",,;. ' ' .ogoo;
ind<<d ,'" v _ ~ .. Od to b«om< ,t.. J..osoo .. 0 f<nuk
~ ",nofom><d into 0 """'_ 11>< lh~i< ProI......... y "' .. p,..,;d<d lh< P""
0",,,,," "...,,,,....r I>KkgrounJ ['" th" throiogou""""'" ,'" ,h;"g ,ho, "" ....
T
" '",af"n,,<d (rom f,mol, to nuk " "" "' i>dom ..- Hn' '",.,.gh'
of , .. "'r"'''''
<I<"y, ' n ".1_ "", ,,"00 ,.",.;&,,,
Wi,"",m '" '" ,t.. Mol.., oft .. J..osoo, A, ,'"
.,"'''', of I" , «»mOO, wiMlom '1"00 ,,;,h ",m.oing . ~""l.o,"'"
from '" m.bon ,~~ ,,, ""pOng un', ,t.. poi"' ,"",,,,
,,,
th.t """""
"'i.oom ",,,,If ,ok... up
",';&oc< 'n lh<..-oo.l IT. .'''" ,~~ Ocr,
~ No",,])' ,'" A",,'J1'I- of ~", "" Tri"'ory/>i' ProIm...., tM A""~",,, of
Ado .. , , .. GD'f<I of'"' tilt',.""
Mn<h"«ki. Zos/na_ . 00 pc""!" ' h, {;",/,<I of
Judo. , So< Tu",,, l 'ml>, 6J_II" Turn" >006, "'_0'''' ."d Sn-rin 1_
H loh" ,'" "'F".~'. ;d<n"&.tio" of " ..,;n HI .. " h< who rom" from ,l>o",
(ih..bv)" ,,00., I""' J~ ,,;,h NOood< ... , .00., a ;, '''' b;rth [rom ""''''_
ing and making mor~ disdpl .. than John (although t he " .. ngelin or a
later r..Jactor den i~. til< tradition that le.us him",lf bapti,..J, cf. John
3B-3O; 4,1-2). In lohn 4 ,1 ~ .23. lem. 'ell. 'he Samari' an woman at
J.cob'. well that h e di>pen.e. a water that become. in one ... oo drink>
of it a .pring welling u p to eternal life. and that true worshipers wor-
.hip the Father in Spirit and trut h. a ,heme «hoed again in lohn 7,38
to 'he .,/foct that .pring> of !.i'ing Water will flo ... from , he h.,.., of
the one who beli,,'" in him. Ind.. d. this Living Wa,.,r ... fin to be
identic al wi,h ei,h .. the Spirit or Jesu' word . or both .
Now in S<th i.ni.m. Lhing W .... i. freque ntly mention..J in both
th<ogonicai a nd bapti .m.1 contexts an d is ..,metimes d ir«tly a.soci.. ed
... ith J<'>u •. In the Itpo<fyphon of John OJ 4.19-26), ' he prirnall umi-
nosity .urrounding the In,'i.ible Spirit i. 'he Living Water from which
Barbelo emerge... his Fir" Thought. In th e Trimorphic Prot€nnoia
(46.16-19), the Logo< who descend. with the Fiv~ s<.J. is the one
who pours forth Living Water upon the Spirit below from out of t he
.pring of Living W"er, whic h i. identified with Protennoia hers,M a .
Voic~ of the di"ine Fi", lhought . In 'he Go,,,,1 of th€ Egyptia" •• S<th
appea .. in the form of the logo.-begotten I",u. beari ng the »'<fed
bapti.m of the Five S<al. (l!l 62,24-64.9), For 'he (Sethian) Itpoc~Jyp"
of Itdam (8,,22-31). the hidden knowledge of Itdam bequea,hed to
S<th i. the holy b.pti>rn of tho>< born thro ugh t he logo> a nd t he
lhing Water in the pe=n. of the imperish.ble iIlumin .. o,,_ Indeed.
the laner 'wo tre .. i... (Go•. Eg, I!l 64.10-12 , 66.10--11; It poc, It,/am
8' .30-31) explicitly identify J.. us with the Li,-ing Water "Yesseus
Ma .. reu. y .."""'keus: .urely a barbarization of the name "J.. u. of
N .... eth:
I..,' a . the Founh Go.pel .... nu to polemiciu-by .ilence- . gaim,
the t radition of Jeou' (and perhaps al", believers") b' pti.m in ordi-
nary water, the Itpocaiyp" of Itlla", quite clearly regards bapti.m in
ordinary "'.... a. a mnns of ~nslaving its recipients to the ",ill of
the fi"il powers. The ~ond half "f thi> treati", (77.26-82,19) contains
thi"""n opiniom-,Il< I... of which 5«m. to repre .. n t t he apo"olk
doctrine of bapt i:un-conceming the origin of t he "" ing IIlumin .. or.
who rKeh-e> nouri>hment, glory, a nd po"""r in the beyond, and then
·com.. (down ) ' 0 the wate' -th .. i •• descends '0 e."h-wll<reupo n
he i. rKogni,ed. Bu, since ,he a uthor or a later r<ciac'or regard. mch
earthly ",,,"rs as polluted and chaotic. he r~jec" the .. opinion< in
f.vor of the ,';'w that t he Illuminator origin .... from .oo,-e. wh .. e he
r",ideo in the light wi,h the "thr.., irnperi.hable iII uminato"," Y ""ill.
IOHN D. TU.~· ••
flOO the Holy Sptrit <completed the divi"" Self-origina.. , his >on ",ith
!\arbelo, '" as to h" ", htm ".00 near ,h. great and Imi. ible Virginal
Spirit .. II>e divine Autos''''"'' the Chri", tl>e 00< ",hom he honoreJ
..-ith. 1000 voic •. (flp_ loon II 7,1~-2 1 )
On the o, her hand. in ,he .. m. work, when ,h. divine Voic~ of Pronoia
announces "Man exi", and Son ofM.n" (II 14,14-, ,) .nd .he mani-
f.".her im.ge in hum.n form, the Voice, whose origin Yald.b.oth i.
un.ble ' 0 ""ognire, precipitate. a co&mK disturbance,
,nJ '" i. Man tl>< >On of M. n."1h.n, ~'hil< all of'h<rn ~'<r< J",urb<J
by this n,w w i"" and ,t< u""<r«t<J pfod.m".lll .nd ,,~'" ""'king ,t.<
""'". of t .... Iotld voK<. '" as 10 d ..,ract . nd ...tu,,. them ('" him"tf,
y . ld..baoth ad. i rnN, 'Come, I",", tlUk. m," .n" our imag.:
Similarly in the Fourth Goo?,], t he revel.tory meJium of t he divine
",ice con,",)", bOIh glor ificat ion ,nd j udgment. Th"" in John 12,28-13,
.ft.. ent.ring Jerusalem to ,hout> of "Hosann, ," le,u. invoke. the
Father 10 glorify the Son of Man th rough hi. elevation on the em..
with the word. "Falher, glorify thy " , me_' The",upon the divine voi ..
'1""""
lhe" , YOI« c. m< from he.xen, "J h, Ye glorili<d it . • nd I "ill glorify it
. gain: 1"" <rowd standing by h.Old it . nd .. id th .. " had ,hunder«!.
OIht!< .. id, • An . ng.1 "",, >pOken to him: I"'"
an'~'<r<d, "'Ihis V<li«
h. Hon", for YO"' .. k<. not for miD<, Now;, the juds"wnt of thi, world,
now ,hall til< rulet of!hi" wotkl "" c.. t oot; and I, ,,-11<" I . 01 Itft<d up
from !h< .,.,!h, ~i ll draw ,II men to my><lf ·
In 'he GO'rel of lohn, 'ho"" who do no' ",cognize 'h< d ivine vok. ,'"
"<fto'yp«i as Je_ who durn 'he GOO of Isr.el ,. ,h.i, Fa,her, bu, do
no' 'Kogni.e 'he divine voice:
And ,0. h''''', ~'ho ",n' ttl< 11>. him .. lfborn< wi" ..., to me, H" ""ic.
)'0 " h,,'< "ev" he"d, hi, fOfm you 11>,.. '''".. , >«n, and you do not
h".. h .. word abiding in you, f", you 00 not b<l .., .. htm ,,-hom h< h.,
«nt, Uohn '1037-).8)
If God wet< your h!h«, you ..-ould 10... me, for I P!o<<<"<ied.nd can",
forth f"o" God, I cam< no' of my own ..",rd, oot h< «ot me, Why 00
you oot und<ntand ..-hat I "y' It is I>«aus< )'ou cannot ""at to "'..
my W<l rd, You at. oi)'ou! father!h< d<viI, . nd )'0 "' ~'ilI i" to 00 your
fath. r'. ooir ... He "'a" "Ulrde"" from the !><ginning and h.. ""th-
ing '0 do ~i th ,II< truth, I>«, u", the .. is no 'ru!h in him , \Vben he 11e~
'" >pe>.h .«ording to h" o~'n natut<, for h< i, a lia, and the n!h« of
11<., Bu" I><ca .... I1<1I the truth, you oo"ot ""Ii" .. me. WhKh oirou
(onvic" rn< of ""' If 11<11,11< truth, ~-IIy 00 you 001 btl;"'" "",1 He
..-ho ;. of God he ... 'h< word. of God, 'he ",uon "'hy rou 00 not "'..
th<m" 'hat you ate not of God, (John 8.41-47)
M"IdU' mutandi" bo,h , he G>.re1 and Apocrypilon of lohn charKter-
ize 'he Jew. and 'heir le.der:< as .ccusing /..,;u. ofheing a Ii .. who ha •
• l>anJonro 'he ,radi,ion> of the f.. he .... In the GO'ret
H< i, le.ding ' he P""pl< am. y_ (John 7012)
And in , he Apocryph,,,,,
The Phari ... l<ald ' 0 him], I-Th;, Nnare"" ha, greatlyl .J<,:<lved )'Ou,
and helh., filled )'0111" <on wi,h li..land ,looed 1)'0111" nllnd,l.nd '111"1>«1
yoo from the ,,,dlt!.:'" of)'OUr . n«sto ..: (Ap_ loon II l,lJ- 171
In t hi, ..... 'he "'pro..,nt. ti ... of ' he Jew. i. the Phari"", Arimanios,
clearly a parody on the name of the Zoroastrian evil .pirit Ah';m •• ,
who>< .... n,i.1 nat ure i> expressed in hi. princip.1 epithe' D"'j. '1he
Ue," which expresses i,..,lf •• gree.", wra,h, .nJ envy.
The Joha nnine under... nding of tho>< who reject Je.us' teaching
as children of the devil conn«" with the Apoayphon of lohn', en,ire
port"'yal of the powers of darkne .. who cre ... d and rule the lower
world. This lower God i. 'he f.,her of 'he co.mo. who .. nature i •
• hown by hi. ac" of hOlttility .nd ignorance. He brought . n of human -
ity in'o death .nd d ..ire by f•• hioning 'he firs' hum.n according '0
hi. own image and from 'he ",bst.nc. of his lo~r power$, and finally
'he nesh, A. in 'he Fourth Goopel. 'hoo< who reject Jesu. are the chil-
dren of thi. 10,.... God, no' by nature, bu, benu .. they have no' )'et
,Kei ... d the 'rue Spirit.
A. Karen King poin" out , -The fact ,h a' the <n, ire S«,,1 R.....I,,';on
af 101m i. framed a. the ,eturn of Chri.. '0 complete hi. revelation
and ,how 'he w.y l>ack '0 'he Di>;"., Realm m.k .. it poMibie to ",ad
it .. 'he completion of Chr;'t'. ,,,'elation in ' he GOItpel of John, 'he
fu lfillm<n t of hi. promi« '0 ,eturn .nd >how ,hem 'he w.y back to
'he Father,"'"
A. post- , .... ,,«tion d; .Iogu.. , ' he Cop';c version. of the A p,,<typhon
of lohn are intended to darif)' 'he Fourth Go'rel'. compa .. tively more
OO",ure ,evelations . ttribu,ed '0 • pre-crucifixion savior still Y~ilro
""
in th e fl ... h. While ,h.
IOHN D. TU .~· ""
~ for mmpl<, <h< "",,""t.... ",',..." n ".li"d and fu,"" ,,;, ",,"-t<>log)' On ' '''p-
,,, 6. wh"" on <h< """ "'nd.lh< "' I ~",,'" ""nal ~ f< no .. (Jolm Hl .'<'-">"); on
,I.< oll.<, "'od, "'" "'I....·'" wiI ", ",,'.N"r" tl.< /a" dor- (B • •.,.•• • ,'"')_SOm Uuly,
on ,t.< on< bond. ,,,mol Hr. " r<<<,,.<d by "'1..... '''11 'n ,t.< Son (6,,..,,,,,,.,,.6J).
• -Mk on ,I.< """r. "",,.1 10k a n "' " .. ,=! only through .."ns "' ..i tk ...nd
drink'ng h', blood (BJ_"), .JJ"w"8 ,• • ~ud.. ri"~ , ..... iN who>< """lot.... by
i""' tl.< "-- ... ,),'n8 ... '" " lh< /a" 'Uf'f'<'p,,,,,,,",, no '1'1"''"' . ·",.nC On ""h
" " " " .... ~ >« lOCh,,, !o", ' "_"'. bu t """'" Aoo.non ' 0%, and d;"u";'n "'
,,",om", >000.
to Mary M.gd.len~. on~ to the di .dpl~ with Thoma. absent •• nd one
to the d i.dpl", with Thom •• p .... nt, JUit a. the 'prearance to M.ry in
chapter 10 "",m.to be r..nctionally interruptOO in vv. 1-9 portraying
• comp.rati,-e race between Peter and the BelovOO Disciple to imrect
the empty tomb, >0 also in chapter 21 J~u •• ingle. out Peter .. the
le.der of the church who i. destinOO for mart)'Idorn, while the Beloved
Disciple, who i. cI.imed .. th e gO'rel' •• uthor. will merely rem.i n
.Ii,-e until le.u' future parou.i • .
In contrast with Jem' future parou.i. at the end of d.y. ~nvi.ioned
by ch.pter 11 .nd the loh.nnine letters, the Itpoawhon of loon por-
tr.ys t hi. parousi ••• occurring in Jeru •• lem only .hortly aft" t he
even" described in the ~""rel, .nd in effect challenge. th e leadership
role John 21 ... ign.to Pete' b), h " 'ing the post-.sc~n.ion le.u •• ppoint
loon •• the te.cher of hi, fellow disciple .. In doing >0, the Apoayphon
r~a ... ,," the lerusalem location of the apre.r.nce. in chapter lJJ ov~r
against the Galilean location of chapter 21, in an.w~r to lohn'. state-
ment thot Jesu. had "retumM to th~ place whenc~ he c.me: t he
Pharis« Arim.ni".' taunting ~.pon>< impli~.th.t the d<'Ceiv~r J«u.
h.d merely returned to Nazoreth of Gali","" wh ereupon Je.m .uddenl),
'pre'rs to John in a mountaino"" pl.c~, not in G.lilee-as John 21
and the apostolic GO'rel of M.tthew h.,-e it-but ne.,the leru .. lem
temple,
,«m. thot both the prologue and the Pronoi. monolog"" underwent
Christiani""ion : t he prolog"" in Johannine Christian drcl~ when it
w,", adopted by t he ...·.ngelist or hi, .ucc<»ors and m.de to refer to
Jesw.. and the Pronoia monolo&"e in Chri>ti.ni",d "Borbeloite" drcl ..
when it "'.,., construed a. the conclu,ion of Chri,,', final .. If-revel.tion
a, the divine Fir" Thought to John son of Zebedee_
Sometime in the early to mid-""ond century, t be lohannine letters
allow u, to detect at least two and perhap. three wing' of the Johannine
church." Se,·e.-..l JecaJ. . .go, Raymond Brown" characterized one
wing a. repres<ntoo by the a uthor of th e lohannine letters who main-
tained dos< contact ",ith t he apootolic churches in hi. imi"ence on
Jeous' advent in the flesh and hi. future parou.i., and the other-more
domin. nt-wing a, "",,,,,ioni.,, from the original community who
denied the full humanity of Jeou. and do"""played th e importance of
the earthly life of .ither Jesus or the beliewr. The . mall .. group strow
to maintain contact with the apo"olic church .. anJ may have fadli-
.. ted thi> contact by a .ub""luent revi.ion of the go>pel (.uch .. the
aJd iti"n of chapter 21) to bring its somewhat otherworldly Christology
into line with the m"re domin.nt apootolic emph ..i. on t he saving
significance of Jesus' mini"ry, death a nd r<suff«tion a, witn....J by
the Synopt k Go.pel., Thi> group m.y h"'e . ucceeded in winning the
acceptance of the gasl"'l among .uch s«ond-century tra<iitionali". a.
lrenae", at a time when it "'" being claimed by Gnostic Christian.,
including Sethian exeget .. like the final redactors of tbe Apocrypho"
of John a nd the Trimorph ic Protenna;a .. well a . Valentinian exegete'
such a. He.-.deon, Gh'en Brown', hypothe";., ..,m<time around the
middle of the ,"",ond century, it i. po>.ible that the Sethi.n> behind
the Apocryphan of John and the Trimorphic Prole"no;a made com-
mon caus< with the ult.-.-high Chri>t"logicaJ thinking of tho>< whom
the author of I J"hn considered to be .. ee .. ioni", who reje<ted the
propitiatory blood of the "as. in favcr of t he .pirit of truth received
in bapti.m, .inee for them the true ad,-ent of r<s", OCCUffed t hrough
the .pirit, that i. the living water of bopti.m (Joh n 1033; 3 : ~; 4,10-14,
7.38-39; 1 3, ~ , but comra 19a4; I John 5:6-8)" In eIf«t, t hey sided
with the """";oni,,. in t he .. ruggle over the correct interpretation of
. ~
, ,.
S,,, 'f«hilro'OO4,14t_nt.
~ Bro,m
~ S<,
t.",,_n
Ilro",. ""', i"'"i"" M.n)",
p"",,, >00"
t.,.., ;<wi." . oo "',,',. H'"E"1
JIll_J.", , n<! 'f,<bilro >004,1"_190.
the gosJ><k d ir<Cti ng thems'!" .. agai nst t il< p. rt i.. n. of the autho",)
of the Johannine lette". Ely casting the S<th i.n protology, .. cred hi, -
tory .nd soteriology into. di.logu< between the r;"n Ie"" and lohn
>on of Zebedee, the autho.-. of the Apo<ryphon of loon in eff<.ct . 1>0
Joined in this struggle.
BtBllOGa H'iY
Aoo.n<m. P .. ', Iv Q"Ul%rr of'"' ,'"",," "".pd' II, u.",.oJ IN,"j" ,. ,I>< Upl
of !0I0. 6. W""'n>< ...
Mol" Si<b«l;. , _
Itl"""
Un"",....hunS'" mrn "".m T" ...... n' '"- T"'"g<'"
lI.m. B. . nd L P. "", ... ud ..... "'«Ii'"",", I'Apo<,,""" <k " ••• 10 lumK'" "'
Ibyrno< fi .... d< 10 ,..,,""" ~ ...... " "''''''''' t 12 (1 .... 1. 317_13'.
1I«k<' , 1-, '-"" E"'"I'U.m...a. )<>Iw."",. b,"""o"""", l ·"","""buchl.om""o'u
"om N,,,,n T"b",,", " '. GUtt ...lol" G Ot"nIoh<, V,rIoF"~ I 'm.
"",""n. RL. "Iohann'", '~,k>OoIogy_1"" Communi,y'. Origin>," '"'''/''''''"''' Jl
( '977).,,.._,OJ.
__ 00. .... SI>«p ".. oi ,hO. h .W.· ","rnaJ of IUbI".1 til",.,." (" m. '_12.
97
__ 'IIv "'".m".", N",
of'lr< ",10,..-,/ ,~.,,'pI<. 'o.-Ie p."h" l'n ... , .,.. .
.....""nn. R., 11<, ""'p<I of 1010 •• A Com,",""". G. .. lI",ky_ M "ITO~ . "",~ . ,
Oxf",J. 1II"l;w<l 197'-
H'ng<l, -" .. IN ioIr-."'''''''''F",I" , .," l"j,".p"''''",", ,,~ riM'" "''',., "'" JC<r
,-,.". Wi"'OK"'Iili<"" Un'<nochunS'" ,"m "'",0 T, •• ""n' 67. T"'og<oo
M%, Si<b«k. , .. ,.
-,
K«"" , C.S., 11<, Gmpd cjJol>"." Com'"'""'ry. vol. '. P<.body, " .... , Hm", "",,",
-
K'ng. K L. 11r< "" ... , -.,,,,," of ioI> •• Cambridg<. M....' Humcl Uni,·""jl)· P"'~
",Ir
I<Iijn. " .'.1 .,
""'Ito<. G.W .,
i. !",;.Ir.Cirri,",,"
T"'",,,n'um "; , l ~"",n . "rill"n.
""I'" "......
....ow'" I! ( ""'). 06-10'-
a..J C,."I .. L""."". Suppi<mml' N",'um
(Suwk"" o ~
"'h"'"
,'01" .. , 10
to
(l"",,""... ". ",;U . 1""'. ' 71_"".'n ,""
N u ""nl. l~;dm.
t..-,-ton. aI., Studi<. II"",,", oJ' Rn'g'om 41
Tuom., IU.im u,
Un;,'ersity of Helsinki & U nive"it" L..1I1
In ,hi. didactic letter, which has been d ... ifi«l either as protreptic'
or is'gogie,' and which carefully follow> 'he pattern of Gr«o- Roman
public 'ree<hes.' Ptol,rn •• u. add ,=<> a woman coliN! Flora and dis-
cusses the origin and nature of Mo .. ic Law. In the introd uction a nd
narr.tion part. of 'he letter, Ptolemaeu. introduce. t wo erroneous
,·jew. concern ing the origin of both 'he law a nd creation ,h. t h . ...
been put fo ..... rd by othe"-,'ie,,,~ that deri"" 'h"", from t be perf""
God and the d""ik ro'p<'<,h..,ly. He then proc...Js (in the .pecific.tion
and argument.tion part. of the leiter) 10 .how with 'he word. of the
Lord (accord ing to Matthew) and ' he oro")" (Joh n and raul ) how
'he~ v .. "'~ are wrong. and how hi. own >olut ion . which trac« the
law and croa,ion back to an ;nterm..!i. « demiu.,;., i. to be proferr.d
as true apostolic , .. ching. According to Ptolem aeu<, tll< law i. no t
wholly dh'ine, . ince Moo<. a nd the e lde" have made add ition. to i" it
its t hus t ripani1O,' In aJdition. the d ivine ponion i. itself trip.rti.. a.
it contain • ...:tion. t hat are (I) pure but imperfe<:t, like t he Dec. logue,
and these t he Savior came to fu lfill, (1) mixeJ with injustic<-ba>ed
on the p ri ndple of "\"e nge out of necessity due to the harshne .. of
people-like the "'"te for on eye: .nd these the Savior came to demo)"
and (3) 'ymbolic. like ritual law. concerning .. crifice .nd circumci-
.ion, and the .. the Sa.,ior tnm.formeJ '" they were no longer adequate
except 'piritually, Because the law i. thuo to.n extent imperie':t a nd
inadequate but.1so fighu evil. it cannot come from the t"", God who
i, good, or the do,,,1 who i. evil. but from. god that i. neit her hxoOO
nor evil b ut j"'t (';(~",,,,,) -although h.rsh in hi. j"'tke.
Almost all commen lalo,,' Ih ink Plol.ma<W1' letter was influen ceJ
by l he Mordoni!e ",hi.m Ih at b<gan in Rom. in 'he eorly 140./ It i.
u.ually st.ted th.t Ptolemaeu. wro'e .gainst Mordon .nd his followe"
when he r~uted the view ""cord ing to wh ich th e law and creation Of.
the devil', hand iworlc' Admittroly, Mordon ne".r .. id ex«fly that ,
M.rcion', point w'"" that YHWH cannot b< t he true God becau se h i.
I.w .nd action, are not charac1<rizod by goodne,. but are driwn by
warmongering blood-thirst and just ice b,a..,.j o n r""~ng~,' Mordon,
new"hele,., newr id~nt ified YHWH with th~ d"'il , Comm~n,.to",
thus usually ....u m. that Pto J.e m a~u. misrepre.m tod M. rdon', view.
her<. rerh.p. in order to m.k< hi. own oolu lion • ..,m dearer and
more piausible. " On the oth~r hand. some Gnostic" lik~ the author
of the Apocf')phon of '01m, did consider YHWH to be ,h. d~vil."
However. >orne of Mordon', I.ter follow~" also .. em t., ha,'~ rushro
their master', argumentation to thHonci u.ion ,hat YHWH ""'. evil;"
. nd ..,m~ h~rftiologi'" h k~i .. pr<->ent Mordon'. view. in <u<h a
man ner that i! could he ~a.il)' thought that Moreion'. cre.tor god wa .,
in fact, th ~ devil," Ptolemaeu. dOft not .p<-<ify who the f"'OpJ.e .r~
who think the law and creatio n deriw from t he devil , H~ i•• imply
• "-g., 'loi.p<1 1"";.'_ loo."""n I.. '. 132_ 137, ",.rueh;" ''''''', "'_130;
t"''''''<I>< ' 3>OO8, l7_"'. Uj"'" " ..,. "") do<.,.,.
m<nt .... "","'n in , .... ".".
,... ,.,-;!h I'tok ....... ,. '-"It" '" Hm•.
, urnp< 1OOJ, >OJ .
• "" qu;>p<I I.... 1---<<> ump<"""''''' ''''. OJ, ,6" "",,.di , _, JJI;
loo.""",n ' '''', Ill_'''' and M"k .. h", '000, 13J_13O.
• Philo t..d ><>Iv<d th< probkrn u{ YHWH'. ocwion.U ..... y b<""_.o.KriOOl
On th< K'; pi""'. by o.J.!I'''''!I po,i>h"",n" .00 "'"" knolr ",,-,,'"i<, '0 ... bo<ili",,,
b<ing>, .ndllilint God .. "go] f'DW<' If\=,)u"" ;%,,,,,<->1, 'h", r", .. ",ing ,0. ,,,"-
... "",,,,, &nd soodn<" u{ U<>.! him " If. s., Un! ,,9- ''''
UI>- 111.
,,,,oI
176- ''", ~ ....
John a ... condary wiln<=>.ix !imesc Paul five 'im .. ," .nd John one<
(fohn U,lO_I!)." F'tolemaeu' allusion '0 John, 'f'Kifically '0 , he
prologue, occurs ,oward. the beginning of 'he letter, in the "",mtio,
and in a con!~" whe,~ h e refu,e.the 'heory tho, 'he creation and I.w
dorive from , he deviL A. proof-, .. ts '0 coun'er this opinion, he fir"
cite< Matt ILn a. an a uthoritat ive saying of Je.u •• and then lohn
LlO-11 and U in a som<wh., free combination. as ano,her proof-text
from.n opo>tle ("~i><HOl.o.;),
• , Co< H in "" •.n ,.'" I Co< U ,. P••. H7." Rom n, '" P• •. " .' .ll,
Rom n, ,. "".. H6.6,.oo >:ph ,, " ' n P••. ".6.6. A, Ptok"""., >«m, ,. . .,.,
o..n "n_ "' 600 1<''''' own _ , '"""",",ns ,I.< ",,",100-,,,,,,,," of ,I.< ".""
~"'" p,ul '" 'n !b" '"''''''', broughl 'n .. Ib< ""'" ... "",., (~om n.; , Co< H in
"",. JH'U ' I·
" "'I!'" (>000. mol ... , "!I8'''N "", I'lok ...... , ""y,J",,-rl<r ,. lOOn 1;[1
,i,
("'110 0;,& .. ;,;;,.,. ... "",,,,,,,. """'l"";"; !I.i>; " ..., ".1""
IOv ,,,,,- "'" .., ''''''' ;
;~,,-,;,.,uro ) in "", . HJ.7 1· .. Ib<, of al~ "hom ,.,.,. bu, <h< only on< ~ho kno..-,
h'm "" <om< , • ..n. knmon-, IOv no. & - ,nIT",,- Ov """" i!.lli.. " ....... r ilioO.;
"","'_.1, buo 'hi> moy obo b< • r<f"""", ,. M", 11;27 {'''',m "'" """,,&l&rt DR
10;; .ale<>; ,"", ... i """'- ;~,,..'"""" ..... '"'" ri '" " """" 0;,& 'Ov .nl i"" ".
i~", ..."" •. i ."" """ ...1 '" ro, Po".."a, , 0"" ,,"" .....,;.., <1 (,hu, Qu"1"1 ''i<\6.
D Lol" to"" 18<1- 1., . a . M..L.ch ... 1000, NO, , nO 1I••m .... n 100.s, In_ I n
U\h, wok""nd. II>< .-.",'''''' to 0. t. ,I>< &m ;u,u, "'" j.n, God" ",.. I;"", lot"",
~'",k 'Ih.m....", and M..L.ch ... ,hjn' ,0. ,,,{""o« c,n ""Iy b< '0 "'" s.,,,,,,of "'"
p.-.caii"l! .. n'«>c<.
~ M"l=h .." llnI, lJ9tf.
~ U\h, ' ' '' , "'0_'"1.
(o.mo •• according to f'tolemaeu' in .. rproto'Oon of lohn', prolog"""
Ptol.maeus do<. no' 'f"'<ify how this is '0 I>e .nvi.ag.d. bu, o,hor
Val.n,inian sources ,peak of ,ho SavOor-Logos u.ing ' he d.miurge,
i,e" 'he just God, a. hi, imtrumen, in crea,ion.'" Heradt'On-ano,her
Val.n,inian '"""hor who .. genuine fragments .how no dear . ign> of
a pl.romatic myth-in,erpreted John 1:3 ju" ,hi. way, " In my view,
,hi. ' ypical Val.n,inian distinc,ion ho',..""n 'he SaVOor and 'he d.mi-
urge off." 'he only r ...,mable .. plana'ion for , he p.... ge in Flo,~,
In addi'ion. Ptolemaeu' choice of word. here may funh<r hin' at this
kind of ,wo-Ievel in"rpreta'Oono" having changed 'he yiVOJ'Il\ of v~r""
10 to S~~'O~I'1('" Ptol.maeus· allusion '0 '·e,...,' 10-11 now 'reak.>
of 'h e crafi,mamhip (m.~'''''l'1i,,) of 'he co,, ,,,o., while h is quotation
from ver.. 3 .reaks of'he coming into ~ing (yi".~",) of all 'hings."
Ptolemoeu. i. 'hm using a p.. ophrased "e"ion of lohn U,IO-11 ..
an ap""olic proof- ..., '0 refu'e an opinion ,hat assigned th e c"'ation
'0 'he devili>ecau .., in Ptolemoeu' r~ading of t he Fourth Go'rel. t he
creation i. said to b< 'he Sa>'OO" who u..J 'he ju" God a. hi. i""ru-
ment, A. no,od abo,·e. Ptol~maeu' opronen" her. h.v~ u.ually b<en
iden,ified a. radical Morc;"ni, ... These ob..,,,".tions lx-<ome all t he
mor. important when we comp ... ,hi, comro.i'e referenco ofver..,.
3 and 10-1 1 in Flora '0 Ir~noeu" US< of a .imil.. (omro.ite .. fer~nc~
'0 'he prologue a. an an,i-Marcioni'e tool (Ad_, h~". 3.11.1-1). Fir:st ,
Iren.eu. cit .. lohn u-~ a. a general an,ido" '0 , .. rious heretical
doctrines of «<>,ion, and ,hen pick.> ou, specifically ver.., 3. stating
• ,. moo' '·,",ntO .. ," .. """"'Il"""~ Sopbo., of ro.m. , part"'ipa'<> ... ,0. "''''00
....... f"" .urn rk .... ,,,""' u, <I<"';l'ho. of th< V.... "n .... "mod<! ,y"'m,-
"'" <l<m iu'lI' " ..... "'rough lh< ..,hoty of Sopb;., ~t.o " .. ,,, through ,0. aru';'y
of ,0. ... _ (Aa.. ...,. L"'_L53, d . ,x.. 7.rod. <6-,,). Ho ... m , ;. Tri. T,,,,.•
Sopbo.', rok ho, o..n ... ign..! rompl<t<ly to "'" logo> (who ;" in ,hot tort, d;!k","'
from ,I>< "" "0<), , 00 ",,0<1<... 00., not "pI"'''ly mrnho" Sof'h" ,,,1><,(.J,hough
"'" ... "",;" .. """"-'. of /o/m'. ;. ""'" ,.""",.' ""'''''''' "and, 10< Sof't." in
H.,-adron', <x<~'I.
" Hmd",,, If<g- t) "",'n";n. t ho, ,I>< ~ CO"...J ,I>< <I< .... "'S' to m>k t l><
...,.jd. l>«'UI< J""'n U .,,", ,ho, <v<'l"k'ns ~... m".<I, not "from ~t.om" ... "by
""""'.- 0" ""'rough "hom." S« . 00 lhomo .... ·, '''"l' ;" '0" ,,"u m<.
• a. Pogrn 1'171, '6. ,,1>0 <I<<<ct, '0'" fI ....., of ,dnm« f..- " ...... in.... ;" "'<_
I"".bon. of J""'n n (' 1 "pl.""""'" .. ;n Ad,. ... , . I.'.' ,00 £XC. lh,od. 6-"
1'1 ""nom"'" .. ,. hc. lh,od. • Hi , 00 (11 "' .. m"'- .. ... ,-",.,. ,. ,1M. ,Dd in
H.,.d",n', "m.......''')'.,., 01", "",,,I; , . . ., H a "H'.
• lb, So,.".;, Wknhti«l .. "'. fiN' d<"'"'l'" ;n £XC. 1Mod. <l.' (tl,*,,,, ... oW
~'"'_""';, ""'"" ",.",u, ...eu.o.-i..;I. C[ '''' .... "'. Ad• . ....,. LU (w, 6", '''"'''
s,,";"H ,iN I.oHii.x< &&,.."""""""" ,...,.""",),
TUO.uS USIMUS
'hat HI '''",a includ .. ,h. co.mo., and i. no' r'stric,ed ' 0 110m,
V.I.n,ini.n pl,rom. ,00''''
i" h.ne<, Christ-logo. i. 'he crea'or of
,>'<rything, including our world. I .. noeus ,hen immedi.tely continu ..
b), q uoting lohn 1010-11, and show. ,ha' th ... v«s<. no' onl), qualify
,it ~"v'" of "«« 3 and 'hus prove ,h. no,«1 VoI,n,ini.n .. ading of
"«« 3 wrong (for ,h i, kind of VaI,ntinian .xeg'u, of th, prologu"
...., below), bu, .10"
refute Mardon', famous pooj'ion. ,ha' Q uist ,,'a.
not ,he cr,ator of our world, and that in coming '0
' hi> W<lrld, h. dkl
not com, '0hi. own creation ,"
• ... 11 thi.g>: he .. )... ' """" mad, by Him" [John UI, ,h,refor< in ",II
'hing, ,hi. c",.,ion of OIl'" i. (included), fo r we cannot COtK«l. '0
,1><<< m,n 'hat (,I>< word,) ",II 'hings' at. <r<"<,n in ,efe"nce '0 ,1>00<
wi'hin 'heir !'l,rom. , For if 'hm Pl<rom..t do in<k<-d cootain 'h ....,
,hi. ct.atlOll, .. being .uch, is "'" oo<>i<l<, as I hal" d.n>oost,.,«l in
,I>< pr««ling 1>000., bu, if ,bey ar< oo,si<l< ,h. ?leroma, which ind<<<l
' pre.red impo .. ibl<, it folio", .. in ,ha,
ca><, 'hat 'h,,, PI.ron". cannot
be "all 'hings', therefo", 'h" """ ct<a'"," i. not outsid, (,I>< ?le roma).
Jolin. how,v", does h.mself put this ma"" 1><)'000 .11 contrm",,,y 00
our p"n, wh.n II< "Y', " H, .," i. 'h" ",..-Id, a"J ,iIt """,/J ~''''' m<Uk
I>y Him, ""JIh,,...,r/J K"'W Him "01, He (a_ to Hi, 0"'" (,h'"K't ""J
Hi. 0"'" (proP~) r<eriwd H,m "01" ]John L]I)-III. Bu, accord,ng '0
Mudoo, and ' hoo< lih h,m, ""ither was 'he worid made by Him; no,
did H. come ' 0 Hi, own ' htng>. bu, ' 0 tho", of ' !lOth" (" . n.I., "'NF;
my ,mph.si.)."
Similarly, Ptol.maeu • ...,m. to us< ,'e...,.
10-1 1 no' only '0 qualify
his o,,'n us< of "<IS< 3 (benu .. the craft.man.h ip of 'he co.mo< i•
..id to belong '0
,h. Savior, h, must be involv«1 in 'h e creation of
~ cr, "'n<lm ''''', "- ,,, .... u, '<P<'" ,........ "'l!u"",",, 10,,,;,, Ad., , - ,
'-"-1_', .. 1><", .. ,,,,,in u'''Jobn', P~ (Jot_',"'_ " ,14) '8"n" v>riou, 1><,,,;,
c.t doc";",,. of ",,'00. A. roo- Mm .... ' 1""".... , .. , au;" .... an oli'" "' ,1><
"",id , nd ,,, numorU1r, >«, ',g., T",.Uw., M .... 1.13; c:..nr. a" .•. ' " ,100 , .. , ....
'996, 111_"0.
" ","';0, ;'"1"" , /'<" "."m f"".'"nt. '" omn;bo" ,!!" ,,' '" ha« ~UK "".nd"",
"'" ,,' 0000" ;,,, """ ",;m ,oncro.,., ,i, ,"f"
om""- dK; .. """" . U"' p~ rom.r
;pooo-.m, " , n;m " t..., pin""", lpoonrm """""', """ .. ,,, .., " "" ;ou ","who ,
qu<modmoclllin "."M'm., 'n «> M,rn ""; '"" n."" .." ~ ,."m,,", Pk"""" '""'
ha«, ~""" 'l"ldom irnpo>>ibilo .'.urn <sC non "m ,r! om"" .... """" ;POOO-""" non
,,' ''1l'' .. ,,, ha« " "" 0000" ... (' 1.1) A"".lll ... " m , noIK, d;"'m"'"" om"",
lp>< 'oI\ann.. dK'"" '" '"" "'""'" ""t, rl ","..J., i'<' ,,." .. ~ .. <>', rl .."..I",
,"m ... "'S"""~. '" ''''' /"",,"' "'.'1," '"' '"'" """ =1'<"'"'- ",.ndom , ""m
Mmlonnn <l .... qui ,;milo, . U"' ri, "'1'"m.nd., P" , urn f.., u, ,~, ""\"';"
'''"' ,.".c O<d ;n oIlm.s (<<I., ",",,,,, •• nd :.,0""". 100', 1, "2"'"" .... " on!!;"'"
'mph>~,).
"TOl£MAWS A"" T HE J'kOlOGU£'S V AHNT!>llA>I £UG""IS IH
'" ..h", together with the just GxI a. ",..,11), but also '0 ",fu.. an
opinion which had ... igned the creation of our world to 'he d""il and
th"" denied the Savior hi. role in the creation_ It i., moreo,'er, likely
that Ptolemaeu' opponent> here are, or .t Ie..' include, .-adieu or
mi"epre",nted M.,cioni,.,.. Th~, lren.e~. and Ptolemae"" ~'" the
Founh Go.pel'. prologue in a "'ikingly . imilar manner. Thi. rai ...
the q ue"ion of the relation.h ip bet",,,,,n the two p.... g.,.. One could
a.. ume that the p.... ge. are independent of e:och other-th .. a .imi-
I., anti-M.rdonile use of fohn 1,3,10-1 I wa •• imply independently
im-ented twic~, probably in the .a me city around the ..me tim~ (_
l><low)-but the clo",ness of 'he parallels m.k~. ,uch an ... umption
unlikely.
However, there.,e indic .. ion. that both l renaeu •• nd Ptolem.eu.
ha,'e utilized an already ""tabli.hed anti-;\larcionite US< of 'he pro-
logue, .nd thus the pa .. age. ~m to l>< based on a common >ourc~.
lhe very ~xomple of Ptol.maem ,how.,h.t lrena<u. "' •• no' the fir"
on. to u"" John 13,10-11 again" a doctrinal pooition that denie<!
the S.vior hi. rol~ in tho creation of our world. Moreo ... r, becau""
Iren.~u. oeem. to he una",-.re of Ptolem.e",,' LeUer to FkJm and of its
interpretation of fohn'. prologue-he i. only .ware of the Ptolemaean
commentary on Ihe prologue that re.d. the Valen,ini.n Ogdoad into
it ("'" helow)-lrenaeu' an,i-M.reionite use of th e prolo&"" does no'
derive from P'olemaeu .. However, lrenaeuo has preserve<! oWer Rom.n
tradition. (e .g .. A.Jv. ha<r. ],3-4), and it i. quite poMib l~ ,hat hi. us< of
John'. prologue here i•• lso based on . n older •• nti-Marcioni'~, tradi-
tion. Thls """m. e.peduly prob.ble a. much of Irenoe",,' knowledge
of Moreion se,,,,,, to he ba",d on what 'ppea" to he an older catalog
of here.i« (A.dv. h~<r. l.27.2-4).'" usually a.. umed to he the now 10<'
Sy"t~gma of Jilltin Martyr (or an updated ... "ion of il). com~ in
Rome in 'he middle of t he second «ntury," lrenaeuo ,,'en explicitly
ci1<' it, or another, 'pecific.lly .nti-M.,cionite tr~ati ", by J~"in. in
" lb, ",,' of t,,",,"> ",m,," "" M..-c .... , ;'"'" ~mpiy IO~ h'm . nO 0;, follo,,_
"'" ' h"",Oo' oIong,;d,o, vakn'''''", , oJ oth<". <M' bri<fly ,....,. .. , ~'"", ",", """
~.kd .. ,I>< ' .. aJos-<kKnpt .... On ... , . .. " . 1.1'-'_' (,.!!-. m"'~'""" of ""I«, ,I><
dodri .. ol 'wo God, on< ~ , , " " " " , i"'" ,I>< doc",.. of Chn" 0.;"3 ' " .. ,,"
to th< ""...... ).
" On I"".... s"".Z""'.'" lh1srnfdd ,";J, ,_W, ,,;,_"'!; w; ... "". """
lOoXmon" ' ''', "'_tlf _
TUO.uS USIMUS
~ ,"'"......i"'"",
ol "1""1"'" '~ "" ""''''''' (A ..... i>M>-. H.lj,n<J I"w;n ""'"-
,;,do,,,
Arot
h"n> h;, >,"tag.uo ,,&,i"" ..u .... , ... , (J ,t1_,
6'). '-"<l<m.,"n ('''''.
tM" to lor ,t.. urn< t<>" d. Lomp< 2001, ,""",.
l<) <on_
~
M
"""","""''''.
'-"<l<monn ' ' ' '. mnJO.
"TOl£MAWS A"" T HE J'kOlOGU£'S V AHNTI>llA>I £UG""IS In
to ca. '~2." Thi . Ptolemaem "'-•• put to death b«au,", the hu>band
of an uprer-da .. woman, who not only was Ptolemaeus' "udent
in Chri>tianity, but who had .1", di",rced her hu.b.nd due to hi.
immor.1 heh.vior, informed t he Roman authorities that Ptolemaeus
wa •• Chri>ti.n (2 /opol. 2). Many thing. in thi. de><:riptKln m>tch
what "'e learn from FJ,,"~, (I) Ptolemaell' the martyr died in Rome,
and Ptolemaeu. the Valentini.n almost certainly t.ught in Rome
.inc~ Hiprol}~us identin .. him as one of the memhers of the "Italian'
><hool of Valentini.nism (Ref 6,n . ~6);" addition.lIy, b«a~", t he
><hool founder V. lentinus him .. lf Wll active in Rome, the It.li.n
branch of the ..:0001 ",a. likely . itu>ted there .. well;" (2) th~ time
of the martyrdom f.lk within the period of Valentini.n ",tivity in
Rome (ca. U ~-18~ ); " (3) the name, Ptolemae ... , i. t he >arne •• nd it
"'... not. common one among Roman Chri>ti.m at the t ime;" (4)
ooth Ptolemaeu"," ..~ Christi.n t~ache .. (,;, &;,,~aAo.;); (~) both h.d
.n apparently upper-cl ... wom.n.s a "udent:" (6) divorce i •• prom-
inent theme in ooth co .... ; and (7) the t heme of re",nge (of the law-
gi,..,rl former hu.band) is likewise promin~nt in ooth ...... "
Th. identincation of the t wo Ptol~maeu ... ha. not .Iway. ken
.ccepted." mainly be.. ~", J~"in d.,.,. not say anything negative about
the mart)'!'ed Ptolem.e~. while. at Ie." in hi. later work Di~log"< wi,h
Trypllo (3~), hecon.idered Valentinian. heretics. Howewr, Ju"in doe.
not yet include V.I<ntiniam among the heretic> in I /opaL 26; and as
Dund~rherg ha. argued, 1 /opol., where the reference to Ptolemaern
oecu ... i. a defen .. of Christianity addre..ro to the p.gan <mreror. In
1'loInnx""" ....
100.0, 'iO-"- , .. fi", on< ,,, ....p<"
'Io"."k I.... ' . ~ .. lWO, ""_30).
t",,,,,,mon '"""'"r
of tho ,w"
" ".,kKh.llOOO. N.) ..<I 100m..... (1OOIi, .... ) """;" .up'"".L
TUO.u S U SIMUS
uoo. , ~.oo ;"g of I""" oB ("')c ,.,. J'f<" [ i~ rOl.llh< food ~'hi,h p<",ho, b."
"'" food .. h..h ,ndu"" to ""n.J lif' , .. h..h ,ho "'" of M .. " ill g;'" you") 10"
boh;oo f,S J, ""cording '0 " h ~h I''''' hoJ . p<rtro w g<~"" 'Y'km . oo thu, JOd
no( produc. """",nt> """" ""I;I.,ly.
" I. Wilh.m. t'US. ' .g .. " '_"1, 1"_""".
" "" M.oo.h ... ''''. ".-,56;..00 1"""",,," '000..,•.
" 1b, N.g H.unm..J. """,, """ not, P"'l"'1y 'P'.w"!!- ho"" , ;Ii<. bod ;, "'g; m
,.;th tho M«h, ""II>< goopd of ""'h i, ,;or foo ' 00" ~'ho.," " ,00 ,h;. '""pi' " n '"
..un... htk. l h "" '.s, 100"""'" >006, '''. M.",,,h ... 0"'" J.IO-J-<») " ""'"
>k< ~...
r
La,,"
Hippo/)1 " ' '''''"''' 5""._ i, ",..u). """gh' '0 ho,.. b«" p,,,,,,.-al in .
",n,",'''''., tho ."udo·1',,,uU,,,,, <>Wog of bo,...... (J¥". 1865, HiIg<nfrIJ
,'OS" W.... ''''. 560). Hippo/)1u, '1"'"1"'a i, mo n'"""" 0., !'bot .... (8'I>U,,""'••
""), " ... biu, (H;,'. •,-,-1 6.»1 onJ Irrnm< (\,i,. iU. 6'), and ..... ' •• bn." of ;,
oorro.pondo , lmcot ...... Iy to '"' ... .,.;,_T,"uI .. n 1><"".,logy. Ad .. ,,", om""
""",,,,,. I'ho!;....)., Hif>POlY' "' '1"""1"'" <on~,,«1 of" ho,....... runn'''ll from
"'" ,>oo;,ho,,,, '0"'" N",,;'m.. >,><..00_ T muD .. n. roo ,,, I"rt. ,on.'''' of """" t >II
<ntri<, (<kp<nW"g on ho..- "'" .... "", '0 ,.k .... .. ,hom). and ",n, from Do>i''''", '0
P"",..... , .. " '"' ,,,',, "'ugh' 1""""'''''";'''' (H.".....; T,,,uU"n. """.) .. JOd
" """' (H ippo!Y'"', """'''' .""""'"' R.f
""" H). ,ho ,ut"'"" V.'_', ~.IO.'_ "; 10.17.0_', >:piphan;"~
of p"udo-'f ,,,"I1 ,,,,, ... y ';mply ho,.-. ,hang«! ,ho ".un< of th,
t.~ '"''1' of '''''''P'''''
, ... """,h ,...s. s_".
fu rt","""", ro. Hif>POlY' "' " ,I>< "tho< of R<f-"o;o. '"
~ sunda<" ''''0, , ,._, M . Cf. I.....
""" in ",,,,.,,hi<, 1"1,"'O-J,".
ilI""'. ,_, '.l()}-l()1, and lh< <ri,~01 <Ii,," ,·
Fourth Go'p<I." Thi., on the oth~r hand. i. unhk~ly for two reason ..
First, the doctrine in qu~"i<ln i. prob.bly not that of Valentinu •• as it
doe, not correspond at all with Valentinu' fragment< or Tertullian'.
statement in Val. (,2.'" ><cond, the doctrine conlain. the usual
Valentini.n Ogdoad oHrst aeon., ~,'e of whom hav~ na mes that are
found in lohn', prologue (_an,p. aJ.#I"", Mrro<;, 1;.... , ii,;Jf"l>1'oJ,
Ho",..,,,,,. this Ogdoad with its "Iohanni,..? nom ... probably had
originally nothing to do with the prologue; for ~xample, we h,,'~ two
Valentinian commen""e. on the prologu~, where th~ Ogdoad i. JeC-
ond.rily brought into.n increa.ingly d"",r cor",.ponden'~ with the
prologue, In fact, t here seem. to have been a growing .. ndency among
Valentinian. to connect their Ogdoad with the prologue of the Fourth
Go.pel . The>< comment.ri.. wiU be im'estigated next.
• mil >004.'19 .
• s,,, M"bch .. , , • ." 361-,,.... and 1I""".... n >006. n_>1.
of curr~n' N«Ipy'hagor.. n solu,iom (~,g,> Mooe ... tu., Numeniu.)," it
proouc .. the next I"'ir of .eon>, which in 'urn proouce , he nex' on~.
and so on, un,iI 'he Ogdoad i, complete. All this ' aUs place I>eyond
and before 'he lowly "'pa.. 'e creator god ",'en comes in'o being .nd
lat ........ nges our co.m"" from m.tter th., had. in the me.n,ime,
been proouct'd ou' of the young.. t aeo n Sophia', I"'"ion. and their
"'par.'ion from her by Christ and 'he Sayior (the .. are two d iff.. en,
Ouist-figures).
Irenaeu. in'roduc~. 'he P,olemaean commentary a, a wrb.,im quo-
,.,ion (1\,&\".-.."",,,, mimi, ),iii"'" A.qovm; our"",; Holl 416, 1-1),
The commenta' or no' only oeeu '0 link 'he V.len,ini.n Ogdoad
'0 the prologue, but .1", presuppo ...' • philo>ophica i (a Stoicizing
Middlepl.' onic) Khem~ of emanatiom-, h.t i. not found in the pro-
logue-th.t extends all the way from the first principle down to , he
formation of' he moterial co.mOl; the first Goo (Father) eman.tt'd a .. c-
ond principle (Monogen •• ) which contained .11 t hing'p"tentially/",m-
inally (EV';' rit '''>'fa;' nar~p .f>Oi'ilal..< ""'!'J'",,<-.1.;; Holl 416 .'-6) ,
lhi. ><cond principle, in turn, emanated a third one (Logo.) that con-
t.ined all thing.-i .• ,> all the aeon.-actu.lly/e .. enti.lIy (o, "t",;,
,~v
N.~V rffiv AI"",,,,,, 0001"" Holl 416,7). Thi ..... nc< was t hen giwn
form by t he th ird principle. t he Logo. (~v a~,o.; """P<'"
i~.woo",,;,
Airra.;;, Holl 416, 7-8). Finally-and thecomment.tor expre ...."hi. only
later when the text of the prologue allow" him to discu" event> that
take place ou!>ide the pleroma-another principle, the Savior-Log""
goye form to what Ii .. outside the formed <>Senee, or the pIeron,.,
• lh, fin< I""incipl< in Ad" """, LLI i, d<""Obaj .. " "","", Sim~ .. id< .. '" , '"
"n' p"""pk """,how <>""rng "'rond """I\. '"
"ring < high«, ooo.l<"",n«!
"" nl\. m .J", 10000 in 0 . _ Gno.h< ''''', "",h .. ~" foh. (RG "~Q.-",')
...J "p«ioIIy ~"ri.,." (M."_'<' 74,4_") . 00 AI"""" 14",6-", ",."_16).
"""'" G""I; ",," om '''". "oJ in I'IoUO"' .. m j",,,, d, th< CIIolo/N" 0nKk>
f<ge ' , '_' M<';'«iL.oo "'''I'Y'''gon''' Mod""o, (.pud "'"pOC'"" in pit".
0-''''.''_11'-'' I>~"I <oa " " """'"' (f,S'- 11. ,._" d<, "~.m), s.och Ok.. "'"
occ..- ,. ,'" A"""Y"K'"' Pa,,,,,,,iJn Com"",,'"?, (11.>.-", 1<,6-"1 .• t<x' ,Iw, i,
~moo< «>";nly "' Wdk ..... '''''~ . od,.. by P"",")·,)"... 'Ucio< ('968) """",,;,.,,,,-
,'" MI<. of ,'" fint p"oc ' P~ " <x i ~,.,,, b<yorul ""ng Il"" ,i"... 1<Iy bo<k to ""to
I"'p"bi~ _ P"",,n"" me_''''''). ""' <v<" ,o. «,.,,,NI >IT< .. on th" MI<. <u>'
_ '" P'oh ..,,· ,hj,. ""' u')" '.",.lion, .... oo... ,aI b.- r"'l'hy')" 1>Udot , .... ), s<,
,.,,",k , .... 11/1'" CornS'" 1001>, Two<, 200', ,,,if., 'loom<"", lOOIi, ,60--Jl.,
...J ""~mu> """"',
TUO.uS USIMUS
.
(."VfIl ,it ix.", .oii .J..~~"'''' Si ""roii ~f~~flc,,: Ho1l427, 11-
. matt ...
_ ,'.e.,
') "
1he wmmen,.tor unde"tand. w"" I of the prologue spell: '0
of three .. pa<ate divinitie" God, logo. and t he il<ginning ("' p~~)."
B«au.., t he l.ogo. ""'. in «v) the Beginning. )"et alongside (xpOJ
Goo, and because the Logo. him..,lf wa, al", a Goo (9.&;). the logi-
cal wndusion was th.t t he Beginning in their mi.:bt must also he a
Goo; in fa<!. the wmmentator ..,ems to haw found proof for this in
the prologue itself, since he identi~ .. the Beginnin~ with Monogene.,
who. in , ..,,"" 18, i. identi~ed.s a -God" (~0,"1'''''~ ero.;),o.> V.,.., 1,
then, pro.'ide<! for the commentator. "d ear" , ummary of thi . dh'ine
hierarch)". in thal th ese three d iviniti.. are mentioned in order, from
the third to the first , ~ '''' ~v",,' "'p~ii .pOi; ,ltv 8rov (0;"", refen to
J..it-r<><; of the preceding ver",,) . Without a dear link to the prologue,
ho""ver, the comment.tor proc~. to explain t he production of the
Beginning from the Father. and of t he Logos from t he Beginning. with
the .bow-mentioned ",heme of emanations. Only in ,-erse 3 d-x, he
find something thot conform, to hi. ",hem"
" 11>< dO" ;",t"'" b<,,,,,," , I>< ' ro" ",,""'"' ,nO imm""o' '>P«" of , I>< Soul or
logoo-' ''''' b<<< ''''''')'>''<I'
Ie lh< di~ U>ctioo b<,,,,,,, ,b< Logoo ,nO ,I>< ,",,;or_
logoo-wa, rornmonpt.<, '" "OdJi,pI""n'= ("Iu,,,,,h, "' ,,"' " 0>;';, "'ob;
AlOinu" 1);. .""1 .. ,,, IO.'IH.40- 1M ,4; ,,-...." "' 1"","",,'"" nih .. ,,", <>,6-50,1,
" um<n;u" f'g>- ,6, n_" &, PIK... ,~. 0 ..<1". f<g>- "'_" M,,;"'"" 0« u.c
[)jDo.. ''''';.100, 'M. MI _"', Jl6-J ... " '_ '7', J.,.._,"" , nJ Tu",,, 100', JliJ_
J96, __ ' ' ' ). 1ho, , I>< ;",",,", n' Logoo ('" Soul) [",m. m"'«I"""n" . I ... ' u«, i,.
"oK ''''''<pi "", ..... y plo'on ; ~. odopI,d. 11>< "I'tiomh ;p' omong lh< fin' ""'"
pn",;pI<, (God-Monosn><>-Logoo) b<<<, "" , I>< "'" ""nd, CO" b< "'" to ''''"';POl<
Plot in"" """"',h,,, Hypoo'''''' (On<_,mrlk<.· Soul. ...,," th< "",I 01 ... h,"-i n~ ' "
Im,",,,,,n' ' 'f''<' in N"o«) "''' 01"><1)' ' "''''1'''.«1 by ,I>< 1h", 0 "" of Mod""u,
(.~ ... Simpl~;U>, ,. ph,.. ' .130.J.I_>JU1'M',). "" th< olh<. hond, """ rouId u.c
,." , I>< God.Mo""S'""-logo>";,d,, ' "'~;po" ns ,b< "«>plo'""" Proc<Won , nO
R".m·..1><"", 0"'" d< .. , ;b<d .. . ,nod of ll<inS-u,,-M;nd, "I><"
pk'. )';dd<n)" mI,w pot,n'w",y b<c",,,.,,
'"< "m pn"'"_
Kluol;,«I", MinJ '" , I>< p<OC"""" of
u k out of "'"'~ ' " 'f u,"" 100', ..,-,If., ".If., .nd o..;m", lOOIIb. C[ 1""","","
'ilOiI, ,69_" •.
~ cr.• im'to, 'P" .... "",,,,,, "'" '" ,hot d i,,",guiw" ''''''''1\ iou, dO,I""..., God,
ll<l!'"'""g. """," .on" ... ~h. Such 'J"<oUtiom w"" «md<m",d .. I><""y ;".d>-
1M"", ""''''~ , 00 I«"",w "P th< vak" """n, '''''",,''N ,b<m '0 , 1><" lin, Trt.-.d
(~ ..... ","" . ' .... n. 5« S<g.oI l 'm, "_OJ.
o M,"y MSS ofl""" "'" «ad ~ ' ' ' ' "",,,," of ~ e.~ ']1>< G",, '
,nO "'''n '"n.""
of (HoI <l6." """"'.. , nd Ooo(" k .. WU") 'uu<>' ,hot ""
J-'toI<"""", """"""'''''' uw • "'""""rip< ""', "'" ~ 1)0-0... Morro",. lh<
«1 .. «1 \' "'""""" ronun, ",")'"" I"""" ~"'" '" "". 1hrod. 6-1, "P "plKOtly
,hot ""'" "' .
11--'1.
,.u.
M"""8'"" "God: ,.,. "" 'n'
ofjoh" "" . '" l'i\, ..." " ",
"TOl£MAWS A"" T HE J'kOlOGU£'S V AHNT!>llA>I £UG""IS 161
~ ""'" "''' odd ""'" 10 """"'''"'' Ilro; 'n John tot . , S« Ehnn.on t ..'. , "n " . ,
But d , .J" ,obn ','6."; '
lohn U.
L,'
- lobn t U ' .
mol;' ~. no< of th< d<K<noi<" S","',
~ for mmol<,~,; , 00 X..,.. .. """,,
.. Lr<n ...... ...., m...
'p<ok of X"''' " • n> ....
'-' ,-"
f",
to. "'="
.. 06. _",J'ns '" It.< " ........ nt."". John >p<w of tt.< pI.",_
. n" I,,,; or< no< ... oo
H'rro!Y'u, R<f- 6,19_J6 on >:Xc, 1.,0.1, oJ .. do 00<
",y;"
"TOl£MAWS A"" T HE J'kOlOGU£'S V AHNT!>llA>I £UG""IS 163
" lh;, ",m •• """ t.<" I""rlr .... p,,,,'K.J ''''''''', .Jthoogh ,t.< <onun<n,ur "'
q""'''''' p,ob.i>Ir 00. .... <1<",.• from , _ " , h'm,,]f, r<m..rs 00< ..... n from
"" .... "'m "hooI of V_n';n ..... m. Ck"",n' '''',00"''' ,t.< rommmwy ,.molr"
·vakn"n',," (...... lMod. 6, 1) . eo< ,t.< <1;,.",. not"" of ,t.< "",,"" ;n Ox<. llWd.,
... ",S".ru t"""
TUO.uS USIMUS
" s«, <.8-, "')taG " "', "'If.; M. Wil .. m. t9%, JJ--J7; and Dun<\nk'!l000. <6.
~ lb,,,, t><mnly Ad.m , col Eft figu", m furth.. &KriboJ on 'm", ol AJ..m
U.riotolog)· . nd "'rh" 'P<'uI .boo~ S« ""Omu> lOO'J • .
~ "" tl>< <>pin"'" "", ,I>< t.oo:o> "'0> ,I>< ""'s< ol God ,Iw """J .. tho mod<l
ro.- Adam (of Grn t .M-11). .. < ""00. L<:r. , .W;.
" ,,.,kKh. >000. l "_1>t; Du ".kro<,~ """" , ...
TUO.uS USIMUS
pr... ntod the mooel ')'l'em and the <omment.ry attachod to i, a. the
te.ching of Valentinu. him .. K having found t ho L""r to Flora a.
a repre><n ...!>" of F'tolemaeu' own (.nd different) teaching." Not
all ",hoi.,. have .c«pted this solution, but the fact-previously not
token in'o <on.ideration-that Epiph .ni"" while following Iren.eu'
Gr..,k text itself quite faithfully, generally follow. Hiprol)~u. ""her
th an lrenaeu. in identifying t ho yoriou. "heresie.: " 'rea'"
in famr of
the solution propo>«! by Ro=eau and Doutrele.u. Hiprolyt"" bo,h
in hi. Synlagma .nd R_i"t"rjo, pre",nts • "oriant of the mooel 'Y'-
tem a. the te.ching of Valentinu. himself," The",fore, the ascription
of the commentary i n que.'ion to Ptolemaeu. i. probably original to
lrenae"" and not a I.ter addition to the Lat in translation,
How""r, the ascription may not b< completely accurate." It m.y
re!leet a Valentinian t ",dition at t ho t ime of I",n.eu., according to
which Ptolemaeu. had written >commentary on John'. prologue, while
the ,·.,..ion pr.~rvod by lrenaeu. m.y, in f.ct, "em from Ptolemaeu'
studen", Did F'tolemae,.. him",lf then write a commentary on the
prologue at all-which could h"" ""-'n elaborated by hi, "udenu-
wishing to .how how 'he .post le John all uded to the Ogdoadl Thi' i.
rel.tod to the question of whether Ptolemae", himself taught . ple-
rornatic myth or not ," The L"",
to Fu,Nl doe. not explicitly refer to
.uch a m)~h, bu, t he letter i •• on the other hand, only an introouctory
le""n." Mor«l,,,,r, Tenullian ,tat.. t h.t Ptolemae", ""', in fact, the
" a. Thomo",n (1006. t ,_"- JOIj_>O'i) ~'ho ,,,,"id,,,, M". """'. '-'2.1 . . . mi_
. n' of th<"1rr< . - pkrom.o'~y (, .. """""Y'''m ;,od( Wo "'1""'"" 11." .... ><0·,
'rr< 81. "ho>< ... 'ipt .... ,,, , .. "''''''ma,,,", .... probo.blr in..",," to,. t,,,,,,,,,, from
,n .. <Ii<-< """i.loginl wool.
~ s« .,,00.".... t . ." <"_<,,.
TUO.uS USIMUS
~ 'N• • ,'". """. 'I!'; ,"n< d...-. Plok""""",, q"'" ,,' w i.' f/o>oJ"'" \'....
><oIor. Mo. kon-. 1 1""'1. 1 Roo ..... and n,,.,,,,I<,. "-" .... " "p<phoruu, G""k
".i
u".. 1M\ ""' .... "'"..""...... ",.;,-9,""" """"•• ,,, ''''''''''';.... """"', P••.
Holl _ .'-<i.
'L'"
" Hi......, q.i ... , ,~'" "'ok .... "m_,"om. "-.0. 110",. 1.". t Roo .. ... . oo
])0.",1<0. "lO.t; "p<phoru.' G""I;_wh ..h .,"", o.I<n'''oI ,,"h "'" G""I; .00.,_
l)'ing ,I>< "'hn,,J.l ,,,,w;"", " tt""""""""';"; ~"" a;',. '" ,,,,,..,..,,,,,, ....,
M "',,"" 1KOOo..u- ..,.,.J.M"", "'n.J1.U Holl ..... _., th< '«<m~n>ekd
G"" I; u" ."lr'ns "" "'''n, Oi iii ",i ,..tt.";",,..,;,,, ,"".,..","', _ ... . 00
]),,.,,,1<0. ""'. t.t, h. ST. 6.1.
M a.lUdnnann t .. ,. t14.
PTOl£MAWS A"" T H E J'kOlOGU£'S V AHNT!>llA>I £UG""IS 169
ma,k myth." Wi,h Thoma""n I ' hus as' .. ' hat tho 00' ~xpl.nation
of all 'he ava ilable evidenc~ concom ing Ptolomao"" and hi. follow~'"
is 'hat Ptolernaeus did inwn' , he pleroma'ic rnyt~ ""hich """" ,hen
olabora!<d by h i. >luden .. , Gh..,n also the fact , ha' ,he I."'' ' ro Fwra
and ' he Ogdoadk commen'a..,. bo,h ~'" lohn'. prologue as an .ro'-
tolk proof-text for Valon,ini.n theology-a strategy nor a" ""ed in
the Go.!"i of Trurh , wh""" author ha •• imply incorporated Johannine
them". and languago into hi. own thrology-incre.",. , he likelihood
that Ptolomaelli him""lf also in itiated tho process that linked lohn',
prologue to , he V alentini.n Ogdoad. Theother insta nCe> ofVa lentinian
exegesis of the Fourth Grupel a nd its prologue may then be dependent
on Ptolemaeus' inno"'th'e usago," e.pecially if the Gos!"i of Tro,h
""a. not """nen by Valentinu. , or or I..s, if it was not written befo ..
Ptolemae",,' martyrdom in ca. I ~2, Ptolemaeu. h im.elf, hOl....,'·er, may
",..,11 h..,< adopted 'he Fourth Go'r<1 as an arostolic proof-'oxt from
the anti -Moreionite d iscour ... of 'he Roman church .. in the l~
"".'1<, G.. 71.. A""",""'", C"",m."'•., "" ,,",10 ', .P."","i"",•. "'" ... R,w rhO-
Iooop~ ; ><"" "oo;'n ". s."n, '''.1'". ,.....
Camp'nl... "n, H. """, 71.. , '" "".,,,,, of 1M CIon,",," MM, I.• w" ,.. mI .. pM._
do lph'" 'ort" .. , ,.n
Ccn-W"- K , "P\o'""i,m .Dd G.o.hd"", ,''' Anonym.,", Com.,.",-,')' "" ,' "
P. nn< n i& ~ M ;ddi< '" "rop/o'''"''''' C-r"'"," ....... , .... No'""i,,", 11......"
"'t""" 1,..... I· Tum< • • Dd R M.jo''''<- "',., Soc~'y of Hibli<ol Ii".., ...
.,.j
>ympo>i wn s.,-;., ". AtI.n", Sox;'t)· of .0bI .... li' ...,"". 1IlOO, .. ,_ "'.
Cu/P'Pr"" "-A., I""", ,I>. S- of:ulxM., 71.. L'frof. Lq<"', " " d~ ."" "',,,,noJ ;,;.,
of"" ",,' T.~. m<nt , Co.." ...... , U";"''';'y ofSoo ,h c"oIi .. l'u", , ....
,-", I'bm, >C, Num,"'",' r..Z"',"", Pori" Sox"', J 'M;tioo .1<,
,."- ",II<> Jon",...
"1'" ..... in Philo.oo ",,,,,,,,,,," ,, A No<, "" ,I>< '-"'I<, '" fIo>< ~ - ".plio.
Ch"".""" '" I ,..,61 • .,-" .
U.-." 1, R.M., ''''"'''"' of L""". lh, >.uJy ct,,=h fd,,,,. londor..- Ro."~<l!!". ,'fll .
" aJoi, P, f'o<J>h", " ,"dori""" 1 ",Io .. P,n " (, , "', A ,,!!"" _"n<~ , .....
H.m..., A . ' ''''- .".mo" ''''' 6",'1'".'" "''" !rr"w,," ""', "'"' M"""!I"'pIr~ '"'
",,,,hid, ,, d<, ';n.ndlT<"g m .. ,0/;,,,",, KirrM• ...,., "'pri"'ro ])"m"..k.-
w i'''n>d" ft h,I>< "ochg<>,u ..luft. , .....
".oS'l M.• 1M i<>Iw""i", 00K>""". I. Bow"' ''- ,.... ri, 1.0"00".- SCM ; """,",1_
ph'" Tn .. " y p,,,, ,..",, ","""01, .....
H ilg<n f,ld, A., 1M K""'J<"'/'i,h/,.kr Um.ri"""",",, , .... "",I",rd Lr i p'~ ,,""-
,%,.
-
HW , C.£, " " i<>Iw"" i ... Cc,!,,,, ,.
,_j j . L>I< gri< ' ~ I",hm ,hn .. I ~ I>< n 5<h " . " , II<, dr, ,,"," d«i ,"""U" dr", " ,
,,,,, !>Mr.
Lrip<'so " im ldu, , .. ,.
jm "., R.M., U...."'•..ai'l Ur'" C"m'''', A". London.- Roodrd!!". 1000.
""""~, ,._1> .. "l'"I,*" ..k otl";. .... d , ~ " ~ m< l .... ngIIr: ... """m.",,"'; jaM" '
'''I"' " "'" ""Wi"" '-" ".,.,,,.,, "' I .... "~k "' ,,,' .'" - . ~"'"~" ,",k~
I.·D. """"~, J.·M. """" .00 I. 7... m",in, ro. .. lr mondr dr ~ bObk. """''''' w...-
,, ' Odn, ,..... " j _J"".
Wop<. p .. "-om P." '" ,'.k"Ii,,,,,· "'''''',,"'., ""'"", '"' ,';", T"" Cr".'~"
M. 'tr'"",u",. '.. o~ .. MI"""poIi..- 'ort "'~ 1OOJ .
loY'oo. " .. 7", ,,""',., Xri~'""" A N", Tr" .. """" .. '" .. ,,,,,,",,,,", • ..a ,,'roJ...-_
''''''. G.. dr. C"y. N.Y..- ",,"bird.y. '''7.
LipojU>.IlA .. l .. QudIr""'dil",, EJ"rM"_ Vim"", "',"mid"',
U\h'. W., 'u doctr\"" dr "" , .un. ~ ~ "" I fI"n dr P<oII"",,: ""'"' JlrUloi,,,'
,.M.
"' ,n'Ioropir" mip'"'" " (''''). '''_]91.
l Udr""nn. G., , I>< '1i" "'1 of "'rli< .. o",,,,,";,yio _ : 110, }ooornal . , ".gIr<,
e ri ..",", I ' '''), '"_''''
-"'i<" '" R, 7", """""'" Omch Tn' , Tn,.,",,,,,,, . • ..1 Gmr"""'.?,, Stoo"" In
G«<k . od "",""n Rdigion ' . ' ~Idm .- "'ill ' ....
" "'''''I<h, M .• rd., ".pp,>I:rr= "'1"'.''''
Stud;.. ". II« lin.- d. G , u>"" ,.86. """"'"'" """"i""" P"n"I,,", T .." uod
".rlKh .... G, ,'.w,,,"",
c",,,;n.,' u.""",""",,,. '", ......, """'";,,,"'" """", mil
=""'" S"''"'"
, i",," """'_",., f ..
,um N, ...n T'''.m<" t . ' , TOm"S'o.- MoJu, IP.id """"'. 1.
__ - valr." """ u""" """,,.- Tew" d ,I« A" """,y of, School.' .,'"
,.n.
".k"Ii'~ WI",""ho.1>d-.r U. ' m ... h"ng<'
,".r
11........1
Libmry ..jtN
ecm,""""",,,,,. ,.
' '!<1
y,." .- f'ro<u-JIW of ,10. , .., ""in, of Bilm,oI ".. ".""
Tu" ", ",d ... " <G uir<, '"'-. "'II '''mm><ti.od M ... ~hor . "
Stud;., ". LrOko.- "rill. '''7.
__ """, R,,,.,,,h on I'<oInn.ru, G""," ",,: Zril.mnji '", A""I " "'''',,","'" •
IlIlOO), " ' -, ....
" "-'g<'. II."., 1M (l""," . , ' " ' N.... T,,,. ,,,,," II, ""T", v.-..Ior"""', ....
"rn iji<."U, Ox/",J.- ct.... """" P'''', , .. ,.
PTOl£MAWS A"" T HE J'kOlOGU£'S V AHNT'>llA>I £UG""IS 171
Einor Thoma"",n
Unh'ersity of B<rgen
, o. wil '" " ><d 'n th., ''''y .. ... .obbo<,,,",,," .... Orig<'" romm" ",,,), "" to.
Goop<I of john. t "'" "" """"'" by Ci<;I, l\J"", (1.7I>-tO%);" to. Sou.-"" , h.. _
Ii,,,,,,, ("'~"" Co",,,,,"'_;,, ,.r S i"'.)'
, " ,;;.; ' ............. i"'" ~"'). ... &,,,,..,«,,,,, '''0", 6.1'-'-
, t""",,,," ~d>. ..... H .'- Al'hough l<.,...,u, "n, w noth'og""", "hou, Mm,
" ;. """ ...",hy!ho, """" kon ' "" I'loinnxu, m th, only ",","tinion> """t""""
by no ... ;" ,h;. P-"'-'g<.
, T, rtull"" I '.t 4.1. Lik< t""",,,,, T","U.." ><=, ... know no mo.-< oi>oo,
",,,,kon ,"'" h., ......
, tn ,.,,, of "" ,""<TI'1y "","nt;og doubt, ,boo,
" .ppoIyt u, oi Rom< .. tl"
, ,,"'" of th;. h<,, ~.J .....-l «'-
s;""""~; 1000). ' ..... "f..- '0
~ only by~,
<Oft"'"'.....1 t"" "',"'.';'. i, ""nt"""" .. , V",,"';n"n """,,
10 .. ",,"'''''''
th", h",,' (6.4, 6.' •. " "'H) (not only 0"«." "'~,
, n" "",,..,,, 'nly ... "
m .....
IlOO6. 17'il-
• ,-", ~'" '0'''''' th.o, ",,",<on ",,,,,kon (""udo·T,,,ullion, > ~ "'';" '' ~p'ph_
"" "'. lh,odo<<I. P.-.Not""" " ', A"!! ..... "', Pket,,,,, '" """"" "",,,_<t, "'''''''
"'''''y .. <",;1,,, •.
, ,I>< ,<a,,' ""mp< 0,' KaI<.- . nd "",,..,,, (>0061 '0 "goo< ,hot Orig<n dOd not
=m""" "...<lro" , """ohn',"', """",,·'oc."!!-,I><
pop" (~ ,t"" l""",,_1 00..
ph, ... ' ........ "'''' """.
""ply t"', ong<n hot! ony . - , ,boo,
not
II"",,,,,,, ', odh",",< '0 V""n"n" " doc,';n" . It;. , I>< ,.!h<, "rong<' dum ,"',
""",kon ".. , ,....."."'" oi I'..... o .. n"'. ,"', ;~ • pupil '" '" " ""'''" I""oonalfy
'"
Since h e i> mentioned by Irena""., Herad""n must have ~n
• well-known figu," by 180. Thi. fac t lend. plausibility to the v;'w
rel"'rteci b)' Origen, that he was. personal •• >oci.,.
of Valentinu .. '
Valentimu i ...id by lren.eu.to h.,,, been act i... in Rome from the
l~O. to the 160>.' It ..,em. th.t H.radoon .1.., wo,keJ in Rome, .. i.
suggested by hi. attribution 10 the "Italian ""hoo]" in the Rrj","rjo, ••
well .. by other circum".nti.l eviden ... ~ N",..,,,hele ... it i. note ...o,-
thy that H.radeon', commentary on lohn (or any ot her work by him)
i. m<ntionM neither by Irena.rn nor by Clement of Alexandri •. Thu.
it i. qui .. po»ible that Her.d""n wrote fhi> work only ,oword. the
end of the ",",ond c<ntury, .......ther m"UTe man."
H.racl""n', commentary on John i. known only through the quota-
tiono citeJ by Orison. Thor. are 48 ouch quotation •• of , .. rying length,
in Origen', commentary. A couple of additional fragments from other
><qu<int«l .. ;th ,I« """". ,hot on~ n ,<pOrt, .... • !Ernu, .... mod< l>y ",hn~ II,
roW.J """"'U"Y hn' DO ~ ",.b.nd knowk.iu h i"", lf of UKh • m""',- (C[ """""'
' ' '' , H ' ... th< ph"", u",<l [,...",' .... 1 ~QU)d h.,-dly b< .,,",01. .n!< .. " ","ekon
had .... " • prom;""" """,",,, of tl>< ",hooI ".'u.s u.. Uk"",, of \''''n'' •• ~ 1
I am inclj""d '" Ih;nk oho, who< Ori~n won" to ..y ,.;0), 0)", "1''''''''' i, tho,
1I""k",, ;, "'" only. 10110 ..", of V"", ntu"" doct,;"" buo m n '<pOrt,,] ,,, ho,..
.... n h;, 00100< .""'..... whKh ...." him .n ""m m,,,, ,",bon,,,;,.. "'I""",n''';,..
of ,·o!m"n"n',,".'''' ""tho,,' furth< , d.;m in d>< . rtOck tho, 0.;&<" ,nJ..,,,,,,,
'" d;,.o d " " H,,,,k,,,, from vokn"n ""',," r.ili ,,, ,ill ;.,,, .,"''"",. "umb<, of
.. ""~. whOch >how Ih.. o.-wn ,,,,,;,,,,""Ir ".oJ. "mek"n ·.. ndd ........... ,· . n<! K<,_
rioIogyon , he ",.mp''''n oIwt I-.. ,.. P"'I"""nl of th< .....,",,""". doc,,;", ofliud
h.""n ..... "'.. (Simoo<'"
Ar.nd 1917, .,-,"mOOw"
,'166-,..., [d. ... m""')' 1'\'. 6'_641, " 'hl'''''''g '"''
, .... W""I«>pf< nn;g 1001. '1--1'. '6'. b'_I%. 111_"'1 .
•
....
' " "'" p"",ding no". 1'" """"""' l>y "~I (100<, """""I.Ih" · ",",,,k.,.
,,"""mlr ""' .. P"oon,J <li.. ipl< of Vokn"nu, ;. bo"d "" " m;';n",'P''''-
"on of M ...""eh .... (''''. <)OJ. ~' ho only "",,,to (~· it oo.., wppIying "l\"""n",
oIwt "mekon .... not .. eloo<1y linhd '" Vokm'nu, .. ""' ;, u"",oIIy ".d • .,
.""n><- (,f..ol>o ".00d<~.
,I« ..... ).
'''1. '''' M.,-k"'h .... 200', ,>6;. mo" .n<!,,,,,,,d on
• 11-.. do,,, con b< .k<i""d from ''''••,.~ Ad• . !won. J .U . s., 11.0... ''''' ''''''''"
<11_·ln.
• U"mon (I"',I..... ) "" t OO! '0 ""' .. tho, 11".<1",,, ""'". ·W ... "'m- fo.-m of
,I« "" of )oftn, bu, W",I><'P""n;g (>00,. >O-Jl) 000''''''' "" "''' "'''Kat "";&0«
u.conclu",",. ,"" u" l«" ( 1""', ,,;;) .... rt,,] ;n h~ ;",ro<I",''''n to II>< Ga «I ..... of
o.'Un ,ho, ",0-.<1""" ,-,,,,,, ,,,,,,.;n<d t.hn"m~ """"sh '" d;d no< pro'''' , nr
" ... pI<. Id. W ...I«ry>f,nrug >00,. >67nJl). '''' ".,..ibiI"r ,lut " ...<ken ~... at",
"""w Im-. "hil< in Ab.. nw-;,. ,, ~."""'l! "'I><,~ W"''''>pf<nnig 1100'. 311) ) "'3_
11'''', ~ ""''''''i''-
" cr. " ;11 100<. "'1_""'- ""'""gh;n my or"'"'" "ill "h" on th', "ll"""n' from
,;k",,< ",I«, lco "",,'<l,ntly.
works by Heradeon h ..'e ~n pr~r....,J by other authoro_" The ."i-
denee , ugg"" that hi. work a. a ",riter was largel)", perhaps ..du-
.ivel)", de...oted to exege.i.; in add ition to his comment.r)" on lohn, he
m.)" h ....e wmpos<'<l comment.rie. on Luke and Matthew a. ",ell. " A.
far .. we know, Herod""n was the fi,,, Christi.n theologian to ",rite
a .ystemati< commentary on an authorit . t" " text."
Commenting on .uch texts. in order to extract their .piritual me.n-
ing, ",a. in it",lf not a nO'o'el pur>uit among t he Valentini.n •. The
Valentinian Ptolemaeu ••• "'rt'" in hi. ulur '0 Flora, tha, ·we shall
draw the proof. of what ",e say from the word. of our Sa"iou" for
thro ugh the", alone are "'.. led without stumbling to th e comprehen-
.ion of that whi<h i. (3.8), " Scriptural proof wa. considered e... ntial,
Thu. , Irenaeu' report on the doctrine of the V. lentinian. in t he first
p.rt of Book I of Agai"" H<mi" include< • serie> of texts, taken from
Matthew, Luke, lohn and Paul'. lette". According to lren.ew, t he
Valentini.n. provid.,J t hese text, •• proof•• claiming t hat they wn-
tained ",ikd .1Iu.ion. to .pedfic featur.. of t heir mythology (A.d •.
h"". 1.8,~). Valentini.n "Titing. """, generally stud ded with q uo-
t.tion, from, or . lIu.ions to. the go.pel. and Paul, B)" writing com-
ment.rie", therefo,e, Herodeon w;" in a sense onl)" taking one step
fu rth er a practice t hat wa. already an intogral element of Valentini.n
theological discour:s<.
Origen', commentary on John, wh i<h indude. the extant fragments
of Herodeon', commentary, i. it.. lf incompletely pr"",,,,ed-of t he
origin.lIy at I"""t th irty-two books, only nine have come down to u •. ~
The full scope of Herodeon', commentary i. therefore unknown. The
fragments we ha", consist of the followin&,
'00.
Frg. Frg. '00.
" '00. '. .M ,,' "'.
,, U,,
" lJ2Ul
1023 H3 .." H2
H6- 18 " " 8,2 1
8,22
,'"
L4
Ll7 )
LI S
u,
,,• 1026
"" 1,13-16
H7 W
H9-20 "" SAl 8,37
.""
UI
U 6-17 lJ9 4J2 ""00 U./
• US
U9
UO ""n U2
4JJ
8, ~ 4
8,4.
'" M ,~
"" 8,lO
," 4 ,2 ~
n 6
OS
"" 4 ,)1
02
~ " 4,J}
4J·4
;;
"" 4 , J~
4,)6
4,36
"" 4,)7
OS
"" 4,J\I
~ , .w
"" 4 ,42
4,46- "
'"
From this list it emerg ... ,h., ,t.. pr ...,',.,j pans of H.r:acleon', com-
mentary <s .. nrjally cove" ( 1) • f.". ........ of 'he prolog"", (2) the
testimony of Joh n the Baptist. (3) ,t.. journey of I..,;u. 10 )ermalem
and the cl<aming of the temrJ<, (4 ) the story of the S.maritan woman
. , the well, ('l the dialogue with the J;><:iples o>n food and t l>< har-
""" in lohn 4,31-38, (6) 'he "ory of the healing of the royal oflied.
so n (Ioh n 4A6-H), and (7) lhe d ialogue with the jew, in lohn 8. It
i. uneenoin whether Herod<on', commentary co,-ered the whole text
of 'he go.pel, " ond whether O rigen reponed on of Heradeon', exoge-
,i. e,,,,n in the ~xton' book. of hi. o wn (omm~nt.ry. " It i, diffieul, to
beliew ,h., Heradeon did not commen' on lohn \,\-2, for ;ru'.nee.
" Ori!!". mu" no 1"~l.<m" «De<> to " ....00).., • .... , """" ' 0 ol h;, ''''''Dr''',,), .
• 11.< ,m.uti"" of "mekon" "'11",-" "" ,"orly"'" OriII"n', m. " """,V<
10.-
.... ~ ' ''l! h" <om"".,,,), "" 100 •. ' n r..-l. H."dro. " oft• • '",rodocro only "",-..-d,
,I.< <nO ol o.;gm', """ <1;""" .... ol. " ''''.
on
and why Origen i ••ilent about hi. interpretation of th ... v.t .... (_
below) i. an oren qu<"ion.
In ,hi, """-y. tm, main fealures of Heradeon', <xoge.i. of tm, peri-
COf'<'> listed .bo,',
will b< Jescril>eJ, t>.fore I go on to di .m.. hi. rer-
're<,;ve on the Go.pel o[John and hi. approach to the text in general.
Heradeon maintain. 'hot the "".ment "all th ings w.re made through
him' (fohn 1.J) mean. ,h.t t il< logo. " .... the cause through which t he
co.mo. was made (f'1\. I, 0. 2.14.100- IOJ ). This implies, however, thaI
( I) the l.ogo. wa. not the cau .. of t il< aeon, 'hot iI, the tr.n>eenden,
realm (100) , a nd that (1) whereas the work of creation ,"'os p<rforrnecl
by the demiurge, t he logo. "10' the effoctive cau.., which, o['<rating
through him. enabled the dem iurge to create (102-103).
The logos i. the .. me., the Saviour, H Her.d.o>n """, explicitly
in frg. ~ (0. 6.20.108-117, at 108). Thi. i. st.nd.rd Valentinian termi-
nology, " The notion th.t the Saviour-Logo. was the formative age"t
in creation i. common V. lentini.n doctrine," as i. the ide. that t he
demiurge i. a mere tool wielded br the higher demiurgic rower." In
fod, Henel..,n', interpretation of lohn U .. a text referring to t he
demiurgic role of the Saviour_Log.,." find. parallels in Ptolemaeu'
ILl'" 10 Fu,Nl (3.6) and in 'he Exurpl,j,om 7hroJo'Uf (4~.3)." ThUs.
M ,,,""'" ' A.b. """. 1.1.6 (,nd); Rif."'io~ . JH' "". lMw1. I, 1. ,~ \'.1. hp.
J> (ptoo.bly).
» ,,~, '"""u ~ ~.b. M<,. ",-,_,-,." he. " hrod. "---<7, 1'01. Exp. " _,,. Wu"""
to , '" \'u,n< .... "" "&, K"""", n~ h, """h "'"
pf,on;g .." n, , .. , .",,,din!
~...oo.m """h o.n IJ<m'"'U" S'"holkn jo," (100', Ill ). 1hi, ,.;..,.-, ""',"
~'" 'nro.m, h i' «..Lng of "" f"S""n' .n" h;, und","'nJ'"s of H'nd,~', «Lo_
,.... "';p,.;!h V,kn';nw.mn, i, ,,""'dy i"""un" (.. ;, ,'" ",,,,nt"' '" '""" u~
My. '-'. J .' ] .', "hOc" 1"'"''''''"''""'3 oddoct ... rn.ltnct). '''' ,.. to ,htm.rt.·"
'til "' "''''''';". It """"" '" oddtd, ho"",,,, ,hot • o.m;"'l!Oc ,01< i, oft,n ....gotod
'0 Soph"' .. _ II, . nd th", ;n, ' , ~, , ,,""' ... ')"t<m on .n,mp! I"" dom'r """ modt
'0 hUIDOfliu tht "'f'<C"" "'''''wg;o fu""'''''' of ,'" S''''"m on<! Soph ... St,
lho<n..><n I..J, '31_'+0 .
• St, lho",.."n , .0 • .,,,,ho"" 1"', J.,_J%.
u lh, poi"' i, " '" modt ;n f'8- "(0. " ....
u St, "'" 0 '" '1"' 1966, l1_,'" 1'.-"0. ..
I '"I.
"'on..... " >006.0, "'_" •.
'"
his exegesis of this v .... rep,<><nts > traditional ro/'C, of Valentinian
O1eg ... '"''
In Va lentinian theology, t ~ S.,iour i. brought fort h ... panicula,
moment in the ..h .. t io n narrati",-" After the paMion. te and f.llen
.""n Sophi. h.d repentNl and t urn.,a ,oward. the pieron .. for hdp,
the aeon. collectively proJuced and >en' forth the Savio ur. He healed
the p=iom of Sophia and brought o,d., 10 the t wo .ub".n'e< or
force. that had come into ex;stenco.,. ,esul, of her pu.ion and her
conversion, m.tt" and souL Thi. organ izing .cth'ity con"i,ute. hi.
, ,,,,mogoni. work. Since the Saviour-logos do<. not exist from the
beginning of the n.r ... , ive, one wonder:< how H ... d""n m.y h ....
"pl.in<d John I ,]-2, and why On!:"n ")'8 nothing .bout h i, exegesis
of the>< ,",""<0 Perh.p. H.rad""n contented h im",lf wi th ob .. rving
that t he Logo. exist"" t>.fore the cre.tion of 'he world. AI'ern. 'iwly,
he m igh' h .." >!a,ed ., ,hi. poin' 'hot 'he Saviour-logos contained
within himself the .nt ire divine fulln.,,, .. ,h.
systematic '",.ti ....
habitually do when the)" de5Cribe the gener. tion of 'he s.."iour.'"
Nei'her statement would haw!>Nn ob~tionabl. to Origen.
At a ny ... te, Heracleon interprets ,it ..hm., ".11 'hings: a, mean-
ing the co,mos, and he und ..>!and, the Logo> .s the trans<endent
demiurge who prm'ided it wi,h form, The higher , ..1m of the aeon" i.
no' included in ". 11 th ings.· Or igen a' this point . « use. Heracleon of
H "" ... .00 <xi,,,. J,tfmn' <X'S'0icaI ''''Ii'.... 'n "unhni. "" m. whi<h .""
John', prolog"" .. p«»f"" "" ,I><"')" 0/" . p<""",Jiol Ogdood ,,,,,.;<tinS 0/" ""
"'oI><'II"'''n,,, • "OOCW"".rr,.oh , LogooIlif' , "."'"W.... I' ... n... ~ M,.
""" . l.3.>,':"'. 1"-1. 6-7). Hm. "o""S""', i, Mknhfi<d with tl>< .0.,,1>< 0/" ,I><
prolog"", ,00 -"" t.osoo ;n ,I>< .0.,,1><" i. ,I>< mol< 1"''' 0/",,,, foUo~'''S o<on~ ' Y'ysy.
In ''''n..... Ad,."-'. L• . ' . John U i. thm tw n '" m,,.n oIut "'''' t.osoo b<cam<
,I><<0""" 0/" "" 1<>< ... _ and ,'" ori~in 01".11 "'''''' , tt", hjm" IS« 1I,,,,,,,,,,,,n
' 0060. ' ''-''' , '''-'''1· 'Ih~ ",on ,oI<J Logoo .. "" t o '" "",fu .. with ""
Logoo .>«1 .. , """'" fo< ,'" s..riou, (.. 00.. Qui'l'd t%6. lS; "",«tty_n«d
d
by W",,"'''''', nni! pOO', "",,7'01-"'ho, ho ..., .... " fo.ik "' ... ,I>< "",n' ," ;.knhty 0/"
' '''"d'''''''',&''i' ",iOh ,"', 0/" Ptok"",,", , 00 Ex<. llwod. .,.J).
~ ,," "1,«Wlr ,... " ... ~ Ady. ' - . La; U.'.4; L• . '; fxc ·IItNJ. ... ' ....".1;
Rif.,",.,6.l', Tri. T"" . ........
M ,........ ~ Ad •. ... , . n ' ,4; ' ''. >, ,:x.-. ',!.rod. ""_J, ",,,,,_,., 6.Jl.l_', Tn.
T"". ' 7.1,->6; .... -'0; \'aI. r..;.. 3J.
H 1<",. .k on·, .", of ~~ ... in "" ~ "!luJ .,. i. " "" by W"""'",,mnis ... n ' 'W''-
"",n' fOO" diuocio"ng h'm from ... in~ ...' m "okntinio"',m (100'. ' ' '_':WI. Ho"'.... ,
.. "'''''"","""niS him .. '" """~ "" ""gill" Ionn 'f'P<'" both in """ oI"vol,n""",
f"g"",n" {f'1I- ' I and ;n Tri. T"" . 7<.t_1. ','" S""'''' prinei"" <ho, t'" ,....
no"",
m "porly ">«I both "" "" " ...,,,n<kn' •..,d<l .. . ...hoI< ,00 i" indirid .... "",m_
","" "'.. 00",,,,«1 ~ "I!" by K" j _" WI" IlO1(I. '7'0_''''.
introducing.n . rbitr.ry limi,,,ion in hi. int"pre,.,ion of 'he word.
of the go>l"'1. It m'r be ob",,,,ed, hOWfl'Or, ,h.t Origen him",lf d i.-
cu.",. 'he question of wheth .. certain pro'ologico.l en,i,je, migh' not
h..'e come in'o being t hrough 'he Logo. (0. 2,72-99)," giving the
imp .... ion that 'his w» .Ire.dy a debated i»ue among 'he exeg"""
Some, he >ays, are of t he opinkon th., t he Holy Spirit did no' come into
being 'hrough 'he Log,,", though he him .. lf hoW. 'hat it did (73-88),
It i, de.r '0 Origen, on 'he o,her hand, 'hat -,he Beginning- in which
'he Logo< "w • • : . nd which Origen iden,ifie. with t he divine WisJom,
m<LIt have prKeded the Logo", .nd that . ince -life- and -ligh,- we ..
"in- 'he Logo., t ~ a ttribu,es could not h.w come into being through
him (89-90). Against ,hi. b. ckground, ' he exclu.ion of 'he .eon from
"all ,hings- by Her.deon (who might, .. a V.len,ini.n, h"", argued
'hot the whole tr""..:enden' re.lm in a ",nse exi", "in " 'he Arche _
Monotone,), 'ppe'" r.,her Ie" ex,rav'g.n, ,han Origen i. making
ou' .
In commeting on the testimony o{john the B'pti" (John I: 19- 34: frg.,
~-lO), Herodeon i. especially interested in 'he allegorical me.ning of
'he figure of the Bapt i" himself Thr« • • pect. of Herodeon'. interp .. -
,.,ion of the Bapti" will be ment ioned here. First, Heradeon re..,lv,",
'he con'radic,ion be,ween 'he Bapti"" own deni. 1 'hat he i, FJij.h
or. prophe'" (john 1:2l) a nd 'he Saviour', . ... rtion that he i. bo,h,
in Matt I U 1,13-I ~ " By m.king. distinc,ion bet w""n 'he Bapti,,'.
inward nature-"john him ... lr -on the one ha nd, a nd -,he 'hings
. bou, him"-hi. -dot hes"-<on 'he other (frg. ~ : 0, 6,20.111-114),
Herad""n ca n cl.im 'hat 'he B'p'ist "'-• • indeeJ . prophet .nd Dij.h
wi,h regard '0 hi. outward 'ppearance, while inw.rdly he was more
,han a prophet, as the Saviour him",lf confirmed (Matt 11:9-1 -1; Luke
7,26--28)."
• '" ["'c ;, ;, th" d;.ouWoo ,"-0, fum" ,ho: ""''''' ['" "" N<lo>o;ns tho: "f';n"", of
",,,,Iron ..lu:n qooh ng tlu: fim &'S"""' from h;m ", 0. ,.".t OO- '",-
• Origo:" ,rook. " ..."Iron for '""'3,. ,d;"3 th, do:fin;" .n"a. ;" " '''''';'''1,
(""'" ""'.ni. a,,"," (''''. 107_'''"1 '"W'" tho, "".,a."" . """"r "-0",
~kaj tho: "t"a.. ~na: ;, ;• • be .to..:", from ",to", ,<x,...! ,.;,"""'.
~ 1h ;, <""".u~ , "", .. '" "",,",>«I Orig<"' '" "-"'hn-r"n'"l! 1001. 103_l<H.
",,,,W,,
" '" I"',>ph .. ~ ng tho:,<x,
",,,,M '. ",,,,,,,,," ",m. to uoo", • • nu ... i""" , , , , , .,. ;"
from th, 'moP'" ., ..;""" """"',,., <ni ...
tlu: """
S<.:ondly, H .. adeon takes up tl>< ,,,If-deocription of the Baptist a.
"the mice of one crying in the wiJJern.... • (John U3 ) and explain.
that the relation.hip i>etw«n the Baptist and the ,.vio ur i. like
that i>etween the ~ and the ~ (f.,;.~, O. lox. dr. 108-111 ).
Mor..,.,'er, Heradeon a""n., 'he general da .. of prophets (~a""
xf'O'!"l ndJ '''~'';) i• • itu.,ed at one step down in t his hiera rchy, they
are the "«ho' (~~o.;). The trip>.nition logo,-voice ·echo i. a literary
commonpl.« / ' which wa. well established in the Valentinian tradi-
tion Y Heradeon al"" .. y. that the voic. i. capable of being turned
into logo" Just a. t l>< f.male can become m al. and til< echo can be
changed inlo voic•.
Thirdly, Her.deon sees the Raptist as repr<><nting the demiurge (frg.
8; 0. 6.39.194-202). Wl><n the Rapti" proclaim. that he i. unwo rt hy
to unt'" the thong ofCh ri,,', >andaJ (John U7), Heradeon read. this
a. the d.rnlurge avowing that he i. unable to "'plain and r<>ol,'e the
design regarding t l>< Saviour', fl.,h 1m:. ';':'V<t~'" m:.& Iil~ril<><ro6a 1 ~
i,"l~oo", n,v ~.p\ "'''~<; oi~oVOJ'i"v [198)) .
A .imil.. st.ternen' i. made in frg. 10 (0. 6.60.>06-J.(7). When the
Baptist call, Christ "the lamb of God' (John 1029) and not a full-grown
ram, I>< is .peaking, Heradeon explain •• with th e imperfect under-
st.nding of someo ne who i. only a prophet. That i. why he refers to
the ,,,,-jour a. an incomplete animal. In contr. st, when the Bapti.t
say, ·who lake. aw.y the .in of the world : h •• peak> in t he capacity
of oomeone who i. "more than a prophet." In t l>< first ca><, the Bapti.t
.peaks about the Saviour', boJy. in the ""cond about "him who is in
the boJy." In this fragnl<nt, the Baptist .peaking • • a regul .. prophet i.
comp>.rable to the demiurge in f'g. 8; bo,h .peak only abou, t he boJy
of ,I>< S-aviour and do not perc.i,'e the S-aviour'. internal natur<.
The", fragmen" iUust"'te ><veral characteri,,;' f.atures of Hera-
cl<-on'. exeg.,i •. Fi"t. he "",ks to harmonize John and the synoptic,,"
and i, concerned to ",,,,I.., app>.r<n' contradiction. bet wffn the goo-
p<l>. S<.:ond, he pal" attention to th e pr«i.. choice of wo,d. 1\><IlV~.
a~v&;. ~&,,) a nd d.wrly exploits their ",man'ic conno'ation<. Third,
of" ,,,,,,,",,,,,,,, ..,.,.;,"'" ("' .. I I L.; luU nb; d. f~. 10). .ulhoos" ,M, ",.ding ;,
• ..-k.... ,-d 'og<tl." w;u, I"" "''' of,,,,, ph,_.
~ W"'''''<pf,"";g "'''. 2,._1>1.
H S« ''''n''' .... Ad>. Iou •. I . IU, ~ A """OoIogi<.ulpigru,K,ml ,",hoc",," Od"",n
..,.00 , oJ m,,," ;"!;, . 1., mod< ;n Go~ r .. lh B; Th. T_. 61, tl', 1"- Woo"",_
r"nnig 00....,. """,;on ,o" v . ~"';,,"" 1",.Jl<b.
~ 1.< .. M.no.-.oo "uk<; u,,", ;, no "MIone< tlut "" u><d .... , • .
h. ollegori"" char«,... and objKts mentionM in the text a. typ<> of
'"
mythological figu ... or idea. (fohn the Baptist _ the demiurge; Christ',
.. ndal _ hi. bOOy ). The.., exeg<tical orer.tion. all .....e, of cours<, 10
Justify. specific 5e1 of thoological ide ••. It is not alway. '''y, how-
ever, to rKomtruct exactly what th • .., idea. are . One of the problem.
ari 'i ng concern, ,he exact relationship between lohn the Bapti" .nd
the demiurge. If'he Rapt;" i • • type of the demiurge, may it then ""
assumed that "'e'}~hing which i•• aid about the Bapt;...1.., applie.to
the demiurge? Doe. the demiurge have an innor "",lr which i. ,up<-
rior to hi. external 'pre,,,,n«, just .. the inn .. ",If of John the Baptist
is "more than. prop""" and cap.ble of understanding more of t he
S,viour th.n hi. body' And i. the demiurge 100 like the voice that will
l>Kome logo:;, viz. lhe fem.le ,h.t will be changed into mal<'
lhe problem h ... i. that Val<ntinian texts normally o""rate with
.n ontological hierarchy of matter, soul and .pirit, Each of the", .ub-
st.ne<. originated in a d istinct mental st.te of Sophi'" matter derived
from her pa .. ion, ooul from her re""nlane< and com'ersion. and .pirit
from the joy . h. felt when .he saw the Sa>'iour coming toward. her,
lhe .piritual "",d of Sophia will, after having been incarnated for a
while in humam, be redeemed and enter into the pleroma. The .p.y-
chic" being>. however. who", .... ne< i. soul. and who indude both
human. and co>mk 1"''''''''',
will atta in .. Ivation on a lower le\'<l-at
least ,hat is what >orne of ,"" >ource. "",m to .. y" The demiurge
is comistently described in Valentini.n texts a. a p.ychk being, and
Herodeon dearly adher.. to thi. view, a. i. >hown in particular by frg,
40 (_ below). lohn 'he B'p'ist, on 'he other hand, "",m. to t ransc.nd
the .. categori ..; "" ap""ar. to be p.ychic, like t he d.m iurge, and at t ""
... me tim. sp iritual. by virtue of what he i. "hi m""l£."
No issue has been more d isc"""" by scholars studying th e frag-
m.nts of Heradeon than hi. view. on the categorie •• piritual p.ychic
and material. and opinions vary consid.rably. Some schola .. have
maintainro that H.radeon .ubKribes to a strict determinism of ..1-
va,ion .nd ""rdi'ion ""cording to whether one is horn with a .piritual,
M "g""'. t ... " "p«c.I.r f'P . 106_ ' '''; _ t o , "';_t%7, s.imon<t" 1991,
"""wolf ''''''. t '+-11>, )\ob ......... " , ....
H Longert..,k t"'. 67_7>; M<ilik"b"'g .., ,, AI.." ..71. AI"''''r H,'"ri<' (tI",
, ..) obon=I t1w. ·So "h ... nl. ...,rot, dn hiufig ~ ,h ",',"nOOk",", " "'h.upI""S
<In >.0""5'''"'' p",um>O 'Kh<n N.. u, au, G"",,n ,";"h<" ,,",um>1;urn .00
P')', hilnn:
~ I'."".' .., .. r'gd. ",'n D""o," ,.,..
H W",h<<pf,"n;g >00,. ,>p<ruJly pp. '''_''7, lJundnb<'l! ""'", .. ,_ , ...
....,a ,,'hieh 'he o,h." lackod, although I think ,hi. i•• distinct f'O" ibil-
'"
i.y_ W ith rog.ard to ... h.tology, Heracleon new, .ugg.. ts that spiritu-
at. and psychic. will attain different kind. Of level. of .. h-.,ion, " Nor
doe. "" "Ole that p.ychic> will eventually l>ecome 'piri,,,,,l. (which
would probably be an ;ncon",,' use of tern" .inc•• for Her.d<on,
those .atego.i •• primarily relot. to the , .. rious kind, of re<eptivi'y 10
the Saviour ra, her than to ultimo" soteriological """,). How,,'.r, he
come. >"<1)' dOli< 10 .ugg."ing t h.t p'ychic. will be lr.nsformM inlo
.pirit by qu",;ng I Cor 1~:'4 in fragmen t 40.
To conclude by wuming to John the Baptist, it ""'m. t h.t t he
ambigu ity of ,hi. character .ri"", from th e fact ,hat he, a., prophet,
.. essentially part of the old di'l"'n>a'ion, .nd in th.t .. nse p,ychic,
like the demiurge, although he i. not n"" .... ,ily I"'ychic in 'he sen ..
of no' being 'piri'LW. In f",t. hi, being more than a prophet and hov·
ing a ,up<rior inn" "",Ir which i. able to p<rceiw the true nature of
the Saviour ,ugg'" that the !!.apti" i. a 'piritu.1 p<""n a. weU. Thu ••
beeau .. the category of the p'rchk has a double m .. ning. and bee.u ..
the Bapti .. "and, at the ,-ery point of t,..mition between the old .nd
the new dispen .. tion. H.rod""n .. en" to ha"e been .bl. to conceive
of him. exceptionaUy. a, being both p.ychic and .piritual at once.
1.3. thr /X,anl info ,Irr World a>l<i ,he Ckan,ing of/he T,mp/e
,ro,,", ha, de",ended from he.ven. ,""cording ' 0 'he Go.pel of lohn, he
;, from .bow. ""nt in' o 'he world (3, 13.17.31, 8,23. etc.). Thi' idea . u p·
pli .. 'he framework for much of Herod""n', allegorical interpretation
of re"," act> in ,he go.pel . ThLU. when ,es", 'went down" (~",i~~)
into C.pern.um (John Ul). ,hi •• igni~eo for him ,he de",.nt of
the Saviour in'o 'he work! (frg, I I; O. 10.11.48), More 'red~cally.
Cap<maum ;. t he materi.1 re.lm. Th. 5.a.viour ther.fore de ..ended into
m.tt", which probably mean. ,hat he ... umed a phrsical body."
From C.pern.um. jesu. mad. an """,.nt" '0 I"usalem (Iohn
U3), which, ",cording to Her.cleon, i. "the p.ychic pl.ce" (frg. 13,
O. 1O,H.210-21~, .t 210)" H.r<, he performed the d.an.ing of the
• 1h, !"'''U '0 ' hi' ,If«. 'n r,& 11 (D. to.J'-" t)" r. j,))' dwly. " ... '" Oy
on!!"", ..ho m;~nt"l"'" """"0'" '0
k m r" . U,!!",), .. "r"rin3 ''''''toIogy (",
Orlow,"'""I.
" a. 1hom.»<" 10060. '07_ 111.
" a. lhom",," 10060. '"_1 " .
tempi. (John loU-In For He",d..,n. t hi. event bo<om .. a n image
of t he .alvi~c work of the Sa" iour in the world, More precisely, the
d.,n.ing of the temple meam th e dean>.ing of the soul. The trade"
in the tempi. are demom that are cast out'"' by the Saviour (212 -214 ).
The "'hip u><J for t his purpo>< He ... deon _ . a. an image of the
Holy Spiri' , it ·b l o",~ away t he wicked." Moreover, Heradron points
out that tl>< whip must h"'e be-en equipped with a woOOen h.ndle,
which i. a type of the Cross (21 4-21 ~) , It was evidently important for
Heracleon to make it dear that the destruc,ion of t he demon. took
place th rough the pa"ion" of ,he S.siour on t he Cr=. which the
Valentini.n. generally interpret a. the power "'pawing .pirit from
matter."
Heradeon poin" out that 'he go.pel use. t he word hi"on to d .. -
ignat< the place "'here the traders were found, and not "ao,.·
Th.
former word wo, coo..n ".., t hat it may not be thought that it is
the Calli ng only, lacking .pirit, which .Iicib h.lp from the Lord."lhe
"Calling" (~~~"";) i. a common Valen,inian name for 'he p'ychics,"
and Hendron', in.istence on thi. point indicat ... t hat h. i. taking
issue with the vi.w, of some opponent. In f.d. the oppo.ing view i,
attested by tho Va1entini.n tr.ati", copied by Irenaeus, where it is ... ted
that "the S",'ioUf .. . came to the p'ychic, ,ince it po........ed free will, in
order to >ave it " (A dv. han 1.6 .1).~ What i. going on here i. internal
Valentini.n polemics." Irenaeu" tr ..,i", teaches that the .p iritual. are
saved by nature, just .. matter by """... ity perishes (1 .6.1), Heradeon,
by contra", emph",i, .. that the .p iritual •• no Ie" than the p.ychic.,
need .ah .. tion from the Saviour. Hi<ron d .. ign .... the whol. tempi.
~ 1h;. ~ ""'" npic"IT .ut<d in ITJ! . .., "". 'h< P'"'''' ,h..,
w"" co~ "'" , n<!
d<"ror<d by ,I" S'''''o",'' (0. 'O.JUB) .
M ',h< 1""""";' npli<;' iy ,,1m"! "' .. 1'8- "(0. lG. .... '1); 1bom..o<n '0060.,
, t1_ltl .
.. O. Thomo ... n 20060. M~l, ""-"', 1,., 17'_180.
~ A'«P'; ~ 'h< ,,,,,nd.o,,,,
of , .. ii>.. ,,, ' ..... 'n
ITJ!. " (0. lG.JJ." n. fo.-
,..""" , .... ,,;n ,""""" do", in "" loJ Jo w'~
.. '''n .... ~ M,. """. lb.', Lt4." u<. UroJ. " . " Tn. T..... "'. (Th< ."'S""
..... ·Ihrod. It_ll ~ .Jilf""",-),h< ccm,pon<I;ng ,o!kc",", n.un< "" th< .pi,......
;, "'h< "k<,,,,,. (;, ;,""";).
~ 1I."m .... n >0060. ltl.
M " 'n
""r h< """,.. d I"'''''g ,"" ~nc< "'n<""" ;. . . " ''P''''.ng. ,-;.,,,
..-"h which h< di,,!!"""' " coono< h< " k,n "" g"nkd <ho, h< ....... ri"" " . ",,",
"""''''''' '0 "" d"'rip''''n '" th< c..Iling .. "'lKlUns 'pori, · (,.... , ",,,,,,<oJ. , n
"p"'Won which ho, oh<" ;",n "f<",d , ,, 'n P""'""" d",.Won, .bou,th< hom,.
COkgori<' in ""..dro<..
and not ju st 'he inner .. netuary. th e "aa., It includ .. the for«oun
'"
(}'rona.,.), whore the Levi, ... go, as wen .. ' he Holy of Holi"" whe,e
only the High Pri.st may enteL'" By the Uvites Her.deon evidently
me.n, the psychics, and the H igh Pri"st repr. sent> the ,pi ritual• . Both
calegod ........ , ....J when the Saviour dun"". the tempi •.
The .. rnple is, as we ha>" ""'n. t he soul. The clean,;ng of 'he temple
mean. II>< purification ofthe soul through the expulsion of the demon>
that have t aken control over it. Though .., in t he wider context o[t""
Saviou r'. des«n t in lo the worM, til< foeu. in Herod""n', in,<rp""'-
,ion of ,hi, "".nt i. on the redempt io n of the indhidua j human soul-
whether ,hal of"'piritual' or ,h., of ·p.yehk>." Herad""n app.,,,n,ly
acknowleJg. . . distinction ""'"..,en the .. two ca "gmi.. of human.,
but he dO<'> not, in t hi. con text, draw . ny ""toriologic.1 impliut iono
from it.~ Rother, hi. concern i. to stress thot the ,piritua], needed to
t.. redeemed a. much .. the p.ych"', by h.ving th~ir lIOuls purified
by th ~ S.viour,
~ UriS' " ... , oco><w"'-' bungl<d thi' ",n of ,.., f"gm<nl, bu, . .. ,;rlact<Xj" I"",·
1""'- ",-, ""', p"n by W", h<'l''''"" '~ (1002 , " , "IH".d"""i d , lm , "", 'th<
"mrt<" I ~ ... ,.., 0 .. lund. ,100 HOly o f Hoi .... w....< oml, 'h< u; ~ Pr .... "'" .....
.... ,', ~'h<" "'" 'pln,,,,,I,,nd up,' ,hOnk '" I, .. )i ~-. nd. on 11""".." b....r, th<
.... of ,IK fG"""'''. ~IK .. ,"" 1.<>,,,, or< ., _t~ " ••)m bof of ,IK p')" h.... who
,,;~ .... in . . . I"""," ou, ..... ,IK f'krom.o: (' h.ov< J'~ I" ~"'.h<d who!, "'11'-"1. foI_
k>wing "'ud''''l'fmnig,'' " ....,,1000" "" from OriS'" ', rom"","" by boIJ pli"',)
OriS'" dw~' m '~n"''l''''' H....d",," by ,""~ hOm '0 ,rf" '0 .... ho'oJogKoI m "' ~
.ml,h o.'un d<",lih<. in 'mm of p<<<onc,,',<<1 Ode.. .oo., \' "'", in;'n <",h.' oIog)'
lde,i, 'al, I"',hop>. from '", ".., u~ M", """ , u, Oft ,he prob.bil" pho, 0.11l'" .......
'""",u, ...... "" 1.< """I""" IOn), ,,,,,..10.,. I, _. "OW"''''. ,,,,,,,,,ned "it"
""h.o'olos.' .. th', ",,,,,,,,, W""herpf<" rUt <1<""".. "ali' ro. "'-""8 "",'eO. prob-
~m ,ho, .... IK"" 011 p",iou, ~ud .. , (. nd " . "",,_1of 'hi' f"gm< " ' <nO ho, k<I
'0 "",,, .. b!< " ....1... """....,.,, H",.d"",,'. "",,,,-,~;..r ,.,," '''g."dl''!l ",'ri'...r.
ond I"rch;'" I' hopp<I)' "",." the ...., """' .. 11,0"" ""'" >01:16.., tox.n
" Cf. ,IK "",ali,,!! __ ,
" Hmd..,,,', 'X<E<>i, of 'hi' <pi"'""" "'" .....j«, of. long'"'>ludy by voff<,
0"'. Ho ..' ....", rmf" I, moT< ,0",,,maI with poi<mi<I"ns ,&,i " " '1<,..
1000"
'><gO" ,ho" '" "" <1<"'.00"'8 it "" i" o.. n ''''m~ , 00 ~ ,..,,,",,,, "', t.. 1rf"i fu<
om p"rp»<"-
Th~ unh"'itot ing r«ognition of the Saviour i. in fact a charocteri:!tic
of the ,pi ritual, "The .piritual kind .. , immediately ru.hed toward.
him: the Tripan;" Tra,""" state. (118), a~ .. ~"t having establi.hed
that humankind i. dh'ided into a .piritual, a psychic and a mat<rial
K'"O,, 5l By contrast, he.itation i. the typical r",pollS< of the psychic
kind (118-119)." The fac t that th. Samaritan woman did not h.. itat<
i. not explicitly " a ted in lohn '. text, howev.r, and this interpretation
deuly rep .... n" Heradeon'. d •• ire to make the storr agree with an
establ"hed Valentin ian 10/'0' of the .piritual.
Converted, the Samaritan woman abandon. the old well, whose
",.ter i. drunk by a nimal." and lead. to corruption;" instead, .h.
r<eei,'" the life-giving water of the Saviour (frg. 17; O. loc. d,. ~7-61).
Her old life had ~n one of debauchery, and her .ix husband. rep .. -
sent "all the ""il of matter" und .. which she had .uffered (frg, 18; O.
13.11.67-74, at 71)," In other word" as in the "'~n. of the cleansing
of the temple, the soul of the .piritual p<rson wa. oppr<->>ed and tor-
mented by demon> "'for~ the Saviour ca m~ and .. t it free. In this ca ..,
" lh< ,1«"" oflm""dio" ",,,,!!n",,", ""un;n Tri. Tu". tJ}_tJ.l and .v",;n
ronn«h"" ..-.h Sot>h;•• ""po.... ,,, t"" "'-"""'~ .""""",.iv, ' ",,,", u>, Aov. ' - .
' .' ." d . ,;xc. '1hroJ ".' . lh< So ... , ;Un ""mon . r<! Soph"' or< ~ .. " , ;m'" d.or_
KIm (.. "",adf ",,,,,,, '''' , '1, prin'rO _), .k""""" ,t.. s.m.,;,," ""nun "or,
"'" Ie,,,,< to br ,on,. I""d ;n <h< ".x, " , n ", . . . ')1'< olSoph;, "' "",dron', mg<_
n "rr",kon proboOly adJ, hn p",,,n' f"'ID" ,. ,t.. 6" hooband, """,""",, "'
100" "" (I.m ,,", ''''', ",,,0) . '" ~ <h< num"", of m."'~ hJ!. ,6 (0. '0." .161;
,[ h''''''"', Ad •. Iou,. '.14.6; W",hnpf<nn;s >001. ",_M) . Tha " proboblf "=.0<
oh< tlrbdom.od ;, """"".,j ,,;'" t"" I")'<h ~ ond ,I« 0gJ0ad w;th ,t..
W",h<q>f,nn;g 2001, JlI>-Jl' l..-"h ",I"""", ,,, oIdr, >100,,",1. '''''os" t..
'1"''''''''(d.
"Ii".,
'" m>.kr "" """"', .... ).
howev~r, in stead of focu. ing on pur i~ c at ion, the theme of t he hu.-
band. allow> Herod""n to introduce another element of Valentinian
soteriology. when Jesu •• ap, 'You are right in saying, ' [ have no hu.-
band'" (John ,U n He"deon interpre" thi s a. mea ning that "the
Samaritan woman h ad no hu.b. nd in the world. for her hu.b. nd i.
in the • ..,n " (frg. 18; 70). The re.1 husband of •• pirit ual renon i.
her counterp;ort in the "an""endent .piritual realm-her p;onner, or
'J~ygo" often de><:rib.>J • •• n .ngel. brought to her by the S"'io ur,
who will make her a whole re r:son, fill ing up the deficiency which h..
beEn her li fe unt il now,
lhe com'ernon i. not only . n ,,'ent in the life of the individual. but
also .ignifi«, •• i n the Go'rel of Joh n itself. a turning point in the hi, -
tory of .. I,'ation. When Jesu. tells tl>< woman that. "the oour i. com-
ing when neither on th i. mount.in nor in Jerusalem will you worship
the Fathe, (John 4,11). Herodeon applies the r. miliar Valentin;'n
trip;ortition model in hi. interpret.tion, t he mountain i. the mat.,.ial
r~alm of the devil and Jerusalem the created world, or, alternatively,
the mountain .tand. for the cr~ation .nd Jerusa lem the creator (frg,
10; 0. 13 . 1 6 _ 9~ - 97 , at 9~). In either case, the first i. the object of t he
cult of the Greek •• nd the ""ond that of the Jew._ B.ot h are nOW ' urer-
..,aM, .nd .piritu.1 huma n being. will henceforth worship the Father
of truth."
The Samaritan wom.n then becomes. missionary. going into t he
city .nd bringing the people to Christ (John 4,18-30). Thi. demon-
"'ateo, according to Heradeon, the 'red al role of the .piritu.1< vi.- il-vis
the p<ychle" 'She returned to the worklto .nnou nce to the Calli ng the
good tiding. of Christ', coming. For it i. through tl>< .pirit and by t he
.pirit t hat the soul i. d .. wn towa rd. the Sa"iour" (frg. 17; 0, I J ,33.187-
192, at 187). Thi. p.... ge provide> de<:i . ...., proof that th e S.maritan
woman i. construM by Herod""n a. a type of the .piri tual rerson, "
distinct from the p.ychic" The d ifference bet wffn tl>< two categori...
a. des<,ibed in this context i. the fact that . piritu.1 re.-.on. r«eg-
ni,~ th ~ Sa"iour immediately, a. wa. shown above, wher~a. !"ychle.
~ No<O;"& ;' Wd. ho_m, obou, wh<'h<, 'h< P»<~'" '''';.-. , '" ,,-,_, ,[;(f,,_
,"Ily from ,'" ,,,,;, u..l~ one< 'h<r'" brough' to o;m, '" wh<'h<, "" ..!v._ ''''r
".1.">in ;, of . d;(f",", un.!.
" ,.". , '" " nnioolo&.. CaII;"8I>.kc';o., ." obo-,'< , .<7.
~ )'" T,...-. ,,,,,"'Ibn< '" ""~ ..
"'10"8 '0 "" ~ n g~ ","".ne".oo ,Iu, ;, 'h<
'1'';'''' ""'.,1>< ""nomy, how",,,,;' , .. ...bI<. , h ~ "';"!I on< ,h;"!!. , ,,,", .not ..... :
"" .b" Tn . 1'.. ,. m . ThH di",,","'" of "" pIu.-.l;oy of. "" p>r'~K~ ~ h~~ <10<,
"'" ron~~ ,;mpty ;n "" loct ,,,,", ""r'" °m,,,,-: .... """ ",ll oo",,·..! bJ' ALoOO
(t.", ,6)",").
~ 1h< ,,"" """ MkIdI<" ;, U>«I 'n'"clu"S'.b/r fo< "" d<m;u'8', "" H<bdomod
. 00 , '" "gOon of oh, """, I'Iokmo<u" utr" 10 f'/",. H, "',",.,io 6.J1-", 0.""",-
5/""". "-"".J, ,,"""... Ad,. '-'. 2.1" '. s<, 11... "W " ,ooos., ,>0-,
'L
H """"" a,,,,,,, ",-e,-"" " " hm ooly m ,,," "" " ''l!",), of 0"""," !.<;ng. WhK~
;, J<1i...! bJ' 'h< loco ,..., '"'1 "'long to ,'" ."0" ofoh, ,km;u,!I" ,,,,", ""u" i,
of ooUO", p'rc~"" cr. Tn. 1',.,. "''' ~'h< co", '" O;m.df obo "'"' oo-.n ...... ""'
of h;, .... n ,uI»unc<, ~OC< 1"'1''''' ",", 'h< . biI;'y , ,, rro<'''''"'~m~..-ly "'1"'.';'
6.J"'. " ",,·m,. ""odron <10<,"", ... " <>P '~; '?' ,.., f" rch ~ ...... , ",",.,. M_
,in," (41 61,' <oncii,ion which l~.d. to d"",h (417-418). The Savi"ur
.
,
"d=endeJ" (~"'''ll«iVOVlO., fohn ~, ~ 1) to him, healed him a nd gave
him life (421).
H ... d""n interpret. the "ory .>an accoun' of ,h. Saviour'. d"",ent
into the world to save t he human souL More 'rec ifically. the theme
is the psy<hic per..,n. the one who i. he... d in the story i •• hum. n
l><ing who belongs to the demiurge (41 6), hi. "n.ture" (, i.a ,,) i. indi-
<arecl by the f."
t h.t he i. he.led at lhe ... ,..,nth hour (Joh n 4, ~1,
4l4 1" - the number .ewn of cour .. alludes to the Helxlom.d, which
is the domain of the demiurge and the p.ychic" There . .. non .. hele ..
iruro".n' .; m il.riti •• between 'he re"Y king', son a nd the Sam.ritan
woman who t)'pifie> t he .piritual. Il.oth had led live. of ignorance and
.in" before t he Saviour arrive<!, t hat had been dominated by the force.
of rn.tt ... Iklt h ne.d.d t he S",'io~r to r.deem them from their condi-
tion." What, t hen, is t he differ.nce between t hem! Herad<'On r.f."
to lohn 4A8, "Unl... rou ..... ign. and wond." you will not belie,..:
and comment> t hat th i. r<mork "i. fitt ingly >aid to the lUnd ofp<,"on
who .. n3tur< i. d"'ermin.d through works. woo i. r<"uaded through
the sen"", but d"". not belie\"< in a word" (4 19), Here. t he difference
seem. '0 Ii. in .he w.y the two c •• egori .. of r<rsons are brought to
believe, r • •her tha n in .he na.ure o f their f. ith .. sIKh_
f",m' "'Ig;n from , hot of lh< OP;ri' u.J. (though '"" "'" pm"n a, of 'our><. ' ""
.1<"""'11"'_1,
~ " I. f,.;"r dm ,J.., .....", oU oo.. '0 th< >p«lfK "",'U,,, of th< p,)"h" ~"' "'
410 ",. ""II' h;, oon, 'hoi .. tho, kind of no'""'" (,,"" ... '" <fi roo¥< """".). , 00 "'
416 ",I, ,.".!;t;"" ...., ,.. In K«miuK, "Ith hI, .. ' u,," ("" ," ,a ",. ml, .J,hoogh
th< I.. ,,, I, me • ,om""", "pr<»ion ,ho,
~"'I' ~' """no b<lng un"".!,hy fJooc'
",,,,,,,,,,,kn nlg 1001. 17", , .,. " 'I-""'Kkon ;, ""r< u~ n g ,,,,,,Ok '"""""'_ t do
..,. Ihln< Auoo ;, '1"1" ",mct, th<",ror.. w",n "" ",,,doo., IJ.., only ,n. 'I'lri, ... I,
..," ",I", "".. 1m " .. ngm s; ...." (1077. "'; ' Im llorly M""" n"'rg m" ,.,_t86),
though th< ~ t u""", ;, """,,,ho,
. mbI8"""' . In«. on th< .... luoo, '"" pIo,,~ of th,
f")'<h lo >«m , to "' , ,,,,,,,I,,d of by ""0<1<",, .. ro.""," '" ,J..t of lh< 'I'lri'u.J,
<n<I, on ,"" 0<"",
of .. hum.n ""I"g',
lund, '0 r<f<, to t"" ...
tu"" pror<n.;t;", of t"" oouJ .. ' «>mp""'"'
~ 'n h •. llwo./. lo6.J ~;, .. ><I ... , ,.., 1")'<""' ..... n;"'<i&";,,,, both to r.;th .oo
"",,,<On ... '" unO" ..-r.",] 1",.];, ..... Hmd<o"', ... of "" 'm" ;n th', ".n"" ;,
.....-. opIimO~K.
~ 1h;,;,. "'.... ,,' ,hnn<;" ''''''''' ... n "'06• . Sp«;&.tly. <h< ............. '" , ..-al_
Io..-i"!! "I' ;n t Co< t"''' (d.' Co< H) ~ .mployaJ in T ..... ,. R«" (d'. Thom>"".
lOO6o,OJ-... ).
n tn"'... ~ Ad •. 1>&,. t,6.t, I.U , 1."-'; Eu. , . _ 56.J, Rifo""" 6.Jl.I_'O; T"
T .... tCMi. ""-"', t)IJ--"'.
when he")11 "you are of your fat"'. the d ..ii " (john 8A4). lhe d<>il,
'"
of cou...." rep .... n" the realm of mone, (f,g. 20). lust a. ,here are
f"'<Iple who are either spiritual or p.ychic by nature, so too are the ..
those who belong to matt ... In this ca"" ho",.wr, Heracleon arg"'"
that one cannot .peak of. phy,;" Commenting on the word. "your
will is to do your rother', desire," (John 8,(4), he conclude" "It i.
l>Kau"" they have lov..J the de,i",. of the devil and r<rformed them
that they bemme the children of the de"il, though thoy are not .uch by
noture" (frg. 46> 0. 20,24.1 11-219, at 114). In fact, H ... deon explaim
that thore are th,ee dill"erent ,",'.Y' of underst.nding the word "child",
one can be. ch ild either by nature (~"",, ), by inclination or choice
(l"'''''~)' or by meri! (a~i\,) (21~). Since the devil lack. the ability to
procreate. being an <=<ntially destructive for .. (2,'-2,6j, the child
of the d""il i. one who doe. hi. wo,k< and thereby b<,:ome. like him
(216 j-i n oth", wo"h "by merit,·"
Here again Heracleon i. working "'ith the Val<ntinim tripcactition
of materi.l, p'y<hic and .pi,itual . Acco,ding to Irenaea' p'....,n .. tion
of Valentinian doctrine, " they a .. ume .h,,,,, kind . (1""~j of human
beings; the .pirit ual, the <hok .nd the p.)'<hi<, wHesponding to Cain,
Abel and Seth, and by meom of these t hey e"ablish the t h,,,,, nature.
(,,,_ ' I'd; ~<J""r (AI/V. han 1. 7.' j, " H ...deon evidently uk<.
e«eption to .u<h • use of 'he wo,d phy.;" ..guing ' hat ' he idea of
• m.teri.1 ph}";. i. a mn".dktion in tern,,: m.tt" has no pily,;"
A. with , he qu<"ion of , he .piritual.' need fo, ,.Jemption (f.-g. lJj,
He,..deon employ. hi. wmmentary on John '0
pcacti<ipcate in inner-
Valen.ini.n debate, He maintain. ' hat no hum.n is m .... i.1 by nature,
the), ""'orne so only ' hrough ' heir behaviour," What they were before
n lb, >«<>rod poWb~;'l', 0(""'8' , h ild br ;"";"""'" l".... ~. ; • .t", m'...w "'
th" CO", ~n« ,ho", ..,fi",d .. ,·oIun,.nlr oo;nS ' h< .... 1 of .noth<, I"non (11 ' 1,
onJ t'" .."il .... no ..," only ,k,i"., (It 1); d Ung<rn.<k
of lh< okyjJ .oJ b<com;ns 1,1« hjm ... an, p<rto",,'ns "',
,%,. 6O. !""OS ,o. ,",000
<in"", ., d;",,,,,, from
M. will.
" Cf. "". llo«>i ".to ,"'.. ...,.. ... n.. Tri,."", Tn.... " ~ <.,",n' with '1"&'
'ng .boo',....., (,r. "S'"'the-< '"'n ............
th""gh tho,
tho, ""';"g<' • "1""" origin r", """,;"t p«>fI< (106.1-'1.
"".00 "",to; .. .f"_'
" A« .. d",S to Orig<n, ho ...."'. """,Iron "r' ,ho, ,.......-u. ")'>U m of y"'"
roth", lh< "'d• .,-,d )'0'" ,,;II " t. 00 ro,,, f,,",, ', ..";",,. wm ,poI«n "not t. t .....
who ' " by """" (.,:.0,,1 , hUdnn of,h< dr.;!, lh< d_~ Ou t '" "" p'y<h. who
"".< !>«om< "'"' of ,.. <In'~ by odopt ....
"by ooor"on" i> ,ho,
«"...
1" I" " lb, '"mI.,;.", of 60\,,, ..
of c. RI.., 'n 1.<, a!;t .... l. 1b,. eI....,. "",,,.u~,, .",,,kon",
'T'"""' ,hoo t th< dr.~ 00., _ b<ut d uJd",,,- , nd '""rl"""" rrom Orig<n" , "''''-
r.., J;k.t,·,,, l..ong<rl>«k ho, I"opo><d (t%7. 69_7" t hoY< _ "" " <on";""" by
'hey ,uccuml><d '0 , he fore .. of man .. i, no' d.arly "a,«I, 'hough he
probably comider«l ,h.m to t.. p.ychic."
In principl •• ' he fall.n state of ,he devil', children doe, no' ,eem
'0 differ from ,hat of the peny king', KIn who wu dying as a , .. ul,
of hi, .in" or even from 'hat of ' he ,amoritan woman. who had 1«1
a life of d.bauchery un,il ,he met the , ..iour, Here again. ,he dif-
ference between th.m Ii .. in ,h . way 'hey r ... pond '0 'he Saviour.
The Samaritan woman recogni ... him d ire<tly from 'he word. h.
'peaks, wherea. the petty xing need. ,he proof of a healing mirade
'0 be com'inced , The hDO,ile Jew., how"",r, are ·unable to hear ,h.
wor.!. of Jesus and understand wha, he say. be<aus< ' hey .r. 'of
' h e d.vil'. "",,;a" (frg. 44; 0. 10,20,168-170, at 168). A. wa, no,«I
above, how"'er, 0"";« .hould no' be understood in term, of '1''''' [;;,
or a genetic relatiomhip (a. Origen wrongly .... um .. ): for Heradeon
'he word . imply mean< that 'h~ peopl. ar. a .. imil ... d '0 'he devif.
mode of being becau .. 'hey fulfil hi. d ... ir<> and perform hi. works."
Moreover, t hat """'" i. defined 'pedfically by 'heir reaction '0 'he
Sa,'iOUL Thw, all human. have .uffer«l the fa .. of ignorance, , in a nd
demonic domin.,ion a. a result of living with a body and a :IOul; 'he
Sa" iour came to r«leem ,hem all. but they fall in'o th ree distinct ca'-
egori .. on 'he b •• i. of how they respond to 'he off.. of redemption,
and ,hat i. how they manifest 'heir pl,y,;" or oUiia."
In condu.ion, it may be observed 'hat 'he variou. response'! to 'he
Sa,iour occupy a domin.nt po<i'ion in Herod""n', commen'ary on
"""""uf. roon'"",!,, ... n" ['''', 210_11411 , A, ... ~ 'h< 'I'P"';, .... "th< 01.0'0"
.... my proboOir o«n 'n,roducal by a.'gm (who look. from ''''""''''' Ad., hM.,
"",')-th< "no ;, no< ",,~<d .1 .... 0«, 'n !!«KO""', (!!01""'""n ' .... 281, .00
adm'" ' h ~ , ) \nh "B'ru '" ' h< "' .. of, .. p.... g< •• ~ ''''y d,tlKui, to ""Kt ~' ... ,
""r ..... o«n !!«KIron.. "",d. from th<>O< of o.~m , ("'""h<']'f, nnot 1001, 34'
''l!u<> ""', 'h< whok P""g< ;, ong<" ' ~)
" 1)", Wt port of 1" mor "'I',,,o<n' ""KI<O.... own ....ro. ( >« 'h< P=«!'''!I
~ K«f" 1>006. "_19) n thtly "'i«" Ii>< ..,,, 'hot ,I>< \'.~ ", ;n",o, hod ,.,
-c.noruoal .. n>ih';,y,-
,~
~ s.><n .!NOO .. '" M.", th"", to l w." ",,,,,J;oS '" th, ;n<kx;n """"" ,.,1.
• 11><", m " h .. th"" ",to;n ;..,,"'.. of II>< "" of >t.", omoot " ok " '; n " n~
]"''''''"', Ad., ..." , LU." he 'I/orod, 35,1.
~ cr. lIrook< " " , 100.
~ II>< k" ""'0' r"gm<nh of ,h; • ..-nhng ' " iound;n Ckm<nt .• "" "'''" ' ,d;_
"00 ond ".d)-,'" <:oml>< 1003 ,
~ ,.. "" ~.oo ,rimN '0" p",!,h<')inS.bou, )OOn th< "' p<;,,;n Ii-& ' (>«
"p«W!y O. 6."-1 17).
~ ,ha dah ..,;". ",N' '0 "' <In..-. ""'" d " rly tIun "'",I><rpf,onjg do<~ "I><.
I>< '1"'" _ ,I>< M,k I><;ng . · u...m t ~'"k· I<.- "".,1Nn (100'. '77), On Ii><
",I><, h>nd, i' ;, n '''''nt 'h>' 'h< <km;u'!' ,oW<! oot 0., '< know" th< "'" m'''" ;ng
of tl>< "",J, I>< in>p;'",j I .. "" '0 '1"... ~OC< 'h<'ru< m","os of th< p",!,""'y. ;-<,
,I>< I"ro;'oo of 0 1"''' of th< I"ych;c" ,ouId only b<c""" <I", , f<", th< od",nt of
,I>< So,;"",. """,Iron, ,1><",';"-', l"obiliy ",om«! ,n., 'h< l"OP/«';c, uJhm. tdy
<1<,;=1 from th< l",.;",omo",,"'" ",-"So,-" IA"",,j,oS to f,S ' , th< p.-oph<t,
'" . n ."",,- of , I>< "OSO',) ,.". "ok",;n;", t"""'" obou, , I>< ,!,;ri'tW "'"'''' of ,I><
'"
2.2. Wh,,, d",. 'he .... u/hon·'y of 'he Tex' ",;de!
lhe question ma r also be •• ked whether t ~ .uthority of the Go'pel
of John lie> in the written text as .uch or in the ~gure of the S"'iour,
""hwe word. and act> are reponro in the toXl. This i:I an in ...." ing
question from the r.",pKtive of the proces. of ca nonization. beau",
the aut hority of the word. and ac" of 11>< S.,;our undoubtedly pro-
,eded that of the written gO'rel" whDS< canonicity ,.,.ll .".blished
in the oecond half of 'he >Kond cenlury when incre •• ing imponance
came to be >t1""hed to the opostl .. as writer .. So wh.t i. the obj«t of
He,..deon', commentaryl Is it the text of the gO.p<l as . uch. or i. i.
rather the word. and act> of the Sa,;our repon«l in itl
An examination of 'he fragment> from ,hi. angle ,eve. l. thaI
He,..deon comments on the foUowing type. of elemen" in t he tex'
of the go.pet
Word •• poken b y Ie."" Ll9 (frg, I~). 4:13-14 ([rg_ 17),4,16 (frg. 18),
H 7-18 (frg. 18). 4,21-22 (frg>. 20. 21. In 4,23 (frg_ 23). 4,14 (frg,
24).4,26 (frg. 26). 04 (frg. 31). U FHI (frg>. 32, 33, 34, n. 36),
4048 (frg. 40). 4,~ (frg, 40). 8,21 (frg. 4 1), 8,22 (frg. 42). 8:431frg.
44). 8A4 (frg •. 4~. 46. 47). 8:~ (frg, 48),
Acto pt'riormed by r~>u" 2: II (frg. I I). 2, Il (frg'_ 12. Il). 1,[4 (frg.
13). H~ (frg. Il). 4,40 (frg, 38). 4,~7 (frg. 40), UI (frg. 40).
Words 'roken by ot""r ch.ract~": r~w" priest •• Ph.ris«> 1019-21
(frg. 'I. L2~ (frg. 6). 2,lO (frg. 16). 8,22 (frg. 42), John t "" II>p'ist
l ,lO-- 21 (frgs, 4. 'I. U3 (frg. ~) , 1026 (frg •. 7. 8). U 7 (frg. 8); ~vil
rowe" 2017 (frg_ 14), th~ Sama ritan woman U ' ([rg, 17).4,19-20
(frg. 19), 4,H (frg. 2'); th~ di.dpl", 4,3 1 (frg. 28). 03 (frg. 30), t ""
reopl~ of th~ city 4,42 (frg. 39); t"" rett)' king 4047 ({rg. 40). 4049
(frg. 40); the ",,,,,nto of th~ ret')' king 4, ' 1 (frg_ 40).
Acto performed by other charact~r" Jew •• pri ..", Phari-. U9 (frg,
~); the Samaritan woman 4 : 1 ~ (frg, 17). 4:19 (frg. 19).4:28 (frg. 27),
the d isciple. 4,27 (frg. 26); th. people of the city 430 (frg, 27). 4:39
(frg. 37), the retty king 4, ~ (frg. 40), 4,H (frg. 40).
lh~ cha ..c'~" .PP"",ing in the n.rr.ti"", John th~ B.pti" (frgs_~, 8,
10); prie". and uvit'" (frg>. ~,6. 7. 13), the trade .. in the templ~
(f,!:" 1J. 14); the Sam.rit.n woman (frg._ 17. 18. 19. lO, 2 ~. 26. 27,
1''''1''''''.'', .., T,. T'"",_ '17 )1_lJ, 100.'3- ", tl l_ l 14, .. "h ,I>< ,,~ .. " ' <ommm_
to')' .. 11'0....... " ""i P. ;",,,,,,,, 1__
30); the di.dpl .. (frg •. 16, 28, 30. 3~, 36); t he petty ling, hi. >on a nd
hi •••",'O nts (frg. 40); the le",~ (frg>. 41. 41, 43. 44, 4 ~, .(6).
Objr<'" pl.co •• insti,ution> etc.' ",ndal 1;27 (_ flesh. frg. 8); Capernaum
2.12 (_ maner, frg •. I I, . 0): Pa""ver 2: I 3 (_ 'he po .. ion of the
Saviour. f'll. 12); H"'ro>olym."H3 (_ ,h e p.ychic region, frg. 13),
,1;20-21 (_ the "ea,ion or the creator, frg. 20), "'hip LI ~ (_ the
Holy Spirit a nd the ero"" frg. 13); temple 1:19-ll (_ an image of
the Sa,;our, frg. 16); Sam.ri. [4,41 (_ the world. frg>. 16, 31, cr.
28);" locol" ",ell 4,11-13 (_ the old life. frg. 17); animal. ·U1 (_
material pa .. ion. , frg. 17, lO); t he mountain 4,20-11 (_ the devil,
matter, e,';I, frg>. 19.20); the Jew> 4; 22 (_ imag.. of too.. in the
plerom •• frg. 22), water jug 4,28 (_ the abili'y '0 ""eive life and a
though, deri,ing from the power of t he Savio ur, frg. 27); ha"",st
4; H (of t he ",ub of beli,,·e ... frg. 32); city 4; 39 (_ the world, frg.
37); two d.Y' 4;40 (,he pre",nt ond the future a<'On. frg. 38); .ickn...
4;46 (_ being in ignoranc. and . ins, frg. 40); Iud .. 4.47 (_ the ludea
aI"",e," frg. 40); Galil"" 4,47 (_ the world. frg. 40).
Word. and numbe ... ppearing in ,he text: .3.' ,,':"0'; !:3 (frg. I), 1Pffi'I'~
);23 (frg. ~), H"" );27 (frg. 8): ,,~"" U:9 (frg. 10); mml\a'"''
2;12 (frg. 11), 4 ; ~ 1 (frg. 40); """l\aiv<lv 2; I 3 (frg. 13); 'l'f>O"';h~"
2;13 (frg. 13); i,pm.' LI 4 (frg. 13): 9p<~~" 4;12 (frg. 17); iiu.:.<J9m
4;1 4 (frg. 17); 1lf>i>Jt" 4,]4 (frg. 31): i K ,~:; ~o~ 4; 39 (frg. 37);
.oUoi 4.39 (frg. 37), ~"p' "~mi" 4,40 (frS- 38); I\amAm,,; 4;46 (frg.
~O); "~~.i,, mi 'fpara 4,~8 (frg. 40); i&.i v 4;48 (frg. 40); "~09.,,,iv
~;49 (frg. 40); ~"'I"'iv 8;37 (frg. 43); ix "',; ~"'~ 8;44 (frg', 44. 4 ~,
~6); "thr""" 2.19 (frg. I~); "six" 2,10 (frg. 16). 4;18 (frg. 18), -"""en "
4; ~ 2 (frg. 40); - forty-.ix" 2;20 (frg. 16).
Word. of the evangelist him .. lf, U (frg. I), l;4 (frg. 1). U8 (frg. 3).
- ·t,.,.,.,.,..,,,,,,,, ,.. f""" .pparing ;n I""', ;, di~ i "l!....oo! by " ...d",. from
'''"""""Aio.<. of " h"h it ~." ;""g<. lhi' h;gh« I",,,akm <0", in , ".ok,tOn","
"'""", onIr "''', to , . . ~dood, u" ;n",,,,,,di,,,, "'sM>n b<t ..." n , .. ",,,,,,,, . M
,I.<pk,,,,,,,,, .," t"'n... ~ .. il •. IoaoT. t.H ,!!if."';o 6.JO.9, 6.J1.9, • .JU .... ; lri. r.....
92_07, "p<cWJr %)6, ' ''''., . It " .. l"obobIr " rong I. _ t h" in""pm""'" "'
n.om. .... ,OO6a, ,"' 06.) s« "-,,th t., t,".
" , .. !oct ,lwt ""KIron ;m''I',,,,,d 5,,,,.. , ", ,, , . . ..,."." ~ <1m from ,.. , ...
f"gmm" ,",d. ""0< .. 0.... romm,,,",,), ;, _ "to", .". , nf ,." .. "' ,.. !!"'f'<1
~""",, ,.. "''''' Som. n. 0<'"", bot u ;;1. , !Ii ""'''' 30'=0/1." 30" ' iI> r.."""' ....
..-uuJd uu<lr to... , im'",d hOm to "." M, 'n1<'1''''''-t''''' «pldty. (1b.o, I"~ of th<
" XI .... ' di"",...! in ""'un" "'" boo!< " .)
M -1 """'..."..,- "",-inJ ) ' m,,.n, ,.... m< . . ' k """"""'" ;" f.-g. " ( .. , .".,;). tM,
;, t" ~ from """h ,.. So, ... , d<."nd<,l ",to th< world,
From this .ummary it ~m~'ll~' thot Heradeon'. comm~ntary was by
no mnn. re",ktM to the words .poken and the acts rerformed by
the Saviour, H ..... deon evid.ntly regarded the t.. t it..,lf of the go.-
reI a. . . . po.ito,), of .piritual trut h. Thi. mean. that he must regard
ia author a. a rerson uniquely commissioned to con ... y this kind of
knowledge,
N"""nhele... it i. probably co,,«t to say th.t Horadeon pay. 're-
dal attention in his commentary to t he word •• poken by the Saviour
him..,lf, and feeb caned upon to .. plain t heir meaning. Nearly ,,'err
utteranc~ .pohn by J~>u. in the parts of the gO'rel that arHm..,red by
the ~xtant parts of hi. commentary i... pounded by Heracleon. There
is one notable ..<eption, John 432 , on this v...., Origen .. plieitly
states that Heradeon h.. mad e no comment ("frg." 29), In addition,
Origen mention. no commentary from Heradeon on J.>u' word. in
8 , B-24,38-41.4~-49, but this may be due to the fact that Orig.n gen-
eraUy pa)" I... attention to the ,i."" of H .. adeon {rom this point
onward.
Heradeon '. attitude to the word. of the '''''iour .hould b< und~r
,,000 in the context of the imporunce attributed to the '""iour'.logoi
g.nerally by the Val.ntinian •. Ptolemaeu' a.senion that an <ettain
knowledge i. d~rived from the word. of the Sa"iour wa. quote<! at t he
beginning of this e.. ay, The Valentinian. regarJe<! his teaching activity
a. an .... ntiaJ pan of the ,",'iour'. mi»ion. "He came forward and
.pok~ the word a•• tea,h ..: the Go.p<1 of Truth prod.i"", (19, the
following p.g.. elaborate the point). He wa. a teacher of immortality,
the Intapmation of Knowledge •• ..,,,. (9). and proceed. to quote a
..,rie. of .. ying. of the Saviour," The word. of the Saviour h",,,, a ""te-
riolo&ical effect in them",h'eso "Whe n the Saviour came. he a"",kene<!
the >oul and .nflamed the .park, For the words of t he Lord are power"
(ue Throd. 3.1). In fact, the Samaritan woman wa. "i mmediately
pi~r<ed through by t he word" when the Saviour .poke to her (ilfHl
IlfHll,n 5,,,~9"<>1l u,,', w;; Ur<ru (frg, 17; O. 13.10,6~), Moreover,
the Saviour converted a gre.. many mor< people through hi. own
word. (frg, 38; O. 13.~2,349); when they .ncountered hi. own word.
they no longer believed 1><-<."""
of the testimony of others but beau""
of the truth it..,lf (frg. 39, O. 13,H.363), some, however, were un.b l~
to "":oi",, the logo, (frg .. 43, 44, H, 0 20.8.~, 20.20.168, 20,B.198) ,
~ <ill", ,IL\." . u",..",,"'-; .." .... ..." ~ ...... ..,.,.... "'" ~ .,I</io»
•. ;"... ....... (11)< worn .. ,"".. ia ..... , probobir """no, n,,,, pb.o .. in t'" hi'''''T 01'
..Jv,,""' .)
~ ,'" om b;gu;' y 01' t'"
In' ~ ",flrctr<l ;" Blanc', "'" ""',,., .~ yo dr """""'" Ii
Ir dibut & .. ",",n,f" .. ,,,,, d'"" ' "". my"'''':
~ s,,. Ba",kh.orn >006, . . . _..... <6• .
bet",..,.n this "-angel;,, and Je.us,- which may apl.in why hi. name
'"'
ill specifically mentioned in quot.t;on. from his Go'rel, The authors
of the oth .. go.pei< are never referred [0 by n.me in the Valentini.n
sourco., .nd .re ,.."Iy ",..,n brought . ttention to., "-rit.,,,"
Although many schola .. have .tated ,h.l the V.lentini.n. had.
're<i.l preciile<:tjon for the Go.pel of John,"" ) do not think this c.n be
demo",tr.,...! to be the c.... It i. easy to see from the various inci ie••
• vail.hl. that Valentini.no in gen ...1 used M.tthew and Luke at I.""
., much "" John," H .... d ""n h im .. lf we.veo .Ilusion> to til< 'ex"
of Matthew and luke into his d is<:u .. ion of p.... ge> in John.'" and,
•• h as . lready ~n m<n. ione<!. he may ha\'e w,inen commenuri ...
on t ~ &""pet. as weD. It may well be • mere coincidenco that hi.
commentary on John i. >0 much bener documen,eJ t han hi. other
works. '" In general. there i. no indication th.t the Valentinian. pre-
ferrM th. norr.ti,'. of John owr tho>< of Matthew and LuLe (in fact
the oppo,ite .... m. to have ~n the c...,). though the prologue wa.
dearly a text that . tt racted .pecial attention-together with I Cor I~.
the hymn. of Philippian. a nd Col"".ians, and the announcement story
of Luke l.
~ -Clnriy tl>< qri,M 'J'K;p. of tl>< !.orO' j , "".nt _ '" much '0 I"'t lohn On
• group .. to J'~ '"lI"'''' h'm "n....,!y. " rom'<)" M. 'f'<CiaI ' ''''''" ... '0 I'''''. both
M._o1~· "win~ )<"" m'n''',),.",J th<ologK~' 'n h,. Go>p<I- IlIaock!J.rn '006•
. .. , " Oth ",f<",nc< to "",,,,hk, 100<, m).
~ At on< point. , '••,,,,,,'" from d" Goop<I of luU j , 'nt,oo..c<d 0,' Ih< ~,,,,!J
".. Ih< 'po>'k "Y'- lfu. ,"""'- 74),.00 tl>< ,uthor of ,I>< _ rth ~i .. ~m ... ?·
,alb! -tl>< ' po>'k - On l-'tokmo<. ~ """ '0 fl",. ' .15; b • . lhrod. " "" ""'h 'j! '.
". w,th ,I>< laI", d.';S'''''''',' .p«'" "",...
fo< loon ,;0-1_,;. tl>< 0<1><, 'f""'k' "
no ""'s" mo'n".n«! I d. l',H"kh>m 2«I<i, ""'"",,").
- '-"<w<n",h
port forth', ......
"".6'.7', """"" ' ''''',<7-&'00 monr o<1><n. 11>< .",,"n ' '"p_
mpho" ~ ,"'".."" ...... /rM,. J.''-' '" I... .... ,woo) -r-I ,,' "'""-
""'" ,0/00,,,,," i*"wi"" """,,,,.. "'".,_,. "",i.p'''".'" ....'"m. ,b,. ,.,,,
"'" h«. <x"n~""r doc""",n'ro . n<! ~,,,,,glr ""'k«I
by mil """.
""_ " '•• nd. ";,h """" cou"on, N.gd XIOO (>timrn,')' .0'6-<79). Ilrm,,",
"1"'''''''
Pr·
,,"""!l)'
"",... my ..1m;",lr. """ ng ;" m;n<! ml"""'tr. ;, .. <m •• Ih< "'g'~' «portal b,-
h'm 'n Ad• . /rM,. LI'-' .)
~ s«, ',~ . Ih< 'r<l"',, ",
vOlk" ,.", S;mon<t,; , ....J, h . ... w,bb.oo W_
'0
, .... " and. "'" fo.-g<'. !!art" "", '3-'",
- '" I,v. " n. -10. . ..
- A,;. w<ll known." ..... " ,I>< ""1"''' of Ambro><. M. '1""''''' ,no . p,n-'_
10. ",
"'" ".ok"""",,,. ,Iw O<'un ;"'orpo<,,«1 WK.Won of H",d",,,'. ""!!"~, ;nto ""
<om""n",),. ",,,,,,,",,, <an lw-dJy 10m boon f,,,,,,,,,
roo- h .. <om""n",), "" )oftn ' n
i"~"''''''' ~""< no otl><, "";,", ... "', """''''"' ' h" "",fl.
'"
Finally, q Ue<tion. nmst be •• ked .bou t the r~l.tiomhir between the
go<pei and Herackon', own ideas, Did the goop<l h,x. an impact
on H ...d<on', thinking, and on t h.t of the V.lentini.on. in gene ... !!
o. did Her.d""n merel)' read into 1M text of lhe gospel lene!> of
Valentini.n th<ology that had been formed inderendently of the
Wirkung<ge><hkl,,, of ,be g<»r<l i!>elf'? Or. if t be,e i,. mmmonality
of thought be,w""n lhe &""1"'1 and Herad<on', iJ"", i. ,hi. common-
ality altributable to other facto" ""'ide. the d irect influe"". of the
g",!",I! The .. que.tion. are best . dd'ess<d by examining some of the
m ain them .. of the go<peL
7h. Logo., For Hera<leon. a. for the Valentini.,.. in general. the
Logo. ,.,.'"" not only a name for the Soviou. but . 1", 1M form.ti ...
power that imposed ,.,ionality on lhe ",ul-matter complex. Thi.
concept of the Logoo oln-iowly ha, roots in Gr""k philosophy. a nd
Herocleon. lik~ other Val~ntinians. ' imply u>umNl th at t hi, w,," oJso
th~ mea ning of the logos of lohn', prologu~. Thi' id~n'ification wa,
, h.rro by m.ny other Chris,i.n ,h""logi.n,. th ough 'he Valen, inian'
interpretation was b.sed on the panicul.. presuppo.i'ions implid t in
th ~ir du.listic ontology. something which INl to a n~Nl for specifying
what wa, meant by "all thing. in lohn 1:3.
He",cl""n doe. not rail. how",,,. to follow up in hi, commentary the
",tetiological rol< of t he Logo. which i, . nnounced by 'h~ prologue.
Thu •• the Baptist. who ente .. the "'~ne as a "'oi«: will he turnNl
into Log'" .fter h ...·ing r«ognized 'he Saviour (frg, ~); t he Sam.ritan
woman i, "piercNl through" (or "nudgNl "'I)' hard") by the Saviour',
logo. (frg. 17-10;;0' appe.rs to h.", a double meaning h .. ~) , .. h .. -
tion and the logo. went fonh into t he world from th~ ,.".i,h f><Ople
(frg, 21; ".. h .. ,ion and th~ reception of the Logo»- are also • ...,.iatNl
in frg. 33); the lew, of lohn 8 ar< incap.bl~ of roc~iving 'he Saviour',
log", (frg', 43-46). In th~ im'anc ... Heracleon i, .pplying in hi,
neg ... i•• theme that has been promptNl by th~ goo!",l it",lf. He i,
no' .i mply ".ding into the gospel concepts that d~ri..., from o,her
sources, but is expou nding the go.!"'l by employing t<rrninology . nd
idea. that are internal '0 'h~ text.
Ch,;,/o/ogy. Val<ntini.n Chri"ology ha. oft~n been labelled "doce -
tic" Th~ Gospel of lohn too h •• sometimes been ",id to co ntain
statemen" that ar< docetic, or may be interpretNl in that ,,'.y, '"
For inot.nco, J<>uo announc... that "I am not of thi. world" (8023,
'"'d.
17.14,16). Although we do not ha>" H ... d""n', exeg",i, of that pa,-
>age, "'meth ing ,imilar i. impliro wh<n he st.,.,
that Carem.um. the
rna,.ri .. re.lm , w.. alien (avoi ...lOv) to the Saviour (f'g. II). In m y
opinion, how.,.. " V.lent in i. n Christology in general cannot ",,,,,,n-
ably be characteriU'd as docetic. In fact, • number of Vale ntinian 'ex"
.,sen that t be Sa"jour was inc. rnale<! in a material body. and that hi>
assumption of h uman n.sh
wa, • "".eriological necessity. '" H ... d<on
. dh"es to this view. According 10 him, the Sa"jour was in carnatN in
Io>wly n .. h, .ymbolizoo by h i. "sondal" (frg. 6); the imrerf«tion of
hi. body;' indicat."j by the B.ptist calling h im a "Iamb" (fr g. 10); be
enter«lthe ma'erial real m "urern. um· (frg. I I), hi. compo<i' ion i.
,),mooliz<J by the numl>er fort y-.ix, ",her<.ix .tand, for matter and
forty for h i. ,piritual compo nent (frg. (6).'" Mor<o ... r, the Sa';our
,ulf..M . J»"ion (frg, (1). and .. ,-ed hum.n, by meano of hi> Cross
(frg. (3), '" Thuo. the Saviou r i. a .piritual being who ha. <nterM
the world carrying a materi.1 body. " That body i> al",n to hi. t "",
nature. but it i. not for that "",son a ",ham."' " He .. cl<on cle ..lr has
- 1 .. '" .",mpkd to ok.,.,..."", ,h;.;n .,"" ...... n 20060. ',I>< "'<pi""" .,,
"" d,lf<"n' "',;"", 01" "" "ok",.."," 'Y""" round;n ,,, ..... ~ ,. ,to. "f""'''.
an<! "',"'" C ol &C, llorod.. "h"'h "P'....!Y '"'"I' ,.., ,to. .....""" ''''''''';'" )'1h;ng
m,w"".no! .I", d,,, h, ,"bj«!«1 h im ,, ~ '" 1"....... 11><" .... ,," ... ,ad " ,,;b, k
, "'!"h'" body'" "" ,"OOu',
- 'OR- 16 "","", uk, ,,,,obkm .. .."., .. i' ."..uy de"rih<. , humo. h<",& rom'
po><d of pW..... , n · ;nh«.u, j n~" . 00 , "'" """wn<d ,. "" ,oo,.. , h'''IIo i. ",to.,
"""" , I>< f. mil"', "Urn" ...... n,",,'1"'8"" "'.! mod<! to..«Ion U<" " " i, p"""ihk.
""mo«, ,!w, ,I>< f"gm<"' "k" '" "" "'...... of ,to. fin' "umo" ... S" ", ~,,jf
( 1.. 3. I ""'") , n<! Hoirlo.o""n I " .... ""') "R"" On , I>< """, "00. , I>< to'll"""'
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'''ion ;. """ct. <:>rig<n', "I"'"pI.o.",""
' n , I>< con"";' o«m , moT<
of "".,10".... _ d, mu" "'. " ""'. inrompI<'"
'0 ur. l",,,nd ,n. .. ' ,YmIXM of , I><
" mp~
,.,,., .. ,,d "yOou'. " t - ooJ,- .. <k .. ,oy..! "'rough h;, " '"'''' , .....
- 1 "';n]; ~ li>..ly ,.. , ,I>< ~'h 'p , ",.. po>«l of ... 011 roru",1.< "01)- 'P;ri' &nJ,
....,.,.j,n " 0010 i, , ...1.<, 'ymbol of ,I>< SOYOOU" body . .-.x "" ""'n"n; .. ~ ,I><
f"'''''' . 00 ,I>< ,.,,.,"',.... , ,,,,,"n' '" , I>< """ ..... ;he ""- .nJ ,to. ..-ood ol , I><
c"'" ~grtifi<. "" m.tt" ,,, " hKh "" SOYOOU' .... I;nka! 'rough "" ;nc."", ..... I'"
1"""",,,. ' 001. " p«WIy Pr. 6li-6/l. _,,- .... "s-n.,)
- n.. "'''rom' ;n "'1ir,.r io 6.",6. Einki. g ",racIrofl t" ,I>< "W ,,", ." \' ok", ",',"
,-;". oh., tl>< SOYOOU" body .... p,!"hK. mU>! b< m;,;"forrn<d. 11><" ;. """';ng in
"" f"gm<n" '"" ind;al<, oh.t " ,,",kon " ",bu,..! . p>)" ~ K body '0 ,I.< '"00u'.
.. soru,woIl I I .. '. 1"' """) , n<! " oI,h,.". (1 .... '"1"' 1) "'""". 11 ;, .I", noI,_
..-orthy , ... Or;g.n "" " 'mput<. ,... h , "",ion , ,, "".,kon,
- W;'" ,'S',d '" "" m!l";' ol John U' .. I,S- '0 • .\I, u,"" Wik> ,,,...... , ,.. ,
";. "" priocipl< of;" ",,,,,,ting • ;, ,,>cdr ill. Lo " " ""ho<\o, '"",n"u" me:.::
ol ,to. ,hi,J <m, ur( IWil" '960, "'_' 1<00). 11.< fa<t oIw '«-rod ",,, J;J "'"
• <Io<<< i" <l,,;~"""y i, " '" ~",,,d by ran",n , (1'''. 113n36. " OnM). ,Dd ""'I!'
.,ud by ",&,1 11000. 337_'''').
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u""P"'.H ''''I' '..Jno> JO ',qnop ou '1 .,,'U .& u40f JO ..... j 'U,,04
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_uo, '1~ ,"M ..... \,' ',u""1''''.H ~U1'p!'ln P"o ~u!uod.J u1 u~2!,O
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~"SV"'OH~ ~v"'" M'
Her.deon uphold. the Valent in i. n d istin<tion ""'",..,en the spiritual,
'"'
and the p'y<hk>, and the ide> that t il< (ormer belong to t l>< Fa,,,,,
and the l.tter to the derniurge, "' he u"" 'hat d i"inction primaril)" 10
de.crik the cliffe .. nt wars through wh ich the", cotego.i .. of p«>ple
are brought to 'he s..,iouf. Thus he j. wn.Odering both of them in
light of .he mOf< gener.1 p<rspt'Ctiw provide<! br the go,,,,,1 its.lf, the
""rein'" of human ity 10 the app"''''nc< of t il< Log.,.-Saviour in t he
world. It i. unlikely that H ... d""n wo. brought to tone down the d if-
ference. be,w""n spiritual, and P'ychb ••• ".ult of hi. work with
the Fourth G<.'p<I.' '' I t hink it i. more prob.ble th.t he genuinely
di..gr""J, on theological ground •• with the much more strongly deter-
m inistic, and rerh.p. elitist, interpretation of the .nthrorological tri-
p.rt;t;on proroundeJ by tho>< F'tolem.ean. whose view. are reporteJ
by I .. no<us, It i. this rersonal ,'e"ion of Valentini.n t heology •• nd not
• re.dy-m.de dogma. wh ich he b ring> into hi. re.ding of the Fourth
Go'rel. with th e r .. ult that hi. re.ding i. prob.bly leM, r.ther th.n
more. deterrnini"ic th.n the gOllrel it",lf.
1h, Sp"'" and /h, Gru",L Being a V.lentini.n. Heracl«ln mu"
h ..'e pres uproseJ ••ystem .!<in to the Valentin;'n .ystem . reporteJ
by lrenaeu •• the R'i"'ariQ. the Tril"'rtjt< hac/at<, t he Vai<ntinian
F":pG,irion .nd the "ariou. ",ctiom of the he,,,,,,
from 7hroJo,u,.
lhe fragments offer no information .bout hi. protologic.l ide •• or h i.
,'."ion of the m}~h of the p... ion of Sophia, In con"'" to the exam-
1'1« of V.lentini.n exegesis , erotted by Irenaeu •• Herad.",n """nu
to have chosen not to use the go'rel text to prow th ... fe.tur« of
Valentini.n doctrine, Hi. interest in John 'Hext """nu more con""n.nt
with re"pe<th'es found in the gOllrel itself: the de"ent into the world
of a saviour t hat d"". not belong to it. and his m i.. ion to gh-e "Iif,"
to tho>< who are .ble to r«.ive him, Nonethele ... cen.in • • rect. of
hi. 'l"tem can be r«onstructed from . Ilu.ion> in the fragmen", Thu.,
there ar. two main re.lms: the co.mo •• nd a higher ... Im from which
the s..viour ca me, The laner i. the .<on (frg" 1. 18). or the plerom.
(ftg •. 18,12). Th. coomo< i•• ubdh'ideJ into. material region. which
c.n be d.scribed ••• co.mo. of its own. ruled by the devil (frg. 10,
(f frg •. 44-(7) •• nd a p.ychic .. gion ruled by the d.miutge (f'g, 40,
.. , lh;, d;'hoct .... «"'"II''' from th< ;w."pW,;o" of {,I\- " ,;, .;«to. ,. " n,i
a-,,,,,, (.., '''''
.00 IT<. ..,,, IT."", 0...'""",,,"1 oi~
... " "ok,, >« ... to ""'" 1000gb' .., 1''><'. M I. ""' hi' ' "",",oc<d J; .......... of
",,,,,k<m ""'n 'PP'"al,
cf. frg. 11). Thi. co.mological fram"",ork i. V.lentinian .nd ha. ~n
,ur<rimro~ on the go.pel, though the prominence "f the devil in
the g"'pel text may have leJ Heracleon to p.y more . ttention to this
figure thon i. n"rm.1 in V.lentinian ""urce<.
In add it ion to the", two realm •• how"..,r, the Valentini.n. con-
«im of . n interrnecli .. e region. u.ually called t he Ogd".d, "'here
Sophia was comiderecl to dwell u ntil .he wo uld be r"'torecl to the
pieron,. in t he fin.1 apokatasta, j, • • nd from where .he andlor the
Sa,io ur were though t to carry out their deali ngs with t l>< co.mo<. !
th ink t his feature i. al.., evident in Heracleon. The !erusal<m of which
the terrestrial H ierosolym a i. an image. can hardly I>< anything but
the Ogd".d, '" "lhe Judea . bove" in frg, 40, from which the Saviour
de><end . into the world •• urely refen to t he .. me region. Another hint
i. gi,-en by frg, 3~ (0. 11.49.324) , -The Son of M.n . bove the Place
SOW" the S.viour, him .. lf .Iso Son of M. n, harv,," .nd .. nd ••• re.p -
e,. the angels repre><nted by the di.dpl<., each for h i.own 5Oul."lhe
"Place" i•• n.me for the demiurge."r hi. region, the Hebdomad.''' In
fact, it i. normally from the Ogd",d .bo", the co.moo that tl>< Sa,iour
and/or Sophia ""ws t he .piritual .. ecl of Sophi. into huma n bodies
and soul. ,' " !n deecl. that i. where they were producecl, •• images of
the .eon" .nd the place from which they were sent down to a life of
hum.n inc.rnation I><fore being integmtecl into the pieron,.. While
we do not know the detail. of Heracleon', idea •• bout the produc-
tion of the ...ecl. there i. little reason to b<lieve they were .ubst.n-
ti.lly different from those found in the known Valentinian .ystem., 'll
'I!'''' ";,h \'.u. n "."~~ .', , 00 Ex<. ',Mo.( , (d. 1homu.< n lOO6. "'"---<J}j,.nJ
moy ... U "" th< moot primi"'" "", .... of t!>< ""n><. " ;. In.. 1"-" " ",,",on n<>'"
n><nt .... , "" "gu" ofSoph;", b", 'h< "'..Jos;<' ,,;th oth<, V"'nt;";", ,,,•.,.,,, mol,
" ""'" ".""".bk to . ""mr "'" .. P""'ppo>«I >Om< fo.-m oft!>< Soph .. mylh tho"
""', . . d;J not .
•H,"" ,;,1< Son of " • • "-,, "",. ;mp"",d from -"ot , ""'7,''- " f"<'I>obl,- inol'_
« ... tho, II" pl<rom>, from wh",h ' h< """,", <In;"" <nil ,. ~_ i"",1I' ' h< 'l'i, '-
,... """ "'» prOO",rd.;' ,,,,,,,,i,'rd .. an "''''')1''1 A.lhropoo, .. ;n ,'ok."nu, f ",
',and lI"",oUy ;n V"'n"""'n',," (-0.0.....". >006.0. ."_<.,,, ,h;, intr<pr<Utoo
.... . 1".0)· '"M",trd by j ,m,,", ""'~, ,.,).
•» AlI'"', II>< ..... ~ ...... ",", ·" ,01,,,,, p""." ""If. a,r., ,I>< orN b«n oown ;n'o
oil hu" u", ( .... ' . ~ ., ALoOO lOn, ' '''_''' ...<un,,), '" ""I)' ,•• ,hoo<. Or"', , .. 'Pi,'-
,..... Hm<1ro.. W"" "' no •• ,"'« to ,h;. 'l"'''oo .
." ,0< thi' .... , "" 11.0""'''" '''''''' <"'''. m_m, In_J'' .
•u 5«. <.g.. ",.b '960. 5« .r.Iw ,"" "mort, by K' .... lOOO, .,_".
Bl .UOGkAPH f
AL..oo, B., ' E"""""n8~~ uoo ." 'n ..h<nld .... nkh,,, 1M lboolog;< do,
H,.-.klrooo .I, ScMo.",1 ,urn V",,,"OO",, d" ,.mu"hm C"",i,'" a_u • ..1
a.....~""' p"!,<,, R<..i"' /I.. ...."11< ,""""";.,,.,1 Co'I""" "" ""n,'" "ud",
iOxJO'"5q/,mbt< ,,1<_, Jth ,.7», ." . Km,,., «1_ N.g Honun..!; SOoo",'; ... """'
Rna. ..n. "S_l".
lIo"' .... m, "-, 1,,",.nJ /I.,
.. p;do. M"h.' ""<lm ... ~ , _
"-""""''''« 1.. ""'pd, '" ')0";'''''' T"""",,,y, G ..oo
HL..oc, C_ on,....., Comm," '.' .... , "'i., I"'.,
Tn', , ri",!"" ""''''P''/'<'>, ,.-wI",_
,"" " ""'",' vol.,
",0-
0 , [. L'>96.
Sou,,,,,, h"'''''"" L>O ru (1 00 ,<I.) , " '. '''1.
NO. '"', P"i<
H,oo"', A--" ..., .. "'ap" ..b of J/..,.o><kon, T.. " <n<I SOOO", 11< , c..mbridg<e
Combridg, Uni.. ",>y 1'1< ... 1""1.
c..mo.. " ., " "n"'" "",,' T<x'"," """,",.tan",, Co,-pu> o,ri,".oorum, "'ri<,
Apo<'l'Pho,"m " . Tu,""""', R,opoh,lOO'.
D""oli, D., ' Ant,-opojog;. , ~orio doU• ..J" ... ;n bad<"",," -",mori, 4</ ..
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s«knkh" do. G""" ;, ,,, H""." ""," ""..,;---s..k----".im",
K.n. ~U "'" 7. •"., ' .... I. HoW.. u",n, N. !i<;t rig< 'u, AI",_
'um"'uoo. , .... StuuV'" T,""""" , .... 119--300.
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Moh, ,;.bock. ""',_
INFlUENCE AND 1l'.'TERPRETATION OF THE GOSPEL OF
JOHN IN ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY; THE EXAMPI.E OF
EUGNOSTOS (NHC Ill,) AND V,L)
Anne Paoquier
Unive"it' L ...a1
The 'ex' en,i,1ed Eug""w, appe." in 'wo cooi, .. of 'he Cop'ic Nag
Hammadi lib=y; Cooex III (70, 1-90, 13) anJ Codex V (1,1-17, IS), t he
la"e, ,,,,,ion being mo,e recen' ,h.n 'he former. hS"""o. ha, be<n
.ubiec' '0 .ubsequen, ,ewrit ings and reo'ganiza'ion" 'he most '''iking
of which i. the Sophia of I<>u, Ch,j", • text ,hat exi", in 'wo analogou.
cop;'. written in Coptic. a. ",,11 a. in G,,,,,k fragmen".' Furth<rmore,
many cita,ion. have been preser ... d in c... ain excerpt' from a
·Valen,inian l<l1e,." copied by Epiphaniu. in hi. Pdnan'on 3D,I-S_'
Did t he .utho, of Eugno'lo, III know of t he Fourth Go.p<1! Pos>ibly,
bu, t here are no explici' ci,.,ion., and only a few ,"erb.1 reminiocencn,
lhe Codex V ... "ion doe., how"""
try '0 establi.h apr .... ,;.. wi,h
'he Johannine prologue, an in'eresting detail in i,,.,If. Thu., ,hi. ,,,,-
.ion belong. '0 an in'erpre'.'''·e tr.di,ion ,h., de ... loped during 'he
SKond and third cen,ur;'. CE. espedaUy in Ale""nd,i._' My objec'ive
;, '0 examine 'he po>4ible connection. bet ween ,he Go'p<1 of John
.nd t he d ill'e,en, '"e"ion> of EugnO>lru, .nd '0 explore e>pe<i.lJy t he
w'l" the Cod .. V version ha. in'egra,ed .nd in'erpreted Joh.nnine
p•• sag"',
The au,hor of Eugno'lo, announce. a '.-.nKenden' GoJ-unhea,d
of by.1l men including t he wi .. - and opts for 'he ,hetorical genre of
, On< '" '"" ....iom '" 7 ... _ .. of 1<'"' CIon" foIIo... >""1""''''' ;mm<di.t,,?·
'n cod" JH ("""l4_' ".tll, wh;1< '"" "'''', "'" ', con"""," 'n
''''' (77,1- "7."1_ ,I>< u""k r"V"' n" '" '0 "" IDu.o 'nt'"
t'"
"."~n Cod<.
ilipIo,","", P.p,""
t'"
'oo' (no_ 106-1 '" A. 'u ll..,~' cotUogu<l. ~ . I<~ C"'_ h ... • "'goc".-d
th, ""
'" £ugn<»"" in. n<W h.m<, . "'''' .. ,.... JWog'" I>«..-«n th< '""" Chn...oo h',
di"'ph
, f","""", "", .00 ",ft"'n.c<J ,'" ".nic"",n
dod"", '" ,ho "'" 'n"Urn'"
""","," '" ,ho I";mo.-dial ..... n. Su """ 7M "",",10 ,-", ... of """pioooo (B<rl;n ~_
' .....1·
, .... "" Go>pd '" JOOn ..... S ,>.pl~;dy ;nflu<""ru both "",;om'" "'f'Io. }.-..
0,, __ ." r.~u;', >00'> (1"" 1. '''''P''' ' 1_
epOdeictic diKou .... , or "praise rhetoric ," in order to reveal his pr..-
enee. The use of philosophical term., the conci~ nature of the ")10. a.
well as tM hymnic and ..,Iemn tone of the treati"" confer to the text
the qualitie. of a dogmotk celebration, lh ... characteri"ic. are com-
p,rable to those found in the "Sacred Speech,"'. literary genre wide-
.pread in Midd leplatonic writing •. Eugnosr"" i. no doubt intended for
on a <U!ience ",mitiYe to the phil<»e>phk.1 or theological-ph ilwophical
thought ond doctrine .. The aut hor u><. language t hat i. ph ilwophical
a. well a. hyronic to further the teaching. oftM two d ivine Principle.
that reign oyer the oil, the .piritual univer ... One find. greot coher-
ence in the organization and <tructure of the text, who>< d escription of
e\"en" unfold. from what is hidden to what is manife"ed, and who><
main principle is that whot i. in,'i.ibJe c an be found in what i. vi.i-
ble-a principle acc ..sible only 'hrough a revelation,> In other word.,
the ident ity of this otherwi .. unknown God and hi •• piritual world
i. revealed only at the end of the revel.tion, and this i. p""'ible only
becm .. thi. God ha. ma nifested him.elf in the vi.ible world.
lhe text relate. the appearance of an -illuminating light : a -begin-
ning" of the reyelation .ndofknowledge ..... t fir" hidden in the u nbegot-
tell Father, th i. light, .pining forth from infinity, ''''.01. itself through
the ~gure of the Immortal Mon, Thi. Man aI.., receive. the name
of "Self-Begotter Man" or "Self-Father Man" (Eugtlo"o, III 77, 14-1~;
V 6, 19-21), •• well .. tM "Only-begot[tenl , the Only [Sonl (mo""!:,"",j"
(V ' ,11-23), and 'he "perfect [Only-i be igotten ]" (11177,2). The Son i.
also named -Father" in thot M "and. at the origin of .. Ivation and
, ,,'elation. He is t he fir" Man of the "begin ning" or of the intelligible
world (1II8~,9-10; 86,13-14; V 13,8-9). Ha>'ing at ~r" been hidden,
he th,n manife ... and unveils him .. lf. after that of· Man," h, ... ume.
the tit!, of-Son onlan" and then tha, of"Sovior." He is al.., identified
wit h Wisdom, who in 'urn iscalled "Tru th" (.... {o'r/reia), "Love" (Ag<lp.f)
and "Fai'h" (Pi"i.).
This doctrine i. 0 form of Chri>tianity characteri,ed by Helleni"ic
Judai.m and by a .piritualized pogan religion that can be compared to
• E".f"""'" ,<1m Ie ,I.< 0I<j T,,..,,,,,", ,,," i" '" " om," ~ m,""". l~roughoo'
"" ' nC "'" fi nd , ,,"my ky ""no from.uwl .. tu ...... '" c," 1_' and ""'"
"""",,-- lh;. "'...," of "10,,,,= '"PI""'" ,"", ,t.. i m~~ d "ad<" ~"" abk '"
'<wi'"
unokr.,nd no< only ,I.< .. I"",,", . nd ,t.. ky " rm •. bu,.oo ,'" OOg' ..1 ""'''''
" I"" ,t..y OC<W'.
, ", r,"l""" >009 (I"'rt 1. '''''pO'' 31.
• s<, ... .,.,. " . to.
• ", """""0 . nd tJou',,",o '''', U3/i-,.". 366-370. A,oorJ'ng '" '""""''''.
"" U"b<goto," ..,1.<, '"" ha ;""S' , "" ,..,,,;,,1 "''''.
f'O''''' m;n<l. '''''''gh', ,,11<,_
,.... ~ dodjb,,"h""~ . nd '""" logo> '"' """d ("""'. '" .... , ,"th,m";,,
"",,.M) (lll 71.1_"; 1'.5--'" \" 3. ,0-, ';
'.6-'1.
P/>""""'.
• " ' .. n '"'" """k ' .... >02_2' • .
'"
lau .. i. u.u.lly thought to date rrom LM - l 40C[, " Two hypoth ....
can t herefor. be form1.1I ...& .it h .. Eugna,lru a nd Aru, iJ •• Apology
each in their '''p<ctive "'0)" incorporated a >ouree th.t probobly
ci«ulated during the ~rst quarter of th e second century, or, .imply
p ut. one wa. dirK!I)" infiu"need by .he other. Which"w, solution i•
• dOptM, ,hi. par..:llel . lIows uo, in . 11 probability, to pl.ce Eugno,/o, in
the ~"t h alf, if not the ~"t quarter. of th e 5«ond cent ury C E.
More pred",ly, I person.lly beli,,'o t h.t Eugnosto, muM ho>" ~n
w,inen in Alexandria during the rerioo that immNiately followed the
kwi.h ,,,,"olt of 11 ' -117 CE, in an environment "'h<re it was custom -
'f)', at the time, 10 interp"" the Christi.n me.sage within the framework
of ludeo-Hellenistic Wi..!"m .peculation." It i. from this very typ<
of b.d,grou nd ,h.t trace. of Gno>tic .ystem. or Gno>tic Chri .. ianity
emergeJ. and the intendeJ audienc~ of Eug"o,lo, al", .... m. to h ....
consi .. eJ of Christ i.ns coming from .uch a soci.l and cultural con-
text. Eugno'iru propound. a !"'-nicuJ.T form of Chri:!tianity. in.pireJ
by. Ph ilonic trad itio n wh ..... v''l'' appeal might have l.in in th~ fact
that it did not introduce an abrupt change from the conceptual frame -
work of Hellenistic Jud. i.m."
" ,,"" much t h< ["m,h .... 'W ~~ d"". "P"" ,..t;,r 1T.,!;tOom w",,, ,h., fig _
"" had alr<ady un<i<'E"'" ,ri"','P"" 'oo ., • "",ot" of ,",boo< ( A>hton ' 007, , _
>76).
,.
him to t il< sain" and the just, it i. by h is " name" .hot 'hey ""ill be
".. ,..,d" and th.t they will gain "life" (48,7). This Son of Man i. ""ated
upon a glorious "throne" and i. i. through him that the sainu will
obtain their "w,l.sting "dwelling" (6 2;2.3,~ 7[,16). The .. designation.
all .ppear in Eugno"a, when t h< cel."ial M.n ,,,,,.. I. him .. lf as the
Son of Mon a nd Sovior. 10 give life to the mem""" of the church (,"""
for example, Eug"oilas II! 76,!8-19; 77,3-4.9-13; 81.1- !8). The US< of
the theme of glory i. con>1.n' th roughout the text in expre .. ing the
m.nif.... tion of God', po""'"and a uthority, which are inextricably
linkecl to hi. ",'el. tion,
How""r, this identifica t ion ktw""n the Son of Man . nd the
Messi.h was already complete in the Synoptic Co.!"'I., which indicate.
th at they poMibly were the impir<>.'ion behind the Go'rel of John and
Eugno"o.,"' A. i. the ca .. with the canonical gO'rel., t he exp .... ion
it..,lf !>Kame> titl<," and, in Eug"O./Of, the influen« of M.tthew par-
ticularly i. felt. t he >On of M.n "r« <i,-.. hi •• u thority from hi. IFot h.. r
(Eugno./o, V 9.7-9; cf. 5oph. ,,,. Chr. III 104.22-23; Be 99.16-18). "
Anothe< imron.nt mot if can . lw b< fou nd in t he Go'r<1 o{Joh n, t hat
of the d ivine n.me (17;6. 12, "your n.me wh ich you g .... me", d, ~ ,~ 3;
Io,n, 17;26) , Thi. i•• I..,.n e.. ent ial theme in E"gno<l"",, wherein this
name I><>tow... Iv.tion. In Eugno<lO<, the «lest i.1 M.n, a. knowledge
of t he unb<gotte n Fath er who i< designaled "He- Who-Is" (E,od },14;
Eugno"o. III 7 1, 13- 14). ro,,,.I, the primordial denomin.tkm; Divinity
.nd King.h ip (Ill 77,9-13 , 77.13-78.3; V 6.1 4-18, 6,29-7.1).
Th i. Gnostic text .. hibi" an old Christologic. 1 model .ccord ing to
which the >On i< t he name of God and t he dawn ing of. new day. Thi.
doctri ne of t he >On-Name can . 1.., b< observed in the Go'l'd of Tr~lh
(39) .nd in t he S/"p/t"J of H"m n. (S;mU;,ude 9.1 4.' ). The theology
of t he name, pre .. nt in een.in book< of the Bible, i. applied to the
eelesti. 1 M.n , The n.me then l>e<:om .. a de«ript ion of hi. di,;nity.
Such> theology, .. rongly Jewi.h in ....,nce, pr .. upro .... 'f"'Cul.tion •
• """i.. «1 with the problem of d ivine manifestation, ref1«t ion, wh ich
• !!OW''''''. In th<
"~,,o.t .-ok of I""'.
>rOOP<" Goop<J.. ,t.. to'" "Son of "" n" «f<n to th< fu,u«.
" " ~ d;or.c..lt to ")' .. h"t.., "'" "pr<""'" h.> b<oo-m< ' " ><lual , ;t!< ;" I f~
.. ;n ,t.. N,,.. l',".m<n' ,,,", So< d< V;,.;/, 1001. ' ' ' ' . 00 Copp< ... ''''. 118_138,
" " ... m. ,hot f"I"""'" .... linkal M,,, ,",,, ("ai' ,",t-;,y h.. b<m pftn.,
m<" ) ,,;th M,,, 11027 r ...... b«n g;,m to .... by m)' h ''''''"), Cf. aI", Moot 26,,,.
1h< "P''''''''' "lh< lUngdom of,t.. Son of ".n" (""1"""'" m st . 1J_l<) .J." ><,m,
to d<ri,', from "',n, .,'" ...... "pm_ ..,., .,""" In G<><f'<I of M"ry ~."'to ,
r~l.te to the two principcal n.m .. gi,-en to God in the Hebrew Bibl~.
EioJ.im and YHWH. which a", transl.ted by kyriru and in t he '".0,
s.,ptuagint,
However. Eugn",/o, is. . bov •• 11. intricotely link"'; to the teachings
of Philo of Alexandri. who .ppl .... double name (a.soci.t"'; wi,h •
double pow.".) '0 God'. ["'S""" ",h. F.,her of ,h. un;'-...." who in
the ..ered Krip'ures i< called by hi. proper n.me. I am that I am; and
the beings on .. ch .ide .re tho>< moot .ncient powen, .. one of which
;. called hi. ere.,ive power, and 'he other hi. roy.1 power, And t he
cre.,ive power i< God ...• nd 'he royal power i. the Lord" (Ab" Ill,
Yonge, tran.I.). In f.ct, Philo m.intain. th.t the 'wo powe .. are uni-
fied bee.us< God i. the Logo, (Ch". 27-28). Philo', prob.ble inlluenee
on t he aut oor of Eug"o"". therefore impli .. th.t the latter . Iso iden-
tifies the cel.sti.1 Man with ,h. Logo" However, Eugn"iI'" m "",-er
deKribeo him explicitly a. ,uch, in contrast to Eusno"", V (1 7,11).
The motif of the d;"in. n.m., a • • ppli"'; to • eel."ial being, i. pres-
ent in ludai,m and i. undeniably 'he source that in.pired the Fourth
Go.pel and [ug"Oil"•. Although it i. difficult to establish or ,,-en per-
c'; .... dir«t inlluence from one to the other, parallel. can be dra"""
between the ApOCdJyp~ "f Abmhdm, wh ich i. u.u.lly dat"'; to 'he end
of th e fir" century CE. and the Go.pel of lohn .nd Eugn,,""" " In
the tenth chapter of this apocalyps<, Abrah.m heard . di,-in< mice
.peaking. - Go. Y..,.,I of the .. me n.m •• 'hrou~h the mediation of
my ineff.ble n.me," Y..,.,I i. an .ngel «,,'
by God to Ab .. h.m "i n
the liken... of a man" (d. D.n 7013), .nd on whom he h a. bestow"';
the authority of hi. n.m • . Yooel .Iso ..y. of himself, - I am YaoeL .. a
power through the ","';iurn of hi< ineff.ble nom. in me" (Apo<. Ab.
1O,4,~,8; Rubinkiewicz. "ansi.). The name i, .. lf, "Yaoel: i. the result
of the fu.ion of'he two divine names, YHWH .nd E!," The n.me had
. 1"" been gi ... n to the people of God, in 4 Eom 4,2~, 'he divine n. me
i< beo'owed upon 1,...1,
To underst.nd the teaching. con,-eyed by Eusnoil"', w. must
undeniably refer to ,h. writing. of Philo,.n . uthor who icien,ifi .. t he
"beginning" of Cen 1,1 with the fir"oorn 1-og"', named "Principle:
~ "" I'M" (CIon-. l7, ""',1. 86-'10; M",. 11_ 11; QG .. ' " Mo. . ,·..._tOO). th,
...... ...,.,." ,ta"'" fo.- God', ",,.Ii,·, "".... 1/<'''';);'1. uwl ,he ...... -"",J" fo.- hi'
roy.! """ 1.... ~iV).
» s« c.qoco an,! !'hno""nko t"7. «,niL
" s« ~ t""'....
"Name of GOO: "Man in the image of GOO," "Seer" and "I<..el· (Conj
146-1 47) . One a 'l'"'t in pankular d...,rv... fu rth .. im.. stiga'ion . • inee
it later on inAuencoo the exeg .. i. of the loha nnine prolol;Ue, put fonh
by the Valentini. n., Clemen' of Alexandria and Origen. According
to Philo, the divine na me conceato itself in the di,ine rea ",n or intel-
Ifft ,ine< only th e divine rea",n i, .. lf, where.he Ide.. or the PI.tonic
Form. re.ide, ca n oou .. GOO', powers (Opij 20). In ""gnoilo.>, the
archetypal Man, bearer of Goo', name, i. endowoo with a n intell"'t
that d i.play. an inner 1o!", which contain< in itself the .phitual world',
plenitude. A. a mirror and image of the unbegotten Father, he ha. a n
intellect "which i•• pecific to him,' From this intelJ<Ct, comp..-" ble to
a monad, emerges, like a dyad, a thought (,"noin) "according to hi.
liken ...• (111 78,6--9; V 7,6-9); from .hi., following the model of deri-
,-ation of numbers, originate myri.d intell«.ual powers that take the
form of refl«tion. and deli.,. ... ion .. A. the Father, Man i. first of all
pr... nted a. th e intelligible archetypical co.mo<,
According to Claude Panacdo', study, t he oldest straightforward
referenc .. to the ""pre"ion logo, mJin'h<lo, (inner logos), a. d istin-
gui,hed from the logo, pyoforiko.> (.poken log"'), date back to the first
century CE, Other than a .ingle mention ma de by a barely known
a uthor, Heroditus, the f<f<rence. are mainly concentrated in Philo'.
worh ll Although Philo doe. not make any a llu.ion. '0 a typology
.uch a. found in "ugnoHOJ, our unde"tanding of the Gnostic point
of view owes much to him beeause this p.ychology;' rel.ted to meta-
ph)'>i« of a theologica l n.tUf<. Philo connects the logo, , "Jinlheto.
to the co>moiogical logO$, which i. the intelligible paradigm of the
univer .., while the outer logo.> "p.... n" the inherent order of the
«mible cr.. tion.
" I .h;"l .hi> "ploin> ..... r ""h ~Torng' '" w''', in 1M "'g '''mmod; hb"'T,
r'""d...., bpOd< "ho, '"
" ith ,... "r'"'''iy a.,;~ ,m.
220
This m.ans ,ha' even 'hough E"Kno./ru III ma y h .... been in~u-
.nc..J by the Go'rol of John, the au,hor doe. no' n« .... rily con.id ..
i, to be. proof-text in 'he rhetorica l >en ... Of ev.n, ..cred 'lTiting. At
'he very m",t, rorhap' i, i. ro .. ible '0 detK' one of the ~'" attempts
at exploi' ing or wing 'he Founh Gosrol in Eusnoilo. III. bu, a' ,hi.
poin' we can only p ut fotth hypo'h<re< concerning t his comple. and
delicate i»u., It ,..,her .. em, •• if the GOirol of rohn .nd /iuS"OilO'
III dei>'..J into sh ....J tr.ditiom th., were drawn, for 'he moot pan.
from lud.i.m, A. it has alre>dy been 'mmiseJ ••wn if . con.iderable
number of key no,ions ..e common '0 both EuS"""'o, III .nd 'he
Founh Go.pel, i, i. uncertain "'he'her one n"' .... rily oorrow..J 'hese
from the o,her, "
Whatever its ""mco of in'pi .. t ion. EuS"o, /o , , u&1.""" • 'heological
viskln . nd a Christology 'hat differ from 'ho", found in t he Founh
Go'pel, lhe pre ... n,.,ion a nd organiz.'ion of a 'ext are an expression
of its v. lu ... its vi.ion of 'he world .nd its 'h""logica l horizon. loh n
ind ud .. the ~gure of the Mes.iah in a g""pel gem •• in a "life" accoun'
dir«,..J toward. th e P..,kln. <ven if'his Pa .. ion i, .... n a . a n exalta-
,ion .nd. gIori~cation, In .pite of ' he f.ct that h i. objective was not '0
rKord the story itself. bu, to in'erpret i,. 'he h i"oric.1 ~gu .. of r.. u.
rem.im ,h. evangelist', cent ral focu. and start ing roin'. Th. Go'pel
a'pire> to",-.rd, forging of a link bet",,,,,n 'he hi<torical I.. u. a nd 'he
'itle "Son of Man: which he is given and wh ich indic .... hi, celestial
origin . The .. a""n . for 'he deKen' . nd .",en' of ' he Son of Man are
,herefore understand.ble ,'" IV ayne M""ks h.. emph • • iz..J how every-
'hing in ,hi. particular gOipel occurs on eanh. e,,,n if the ~gUfe of 'he
Son of Man demon"'. 'e> tha, Ie.... doe. in fact belong to another
world." Thi. J.. u. r,,'.,.I. th at the Word of God became fi .. h. which
al<o leads to a new vi.ion of God.
In EuS"oSlo,. 'he nam .. and characteri"ic. a ppli.d '0 'he S..;or
are essentially 'hoo< "f a gloriou< being. The 'itles "Man " . nd "Son of
Man ".re paramount and refer undoubt..Jly '0 a being from .bo,...
Mo." imronantly, a. i, the c. ... with num.ro ... Gno<tic texts. the ~g
Ufe of the Son of Man. und er 'he infiu.nee of Platoni,m. i. reinter-
pret..J following ,hat of the a rche'ypical M.n where •• thi, i. no' 'he
~ f or , urnpl<. ,I>< 'nm. "l'r n"'" . 00 " "'~ " "j" ~" .. d<~3"" hom "" , I>< Son.
M ' " A>h,OG ' 007, 1"_176.
n M,," I ." . 30.
221
ca~ in th~
Goopel of lohn. Moreo,..,r, following the Philonic tradition
(ei. Opif 134-1H), liug~o"o. diffe",nt iat .. t ho man of Gon U6-27
from the one in Gen 2,7 (made from -dust· and -fathered" on earth)
(£"g"o>'o. II! 70,3-6). We know ,hat the interpretation of t ho dual
account of creation in (;en",i. allo",..,d->till unJer 'he influen« of
Platoni.m-..,veral interpreters, among ,hem Philo of Alexandria ,
to mark a di>tinc,ion hetw«n a n incorruptible .pi'it",,1 and «I<>,i.l
man, created in God', image, and a worldly m an who i. corruptible,
Thi> celestial M.n become> the Sa,';or in liug"o>1o., and he ind""d
app"" a> .uch. E"g",,,lo, d"". not 1'10« any empha.i. on the histori-
cal figure of ie.w, or on hi. death, but ra,her empha.i"", 'he inner
enlightenment of the church , lhi. very church consti,ut .. the Savior',
bod)" hi> «I<>,i.l figure doe. indeed <ncompa .. within himself God',
people, which len& him characteristic> . imil.r to the lewi.h figure of
the Son of Man, himself a half-individual, half-collective figure.
Thi. . . m~ doctrine i. presented in the Codex V ",,,ion which,
howev~r, i. more explicit in its incorpora'ion of c~rtain a.pee" of t he
Go.pel of lohn, .. pecially in reference '0
'he prologue. Thi. ,'e"ion
of E"gnosto. thus prefigure> 'he Valentini.n neg"i. known to us
through indirect sources. Valentinu' >tuJen" go", preference t he'0
go.pel'. prologue beca .... of ,he Hellenic attribute> apparent in t he
language."
• tn ,o. ,,,I 0( th< pp<i . th<" ",", " ,,",,«I • Hd~n iu"o" 0( IanE"'S" 0", "'"
O(lh< ""''''S''
» t.,..",.. '" .. ,m, to "" bnkrd to, ,.uaI "'''ng. mor, p<<<H<1y to, b.opli""aI
""" ••" r,"l""" >00'0 II''''' 1. <~'pl" 'j.
hi> tea<hings," The~ ",corpu,,,, introduc~ •• citation. "'ther than
.imple allusion •. One inter... ting factor i. the author'. d .. ire to e"ab-
lish an unequimcal connection with the loh.nnine prologue (John
1.1,9; Eugnrutru V ~. 19-29 ).
The fir" Man Of cele"ial M.n. a. des<rii><-d in Eugno'to, V. ha.
wi.hin him",lf .h e Wisdom named "Truth: Although bo.h ve"ion. of
Eug"ofto, alloc>te a .imilar t•• k to the Wisdom that concern • •he .piri -
tuallmowledge that will be ,eceived by .ho.. wbo are saved. E"snofto,
II! describe. the archet),pical M.n', wisdom a, on, undeniable truth.
Thi> concop. i. particul.rly indebted to Pl.toni,m and luciai"", in
that it mean. the e.. rnal ,eality .. rewal~ to men. According.o the
Wi>dom of Solomon. thi> truth i. understood ..,Iely by tho>< woo haw
f.ith in Go.l it i. identical '0 the d .. ign elaborated by God for the wi ..
(Wi. H 7), n In the Codex V ... "ion of E"sno"o,. "Tru.h· becomes a
denomination or a designated entity.
lhe nam, "Tru.h: given.o the female counterpart of the Principle
(~,ch .. ) or of . he mom,s"m" Son. i>. ",cording to Iren"" ... (AI/V. h~",
1.1, 1). a Valentinian concept, "'Thi. Mind they also call Only-begotten.
Father and Beginning of all thing •. Truth wa. emitted at the .. me time
he (Mind) "'.... (Unger and Dillon. ' ransi.)," The V.lentini.no them-
selve. probably borrowed the name from the Go.pel of lohn in "'hich
"Truth' i. almos. considered as one of Christ'. nam ... (John 14 ,6), In
addi.ion. if the Son'. spou", i> called "Truth: it i. becau", the Son i.
"full of grac< and t ruth' (John 1014).
Afie rthe des<ript ion ofthe Son'. ""If-mani (e".tion in t he U nbegotten
Father or "Pre-Principle: he i, told to manifest himself ~J ...:'m, which
"".,.1. him .. the Principle of .. Ivation and knowleds" "Now".
cia]me forth another Principle, with [the] Only- [b< lgotten, Woolly
Unique begotten lSon l ' ,. Fa.her woo l.prin]gs up from him .. lf-wh[o]
i. lthe] Principle (or Beginning, arche) lin] which the logo> dwelll. r
(ef. John 101), Thi> Principle radiat .. inexp",,,ible, illuminating Light
(ef. John 1,9) (Eugtlo"o, V ~, 1 9-29).
M f..- ''''''pl<. " ,I>< , 00 ot,l>< ,,,,,,do",", . 00 " ,I>< cone'", .... ot "" ,,>1 -',,_
on'"''<g''' P"''Il''---<fUOI''''''''
V 1,12_tJ, (7 , ,,_
from ,'" N,w 1'''''''''0' '" "!rod,,,..;, Eo!:"""",
~
17, - ...x 1'01 ""<]'0'" who ... """" w ;l '" a.Id<d- (M'" '}," •
"""," ",
1'''').
Dodd "B. ,n
~ l''' n~, Ung« ,...:I L>iI= ''''. n '" oJ"', ,, ~ , ~ .., """ , U ' .',}' 1.11.1 ,
'H',
m
Lin.22 of the Cod.x V , ..".ion h.oth. Greek term monog<n'" that i"
the · unique SO"," and the immeai ...ly pr«.Jing Coptic [x!nu 0Y""~
has th e urn. me.ning. Th. purro"" of 'hi> redundancy is undoubt-
eJly to highlight, for the ",ad.rs, the connoctio" th.t link. it to the
Johannin. gO'rek • text that E"sna""" V <on,icie" =enti.1 to the
argumenta'ion (john 1,)4, I 8> 3, 16).
Ther. oro ..,me >lmil.,i,i .. between this in«<pretation and the one
.ttributed 10 the Vakn.ini."" by Clement of Alexandri. (Exc<'P" from
n,ro.io,", 6. 1-4) and Iren •• u •. In hi. A.J\~,,", ha",,,, 1.8,~, Irenaell.
p.... n" the V.I.nlinian exege.i. a . follo",~ ,
>ince, then, he _real<> of th, firs' origin (of things), I>< (John) dOH "..,11
10 ,..It hi. <10<";",, ,",'j,h Ih. Beginning, 'hot i. with 'he Son and ,,,",
Word. He ""ri,.. '" foUow~ I" 'h, Sqi""i"t .," 'h, Worn, .oJ 'h,
War.! "'.. ~'i'h G.>J. and 'h, Word "'" GoJ. H, .... , ,n 'h, &gin.i.t
th"""
,,;,h Go.!. fi,,~ he di.<tinguish ... th... God, Beginning, , oJ W",d.
lb<n he unn« tl><m in oroR' to show th•• nn.,;"n of <>eh on • • inglr,
""mely of Son,nd Wo,d, , nd th. "n;"n of Son to Word , nd ofboth
to tl>< Fath... For tho Betinning i, in Fath.. and from Fath<" but Wo,d
i. in Il<glnmng.nd from Betinnin&- ~
lhis e.. g<si. th.n giV<'S ,is. to th •• «Ink couple., found, fo, e.. mple,
in I,ena.u.' Adv. han 1.1 .1, the Son i. Intellect .nd T,uth, Logo. and
life, and th •• pi,itual M.n and the church.
Such. distinction betwe-en two a.pe<" of the Son, ""ho i•• imultan.-
ou.ly intell«t and logo», i.e" th. inner logoo and th e uttel<d logo., i.
found in th. Gc,~i ofT""h. In the exordium (Gru. T,",h 16.31-17,4),
the Son is pre.. nted .. a thought th at eternally inhabit< th e mind of
the r ath", that i" .. logo, m ,iiarhelru (latent "oson), before being
utt.l<d with a view to .. Iv.tion. Many of th. notion. exp'ess<d in t be
,xo,dium a .. used again near th. end of the "xt (37,7-1~):'While
they weI< "ill depth. of hi. Thought, t he utterM Wo,d ,ev.aled them .
Now a Mind t hat 'peak>, which i. a .ilent Wo,d and Grace, i, c.lIed
'1hought,' .inee th.y were in it before king ..waled. It came about
then that it w.. utterM, when the will of him who willed desired it.·"
The philooophic.1 d<><trine of the double logo" i.e" the inner !;,go.
diff'el<nti.ting itself from the utterM !;,go., w.s used fo, the interp""' -
tion of the loh.nnine prologue. Apart from the Valent ini.n., it i. easy
~ lb;, "aJi,.... ~ r<m..,. • lop<)' from Ph;lo """ di,bngu;>h<d lh< .. "",.oJ PO"-_
'" ;n t M '-"f'" room , .. ,..ria ... 0000.oJ d;Y;n< n '''''' ~
• lb, Say;,.,.;, lh< "",";f.."b,," of ' M mh<'ypal " .... M"'" u{ God', "am<.
""";, mJow.d w;th .n ;o~ l k" ,ha, a;>pW)" ' " ;n"" Iofo>. ,,'hOch .. 'um ",,,Wn,
;n.",If," pk";,oo. u{ th, 'I'~;'u.d ..-.xWl, tn ,"" Sa""", thm " ' . - , ~t ,ha,
"'1"""'0" lh< ,hutch ("..,;.1. and " ,hOc" will ' f'p<" " th< ,;"" u{ "'v";o,, w;,h
", d;lf"",nl m<mbm, to ""h. , 'Ocw. M,n ~ . ""p"n'" r<,,,,,,al"r ,,-t.o ~ d<p<n_
d< nt "".u 'M ""mb...,""" 'M link> brtwff" "or'""'''' ,oJ ' M "<>rh;"," doct , ;",
d<"rih<d by t"'na<" ~ "" ",",;mu, >00">,
226
manif.. , ,ha' by, woman Life came abou," (Ill 87, ' -7, V 14,1'-27),
The defini' ion of 'he church named "Life" i. a reference back '0 Cen
] ,20, where Eve i. designated .. 'M mo,h .. of 'h e living; '0 her corre-
'IKmd. Adam, 'h e Son of M.n, 'he .... nlhropo' rep .. sen'ing 'he whole
or the perf"" Man, A. an in' ermediary t>etween hi. pleromatic a<pect
(tha' of Principle-ln'ellec') and .he church ,hat i. the worldly .. aliz. -
.ion of hi. 'hough. «nnoia), the Son of Man i. engaged in a down-
grading process J><.caus<, .. long a . . .lva.ion rema in> unfini.hed, he
is no. complete ei.her. Thu. it i. in gathering .ogether , he church 'hat
he will manifest 'he anJrog)'llou, Man of the !leginning, 'he pleroma.
Such a doctrine may have inAuenc«i 'he Valen,inian exegesi. of fohn',
prologue. In he!, 'he Valen,inian concep' of .yzygies may ari .. from
,hi. kind of exeg.. i. of ma><:uline and fem inine genealogies,
It i. no' po"ible '0 exclud e 'he exi"ene< of some form of lohannine
influence on Eugnow. Ill. However, if, a. it ...,m., 'he two t.." draw
'heir in.piration from differ<n, Jewi.h traJi'ion., how can 'he gradu.l
rapprochem<n' of Eugno"o. to 'he Founh Go.pel be understood>
Rudolf Bul'mann, in hi. "udi.. on 'he Go.pel of John, wa. corr«t in
hi.... umption that 'here exi" similarit i.. t>etween 'he Fourth '",.pel
and Gno"ic """, and 'hat the laner «ploit an e"",n'ially mythologi-
cal language" How"..,r, hi. h)'P",hesi>, in which 'he fourth ,,'angeli"
had ba",d hi. ,,-ri' ings on a p .. -Chri"ian Gnootic text, stripping it
of its my'hological reference>, doe. no' holJ today. By >1udying ,he
manuscript< , ha' h,,'e ,eached us, 'here doe. no' seem '0 exi" any
p .. -Olri"ian document< ,ha,
would portray 'he figure of • Savior who
de>cend, '0 ea nh and a..end. back ' 0 the heawn •. Funhermore, in
my opinion, 'he fir>! "Gno""'· ... m '0 h,,'e . ppeared only a' , he
beginning of the second cen'ury CE.
If we come back '0 EugnoHo. in panioul .., we rather _m '0 find
our",lves in a Old"i. n and ludeo-Hellenic milieu Of back&,ound,
The Old"ian>, ,ubmerged in ,hi. )udeo-Hellenic environmen', pa...,J
down Philo', work> and 'he particular exegesi, 'hey contained" fact
'hat .llo",~ u. '0 better und .. st.nd how Eugno"oi doctrine could
h,,'< been dewloped. A, ,he b . .. of i, aU could lie Philo'. concep,ual
structure a. i, consti,u,,,, an interpretation of the double nar ... th'e of
man', c.. ation found in Genesi •. A. """"ed by ,hi. interpreta'ion,
'hore exist. an inwrrup' ible man, God', very image (Gen 1:26-27),
and this one i. d istinct from 'he man .hared ou' of .arth (Gen 2,n
Thi. in it«lf implies 'he existence of "creator. ' hat are differen" or
'he existence of.n inferior Power that helred shape ' he m.n of Gen
1,7, It i. from within this mold.,J man ,ha' 'he Spiri' .pring. forth,
'hereby allowing 'he inwrrup'ible man, God', image, '0 be born.
liL""i.." by analyzing Gen 1017, Philo de.crib<> 'he Logo" God',
firstborn, u.ing the expre .. ion. "P,inciple; "Name of God' and
"M.n in the image of God" (Conj 146-147). The a u,ho, of liugnosto,
identified thi. « Ie"ial Man with the Savior, Thi. connection, on ,h.
o,her hand, had """n made ,'e'1' early, i, ;, already found in P.ul'.
I Corint hia n. (I~A7-49 on the celestial and 'he earthly man),
The role pl.y.,J by 'he o,her Jewi.h ,radition. i. also importan"
Bec.u.., of hi. st"'u' as a cele"i.1 king and due to hi. standing a.
half-individ ual, half-coll«tive, in some source" 'he Son of Man wa.
in' <gr.ted a•• figure of importance." Hi. title i, porticularly .ignifi-
can' in Gno"ici.m a. i, i. often a.><>cial.,J with 'he cele,,;al Man a.
well a. with Wi><lom, rep" .. nting 'he Spiri'." All of 'he>< figure, , ha'
can be dosely tied to 'h e no,ion. of'he cho .. n people or 'he commu-
ni' y ><em to h"'e infiuenced Gnm'ic theology in one way or ano,her.
Since 'he lewish Son of Man i. Ihe eele,,;'1 .ymbol of a cho><n com-
muni,y. and the lauer remain> on earth, 'he wn"an' de>cending and
a>cending mo.'ements are easily understood, In any Ca><. 'he rel.,ion
he'\o\"",n , he Son of Man and 'he Me .. iah had a1ready"""n e".bli,hed
in ' he Synoptic Go.peb,
It i. 'hu. po .. ible, wi,h .uch a frameworL in mind. '0 under".nd
how the Qui,,;'n m .... ge could h"" """n ' hu. interpreted, and
how the )ew;,h figure of the Son of Man could have"""n picked up
and a.. imil.,ed, From the hidden ' 0 the m.nif"'t, Eug"o>!o. indeed
pr"",n" an ove,,';"w in which 'he archetypical Man i. iden'ified with
'he Savior who repr....,nu ,he pieron,. , Eugtro"a. do.. incorporate
'he no,ion of a communi'y pr~xisting in 'he divine lhough, or
in , he d hin. N.me, The fact ' hat ,hi. wmmunity ha. ' 0 manifest
i,..,lf and need. to he saved. ;u<tifi ... 'he dynami.m a.IIOC;".,J with
the descent and the further glorification of the Savio,. The Son "f Man
,eveal. him",lf fmm the primmdial Man. 00 that h< can generate an
inner illum inati"n within the molded man. Thu •• littl< by littl<. he
",st"re. the plemmatic harmony of all the membe" of the church
in th;' world. To th ;' i. then added the lewi.h mph of Wisdom who
de>«nd. to earth and repre .. n" the community where. being united
with man ••he tal.. on > human fo,m. 50 to .pe.k.
If the Goipel of lohn a nd Eugoo"o, each underwent parallel evolu·
tion. b • ..J on d"..,r .. lewi.h .nd. event ually. Christian t rad ition •• it
follow. that t he Gnostic myth Wll> ultim.tely mnstituted independently
fmm a nd before being infiu<nced by the lohannin< go'p<I." However.
;. it not J'O"ibl< to thinl that the fourth ",'ong<l;'t could have known
and have been influenced by . IKh an emerging myth. modifying it
there.ft.,! SIKh. myth need not h .... been a pre-Christian Gno>tk
one. a. Rudolf Bultmann t hought. but instead a Chri<tian perhaps 0""'.
containing t he kind. of mythological elements that we encounter in
Eugna'to" The G"'pel of lohn could. in tum. have had.n imraet on
c<nain Gnostic curr<nts and played a mle in the el.ooratkm of their
""pe<tive ideologies ... aching. and wo,k>. There can. how,,'er. only
exist hypoth ..... with all «r1itud .. having been dmwned in the rna ..
of unan.wered qu<st"'n> r<lating to Gnostici.m.
BtBUOGhV"Y
Charle. E. Hill
Reformed Theological Seminary
S. lohn', Go'rel I>«:a u", gn".,;c uS< of it made ,hem either 'Wlpi-
dOll. of ito onhodox)" or .[",id ,h., to us< it might gh.. the imp .... ion
,h.t they were allying ,hem",h .." with Gnos,id,m.'" Not only this,
but the Founh Go.pel is heli .... d [0 how engendered oren ho>tiJi'r
among Klme onhodo> writer>. the chief (and v;nuoUy the only) exam-
ple. of which .re G.iu. of Rome. writ ing in the early third century,
and a nebulou. group dubbed "the Alog;" by Epiphani ... of s.aJami ..
According to '.me> H. Cha,leswonh, "Many pro-Nicone critic> dkl
not <on,id .. i. reli.bl. and a uthentic, it wa.,. int«l by t he interpreta-
tiom found in Herad...,n', 'h"",'i~{",,- (,kJ, Other Vakntini.n. and
nurnerom gnostic> .Imo" ca......J the Gooln 10 be ca" into 'he rubbi,h
heap. of wnci<mned literature."'
In ,hi. view, we owe John'. ,....cue from 'he rubbi,h heop' largely to
the effon. of one mon, Irenae~. of Lyon., who is >aid to have .. habili-
tated it and Jet it along.ide thr~ other gospels as -,postolic" witn .."",
to the truth.'
The foundation for this pa.,digmatic a pproach to the early rK<ption
of lohn i. the 1934 lanJmark study of W.lter Bauer, R«h.gliiubigk,U
unJ K""'r<j jm iiJuslen Chri",".um, " .he the .... of which was .ha.
what the church would I... r call heresy wa s . he primi.i ... and domi-
na n. form of Christiani.y in ma ny placo. and for • long time, until
.h. Rom.n ecdesi. stic. 1 hierarchy could carry .hrough it> progr.m of
imperi. 1 expansion. Until it> translation into Engli"" in 1971, Bauer's
book did not receive nearly .h• •"ention a mong English-.pea king
",hola" that it "".. to re<:ei,'e after th .. watershed publishing even., Bu.
on • • • pect of hi. study m.naged to dip .hrough .h. language b.arrier
e.rly on, namely, hi. ,-jews on .he reception oflohn 's Go.pel. A copy of
R«hlgl"ubigl:,j' U"J K<I::",i m.J. iu way in.o the hands of a young
Cambridge stuJent n.med Jo.eph N. S.nde", who>< pri",,-winning
student .... y of 1939 was published in 1943 as Th, Fourth Gos",,1 i"
Ih, Early Church. Thi. mod ... monograph of87 pag.. ca me to h",', 0
huge intlu<nco in Engli.h-bnJ;U.ge, Joh.nnine "holarship. Emb.,ced
by CX B.rre", Raymond Brown and 0 host of o.her "hoi... , and
enh.nced by • 1966 Harvard Th.D, th ..is by M.h·yn Hillmer, what
I h,,', .ffectiona tely called the Orthooox Johnannophobi. p • .,digm,
, p"jW-d 1070. n
• a.ulnworth '''',<07.
"-!!-. s.n.l<" t .." 66; c uJp<f'I'<" , ...., lB.
• •• "" "J<.
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~Ol", UCOnlON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 2H
" >'<><. f,lk, ......... jng of th, h"w.-,- of ""<mh, ." " UI >004. 11_"-
" "<ny] "IN; ROO] ' ' ' 1; "<nyl I.. " ".yll000; " il l oo-1, ' n'''' ""'.';n><,
01"'"mN< n",oc<O .pproo<On to "" .. rlr~" of "" """nn;n< goopd h.,'< """
",>«Iou' by 01""".
" L t-. nn U nn;k I . ".
" S« ROO! , .. 1, "~I >004, 10'_1"-
" {;"lI"'r ",d Toe',n ' 00',
CHAkLES •• H l LL
p<rhap. just I><foro lronaeu •• or that th<y knew but .mided it or used
it with genuine tl><ologicol r.",rvatiom, the first th ing I am looking fo,
i. good evidence that.n .uthor "''a:! famili., with the written go<p<1.
I am not >0 mIKh concerned whether we conclude that th e autho,
"quotes" John. par.ph ... ..,. it. a llud .. to it, or ech"". its thought.,
but r.ther. fi,,, of . 11, whether we ca n .. y with any kind of ... urance
th.t the aut hor know. the Gosrel of John ( . .. uming its existence in
"irtually the .. me fo,m as we have in the earliest .urviving papyri).
A>cenaining knowledge of "Joha nnine oral tradition" which might
have predated the written gO'rel and theoretically continue<! to circu-
late .Iter the gOOp<l ...a . written (in>ofar a. thi. might I>< discover.ble).
,,'hile V<f)' ,'a luable in other "'recto. will not . uffice here. for it will
not tell us about the reception of John as a written gO.p<l.
Second. if t he .. is a strong possibility 0' p,ob.ability t hat the autho,
knew lohn. I am interosted in whether or not we ca n .ay that the
author h .. appropriated John in a poIliti,'e way. a . a n authority in
some sens<. Thi' mayor may not reflect a u .. of John as ""'ripture "
0' a. "canonicol." SIKh determinatio", are ofi en notoriously difficult.
particularly in the earliest source •• a nd the attempt to ma ke them
ofien entail, usumptiom a nd dehatable definition. on our part. Fo,
our purpose •• particularly in dealing with t he earlier source .. it will I><
enough if we can get a sense th.t an autho, i. ming John in a poIliti ...
way Of in a critical way.
The object then i. to find evidence of "lite ... ry knowledge" of John.
evidence of the existence and US< of John', written &OSrel and not
.imply of oral tradition. Thi. seem, • ,'err na"ow foeu •• but on the
other hand, I am not defining lite ... ry knowledge in a v<ry na rrow
way. "Lite ... ry knowledge" or "literary d<p<ndence" may I>< indirect . !
am not nec .... rily . .. uming th.t the author h •• • copy of t he Gosrel
of John, •• • uch. in hi. po ..... ion a. he writ.., to which he m.y refer
back to check for the prod.ion of hi. citation. He may m m ay <KIt.
Th< author m ay have road (or hoard) the go<rei or pa ...g .. from it
''''<ntly and be citing from memory. He m.y act ually have momorized
portion. long ago and I>< citing from memory. Many h.v< infe"ed tho
exist<nce of "intermroia"'· ",",ce. of ,-uiom kinds. fo, inst.nce , a
no",book or "testimonia book" of citation. extracted from t ho go<rei
and p<,hap' other >ources; 0' a gO'rel harmony of the sort produced
by Tatian, which it ha. been .uggested t hat lustin m ight h ..'e used;
0' a c.. echetical or liturgical sourcebook of somo kind. Schol.rs are
sometimes willing to a""il>< to an a uthor knowiedgo of one of the",
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l " , UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 237
vi.b~ i'y of pr~-'J'noptic sourco. long after 'he rublication and circula -
,ion of Matth ew, Mark, a nd Luh Y
One of Koester's stude,, ". Melvyn Hill m er, ",ugh t in hi. m uch -
qUO'M 1966 Ha".. rd di•..,,,.,,o,, " to extend Ko<ster'. me,hooology,
a. much .. """ applicable. to lhe study of 'he reception of lohn. He
argued ,h at in tho"" ca",. in wh ich explicit quota'ion for mula. O f
explicit attribution are lackin g, "i' i. nece ... ry to detenn ine whether
'he writ<r .ho ...> knowledge of mote ri.1 or ch.racteri"ic. which .r<
p<culiar 10 t il< evangelist. If. WTiter Ita. parallel. only with ma .. ,ial
contain ed in loh n', source. or the traditio nal ma .. ,ial in lhe gO're!
,hen there i. no proof lh.t he h.. u <eJ the Fou rth Go'rel ." " The pr< -
d ", con len' ", however. of lohn ', · sour ... • 0' "traditional m ate,ial"
or< not alway. ,,,,If-,,,,ident to .n ",hoi... , and a ttempts to .. ,abli.h
,hem som etime. involve debatable >s>ump, jom abo ut , he com!""i -
, ion history of 'he gospeL Hillmer at least allow. ,hat ' he pre",n .. of
"ma .. ri.1or ch . .. cteri"ic. pemli .. 10 ,h. ey,ng.list" will tip t he ",al..
toward regarding the material , . indica'ing ' u S<' of the go'r<1. I tak<
it that the", could indud, "ori.. un iq ue to foh n bu, mOf< <specially
att ribu tes of John'. pan icul.. theology a nd lite rary styl,.
In any ca... th is "red .. dona!" «i'e don, how..v er pred",ly under-
stood, has bffome bedrock fo, m a ny investigato .... Another of
Koe" er'. students, Arthur Belli nwni. in h i. , «ent exa m ination of the
po.»ible u "" of Luke in the Apostolic Fathe"," prop<»<1 th,,,,, crite-
ria for determining whether an author ... borrowing from a go>r<t
fir" ....... ibility, that iI, the gospel must h ,,'e been .«,..
ible to the
a uthor in question; second , textual d i"in ctivene", that is, ,h • ..,n of
dist ingui.hing ,edactio nal ch.racte"stk> K""ster a nd Hillmer h . ...
delineated; and th i,d, ..... of recu rrence. that i" the ca.. fo, use of a
document is ",.ngthened by the p,<><nce of mu ltiple apparen' pa ral-
" F..- . ,.«n' ' ....""'n' 01" ""'>I". VI"" .00 '"""'1"'"t oln·<lopmrn", ...
G... go<)' anJ l "do." l!')}. With "'sa'" to J "~ jn' . po, d'" "" 01" ",," _<onom• • 1coI_
1m..... 01" ....... .. " ng', 0« SU." .", 1007, 67 .
• mit"", , _
" l!iItmr, , ... , 6. Sr, al .. from thr 'n'rodud ..... "' n ",,Jr, to , ,,alN i,), dri"tr1r
tlut thr ... " ' m goop<l Iu, I>« n ."d it .. nr ..... ')' ' 0 luv< <it"', "1''''''' q"""'''''''
fonnula< '"' oomr Ond ... ' .... ' ha< thr "rin ... ~p<I" ""ng .Otrd. '" d" "" n«<o-
"')' '" pro>< , ... , !,mllrh m " ith m.o,,,;.t .. , ''' goop<l..-hOc), .... I>«n ... " ' m br
,'" ,"I"'" ~'m .df '" ~' hOch .-dim. , ... ....,,""'" 01" hi' .,,,, .. "
M ""U
'n ron' 100'. "'_" .
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l " , UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 239
~ wh""k<, .....
D s," ,,,,,,,I,,d,, 1OO}O, ,,,,,,,lock, 100 .... ,nowIock; "'"'
~ M.ny ott.« ~..d ... rouJd b< <it«l. 5<,. '.g., on p l""d". u" of N.t", f j " ...... ~
,..,;, ,t<I, "Although oom< of ,b< .. d ;'·«g'n<.. '" _0bIr duo to ,ho
of ,ho ...... , m.n"",rip.. of PI"'mh. and K>m< to "" .. _
".00""'"
in ,b< m.n "",;!". of
plo'o ho .0«1, ~ .... m. 01... ,ho, '1""'''"'''''
PI.'nch ...0> not oJway> o«"ra" 'n h ,.
.nd tho, h< >Om<t'm<, odd«! '" ..,1<1«1 """g" '"' ,...... ".. «1 "l ui"'~nt "",J, ...
quot._.
1'1".... f<x tho.. . "d by 1'1.",: II, oJ", 'P',k; of " Iut .. ,h', "I"'"phr",. or '''"''~
of t ho 'Ti.... u .. - (It<ll.
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l", UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 241
lh is being th. cos<, we may «eept Ib.t if other fac tor> point to the
use of.n earlier "" ~rce (in this co", John), c"".in , .. ri.t iom from
the pred.., word ing of the potential sou",. may not be .utlid.nt in
themselve, to d i"luaJify the th",i, of liter.ry borro",ing. Thi' will not
h.,-e prob.ti"" " . 1"<; it will not en.ble u, to be «".in of a potential
U", but it will foree u. to be more careful before rejecting .uch . con-
clusion beea .... of d i>ere",nd", due to ominion , . d dition, ,-.riation
of word order, grammatical chang ••• ub<fitution, and lack of regard
for the origin.1 context. The", are all well ""e"ed f".rmes of ci .. , ion
practice in the period which concern . u •.
I al.., adopt a mOf< inclusiv< set of criter ia than ""me, Since J am
trying to ...... t he probability of. gh-en a uthor'. knowledge of t he
written Go'pel of fohn (and ,""ond.rily, tho a uthor'• • "itud. to",.. rd.
it), I "",k to allow cont""t",,1 or circum"antial f.ctor! to pl'r their
part .. ! believe ,uch an .pproach i. historiographically ,uperior to
one which focu"" solely on the ·t<xtu.l" f"" tures (sometim .. q uit<
r"'trictM. " that) of a text. All ",hola" work wit h some ,uch a.. ump-
tion •. To give a .impl. iIlu""'t ion. let us im.gine th .t exactly the ..me
"Joh.nnine -oounding" ph ..... hom up in !gn.,im of Antioch and in
an anonymous Ch ri"ian letter from the fifih century. !-"t us ..y fu rther
that the phra .. doe, not correspond perfectly with its )ohannine pa.-..!-
lei, but it i. a fa irly ""Icing or peculiar ph,.", none the !e ... Mo<f of u .
would d..,m it inherently more likely that it .ign ifies actual knowledge
oflohn in the Mih-century letter t han in !gnatiu •. Thi. h .. nothing to
do with pur.ly textual factors-t he exact form of the word., the length
of t he parallel material, the r .. pect or lack of r"'pect for the original
context-but i•• imply due to contextual fa<: ton, for w. blOW that t he
CHAkLES •• H l LL
When this ,umou, 'Pread all men lurned like ON". again .. u~ '" Ihu
,,'en if .ny had for m.. l), h«n \eni<nl for frlend'hip' ... k. they lhen
beca".., furiou, and raged ' g.imSl u~ aOO Ihere ,"'" fulfi ll<d that which
wa. q>Ok<n ('0 ... , i~~~ i"",,) by our lord, llul the lime ~'~I com< wh.n
- ~,~"" . ill<th you wililhin.lhat l>edo.. h God ",rvic, (u" a ..."""""
&*,
""-,,,0.; i. io .~; iJ i..w.~,i.~; "";;,; )":, , ptlu • • ~pt .. ,op "".)"
(Epl' &L l.Lll), ~
Here t he aut hor 'ppea" 10 invox. Ihe word. of Jesu. in John 16,1 ,
"Ther will pUI you oul of Ihe .yn.gogue~ inde«i, the hour i. coming
wh<n wh ... wr lUll. you win thin. he i. offering se",ice to God," There
are, howeyer, certa in minor d ifferen<", hel",..,n Ihi. a pp.renl d .. t ion
of John and Ih. MSS of John, which read, i'PX"''-' Oipo: ',m ."" "
a.o .... d""" ;,~"" 001;, J,.a,,,,,i,,.
'f>OCI,,",P"" ,,;. 9,<[>," Fir", there i. a
que"ion a.'o when t he aut hor inlend. hi. quolalion to start. II is po.-
,ib le th aI hi. word. "" ih""",,,, ~"'''''''' .;. constitUIe an indir«t
cit.. ion and Ih .. Ihe direct dlalion hegins only wilh .Ii:;. 0" Ihis all
rna)' he part ofwh .. he con.id ... a direct (bul inexact) dlalion of t he
I-",d', word., In any ca"", hi. Of[ i),M"", ~"'''''' ;'" .;. ("t haI t he
lime will come .... hen, ,,") repre..,n" the ,ub"itulion of a fulure ind ic-
.. i,.., ,),Me"u, for lohn'. fu turi"ic pre..,nl ind;':ali,'e ' Pl""" and
a . ub"itulion of .-.:nr><-; " .;, fo r lohn'. Oipo: ',va, Beginning with the
word '''<;, how<wr, Ihe only difference with fohn i. in Ihe .ub"ilution
of the fUlure ~ L for Ihe aod " . ubjuncl iw &O.!;~ , in . eq>ing with t he
change he bo •• Iready m ade by elimina ling tho "V<'!. , II i. concei,.. ble
Ih .. Ihe>< <hang.. could r.t]":t t he pred .. wording of Ihe a Ulhor',
• Go«. " " ..'" fug"'" " , nd,bon, '" 't""" m f,om Uk< .. ,6,
• lb, onI)' p'~ i ""nt m"'"", in ,,,,, M" i, ,,,,, om;, _ of ""', in R.
CHAkLES •• HlLL
sour<=<, and th us th .. hi, text of John d iffe "" from the to .. which ha.
survived in manuscripts or that it came from an alternative sou r<:e, But
tho d irKt quotation repe.ts eight word. exactly and ch.ng.. only the
mood and tons< of a n inth, .nd the ,,,rhal change. he .. and in the pos-
.ibly indirect quotation are . imply the kind. of ch.ng.. we often """
in the secondary uS<' of. text by. lator author in antiquity. t'>ot only
i. the meaning not distoned but the citing author still pre .. rve. a sub-
stanti.1 amou nt of material t h.t is d i<tincth" to John, .mong known
pos>ible ",urce •. He a ttribut .. t he "ring to r.. u., and it is attributed
to r.. us in the only known source which ha. this materi.1, the Goope!
of John, which we know wa. in circulation by t hi.> time, The a uthor
cI""rly accept> the .. word . a. . . . .1 prediction of the historical Jeou,-
He ob,iowly believe> they constitute an a uthentic prophecy, for he
heli,,'" the word. a", coming to pa .. before hi. eye •." By hi. infom,.1
introduction of this prophecy a. something "spoken by our Lord: he
.... m. to ... ume that the recipients of the letter are .I",ady famili. r
with the prediction,
Yet, what the author of the opi,tle ha, altered from the text of Joh n
i. imtructiw, H is .ubst itutions for rohn'. futuristic pre",nt and hi.
elimination of John', ',va plus the ,ubjunctiw amo unt to changing
stylistic elements that we would call di<tinctively Johan nine. Here,
therdore, t he chief criterion of Koester, Hillmer, and Bellinwni f.il.
uo, for the>< are certainly di"inctiw, Joh.nnine redactional elements
and it i. preci><ly the>< that the author chooses to change-perhaps
precisely beeause they were so di"inctive.
Another, more complex lohannine allusion occurs when t he endur-
ance of a Chri<tian na me<! S,onctus i. pr.lised, who held "firm in hi.
confes.ion, refre.hed and menphened by the he""nly 'pring of water
oflife which proc«d. fonh from the body of Christ (~~O ,~;; oi>f)("io~
~~yii_ fO~ ;;00,,,,r~_ ~"'~;; toU i~\il''''''' i:~ ,~<; VIl~ fO~ Xp L"mu)"
(EpV'H ~. 1.12 ). hen 'hough ther< are "",eroJ difference. in vocabu-
laey, this !«m, to be a combined u.. of three lohannine texts, cor-
responding mainly to John 7,38, ".. the ",ript ure Ita. said, ou' of hi.
hean !han flow riv." of living water (~om~oi h ,~;; orol)..i«_ a~fOu
P~lV 000'0:; Qiwt-o:;): combined interpretatively with Rev lH,
"The n he ,howed me 'he river of the water of life (~of(t~iw oomo:;
y,,~<;), bright a. cf}~tal (w~. f'bv 0.; <p"",ai..M,), flowing from the
Ihron~ of God and ofth. Lamb" (d. • 1", John 190]4). From R"" 2LI
(om... the "",ion of. heav~nly living "".... , and Ihe idea Ihal Ihi.
h . . ... nly living " .. , .. flow, from 'he body of ehri" .. I.te, 10 lohn
T38. BUI Ihe aulho, has also sub"ilUt"" ~~ri1 fo, ~O'!,,~o. used in
holh lohn 7,38 a nd R.Yela,ion lH. This sub"ilution seem •• d.-
qUalely explained by ,upf>O.ing Ihat the . u,ho, h a•• Iso con.dou.ly
or u nconsciously combin"" Ihe .. texIS in .. rpw .. i,'ely wilh lohn 4 , 14,
"bul whoe,.. , drink. of Ihe wal<, Ihat I .hall gi ... h im will never Ihirst,
Ihe """ .. t h., I sh. lI giv~ him will be<:om. in h im a spring ('~riI) of
wal<, welling u p 10 elernallife,"
lhe practice of combining .. ferenc... i. ",.. II known in bolh non-
Chri"ian" a. well •• Olri" ian source • . In Ihe p.... nl ca .. we .,-;-
dent lyare ",-;In",.ing t he intlu.nce of an exegelical lradition . Read e..
of the Fourth Go.p<I, Ihen a. they do now, m~st haw • • • ily made t he
connection (a. I ,«all doing, ye'" ago wh.n I fi,-, t 1><g'''' 10 r~ad lohn
d .... ly) between Ihe living ",.. t.r Ih.t I<>us promised Ihe Samafi lan
woman in John 4:1 0-" and Ih~ ",-.te , wh ich would flow from leou'
hew (.:m)"a) in 7,]8, watel' which t he lohannine au,hor immodi. .. ly
inlerprets for Ihe re. der a •• ignifying Ihe Holy Spiril (7039). The aUlhor
of Ihe Epl'&L i. also fa mili.. wilh .n exogelk allinking of Ihi. th eme
from t he loh. nnin. gO.p<1 with Ihe figure of Ihe river of the water of
life from R""elation ll.l, which flow. from Ihe he",'enly throne, Thai
Ihi. i, indeed a t raditional .xegetical linking i. impressi ... ly confirm""
by Irenaeu>, who;' familiar wilh Ihe .. me combinalion of lohannin.
lexlS, He similarly rffer> '0 the Holy Spiril •• ",h., mo," limpid foun-
I.in which issues from lhe body of Christ (de carpo« Ch,j,,; pr«-
,dente", "itiJi"j","", fome",)" (A,lv. ha"" 3.24. 1), Even though t he
expression i. nol Ihe .. me and t he ""s<. are combinod in a d iffe .. nl
"'-'y, asain w. . .em 10 ha,'e Ihe mingling of Ih~ ",me p.... ge., loh n
4,14 .nd 7,]8 wilh Rev ll ,l. The Holy Spiril a, flowing w.'er pro-
(eeding from Ihe body of Christ come. from lohn 7.38. flul here too,
a. in EpV&L, ralh .. t h.nfluvium or flum," , reflect ing an underlying
'Ol,,~o. which i. u..d in bolh loh n T38 .nd Rev 22 ,1, we h",'e the
wo,djo",. Ihe typical Vulgate t ran.I.,ion of ~~ri1 in ,h. LXX and t he
NT, lhe word used in lohn 4 ,14 fOf Ihe wate, ,hat lem. giv.., which
",.. II. up to eI.mal lif., W~ .lso have an apparenl r~e<tion of Rev
'" CHAkLES •• H l l l
" "'w', ,r<! Shoo " "',"" >1.'"'''1, ziill";"I, ""pI, poliWd, ,s..,
(d . ... , 'Y'"
opkndOdy" w",y, ): lh, V"ig.<t< y,,, ,pkmJ'a., fox ""'''''"'' 'n R,,.11o ..
~ "3,,, .... d",,,;,,,,,,,< Uj.; n,.u. ... "''''. i ~", ,~ 0." Uj.; no.;.,.;;.
~ m; u,viaIh.,;; 9.1"" ""'"'" , Jobn ",., "rei" ,!, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, '-;'v n,.u.,v,
"" ;>.>'' ' '
;,ri~ ...... ' .. '""'"" a;' .... 1&,... -... ; ....t; ....""'''' ...;,. ..... a&~
"" """'" 9.1.." Id. jobo ",n, "";"''' 'a" .... n_ .... 000. .. '.oc i_ u; '-;'v
""";'v 0""'" Il!\ ' riO ..... ~U- ""'''"_)
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l', UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 247
K><V<r he g<>< •. "" Thi. very d istincth.., ph .... Ih~. place, Vellius in
Ihe comp.ny"f Ihe 144,000 cha"e and .potle.. "n.. red~med fmm
the eanh, wh" n",,' wo"hip before the Ihmne (ef. Mart. Pol. 14,1-1,
5 Ezra 238-40). II would aprear ,h., the author and hi. community
ar< ,"""ped in t he I"h.nnine lite ... ure. And .gain, he .eem. t" ... ume
that Ihe recipien .. of Ihe reporl will c.leh h i. J"hannine allu.i"n "'hen
he jump. fmm ;, ~" r>«Kl~,o;; a. "Ad,-ocate," probably the name gi ... n
t" Vettius by the g"vernm," to 0 ~"r>«Kl~,o;; a. Jesu' n.me f"r t he
Holy Spirit in the Go.rel of John.
Later in hi< a«ount the ""'hor 'reak.s o>f tho", who denied Christ
and did not rerent ... 'sons of rerdit ion" (0; U;OI ,~;; a~.J d",) .
(!pV&L '.1048)_ While one might imagine .uch a term of opprobrium
to have ~n a commonplace, without . ny p.nicul.. textual referent,
it i. inler"'ting that its only OCCUIrence in Ihe!-.'T i< in lohn 17,11
(0 uii>;; ,~, a~(t)l.d",). Thot thi. Johannine p.... ge i. behind t he
phrase here i. made more likely not only from the othe< instanc..
of apparent lohannine borrowing, but b<c.u .. the author i. referring
here not .imply to unbelo....""r opponents but to tho~ who denied
Jesus. In John 17 ,12. 'wn of perdition" refe" to luda •• the archetypal
denier of/ .. u •.
One could t ry to argue thot an these apparenl lohannine allusions
derive not from direct or indire<:t literary knowledge of the "Tillen
go.pel but rothe< [IOm Christi.n "adition known only oraUy. But in
this Christi.n selling in Gaul in 177 CEo which obviou.ly contained
literate Chri"ian •• that """m. extremely unlikely. II i, much ea.ier
to ' gIee with WilIi.m Frend who has remarked. 'Clearly t he Founh
Go'rel and the Apocalypse Wt're two of the main sourc .. of in.pira-
tion to the writer."" I only add thaI the Fir," u tter mu," have been
known as w<U.
The wit ne .. of the EpV&L i, interesting for ""veral rea",n •. First ,
whether lrena.u. was its author "r not. it , ho,,~ that the Founh
Go.pel was in u~, along with the Apocalyp .. of lohn and at I..st
the ~"t Johannine Epistle. along with "",eral more NT texts. a mong
the .. church<> in Gaul befor< Irenaeu. wrote hi. major work> . When
embarking on the writing of AJ\~r>u, ha",,,,, a few years later,
wa. hk~ 'he watery ichor .uppo..w to belong '0 th~ immonaJ bodi...
of tbe god. (ui>. 2.36. cf. JIi"J ~.340). Or igen cri'ici,~. ulsu., 'hen.
for extracting "from 'he Go>pei e,'en p.... ge. which are incorr«'ly
in"rpreted: in thi. instanco, lohn'. testimon), in John 1 9,34-J~ 'hat
when I.. us' ,ide "'.. , piorced "th... came ,h,,<out blood .nd ",aieL"
In another p.a ..... ge Cel,u. refers to Jesu. a~er hi. ,esurrfftion, ,how-
ing "'he mark. of his puni,hm.nt , and how hi. h.nds wore pi~rced
wi ,h nail>" (Cek l,~~; 1.61 ),. com men' clearly b,a",d on the accoun'
in lohn 20,24-29, a. Origen in fac' .".". (Cel,_ 2.61). <:.Im •• pp .. -
enlly kno",~ ano,her d .. ail from tbe Go.pel of John, • chaUenge by
some Je",~ 'hat Jesu< exhibit >ome unmistabble .i&" tha, he wa. t be
Son of God, from. m""ting which i. >aid to ha", tmn place "in t be
"mple." Thi •• «m. to refer '0 the incident ,ecorded in John 10022-26,
when I.. u. wa. acco"ed "while walking in t he lemple, in 'he porlico
of Solomon" a' ,h. fe ... of 'h< Dedic .. ion. C.lous' Jew is also familiar
wi,h th~ Chri"ian 'ille of Logo> for J~'u. (Cek 2.31). Thi. dO<'S not
n",,~ .. i'a'e hi. knowledg. of John 1,1, ,4, panicularl), if he "''''' in any
"'-0), familiar wi,h t he writing> or teaching. of Ch';"i.n apologi'" lik~
Justin." Y<I because <:.1.",' Jew .ppears '0 be referring 'hwughout to
'e"imoni •• derived from the go.pel,," 'his probably til" 'he baJanc~
'o",.. rd. John .. 'he .pecific source of information.
Ther. i, every reason to affirm, t hen, tha, Celsu. had acce .. '0. copy
of lohn'. Goopel and u..w it indi.criminalel), along with t he Goope!>
of Matthew and luke (and perhaps Mark) a,. SOUKe for informal ion
aOOu, J«u. and whal Chri"i.n. believed aOOu, him. Th ... i••",n
one lext who>< meaning i. debated bu, which some ha", taken '0
indic .. e <:'1",,' awarene .. of a four-fold go.pel canon (Cel., 2.27)." It
i. no' n"" ...ary tha, one draw 'his conclu.ion, howe"", in order to
r«ogni,~ 'hat Cel.u. was well aware of Chr;"ian reliance upon their
go.pel. and th .. he himself faced no great ob"ack. in obtaining aI
I.." the three ment ioned aOO, .. , Had h. obtain.d his own copie.?
H.d he .imply made extract! from copi<. OOrrowod from an umu.-
pe<ting Ch,;"ian, a former eh,;,,;an, or from. w~II-"ocked library?
w. do not know, Bu, we mu" conclude t hat C.l>u. aI some time had
in his pos ..... ion copi •• of Christian go.pel, which he con.idorod the
~ 11", '" ",hol<V<, p."..,.. T""n hod 'n produ';ns ,b< [)W,,,,,,,,,,, .• oo ~' ho,_
",n <h<oIogKoI """nc"" " ""r "'","'.h....'N '".m of ,.",,",m.n, b«n '"3_
S".N). ~, "'''P''''''' . nd Ondu>K>n of lh< . ... nh """"I w m'" b< "pIo,.. d iJ-.
&"" to". '06-10'; 1I.m<t! '.70. m; Bro~·" "'"', " ') .. """,Iy. "" w' of h"
'0'. ",..-",1.. h<t • .ooo..r. " ..... ,;moly lh< «mtO".. _ of h', p'odi<, ,"",ody "go;_
tWd
~
_ 0.-.,,, ,nd. ,.Ik'ct"", of,b< 1"><Ii<. of""'n"b<, I "~;n .
'ns,"."Hill...100<,
,,~
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS ~ "l", UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 2H
,'k .. "f Chri"ian worship in R"m. alongsW. 'he prophotkal wri' ing>
of 'he OT (I .... poI. 67.3) .
Jus' in ·. only "quotation" of lohn. or ....'h ... ofj" u. in lohn. occur.
in a wen·no,..! """ion of hi. Fjr./ .... pology. where he _k> inform '0
the rule" . oou, "'he m anner in whkh we dedicated ourselves '0 God
when we had l>eoen m ade new 'h rough Chri,," (I .... pol. 6l.J). He pro·
c«d. '0 .pe.k of 'he Chri" i.n bapti.m al proctke as he knows i, in
Rom"
1I",n ,h..,..re brough' by us ... be", th"e i.....1<,. , nd are rq;en<r.,ed
in 'he .. me m, n ... , in ~'hkh Iff ""I'< 0", ..1v<s r<g<t><' ated. for. in ,be
nanl< of God. 'he F.,be, . nd loN of 'he univ" .... oo of our Saviou,
J<> .. Chr;.•• • nd of the Holy Spiri •• ,h..,. .hen .«ei,.., ,II< "".hing wi,h
~·.1<r. Fo, Chri" .100 saki. -Except ye b< born .g. in. ),< oIIaU "". enter
1n'0 the kingdom of II<. ven " (&, "~ "'""'Y'",,fIi;,,. "" "~ ,i~"li1'l" , i;
Niv ~~,"i(" ,.... """'''';'''') . ~
lhe dose corr<sponJence '0 John 3,3.~ i. OOviouo. though ' here are
certai n ,-..bal discrepancies. Ju"in h .. " kingdom ofhea,,,,n: and lohn
ha. " kingdom of God." .... nd inste.d of John', ' wo distinct word>.
"born" (y<wO:"') and "again" (iivolk.v). Justi n u>e. a .ingle compound
word. "reborn" (n",,-l"wO:Ol) . Boca u", "f'he ,-.ria.iono. Helmut K""ster
beh",'" the "IoNs .",ibutN to Chriu by Jus, in a re no' behold.n '0
the Fourth Go.pel at all. bu, are deri,-ed instead "from the fret" " adi-
tion" pre>erved in a CUHen' b.pti.mal liturgy. a nd , hi, in a more origi-
nal form .ha n appea" in John ." [n thi •• K""ster i. Kboing ,he earlier
condrnions of h i, "uden' .. B<llinzoni a nd Hillmer.'" N",,,,r m ind ,hal
no bap'i, mal liturgy. current or not. ha. ~n produced whkh re1l"""
the .. form. of the .ayi ng .",ibutN '0
Chri".
And whatever el", we may say about ,h... d ilferen«.. , hey ar. just
the kind of alterations , ha' ",hola .. . ueh as Whitt.ker and Inomocki
OO>e"" in ci' .tion. by authors of ,he period. Subs, i,u. ion. of ,yn-
onymous or near ,ynonymou. word .. ei,her for 'he sake of clarity o r
for an e mph";, 'hat 'he citi ng au,hor wan" '0
mak •• o r fo r rea..,n.
inexplicable, ..... mong the common .l"ra,ion> tho, .utho," make '0
'heir dteci I<x" wi,hou" in 'heir view" distoning 'ho~ texts. In 'he
c• .., of hi, ,ub>t itu ,ion of "reborn' (a VaY'.WIl&i;r<) for John'. "born
.gain" or "born from abo,..,' (iav ~~ )'fVVTl6il ihxu6r:v), it i. quite pos-
,ible 'hat hutin .i mply fel' tho, """Y""vO:(l) would be Ie .. perplexing
'0 hi. pagan audience ,h.n the expression "born from .bo"e."" A,
any r"e, he h.d .Iready . dop'eci "YaY''''''"'''
a. hi> .. rm for regen-
ewion 'hrough b'pti.m, using i, 'hree times in 'he first p.n of 'he
paragraph," ,hLa, ,hi. modification of John 3 , 3,~ i, in keeping with
,hi. cho .. n t heologic.1 vocabulary, Tatian would soon u.s< the .. me
lexical modification of John ],] or 3,~, "I too, in im i'a,ion of 'he Word,
h.ving be<n begott<n again (aVlly<w~9d;r (Ora,. ~.3).
The divergences bet,,'..,n Justin'. ot. ~~ , ;",<)"9.,,, " " ,~,. !la'''M'''v
'"IV o\,pa""", .nd John '. o~ 1\\,,,,,,,,-,
.'",i..9.:1v <,:; ,~v 1I"<>OM,a" <O~
9,0~ (John 3'~1 may be due, as ",me have .uggested to. con",ious"
0' uncon><iouo conflation, with M.tthew t8:3 (ot. ~~ <,,,of"""" <'"
ri,. !lamM;«" '"W ot.pa"""'I." It i, • natural enough '-'ip for tho><
well .cqu.inted with the .imil.r .. ying in Matthew. It i. even pos.ible
that II""'M'''" '"'" ot.pa,,,,,,
i. what 'preareci in Justin'. text of John,
.. <,'en the original ",,,be of Codex Sinai,im. wrote !lamM",," '"'"
ot.pov"", in hi, copy of John 3,~, " According to Rom.nid .. ," .11 cita-
,iom of John 3,]-~ before Origen, have "kingdom of hea,'en" instead
of "ki ngdom of God.'
Thu. the d ilferences bet w""n Justin'. cit.tion . nd 'he .urvivi ng texts
of lohn are not ,uch .. m.ke it n"" .... '1 to po.it another >ource f."
Ju"in besides lohn. Moreover, it i. rerh.p. helpful to remembe, t h.,
Ju"in i, o nly claiming '0 quote Jesu, here, not John. That i., Justin,
one might "y, .ccurately quotes I",u, (in reproducing hi. me.ning),
though he d.,.. not, from . text-critic.1 " andpoin', .ccurately quote
~ Pry'" l W l , t6~
~ 6,-, .• , H,.no ",.. "" """" .rn.,......"." ;n 61.1, 66.t . nd .. m.l t lB.'. Cf.
ro _omiw_ '.. . oil." ,,..;,,' .... ..... ;n IJML .,,7. ~""~ M mor "",,,, .... n, "
R",",uU.s.,.(t."-"",, 117) ,Mnl>,' '«he"" '<n" f.. "" ""I";",w "" on I"";""
dar. ""'" ..0,." ..... ,o. ."m lu";,, h..J oOOr<<<l ,
~ wh;u.k"
M """""MI<.
"IN,". ""_tJ2;
1""_ t"~. "'1'"' 1991, 1M. -,,,,,If br"" ",on<! ""'"')',
,,,,, ....), .. ....'do", " ,' .00 John H. , wouIJ "",,,, b<," u"",,,,oad ...pt;un.dlr
"oh • ''''''';''g fu~ " g of ,,,,,I-
n s," s,..,,"'" t .." ", .
• """"rod<. t"'_"". t»-l3l,
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~""', UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 2n
~ Wo." I",tin ,"" "" G«<k oT;n lApel., 0. .om'ti .... ' <;t<, from , ohort"
foom w h~ ~ SLoBO."" (10071, "l\u<o """'. f,,,,,,,.
o,ri~"n "~ ; mon" "'",c<. ,1><",
<;u,"" from ""TO"'" oft,n ",00..", (by .n,,";"" I. ;" """",,t<. onJ ,omb;"" m<t<·
",",. s," SI<"",""" ' 007, ,.-6<1. '" lXm. " .t , to. .;"' .... of G<n .. ,10-1 1 "h;!';"
· ",..,.1 ,;grur.,,,", &,.","000 from to. LXX "XI' (SI<",W""" >007. "1.'1>< <In'".
,........Iud< "" ..... ,ti,"'.... of .",nl<, ''''"g<> .. to. forrrn of mho, <00 ,I>< om;,·
""" of """"' """ (poooibIy..,. 00m0t'~"(""1 . W.... " moot "Mn8 ;' t"', I.~ ;"
""",fie", d.;m, 1><" '0 '" "'prod"";"! ,I>< won!> of Mo." "];" "Uy" "' ";n t l><",
"'1' "",do' I .1m ",;,wI,.- 1 '''''00;11
* on !Ii "'; «00;""", ." ro, . ,'''''' .... .....",.,.,. , 00:.,; ';,m~ ....-;....",,;
;..p;;,...,. "''''''''' ,""" "''' (J Apel. 6'--'1; ... ~"".. , ",.a.-o.. ,.""'&;;wu " ' -
~ •• &....,",." ';" ",,01>; ""'''" 00;,,,,,,,, .""),9""
.",).in,. '''' ... ,..,""'*"",
i
(Jolon H I·
" c.:",,;oI, ,I><", ;, no «>m:'f'<""I<nc< ;n ,n, .,, ' <;,«.1 .. <I"',.JI<I !.opt; ...... ""
r
..,. ",W"W"; (lhppoll""'" •• ' .10; Ar= Coot. .. ,,; p",udo·Ck"" ",;,,, 1;.... 1'-'6.
p",udo·Ck"""';n< "''''t" . • .• ).
CHAkLES •• H l LL
re-entering one'. mothe" womb inderendently i'"' [ find each o>f th ...
• ugg."ed ..,lutiom to> be more difficult th.n t he ,ugge"io>n thot in
both hi. p .... ph ... stic dtatio>n of r.sus' words in John 3,3,~ and in hi.
echo of the Johannine record of Nicodemus' ob;"'t>On in John 3A
Justin i•• imply derendent uron John', "Titten go're[." John', Cosre[
"..'" <enain[y in exi"ence and avai[.ble by this time: the correoron-
dence her. i•• ubst>ntia[ in content, in wording, and in length. lhe
fact that Justin doe. not quote John with ex""t verha[ pred,;on, in thi.
c."", h.. very litt[e relevance.
Justin . 100 know< detail, con .. ined o>nly in John', accou nt o>f lesus"
b'pti.m (Dial. 88.7). Ju"in ob""rYe> that while ..,me ,upro~ th.t
John the B.ptist wu the Christ. he him",lf "cried to them, '[ am not
the Christ, but the voice of on. crying, for he that is monger than I
.han come, who"" . h"", I am not wonhy to> bear,'" K""ster correctly
points out. "Th. an.wer 'I am not the Christ' h a. a parallel only in the
Go.pel of John; the mntinuation of the Bapti"', .nswer in Justin (,but
the voice of. crie,) .1", recall. the text of the Founh Go.pel ..... It
look. in faet like Justin. in ,ummarizing the accou nt in lohn UO-B.
ha, 'imply .kipped from the S.ptist·, denial "I am not the Chri,,"
() .20) to hi. affirmatio>n, "but 'the voice of one crying'" (1023). ,,·h..e
he i. quoting Isa 40.3. Ko<"" d.nie. 'hat th is .ignifie> Justin', knowl-
edge of the Founh Go.rel. how,,'''' preferring the explanation that
Ju"in .imply "de\'eloped the an.wer of th. Baptist on the b.asi. of
Luke', text ILuke 3,)~J and the l sai.h prophecy [lsa 40:3J,'''' luke
3,) ~ sa),>, "A. the prople were in expectation, .nd all men questioned
in their hear" concerning John, whether l"'rhap. he were the Christ
(~~~O"[f. flU'", <l~ ;, (P,,,<o.;) ... " K""'1<" explanation would mean
that both Justin .nd John ind'pendently, from t he crowds" mming
"whether rerh.p. he were the Christ" (Luke 3 . 1~), put the word."[
.m not t he Chri" (o\, ~ ';~I;' l PL"'6.;,)" into the !\aptist'. mouth, and
then both independently excerpted word. from [sa 403 and placed
them too in ,h. mout h of 'he !\aptist (none of the Synoptic Go'rel.
~ C.Ip<1'f"" , .... ,'[J. "1"" prot'" th .. on< , ... _ lil<'&IIy I>< oo.n ag.U" con I><
......, on, tim< .""" m<t.op/<rn-><.t 1,"_, i. ",,<I. Hm too, I"";n n«<l noll>< dhng
)00" J.J--" -Th,, ... m, Lo IT>< I. 1>< • •"",h.
~ 1~",.oo G.-..., , .... ,~, d. w.rt"l< 1907. 1'iO, s.rn.,-,J mnJ7<1.
H K.,..", ' _ , " "
~ K.,." .. '_,""
h., ,he !\ap'ist d'ing I,. 4(H in regard . '0 him .. lf). I find ,hi...,h er
hard to I><li""e.
From . ,ignifican' batt ..y of"'1< no' wn,id .. ed by Ko<ster, we m.y
.1..,surmi", 'hot lohn', prologue played. formotive role in lustin',
understand ing of Christ ., ' h e Word of God, God', Monogenos,
"I><gott.n after a re<uliar man ner" (/ APOI. 22.1; 13.1), .nd a, h" 'ing
bKome fle.h. A. I haw , umm.rized el .. wher,,"
While lohn', Go>pel m.y 00' h"" be<n 'he only ",flu.",e on lustin.
'UJgo< Christology', the <011".<".,,,, wi,h loon', pr ...."tion .'"
numero .... nd h"" <ominc«l m.ny ' hat it ~'... k..,. ",ur«, or ,he
key source, for h.. under ... nding of J<>u,' . .. rna.! dei' y (J ApoI. '-4;
10,6> 60,7; 63 . 1 ~; 1 Itp.>i. 6.3, 4-~) . nd i",ar,..,ion (J Itp.>i, 21.1; 22.2;
23.2; 32,10; Dial. 63.2). lustin u .., the ~..,rJ """"" a few times .. rly in
hi, fir>t apolo,l;y in the ..,"'" of 'reason '. He in" oou,...ooth<r n",.n·
ing, .. a title (of Ie",. Chri" ... d"in. being, in chap.. r ~, 'p..ki"& of
'Re.",n Him.. lf (ou,oo M; AOy.>u), ",ho 'ook .n,p<,.nd b<c.n", m.n
(."""""''''''' rui i..vIlp.;...". ytvo~i"",,), and "'... called jeo", Qri,,'
(J Ap.>i. ~,4J, lbi. «n.inly r«.II. 'h< ProIogu< of ,h. Foonh Goopel,
~'here j .. u, Chri" i. coU«I " ).I,yo.;, .nd .pedfi<a.!1y it ",all, John L 14
(<oi" 1..ityo.; ""~ iyi ... ro), ,h. fi .., ,ime the ",I< i. ""'" in (onn«,ion
~ith ,he i",o",a,ion" lustin el,,,wher. ref." to this Word .. divi""
(Btlo,;. I Apol. 10.6), as God (~, I ApoL 6l1~), both "mini.,,"t
of lohn U, i... "o>ii hv /, A/rro.>; ...•-ai IItI>; ~v " ...,.,.",. lustin d<scribH
the UJgoo .. t<io ""f"'. Q,,,,,,~ (J Al"'l. 60,7). the Fourth Go>pel say,
;, ...,,,,,,, ~ ••1";; to. 9."". (L 1); oi;; I"""'1"<voi;; .""" ruff« {U4); ;,
..... uf"'. ,oii 9roi; (6,46), In ' he "':000 . rolo>gy he .pe.ks "mil.,ly,
. nd ref", to ,I>< cr .. tion of the work! through ' he So" (2 Itpol. 6.3,
4-~), Justin kno~~ the I"'S0'" God'. o"ly proper or righ,ful Son (0
..ovo; M.,o,."vo; ."".:...; ";.;;, cf lohn I J4, ~. 0.; ~""""",,u.; "'''''-
ruff«. who w.. ",ith him ("",..;,.., d . loon U, 2 ~v.1";; "'" lit,,.)" at
the b<ginmng (rij. i..v.t~v, cr, Jolin U, 2. i. ~P>ii), through whom God
,,,,,«1.11 thing. (S,- aUM; ~u"'a [.'''~". d. loon U . • ';'vtO S, 0"'00
tyiv"to). loon i. not quoted, but Instill. wOlds are 00' . p.ar>phr>'" of
the Fourth Go'pei'. ""hing . oou, tl>< Logo. from its Prologu., s..,..,ral
tim .. l"'tI" .pe .... of the Word'. h«oming m.1" or b<conung lie'"
(,. g.. I Ap.>i. nl, 22.2; B.2, 32.9, 10; 63.2) in term. which, gi .... " Justin',
pe",h.int fo r '''ryi"& the w<ord ing of hi, SOU"" .nd of his OW" "'p"" .
oonl, . ppear .. permu,",ion, of loon LI, lJ. 14. 18 . On, ",.mpl. is
I Apol. 31.10, 'And til< fi", pow" .tt" God the Father . nd Lord of all
* '00610, ,,,_,," . .-,>< • ""'''' <l<Wled CO",;,!,,,,;"" 01 !hi, .... « nol , >« mil
" i~
NOO. JO"-"'. Non< of ' hi' ",""""I i. ",>tal in K"", ... , ...,.
~ w .~dl< "". 1••.
" Cf..oo~. 61.4, "",,"" ....."".
CHAkLES •• H l LL
i, the Word, ~-ho i, .1", the Son; . 00 of H,m we will, in what follow~
"ute how He took fIe.h and b<c. me man (~~P",.",~&t~ i;,~",
,...,..",,,r.
Of thi, p..,. se 11'. ",11< "y., '0 texte .. mble bien <'''e krit
' Y« It ..,.Yeni, p,ki, du Pro"gue .k I't",mtil. i/. I."n',~
Ref<renc<'> to Christ', I><ing "produced without ",xu.l union" (I },('OI.
ll.!), literally, "without mixing: i.e., of blood. (cf. Di"l. ~ . l, 63 .2),
.nd ·"""omins m.n .ccording to Hi, will" (I }'pol, 23.2, cf. Dial. 3,2)
.ppear to go back 10 the so-c.11ed "We"ern· re.ding of lohn U 3, or
to the Chri"ologic.1 interpretation which m.y h.ye gi,'en ris< to it,
which <ubstitut .. the ,ingular pronoun and w rb for tl>< plural . nd
therefore understand. "who wa. oom, not of blood. nor of the will of
the fle.h nor of the will of m.n, but of God" o•• ref<rence to I... u., not
to Chri>ti.n •. There i. one p.a ...ge in the Dialogu< which .pp.arentlr
gi,-., the source of t hi, 1<aching . oout the Word becoming nesh:
" P')'O< 1"1, ,\6-'57 1M, < m p-ho~'I . R <=gnw "~ "'" "I",... '" John m 0"",
, .... "" . nd f,,!! " ,",, 1001. ].(Il_JO'. "of, ..h,,, ( 1" 1, '0<1 ""knowiNg" , .., tt"
,;,k ""'''''f'"''"10,,, '" "'" ~ of 101m, bot ,M.l> I.";. " Id on • fo<m of
"'" I""'nn;", proloo'" ..h ~ .... ,,;I ;oo.l"nd.. , '" , '" """rtO Gool"" H ;, huc
M._".
'" ' " how \h;, rouIol b<, ..- ;oo..c ,.<tin ", ... , ;, '" ,'"
"I" '"
" i.,.;a,..,. ", '"' _I; m.v;"""", ;n ,'-" .nd w."";; . ... ,.v "' a '; '00.1, ai,
oom<IMng I.,,;n .nd "'''', a.,;";.,,, .." hmal, ,,00""000. '" p"«;",d lrom
"'" "rip'"''', bu. ~-h ..h c.n"" '" " , ribu"d '0 T <ypho .nd ha In.nd...
"lb, """d", ,ri"," from ,'" o ,,,,k '"noLo,.,. of F. nlll. but "'" loe! ,.. ,
I.";. ;n" ;n<\;,ri, " 00""","" u,;, ... U ,;"oIopcal h!k" in"""';,,_ ' n I ~,...
---
H' '" hod »>J .,.. , I"'" Uri .. a ,n. ""?' prop<' "'" who .... """ "'so<"" by
u..l """"" ioii.>; .ii..; "e." ri""1,a, )." lh;, ''''' would ""m 'o ,,11m ","n',
" a. .....",."" ... ,' ,,,,-,,I ,.. ~ oI.ro; "' 1Ji.!_ '"'_'-
~ ,. '''''I.6,... Uri.. ;, calk<! "'" ~ '" God
'(Or""".H 'nl
'n, p4., , ''''' '1"'<1 p) H' "'1"1 .1" ..... "jdJ. ..,.!ioro.,mp "'fl ~u,,»tJ>' :P"'l
JO ('m"'.rr~ ") II!" ""'"""J ..... 'u,"", 1" P'" "Gl w OJj ~",>d. "'" I"P ~,,~
>OUH . ',....,"" iluo"1 .. , " l"!<' "' p"qnd". "»<l l"'l . 'f'>Il 'I'"'" itu"... -'" .u,,"
lIu,woo~ " ~I 1" lIu,pu.,,,,'I'"" '. "."n I -on e I '('I'll" '''''''''''''') _'I''{I
.,04" "'{>l
1Iu'_'''l. J3 ;Qil,'!4~).'" "'I"i JO lIu, fU"" "'I' imp'll" 'no., .i""-'\I-'r
:::t"".j" -V"" ••" '1'\1 , . _"" ..... m<\¥"""", ' .., ~ "'" '"r<""l A'" m....)
_ ,;; '"I' .(q ".;., 0, 'II'" ;,f"'D lq '1''11 >UOO~ ~';""'I.' ' ''I .. i--J;,>do
"""'l'''''
~ n 01 g, "''''''' ><fI 'jinru'fl I... .."." ~) .u,," iluowro>q. ', ~"'P ~
-"!O""JV 041 JO .uo ,~." 1><1.0::> ,. u~of l"ql ~u!A.". 'p nw ,. 11'''
" • UjSJ!A "'I' t(.lnOJ41 u~w .mo""'l su".~. ~ JO u,,,o~-.(luO ~q,
,noq~ "W"" W '4' mo,) P.UJ~~I'4 .An u !"nf l'ql u.A3 ,i'UO\I"lnw
-10J ',ul"n! uo .nlloIOJd ',u'Iof JO lU!,dw ! '4' ""04' ~J~lj.""l~ q'!~'"
.~"n2u 'l U! U.AjS ~JO • u.w ~U!w0""'l. '! q JO u"!,d!-,,,,~p '4' pu~ ~~.
_uO<J..J ~u\A!P ' 141)0 uOjld,J:><.p "" ' 410\1 'UjS,!_, '4' I(.lnoJq, UOlU 2u1
_lU0»<j 2u1><J , u'''l"-,,d O}O ~.><I, IOU 0p A<>'U '(f' &L -'''!(J u1 1""P
'no)''! ''''''! ~<;Ilurl~"~ ~! 'on) . ,!,!dS .1loH 'q, JO . ..." PI'q' ~1 '"4'
.... 01 .. 'OJ os ,>02 .,""qn~l~ '''q'"J uomnq 0 JO U"!,odp,,,.d '4'
mOJ} uod. 2U!A!"UO' uj2J!A 0 ,noqo ~o><l, '~nl puo ""qn~l~ U! q"lq
"n"J}o "uno,,,",'U ;u!2J!., ' 411(.lnoJ41 uom 2U!lUO»<j" 'J~"f '41
)0 u,n02>q-AluO '4' ',m2y 'U!A!P " lnoq. ,"q 'm1iJ1" • mOJJ Pl!4"
)0 4'-'!'I ,nol"'U!W '4' ,"oq' Aldw!, 2u!~ o><l, IOU '1 '4 .. nD>q '! '1'U
-u40J)0 '21"'1'''OU~ '14 '''''ll''J .1I'~!l Ill" Pin"" IU'W",,, '!4 1 'uj2J]A •
JO UJoq 2u!><J "].14:1 lnoqo "m.p ,,"u1pJoqn, puo, .. '4' U! Iu,m.,."
'!4 0, "roUI>j\' ' 'II 0' >ou»'}" ',U!lrnJ "!,,.,J PIM' ouo J! U"'l
'uo1," 1",'od ""u, '4' pWlU
u1 . A'4 "'I" lrnm '4 "!OUl>JV '4' lUOJ} <liU! 41 "'41 JO P'U,""1 "4
'4 ..... '4 u'4M '"4 1 .m,w ' !'U "~nl pu. ""'4n'l~ JO ' 1><1"'9 ''II
puo ..m,d1"'s 4'1""1 ' 41 42noJ4 1 1"'"oJd ' 04 '4 4' !4'" 'CU12J IA ''II
4~nOJ41 uow 'lUO''''! mOl puo 'l .."od pu. 1"011\ ' 0 J>uuow "lIn~.
u1 lUI4Jo u.n02><J '<liU!41 II'}O "Q'"d '4' 0, <>u'&'uOUl " ""4 '"4 1. )
u"!'"I""od "!lU' '41 pU1m u1 'A04 01 . w.... ' 4 'u'4' ',2u!4' ''' 41
.1"'.,rud. "4 ~ ..... up,n! "~ ...\ '8L '!"!(J U! (W'41 2U!lUOU lnoql!'"
42n04') ."n'l pu. ""'4nol\l mOJ} "! UOWP'" 0, ' '-'0'" .1IIOUY'4 't FL
"'I JO uj2J],' '4' JO Uloq u""'1 P"4 'J>4'"f '4' JO "u.llcuo", '4' '2u !"'I
']4' ' 04' • .,n ld].l>< 4'1""'! ",!1 lUOl} ,.,old 'J>""MOIl 'IOU Plno, up,n!
>OU]5 .-pu1]JJ Am '<1u,mn!l,. AllOW .1'1 puo " lqpJoJ 'w 0 1 I"'AOJd
u""'1 "4 lu !od ' !'11- '"4' ,>ounouoJd oqdU,l ['f9 '!"!(J "! 'l""'pu1
puo "-'IDUl'!\' ' 'II WOJ} 'ou 'rn pm 8['9<'1 u"!) '9£"I{"& AOJd '",ml
_d!-,'" 4',"'1 ~1 lUOl} "HI 2U!lp.1q ' 141 .",oJd. 0' uo lU'''' up,n!
111K '. '.'HK" w,
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l', UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 261
of hi. 'pOIltl ••. " It i. th e sam. with Ps 2107, "lhey .pah with their lipo,
they wagged the head, ..ying, 'w Him deli,'er Him .. lf'" In j ApoI,.J.8
Justin refer> the road .. to the "Act>" for the fulfill mont, while in Dial.
101.1-.1 he r.r." Trypho to the ,\1"'10;" of ,h.
Apo"I".
1he point to mak< here i. that in material which he .,,,ib nte. to the
• Acll: lustin include< detail> kno"'n only t hrough th. Fourth Go'rel.
All of the><, then, are 'rM.ctional" elements unique to john. among
known &""1"'1•. Fir>!, there is lustin'. mention of the judgmenl ...t
at t h. tri.1 of I•• u .. I""t in believe. thal I.. '8.2, "They now ask of me
judgment, and dare to d",w near to God: wa. fulfilled when, dur-
ing le.us' trial, the Jew. ».t 1"US down on the judgment .... (a~,';,
.~"a L"av i.\ ~~~"''''', 1 Apol. 3M) , It i. only in john', Go.p<l th.t
,,'e read of a ~~~" on which j"uo could have sat, "When Pilate heard
the~ word., he brought j""" out and .. t down on the judgment ...t
.t, rlace called Th. P>vem.nt, and in Hobrow, Gabbatha: justin ha.
apparently read i~"ij,<><v of john 19,13,. referring not to Pil.te but
to I"",, This i. an e''"getical tradition known al.., to th. author of the
G0'P"I of Pel" (the Akhmim Frogment) 3,7, who also h .. Jesu. rather
than Pilate .. ated, but who , uMtitut .. the word. ml1</'opclv <pi""",,,
... t of judgment, for lohn'. p~~a"
lhen there is Imtin'. neg .. i. of Ps 12:16, "They piercM my hand.
and my r""t: whic h he ..y. ha. reference to "the nails (ijJ..rn) of the
cro .. which wor. fixed in hi. hand . and f"" t" (I /tpol. n ,7). The
Synoptic GO'rel> do not mention I.. us' being h eld to the cr",. by
nail. (a. oppo>ed to rore or lealh .. , which were u>ed with m any cruci-
fixion "ictim.), among early go'rel .. only joh n and the Go,pd of p""
m.ntion them, Thi. i., of cour,", a detail of Q ui,,'. crucifixion which
might ha,. ~n widely known withou t referonco to any written narra-
ti\'<, But in j Apol. 38.7 Ju"in tell, hi. reader> <redfically thot they can
learn about t hi, fulfillm.n t of p, 2H 6 from a ,,~itten >ourco, allud-
ing to th. >ourco mentioned in chap.. r 3', ·the Ac" which occurred
under Pontius Pilat •. " And. a, pointed out abo,., in Dial. W.j Justin
claim. thaI t h. piercing predicted in P,12 .! 6 "i. writt.n to h,,'e taken
place in the m.moi" of hi. apOlltl..: Thi., again. points to the identity
of the Mem";,,.nd th. "Acts: and it mean. not only that j ustin knew
• On .... "l.o.'iornMp bo' ..... " lh< ""'1"1 of '01.., Go>, p", .n<! J"";" , "" K""",
'991, N6-,." Hill IDOO. _ _ _ , " 0 _lJ1, . n<!"" G<>< P". , od J",r;", ,,, oow
''''''" >00,.
~'too"P' roo,;ndnM' ,ho, J","n "" nor '"'I"ndm, "P"" C= p",
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l ' , UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 263
'he 'hird cen'ury, pain'ing. ba><d on 'he contents of ,hi. Go.p<1 could
be found among ' Il< e.. I;'" . urviving form. of Christian an in 'he
Roman catacomb •."
All of ,h i. 'end. to .how the bankrup'CY of Bouer'. ,hesi. 'hot an
a" i,ude of caution 'o .... ,d. John characteri""" ' Il< Roman church of
,he "",ond cen'ury. culminating in 'he ",.. I opro.i'ion by Gaiu. in
,he ... rly 'hird cen'ury. who allegedly - .. ru<d in 'he gO're! of John
a 'piri' of her..), wi,h which h i, Roman-«cbia"ical a"i,ude could
not be r«o"dled, '" The fairly complex issues . urrounding Gai u. are
beyond 'h e score of ,hi, """y." bu, i, i. righ' ' 0 poin' ou, more ,ha,
r«en' "udy ha. ca ned in'o qU<'<tion wll<'her Gaiu. ewr cri,icized
John at an" (,hough he probably d id criticize 'he Apocalyp ... ). And if
G.iu. or anyone in Rome in hi. day I"'eled the charg.. against John'.
GO'rel ,hator< a"ribu'ed by Epiphaniusto ,he· Alogi" {Pan. ~1.3, 1-6)>1
and anribu,.,J in medieval Ea"ern soare<. ' 0 Gaia>, it i. clear, ~'"
of all. 'hat , he charge> would have had ' 0 do wi,h d;'crep;ond .. with
'he .ynop'ic. , no' wi,h a ,uprooed gno<!icizing tendency in John.""
~ S« !iii >004. "'_ ' 66, Among tb< , ....... , ""' mp~' m 'f'P"<"' ''P''''"''-
hom of II>< .... ~n~ of Lo ..",,, (Job" ")' II>< """ri"n ~= .. II>< ",.0 (john <);
lh< h..I ',,!!of lh< P,, ~ )t i< (John " '_" and ,o. GoOO $h<po.,u (John tC>'-19 •• """'!l
",b<, pl .... ), lh .. ,bn< ;m,S', con"'" 'imply bo .nnbuk<l to ,"",rodoo, grouP'"
>hewn. tint, Oy lh< foct ,"', lh<", . ", lit"''')' ''''''''hom of lh< pop.wri.,- of ,b<
,""... , th<y "'1""'"' ;" .. rooo_"",.,,, ortt.odo. " u «<~ >«end br 'o. fact <ho , ,I><
''''g<' oft.. ' PI'''' along'"'" Unog<,/,om lh< oT '" from ",I><, !!O'p<l .. >1 __ """-
om romm'Won«! ,I><m.t., oocq>t<d "rip' u,.! ,.. " """,,,,d Oy "" 8"''' ,hu",h
;" itom<, thi,d 0)' tb<i, 'rp"""'" 'n """.,'" of lh< Co,,,,,,,,," of Co1I i ~. ~ WhKh
;, know" '0 "'''' """n O""N ,00 odm in '~,«d Oy tb< Ilonun ,hUKh (!i 'f'P"Irt"'-
T.-..I, .p, "" "4 •. " '.".'" d , T,n u~,,". Af'" "'.,--6). Th< ,"aromb ;m'S" '"''''
pon ,y{"w S,.ou.tly 'm<~"g ~K '.... "'. " HgOon ,........ , ""'.Iopj,,!! 't>
""'""'y_uwl mu'ng it ,.;,;[,k ... " " ,n'""",,", "fkct<d ,o. r,Oth ,nd v..... ,.,( ""
~'hok Chri,h," ,,,,",",.n;,y" ("""n >000.11),
~ ""'" , .". lOS. Bow., ",.d;"g of ,I>< ,,, .. 'ion ho, bo<n I<MJowN by ""'"r
"h"I...,
•• ", "~11OOI, tn_N<,
M ""'"' , .. " Hill >004. ,,3-,",
~ "AJog;" (umo""""ni! ~ ,I>< "Om< >:p'"","'.' >op b< ti"" '0. ~ '''''P woo ait'_
,",," ,o. Apoc.typ>< ,nJ ""'1"'1 of John and "tribut,d ""m '0 C<ri", h" "mal
,,001... , 'ndoo'~ Sm;th (to'") and Odp<pp<, (, .... ), ,""" """,Iud<d ,"', ""'"
"''''' .... ""h , groop bu, ,ho, >:p;phon'., .... 'P',Wng .bout "",., on" Go,.,
oIoGo. 'n m ) ' op'n,,", "',n' ('''') i, prob.obly ,10><, to "" "",<1, woo th;nh "",
!'!" phon'''' ~ om.tg.om' ''ng ""~;"m ["'''' ,~ , ... , ~ w"'n.oo ''''gnmg ,bom.tl
to, .;"gk groop o. ho. ,,,,,,,,,,,tal f", ,o. I"''P'''.
~ 11>< only pou'bi< ...... roo- ,.,h ,ro''i<ctu", " ,o. L."", '''''l!' >:"'........,,)
(by
"'" ,b< AIog;. , od W n (br ,I>< Sy"'m Eb<d "'" .n<! !'"'"l"' u, ho, U .... ) ,ho,
u .... ~ ,.,ribut,d both th, ApocalYl'" n" "rl.,,, "._
lh< Go",, 1 '0 em",h ... , lho
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l', UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 26~
.... , '0 ,M, ."nO"' .... (Goiw Mm,df, " f..W;U>, H"' . ",,1 J.1'-1.nd llionpiu,
'" Ab.nd,.., i. " • .m.... H'' .
"",1 7.1'_') <""'". onlr ,..
AI""'1ypo< ond "'"
"'" Go>pd, .nd th" .... ""'" hk"y booaj "" eni.,hu, .J kg«l <hilWm , ,." hi'
doc,""". lb, ""'" " "..i", ~udy '" t" probi<m, ,mjth "", "'_J17, <onclu.k.
tho, Go,", "".." "''''''',ail''''n '" C<".,b"~
• "" dnnoa,"., .... '" t"" oond."""~ '" .iil , _ ""d ,,,....,,_,yk<o ,.,,_
• "hmMio " " , ll4---ll'. ","!!"I b"""" ,"', "'" ,,,...,.,... "ohm. .....d ,"',
" ,Iw h"" th< ,.,honIo'p .... "",o<Iy " t...... "d '" ,"'>'n, th< "''''"'" d;,dpl, .00
'l""'k" ( "'"gd I''', ", d_ 'k"uI I''', l<I, 74, II;U, '''7). lh i' ,"," ,,,,,,,"," "',
'r- ..t"
"""_. . " (.
," .., .... th
n" '"
d< . " '" ""'" """ t" pIa<..,,,", of I""n .. t" ..od "' , .. _ k
H" .. hKh . 1", ..dud... N.th....I, .. ho;, ""I, m<n'",,,.,j in
"'" ''''''' h Goop" I.
CHAkLES •• H l LL
'he Wo,d of God. In Ep.lopo", 3.2 'he . u,ho,deda,., , ha'. ·,he Wo,d
which !>K.me fi ... h [John 101 4] 'hrough the holy vi'gin Mary ... "..,
bo,n no' by 'he lust of'he flesh bu, by 'he will of God (John 1,13 ] ., ,.
Thi •• hows 'hat he '00
i. familiar wi,h 'he Christologic.l application of
John 1,13 and sho",~ 'he imronance of lohn 1,14, ",he Word bec.me
flesh" (. Iso Ep. Iopost. 14,~; 39.16. cf lUI, It exemplifies 'he back·
ground for Justin', US< of 'he .. me loh.nnineconcepu «.g, Dial, 63 ,2 ).
The a u,hor refe" '0 Je.us' ,urning ,he wate, in'o wine at the wedding
in C.na (Ep , Apo". '-l- 3; lohn 1,1-11), He know. I.. us' - new com·
m.nd ment; 1o\"< one another" Oohn 13,14; Ep, AI"',I. 18.~), Also like
Justin. he know. ' he Johannine posHesurr«tion .pf""arance of le.u,
in which he invit« his d i",iple. to insp«t h is crucifixion wound. (Ep,
AI"',I. 11.9; 2],1 cf. John 20,17). When 'he d isciple. e.pres. wond.,·
men' at what 'hey h.,·e .... n and heard. ' hey are ' old. -Much more
ble""" .re 'hey who have no' seen and (ye') have believecl" (Ep,
101"',1. 29,6 Cop" )' in the .. ci,cumstance, a ra, her obvious echo of
John 20019.
lhe Epj"ul~ i. familiar with p .... g« 'h roughou, 'he Founh
G"'f""I, which i. good evidence for iu .cquaintance no' wi,h an early
".ign' source" or .no,her hypo,hetic" source for the Fourth Go'f""l.
but ' he Founh Go'f""1 itself in 'he fi,,,
h.lf of 'he ,,,,ond century in
Asia Minor, [ts deep indeb,edne .. '0 lohn (no' '0 men' ion 1 lohn
. nd !(e"ela'ion) i •• problem for 'he 'ypical Onhodox lohannophobia
P.radigm argumen,. a problem which cert.inly <anno' be .,,,,,ed by
a cI.im 'hat i, came '0 him 'hrough Gno>tic influence." The work
sets itself con"''''n';''",! y and "'en aggre"""ly .g.inst all docetic ten·
dencies. insis'ing on Chris,',l>eing "in 'he fle.h" no' only during 'he
crucifixion. bu, 0100 .fter 'he ,esurrec,ion . A. an anti·docetic work
which relies heavily on John for its Christology. the Epj'I"I~ i•• fitting
indicator of 'he A.i.n background for bo,h lu sti n and lren .."" .nd
also of 'he milieu of Polycarp and Papi ... It i, . Iso earli., ,han .ny
wri' ing which can confidently l>e . ttribu,ed '0 Heracieon, P,olemaeu,.
or Valen,in""
~ HiIlm.-" "'''mm' ('966, tltJ. ",",t ,I.< """" ~ ·""... glr .. ft", ...ro by
G"",'~""" "r••H ) )' ",.." ".." oh< "-wk",, .uwl m"" , tl.< ""''' .poIog<'~ impon
oltl.<...,,1<. s« mil , .... , ", , 00 H~ll00<, 111.
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l', UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 267
3.~. Po/y<drpojSmyrnd
While thore ar< plausible tracn of Polycarp'. knowledge of the
Joh.nnine go.pel in hi. Leiter 10 'he PhWppid", (parlicularly ~,1, 7, '),
there i. nothing clear enough 10 comm.nd ..... nl ... From Ihis I.ck of
compelling ""idence in Polycorp' •• ingle, .horl epi.. le (or double, if
one follow> the th«>ry of Harrison)," Ko>< .. er >or> "it i. cerlain ,h.,
he d id not know t he Go.pel of John: nol ""hen he wrole the l<1Ier,
and nol ,,'er,'" BUI dearly, .uch "cerlainly· would require u. 10 know
a gr""t deal more than the conten" of PhjJjppid"' c.n tell u •. On the
olher h.nd, .ince il is commonly, thovgh not un.nimov.ly, Ihought
Ihat Ihe letler .how> Polyc.rp'. familiarity ""ilh 1 lohn 4,2- J (ponibly
2 lohn 7 .. well) in 7, 1," R<>berl Grolnl t hink. t haI, ·Such.n echo of
Ih. Epi.. le , ugg"'ts Ih.t he knew the Go.pel •• well . , ,"" From. purely
lextu.1 poinl of view, of cour.." Polycarp'. knowledge of , lohn .. ill
.. yo nothing one way or another ahovt hi. knowledge of the go.pel ,
Grant may be of thi. opinion becau .. of t he difficvltly of imagining a
.ituation in which th. lohannine lette" are known but the go.pel i.
not, In a case .uch as th is, in which we how text",,1 uncenainty, con-
textual racto" m.y contribute something to a historical jvJgme"t of
the probabilities on the i"v •.
The", conteX1ual facto" haw '0
Jo with the presence or absence of
evidence for the u.. of John in contemporary or e.rlier . utho" which
might inform us of the milieu of Pol),corp. We h.ve alreaJy ~n ,h.,
within Polycarp'.lifelime t he [p, liprul.. in A,ia Minor, makes pro-
found use of ,hi. gosp<'1 to combal doceli""" Earlier m.te-.-ial from
Ignatiu. and Papia' elder i. yet to he <on,;dered. The", ..e also other
"",ond -century material> clo",ly related to I'olyca rp himsel(.
One of th"", i. the written accou nt o( Polycarp '. mart)Tdom written
by one Mard.n"", Thore i. a pos.ible Johannine a llu,ion in Polycarp '.
prayer in 14,2 where he mention. h i, eXp<"<1ation concerning "the
r<>urr«t ion o( eternal life (, .. ava,,,,,,,,v ~"'~ "i""lOU): recalling
John ~29, <i<; ,,,,,,(,,,,,"" ~"'~<;' with the characteristic Johannine
", .... ,'" added. In t he n .."'tive i"elf. t he author relates how Polycarp',
martyrdom was a martyrdom "in accordance with the gOipel" ( U ),
and m arks out a numher of coinddence. between circumst.nces .ur-
rounding the capture and death of Polycarp, and the accounts of the
Lord', p""ion a. re<orded in the gospels. In 8 ,1 M ..d.nu. tell. hi.
reaJers that when "the hour came" (rii" Oipa, a~, cf. the climac-
tic i),~J,."a"., ~ Oipa, John 17, I) for Pol)'carp '. departure, "they set him
on an a.. (ef. John 12 ,1 4, etc.), a nd kd him into the city on a 'great
Sabbath day'" (foh n 19,31) . lohn', i. t he only account to mention "the
great Sabb.th " (John 19,]1) in <onnection with Je<u, death."lhe fact
that t he many ""in" of <orr<>""ndence ..e ,pr.,.d out in more thon
one go.p<l, a nd the fact th .. their r«ognition depend . on hi. readers'
(.mili .. ity with th e go>p<l events in q ue "ion, ,ugge'" that the written
gO.p<l>, including John, are hei ng u.."J in the Smyrna.an community
at the time of Polycarp'. death .
Irenaeu, testimony, repeated in at lea" three public. tion. over a
period of ma ny yea", i. th .. I'olyca rp uw, he.. d anJ wa. ordained by
John the .post le. IOO ln one place he claimed he could rememher how
Polyca rp "reported hi, inter<our", with John and with the othe" who
had "",n the Lord, how he rememhered t heir word •... " (i n Eu .. biu<,
Hiil. ,cd. ' ,20,6). Hi. d.scription of Polyca rp '. relatiomhip with apos-
tles i. laced with loha nnine language, though it <ontain, no actual ref-
erence to Polycarp u.ing the Fourth GO§peL But in .... Jv, II~er. 4,27-32
Irenaeu. rq><a" and elaoorate. the oral, .nti-Mardonite teaching of
. n unnamed elder, a d i'dple of a"""les, ,,'hich he had memorized.
Many factors combine to ,how 'hat th i< d isciple of . postle. i. in fact
~ t",,,,,,,~ ~oI>. MI,. J .J.<, ,-",... to >00"""00 j ~ "... t. \'~"" in ~",<b ; " ,
Hi<:. «d. uo.6 anJ '-"- 16, mp<rt;,..,Iy.
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l", UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 269
Polycarp, It, The", i. one place in t his m.,eri.1 whkh rell"," 'he elder'.
knowledge of Ihe Fourth G>opeL In Adv. ha", 4 .31.1. while defend·
ing Ihe .. ints of Ihe old covenant agai nst Marcioni.. slander. Iren.eu.
cite. the words of the elder. who <aid th.t we should "'gi ... thank<
concerning them to God. becau>e at the coming of our Lord he for·
gave ,hem their .in.: For he al.., usro to say that they gave thank>
for .nd re}oic«l in our .." .. tion." I.. noeu' u .. of lohn 80~ .nd its
interpr<ution in the earli .. p.rt of book .j show that thi. i. an all u·
.ion to 15US' wOlds in lohn 8;~. "Your f.,l><r Abraham rejoic«l,o
see my day. and I>< .. w it and wa> gl.d,"JOl The import i> tha, lrenae u.
had l... rn«l hi. inlerpre,.tion of John 8, ~ from t l>< .postolic elder.
Polycarp. Thi. instruction probably ,ook place >ometime I><tw«n
a!>out 140 and "4.
An excellent. though in t l>< n.'ure of th • ...., not fully condmive.
argument c.n I>< made that til< lIO·c.lled Epi"/. '0 Diogn<lu, i. actu·
ally 'he transcript of. 'pe<"<h gi"en by Polycarp before a Smyrn... n
nobleman n.med Diognetu.,'u If thi, work i. by Polycarp. t l>< u..
of lohn in hi. ,e.ching at IIOme point near 'he middle of the ",""ond
«ntury i> manifest.'1< Imt one p.ir of allu. ion. must .uffice here. The
author 'r<.k< of God >ending hi. Son. and "wll<n he >ent him. he did
KI .. one loving. not juJging ('~f.~ ,!,,," Ox; "y(J.~iiN. o~ ~ri\'''''")" (7, ' ).
and I.ter "'Y'. "For God 10,-«1 (~.,.;.",,<) men". to them he ",nt h i.
on. anJ only Son (_pO;; oi), a~i.<>!"h ,ov uiov (J.~fQ;; ,ov ~oVO)"vii)"
(m2). The conception. and the language are .urely inJebt«l to lohn
] ,1 6-17. "For God so lm'«I (~yO:_""") the world that I>< gave hi. only
Son (,"'" vi"," ''''" ~o\'Oy<vii)., , For God ><nt (a.,,,,,,J..:,,)
t il< Son inlo
the world. not 10 conJemn (OO, . . 'i"" ' pivU) the world. but ,h.t t il<
world might be ..... d through him " (d. John 1l ' ~7; 1 lohn 4,9),
Thuo. while juJgment> m.y continue to differ on t il< lihlihood
that Polycarp knew the Fourth Go'r<l .. the time of writing to t il<
Philippi an. (we c.n. of cou,.." not be "cortain" that he did or d id no'
know it), there i. other "'dence to make it extremely likely th., he did
in f.c, u"" this go'r<l in the cour.., of hi. ministry. And even if one
~ s« wolff ,OJ,. 00 ' h< "10",, """'0<)' of "'" SyriK ,n<! "'" Gr«' of
' h< G,«k f"gm< n" of , n """,n' ,." ........ m"",·".,; .. o'r,ol'",O"' ... ,.. pro_
&'""''''
,;d"d • ' ru .. ""rthy !".... An " • do>< <Omp.ni """
G"nkll ,n<! H.," IO.yrlo,.m. .. Papyri ", no. ' '''') rq»<1";
wi'" ' h< fi", of ,..... frag"" n"
,n., 'h< Sy""' V<r_
, .,., "n<!, '0 "1"'00, &n..m '" ron'nd, bo, "", , .. ~ ., """'ioIIy {..,hf.. 10 ' h<
"'igin.u. Mil ", (to,.. "i , Ilinn<d "'. , ,,,,,d uoion .r;" >!ooy'"S ' h< ",rooO f"gm< nt.
hOO."'!! ." ' h< ')'rio< ,;gh" mpl ''''''''''' ' OO ....., "","'00"" - 00 ' h< ",OOk, how. .",.
,h< ')'rio< g'''' , tojmbly do>< "ndnins. .olthough • 00.. '"" -'Pf'<" 10 r<p'oo"",
' h< "'.."''' <nO . "~,n,y of ' h< G",k.-
~ ,h< ..JO"" .... ' h< 'lY'"' go<> "" '" mmlion An' .. '"" P.", ( ' ''_ ' 6' a).
G"n' 0 .... "-'" "'!W""; ' " "" gin.d , poIogy '0 Hod,,," w., """,k<d , 00
pm,"'''; 'V." '" A"',,"'n", P.... "",,",ron. hn< ,n<! o..,,~ , (>ro>,
ho ... "", >how ...., 'h< Am,,",. . . n<! "" S)'rio< 11" bo<k 10, rommon l ..k m ,ai«_
'''-''21.
Ii"". ,n<! "go< ,Iw b<c._ "'" Am",n"n ., «m~"'""n """.os 10 H,",ion'"
both ' h< ti,l< , 00 "" ..Jill<", '"" ,d«<n« '" An''''''n., •• Ou< 10 "" .,.,. .. n "', .... ',
ronfu...,.,.
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l", UC"n'ON 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 271
did no' hold ,hem to be authoritative, And yet, it ""'m. dear that
AristW .. knO\..~ a plurality of au,hori,.ti,'e Christian gO'p<l. (1 ' .1
Gr""k; 2,4 Syriac), He mak .. oold '0 exhon the em!",ror to «ad aoout
the Chri"ian ".ching in what he ..110 "the go,!",!."
- ·E. ,;;, mo' .rowi,; .w.m.,.i."", ""'l'Y"), ' rii, alia, 1'1',..,." . .,'" "",J alia.;.
.. ;, ~_ .. ,,~ed in ,'" S)T;K '" Annm;"n, ~ ~y"", ",;g;n.J (...-ron,
I'i<". ,ro! 0."", '<XlI, 176).
- S<, I~. 10.1; 1IXI.' ; '''''''' ... A.y. ....... ' .' .1; , ., U . " " ,I>< "0< of ,I>< ~ n ~ ..t"
"_I" in v;.J. lO.,; 'OC'-'. ""... d ( 1067, '" "Y'_ "lh., o«m, (0 ,d" '0 a ooIkc_
<ion of w<;"", ""ma" .. ;. ,'" "" ..-.h ''''n.... on<! m.ny ''''-1'''"' writ .... "
- n.. .~"""" nt of ,'" Syrio<'M An"",'.. oho..-, i ...."ioo mu" ""., I>«n
;n "" "'.g; .... 'Ooo"h ,'" G,.. k of "" ...... "., ~ mrly "through ,'" ,,,,,,' {".Il.
Pou.i<ron, I'i«" onJ e>..t,,,, (1000, 19'1 """Iud< !hoi "" , .. ,boo- ..-ho ..t.p<ed ,'"
"f""'IosJ '" h~ "'" <0.'''' "' ""n..m ;groond ,'" ",I. in..m.. ",,,..,, "k moo it.;,
;lI""'i <1<, fonn .. ~. <I< [of ' " ""'g< ... ,",""I<" ..-I><n "' ......ked.
, ~ P.-",,,, "'''' , n< e>..t,~, (1000, 191) .. y th.t "';. "fvo.Ju;, n<c.,.;,,",,",
In 19)7."
' " 0. from al"""-Il"'rd k.hmon;" ..... ,C<, ....h ","~ in ... y h"', ......
CHAkLES •• HlLL
on him whom they h,,'e pi.rced" in R.v 1,7. 'he piercing of J«us i •
• vidently only attested in worb which ar. much la'er ,han and deren-
de n' on th. Founh Go.pel (Sib. Or. 8.296; Ap"'tlinariu. of Hi .... p"'lis;
I .. noem, Adv. I,"". 3,22.2 , (,3].1, 4.3 ~.J; Am of fohn 97; Oemen'.
£Xc. T/r,oJ, 6J.J).'ll Second. and mo<1 .ignifican,ly. ,hi. refe .. nco '0
a detail recorded only in John occurs in chap'er 2'" of 'he ap"'logy.
in preci .. ly 'he contex' in which Aristides inform. 'he read .. th.,
his information abou, Jesu. co rne. from ' ,he gO'rel. a. it i. called ."
And ,h i. i. not a .. ferenco '0
the un"Tiuen. or.1 go.pel proclama -
,ion, for t hi. gO'rel i. "'mething which he enjoin. the emperor '0
read for himself to a",enain whether who, Aristides i ..... )"ing i. 'rue, '"
P... umably. if 'he empemr could not find an account of the piercing
in thi. "go'rel." Aristide' t ru,hfuln ... would be in j<opardy. There i.
'hu. <\'ery rea",n '0
beli,,'e ,ha' her. Ari"id .. i. r~ating a di>tinc-
ti", ""pee'of t he crucifixion o f I •• WI which he had read in a gO'rel
which hi. worth .uggest would have """n available in ",hen. for 'he
emperor to rem.. if he.., chose,
A familiari'y wi,h 'he Fourth Go'rel _m. '0
underlie another
portion of chapter 1. Her. Ari"id ... peaks of Jesu. Christ a. "hav-
ing corne down from heoven" (.h' o\,p<tvo~ .... ",j\O:,l, Thi. kind of
language is not found in the Synop'ic Go'rel. bu, i. "<r)' Johannin ••
echoing ••• Tituo Nagel p"'int> out , 'wo Johannine pa.sage>, John 3,13.
1. h IOU ol.p"'>'<Iii ~"ral\ci<;. and lohn &38. "'" ""'''I\ff\rlm "." lO~
'" 11>< aJj, . . who ioc'''p"nl<u tho.""""", ,.. " "","",m ,.-..okrr«i!ha ,,,,",,,
to • ~", f"~ of h', JWog"'_ """ "umb."Ni 'i>opt" "-. -. .. SyriK . 00 A"""no. n
ho", ' " <><OV..J pia<"""n,-
". 11>< ,"fornu""" Ari~ "', g'''' in ,hop!<' 1 ,,""'" . Uho", <om< from ont,- "n<
of ou, so>r<h (""onK.1'" """_"",,,,"'.ol)_ II, "",",,,,,,, tho, ", .. , "' .. « ... k ... ..-
II ;g!>
.. Soo of God M .., ("",z... .... """ "'"
e.,..; '''" .~"""")_ • "'k fouoo onIr
"' "'." H " '0 Lw", "'2 "'" _ 'n M." .... '" I""n, II, ,,,," ""nlOO, 1"'-"
d.,,,,,It r,oon "',,,,n ""0 Oirtl> tl" ...g!> • II .... '" ';.-gin. 11>< "'o«n' from ",,'<n "
"pi"'. only", 1OOn_ , .. ""g;n birth ~ ""oun"d only br "' .. ,"' .. and lw",_ 1M"
romn tho ""nOOn of ... p~ " ;n g, ," I>u,," (_ 'n ,."z...,.). '" ",.. =,"on oft"
'h,,, d.)". . no ' " . "'<m'"" to ... "'"_ , . . ·,"",,'ns." Of;, " ""'. from • wri'''"
gooprl. m..' "''''' from I""n and tho ,0«""""'oWo "'m< r,oon ,nr Ou' M.", (",,"
from M.,k;f .. 1wl ' " long <OIling. '''!O), A, min'mum 'h', >«m. ,,, "'qu'", l"k<
.00 ]00". Ou, ;, a ho<J to "dod< ", .. tho .. , .,.j ""n "''''' ,,""'" b< ,.kd ".,., AU
,Ill. ""~Wk. «f... '0 .,,, go>p<l" .. h"," .. 0Ikg<. '" 'mp<ro.- , ... «.d,
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l", UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 273
""l"'-vOO. '" Ari"id~, al.., menliom in tho .. me contexl J•• us' • ... um-
ing fle.h" (aar~" aviAaf\<)."· Whil. Ihi. al.., could he explained a.
a ChriSlian commonplac., il i. highly r~le"anllhallhis Sla'emont tc>o
(>cell" in ,h • ...,;:,ion in which AriSlid ... encourage. ,h. ~mpero, to
"reaJ" aoou, ,he", 'hing< in "the go>pe!." And the only go.pel to con-
.. in .ueh language is, of cour",. the Gospel acco,ding '0 lohn 1, 14. A.
h. ,epe'" in chap'e, 16.
In addi,ion '0 ,h. abo ... ~,'idenc<, 'here .re 'w" ponion< of the G,,,,,k
of lkirlaam, no' rellKted in the Syriac, which con'ain prob>bl~ allu-
.ion. '0 John . Th. aulho, ,ay> in chapte, I ~ thal God made all Ihing>
"th rough ,h. only-bego"en Son (.... uii[> ~ovO)'f:V'\) and 'he Holy
Spiri': whkh "",m •• in par', o".mibly ba.oJ on 'he 'heoJogy of John
U,I.! and i, remini ..ent of !"", in. Thi. G,,,,,k ,..,,,;on also contain> a
reference '0 r.....s' m lunl.ry d eath on Ibe cro .. (SLit (!wuf'Ol> !I",0rou
i;yr-i.on,o ' .•-.,,><!i,.' f\ou),;), "'hkh may well be b.oed on lohn 10,17,18.
We may concluJ. from a comp.ri..,n with lb. Oxyrhynchu, G,,,,,k
fr.gmen" th., Ih ... are place. where ,h. Syriac omi1> some,hing from
,h. original and where 'he Grffk of Harlaa," pr<><rve. 'he original
be"er than the Syriac Thus i, i, quite possible ,h., ,h.", rell"'tion. of
,h...aching of John go back to the original, bu, lacking . upport from
,h. Syria<:, w. can no' be .ntirel), con~d.n' of 'his.
Ari>1id ... ,h. AIb.nian philo>opher emph •• ize. th ~ t~X1ual au,hori-
'i~. of Chri"ianit)' in • w.y which i. quite r~rnarhbl. for 'h~ time and
for t1>< newly flouri,h ing .polog<1ic "g.nr~. " It i. highly . ignifican',
,h.n, thal John'. Go.pel was apparen~y known '0 him .nd included
in 'he d •• ignation "go.pel: ref.rring '0 a wrinen accoun' Of .ccount<
'"
~
,.lng<. "1"" .
" ' wM""k<, .....
".".
". ,... " ""' , 16'- On ,hi. 00.."."",,, <.,.- .. rl ~, ..holm, >« "~I 1001, " 6_
411.
,a a . •"" fool" 100'. 1M, " '";" 8 of Ign' ''"'' k..",.kdg< of I Coo- loll,'" ;n £JM.
I,," , " Il<n«, one< 'I!,"n. ,t.",,;, on ;"","" ~'"'" of ... "riaI from I Coo-i n <h"n~
proboI>Iy ,rik<h"l! ,t." f",' , .... wMk b<;"l! t<,n'p",,,d In ~"""" ""'''''r 19n.o1 iu,
di<J 00< . .", " ' ' '' ' "' . <"Pl' of 1 Coo-;n,"""'. Non< ,t." lou, t." .... ,.. it< "","nO>
""I ",oosn ,. I"'''rO''''' ,b< ""..ok """uin po;n'~ .. tim<> ,..;,h q u;" 0 h;p. 00<_
'"P'''''"''''' w;,h ., ""...J ".,.,.0010')':
CHAkLES •• H l LL
3.7.1. Romam7,}
The fi", of the 'wo pa,sage. Fo"er cite. is Rom, 7,2 :
•» hjf" (1"1, >1>6). on Ih< oth .. !unoJ, ,"''"'',,''', ,I>< ron","""'. ' S; ""
«,oil & ,.., " , r,," "W' ~ •. " . rrorn'" ,n in <, OOot ' ."- on 1'''. k "';"" ,I><, k
pi«,-
" . '''' Ig",h.' «""..,.,., of •.. ," ning God- 'hrough & .. h. >« Hil 1001,
." n.. ro." ' ...... " ;"8 f""-'!!'" m !.uk<', IWo ,"n<n= '" ,o. prodig.ol "",',
,,' .rn .," my f,Ih<,: ;n ,oeh "" foIJow<J "r ' f'<"""" n (Luk< ", '3.ID),.nd ''"'"
,"m,..., '" Ep/«"'"' "hrl "".k of ..., .. 10 ,I>< f",I><,. i" P"'l'''' (1,, ", ",,),
m On ,I>< "'-" ..... ;n lohn '" oJ, """ ID''',
CHAkLES •• H l LL
I take no pie..... in Ill< IOod of corruption (,.....u ~). oor III rI<'-
.ur.. of thIS life, I de';" the br<>d of GOO (O;p,.,. fIwU), tlut '>' ,be ~e>h
("';0{) of Chri<t who i. of the O«'d of D.avid, for d,ink I d .. ir< hi, blood
(~)Hi Qa.. ' " ,,:"~ nut",,). ~-h"h is incorruptible loY<.
rela' ... 'h~ .ubj«:' of thi. phr . .. '0 no'hing 01 .. , h.n 'he Spiri' of God.
Moreover, one would cert.inly h"" '0 place ,hi. phra .. in 'h~ cat<'gory
of loh. nnin~ "redac,ional rn.lerial" •• i, i. distinctive '0 lohn among
.11 known, .,.rly go.pel •. Not only ,hi", bu, it relale. ' 0 a particularly
Johannine 'h~rne whic h run. through ' he Fourth Gospel,'" the theme
of 'he m)'Sterr of "whence le.u. is" .nd "whither he i. going" (cf. lohn
7,27-28; 8:1 4,13; 9019-}o; 13 ,3; 19;9). Distinc,h.., redac,ional m.lerial
i. just what KO."I«, Hillmer, .nd il<lIinzoni r~uir~ before .cknowl-
edging d~pendenc~ upon a NT sourc.,
In .pile of ,hi", oome ha,.e found i, ea.i .. to beli",'e lh., Igna'iu. gOI
lhe phrase from an unknown Gnw,ic >Durc• .''' or from an unwritten
.nd ol herwi .. unknown .... ying of leou",'" or, a. Koester conj«:ture.,
from. "tr.dition.l lheologicol m""im .. , p<rhap' derivi ng from. litur-
gic.1 context."' " For Foster, the high I",'el of ".,hal correspondence i.
not yet com-incing bec ..... of "lh. way the phra .. i. u.."j in a man-
n~r 110 d ifferenl from the lohannin. conlext,"'· BUI i. the m.nner 110
differenl! True, Ignatius i. nol talldng aboul the m)~teriou. worldng
of the Spirit in regeneration, a. Jesu. i. in John, Ignatiu. i. instead
.. lldng .boUl the Spirit', work in himself when he uttered "impired"
word. to the Philadelphian> when in l heir mid", word. which, .. he
laler learned, were prophetic in nature, ""'rning to preouppo .. dhine
foreknowledge of the ch urch', .iluation. When rec.lIing lhi. "..,nt to
lhe Philadelphian •• nd wishing 10 attribute the word, he .poke l h.l
d.y 10 the dhine Spirit, he >imply describes that Spirit wilh • phr ...
which Jesu. used with reference to the Spirit, memorably and uniquely
in the Go.p<l of lohn. The lwo conle". are d ifferenl, lhough nol so
en'irely different, It i. not a. lhough the be ing which "knO\.~ whence
it comes .nd whither il goe' i. a .n.ke, • centurion, or • runaway
,.• OI"'r "'f"'d' of,h~ ,"' ... ~.,,, pKkal up br ,I>< ,"thor of , '" "8""0<> Uoof><I
(' ,n""'" "* >« H;l l 00<, "".
'n Mum, "" V"'n"""'n 'n ,,,""'"~ Ad •.
,,"<I'" " " _ , . . .. lh, · p,,,,lId'
MI,. u u ,00 'n ,'" hIT. llorod. 7O....J by ""'''".00
<01«1..,. !!ill... , ('%6,
, '_'1). b<.id<. ""ng m ",~ I."". J,/f", from ""'~ Jo/," on..! 'g""" to. wOd< .. ,,"'-
1'" p h",,, ""'00 'n ""'n on..! [gn.<""' "".!t). qual, .... to " ' . <.JI«I. "t«~nicd
_ " ph .. ",: .. HOII ... , """tJ h".., ... s« .00 ".g<1 lWl, Nt_In
, ~ Von <1<, GoI<~ .. mm""",d ..,. h~"mlwn ''''. "-
,~ Ko<~" , ..." '''"' d . s..nd", "", ", " ,U"", ,%6, '1, ",n d,mm' of ""
f"" ,.-.d'''"n "'gudmg ,'" '''''''ng ol ,I>< So,""".oo ,,", ""1"""" f.rrtil,., to both
~T'''''''"
,~ foo'" """ , 'M. AI", ' mp''',..j 0)' "" d,/fm"m 'n ,"n"''' '' "',,""" lOO6,
"
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l·. UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 281
.Iave, Ignatius ;, talking. lik< Jem. in John. aooul t l>< Holy Spirit.
And in any co .., I have Irouble ""'ing why thi. amount of dilf.r.nc.
in conle" .hould mailer very much.'" Robert C",nl" word. aoout
Ignatim .nd p.ul ar. equally applicable 10 Ignatius .nd lohn and bear
"ruling. "he c. n 13k< rauline expr .... ions and u .. Ihem in conl<x"
ofh;, own. Such usage i. hardly .urpri.ing. Ign .. iu., in fael. could not
h"'e u>«i !'auline exr .... ion. in Pauline conle,a."La
Schoedel find, in Ph/d. 7,1 "the ,",onge" poulbilily in Ignatiu. of
a derendence directly on the Fourth Go'rel" bUI in the end i. non-
commi"al becau .. of "the ab<ence of olh .. f'O.itive ",·ld.nee of .uch
derendence."'" I find myself in disagreemenl with him about t l>< .ur-
f'O>«i absence of f'O'itive "'''dene<. But again it i. worth noting ,hal
Schoedel appea .. 10 be thinking in term. of di,ecl lilerary derendene<,
which oughl 10 be di.mi.....J a. a roo herring. II """m. hard 10 deny
Ihat Ih. best explanation for Ihe expression in PI,IJ. 7. I i. Ihat Ignatius
was familiar wilh Ihe Go'rel according to John. But Roman. 7.2.3 and
Philadeiphian'T1 are "ill not Ih. only ]»...ges worthy of con.ider-
ation in Ignalius.
)"" .. tOen lbe Lord did nolhin& ",ithoollbe hth« (b .u..w.; avtu loi;
"",(Ii>; ~ ;>oj,..",,). being uniled ~ith Him (~""""''''' ;;"), whrth ..
Ihrough hims<lf or 'hrough the 'roo,l<., '" yoo do nothing wilhout lbe
b;,hor >Jld the r''''''j1m ... u t . 11 run logrther .. unto OIl< tempi<
of God . .. 10 00. altar, 10 one Ie",. Chriot. ",ho came fOrlh f,om OIl<
F.. h ... r<m.min& wilh the 0 ..... nd relu,ned (to him) (f<I... 0.,' ""'"
""'(Ii>; ..,."JJIO>'I" ,'OJ.,, ""'''''u '''; I...,i]oo.vtnj.
Shortly Ihe .. after. in Magn<>ian> 8.1, he conlinu... ,
~, ,ho,
1 d..,. .. , on< ",w" fi ..... m",h J,tf",,,,< i><t .... ," "" ""',.. " 01'.,"1
'n ,Co< U , n<l l!"" ;",;" "",", H. 'housh f""" "g.m!. Ign"'"'" ; _ , d t"
.,w" ,h;. po;n' non< ,t.. I,,,,
~ UfO" ' 1%3, 3U.
~ """,,",I ''''.106.
CHAkLES •• H l LL
So Ie ...... id, -Wh<n )'011 have lified up th< Son 01 m. n. th<n you will
know that I am he, .nd
that I do oothing on my own autoo.ity (~.'
;"""'~ 0000. .,;,s,:v) but >peal; thus ., th< Fath" (0 ou ,,,,,) taught me. R
And he who ",nt In< is ~-ith In< «~i;' 01""",", ",,' i""" "''',),
h<
h .. not l<fi me aion<, fo, I .1>... )'" do what i, rI""sing to h,m (o".yO.
,iI ~.,.~'" "~';;' w,o. .6,tuu):
Ignatius invokes t he (oncept but .plits it up, 110 to 'I"'a~ >0 that t he full
concept may 5«m to act a. an ;nc/us;o for the >Ktion Magn. 7.1 -8.l,
When the ech.,.,< of John 8,18-29 ar< placed together w< find six of
the 10m. or ne.rly the .. me word" '''nip; ,o,ii>; ot.Ii<v; ,.~'''' (in the
form of an aori<1 .ub"anti"" panidple, -the one who ..,nt" ).. u. ), '"
"p<an;' , .. XO'", I .oop<a , I:.:,,;'" and ..1",01< I .-cn" ..I",,,. In addition
to t he.." Ignatim' phrase " without the Father" (,,"'" <O\; ""<r>i.;) in
this context i. cen.inly equival<nt in me.ning to )e>us' -from my""I,
(ii, ' i~,,",oii). And the subje<t in ooth accou nts, )esus, i. the .. me.
lt >eenu to me that thi. i •• rather remarkable s." of concurrences
to which neither Inge, nor Schoedel. nor Footer, has called attention.
,~ JoIo" "", "So )<,", .. ;d to 'I><m. "r" .t,-, onot,-. l "'r '0)'0". <h< So.. <0" 00
_ hi"!! of h i, 0 .. " . w " d (":' 3iM-.,,,, ;, """ """tv,." ;""""'), bu, ""~' " hot I><
.,'" <h< e.,l><, oo'" g, eo< .. h.t,,'« , I>< f.,t.< , do<~ u"" <h< "'" oo..!ik"",,: - I"""
""', ~ l "" do _h,"ll on my ... " (0.:. ~, r,;. """'V 0. ' i""",,,;; ..:..;;,.). A. I
1>< .. , t joills<. ",01 my joodgm<nt ~ jo'L b<c,." I " , k '"" mr own .. ~I bu, <h< ",;II of
hun..-be " " ' "" (roll .i.......... ... ):-
'". 11>< rompoond fo<m of ,I>< ""to '''''pro'''' " .>«1 '" <h< NT onty "' ,,,b,,,,,.
(t t" .6; " ,(6). ;, ~ .>«1 .'" .,,- "" ,'''''' in ,I>< Al"""oIK eo<h<" (t ck,". <U [MSS
= 1,6n [;';'1' M.p. , ,1, pol, PI,", "'; ,,«"'. I'-i~ ,.'-'" 51... ,-"" "' "" ca><
m<p< .. "'''l'', . ,' 00.. " ,.r" '0 ....... "'" ~ ,I>< '"1«"'" "~,,, u><d .,
"r." '" )< ... .,,- '" ",hoI t.< did, 11>< uocomP""" d<d wI> """"... .. .>«1 t6 <Om"
.. It.< N"r . nd tl "m<. '" th< Apo><oI'" h <h<n wi," I' ..... .wi«' onty .. Rom
t>oJ, -.-!o", P. .. .. p C1,,'~ d;d .." pk.., h;"",If. 1t.< . ",ompooOON odj<"''''
"'"'"'';'; ....,j '" JoIo" S,,. """" ,"'~-t,,,, '" , I>< N I' ooty "' A". 6", ' 101; ,nd
, JoIo" "n. Doty 'n Jolon 0,,. 00. •• "f" '0 ~' .. , I'w, did. 1h"', ""IT "' JoIo" 0,1'
. nd '" t~" .. ",~ Map'. " ,' ioa ""'" of 'hi> ,..,,-d grour , «<I of )<'"' doing .... , ....
"r )"""!!" '0 <h< hth<"
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l", UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 283
Conoider in parlicular Ign .. ius' u.., of Ih~ verb .f~~(j) in Ih~ aorist
.ub"anlh.., participle 10 refer 10 Ih~ Falher as "the one having ""nl"
I.. us, Thi. u.. ofthi. form of ~i~.", can I>e found nowhere in the NT
exc~pt in fohn,'" where it occurs no Ie .. than 2~ tim~.! '"
Moreover, l>etw«n the echo of John 8,28-29b in Magn, 7,1 and
the «ho of fohn 8,29<: in Magn, 8,1, thore ar~ ot her Johannine con-
cep'" The idea of Ie>u. l>eing one with th~ Father i. distincti,-e to fohn
among the g"'p<I., and hi. remaining one with the Falher during h i.
time on "'rlh, ., we >aw, rell",,, John 829a-b, "And he who ..,n'
me i. with me, he h •• not lel1 me . 101><." The conception of I~.u. a.
the Word i. of cour", fohannine.'· Hi. coming fOrlh from the Father
and then returning to him i. al"" di",ncti,-ely Johannine, a. on~ """
in lohn [] ,3; 16,28. John and Ign .. iu. US< differ~nt compound. of
i'P~"I'aI for le.us' going forth from the Father, but t hi. i. understand-
able, particularly if Ignat i"" is not writing with a copy of fohn l>efor~
him for .. ference, Again, l>eside. what """m. to I>e • dear u .. of at
lea" one lohannine pa.sage, there i•• dmter of apparent lohannin~
allo,ion. or ech~ .
We have e.. mined here a numl>er of p ..... g.. "'hleh, I beli",-e,
indicate Ignatius' knowledge of lohn'. Go'p<I, There are other po.-
.ible on..,'" induding one mentioned by Allen Brent in two recen'
publication>, Conc~rning Epl" 17 , I, "For this re.son the lord rec~ived
rerfumed ointment on his head in order that he might breat he incor-
ruption into the Church: Brent 00"'''-.., "Ignatius will interpret t he
.ign ificanc< of I~.us' anointing by an unknown woman .hordy l>efore
hi. d~.th [Matt, 16,7, Mark 14,3 ] in the light of Chr;'t'. breathing
into the apostles in thi. paosage ]i,~" in lohn 20 .11-22)'" '" Ignatiu'
r~ferenc~ to t he Lord rec~iving oint ment on hi. head, ,,-en SchO<'del
admowleJge<, i. based on Ignatiu.' knowledge of t he story "in a form
close to that of Matthew (2&7; cr. Mark 14,3) wher< t h~ oil i. poured
- Th< mb .. ,I>< fu••"" ;nd".. h'< ;, "o<u r.". ,'" fallo<, ;" of,. p.o" Ok '" of,.
obJ;qu. .. 1'< ..,." '0 "" d;v"" .... 00,
wkk<O "' ... " .. 1 .." 1O-,1J. "h",h ;. on
'" Th< "tho< ""Io<.J ~""' (rolymp') ...... "" .",b;n . I>< """" ;..!".hv,
<;sh' tim<.;" n_6 ro. God .. "nJ;ng of M, Son, .... ,h;, pa=g<'OG;, <kp<nd<n.
"PO" I""" IH;l1OOO, )6,).
- '''' ,I>< .... '" "" w",J promJ;ng "from ~I<oc< " "" Sct.o.<kl I.. '. 111 ; . nd
lUI 100<, " ' ... 3).
- Sc, ;" 1""""'" 1'hId. "1_1 (~n ".".; 1406; ,,>0-,'" 1""0_13), """". , ,'_1
I~" "n'l, "'" .1>< <k,.;l<d ' .... ""'n. '" ,I><" """ ",I><, pi""" ;n N.g<llOOO,
"6-",,
.~ ",," '100', JI_" , .bc 36, s<, .bo B,,", >006. 4>6.
CHAkLES •• H l LL
'on I... u.' heod' and not (a. in Luh 738 .nd John 123) on hi. f""t."'"
It ",enu rn..,nable that Ignatius has .nother <'Vent in the life of Christ
in mind for )em. breathing on t he chu«h, and the onl)" one r«ordod
in any gwpel is that rKord'" in lohn 20,22. "And when he had .. ><1
thi", he breathe<! on them (;"'~""~",,,). and uid to them. 'R«ei ...
the Holy Spirit .....
Ignati us i. the r«ipient of .ubstantial Johannine tr.dition. b it
more likely that at I.,.,t >ome of this tradition re"hod him through
the written lohannine ~"'.pel, or that all of it rea<bed him through
other meam1l>l Sew,..1 facto," le.d me to think he must have known
the written go.pel, First, though the lengt h of the pa .. Ueb i. not gre.t,
there is a relatively high number ofthem. lll If we deny Ignatius' knowl-
edge of lohn'. Goopel, thi. me.n. we must imagine that t he contents
of "",er.1 of the 'f""'<hes now rKorded in that go.pel must have com.
to Ignatius from >orne oth.,. route(.). s<':ond. t he l<'Vel of .pedftc lexi-
cal correspondence in ..,me of them, particularly the ex.ct corr.. pon-
den« with ft"e con",cuti ... word. of J... u. in lohn J,8 in PhM 7,1 but
also t he ,",veral «hO<'> in Magn. 7, 1-&1, i. al.., im p"""·e. Third, a nd
do«I)' relate<! to the "",ond. i. t he fact that.., much of the borrowod
Johannine material appe, ... to be "reda<tional: going kyond mere
acqu.intan« with stori .. which might ha>'e [,..,n pa""d on orally. or
concep" which m ight ha\'e [,..,n communicate<! in Christian teaching
or prea<:hing, to a knowlodge of distinctive term. and literary them ..
of the written go.peL Founh, the do .. parallel. " I.te to many dif-
ferent ponion. of lohn and are not restricted to one or two, making
the >uppooition of 0 ..1 tradition t h.t much Ie .. likel)". Fifth, the f.ct
that the lohannine material often occur. in dusters h .. [,..,n under-
appredat'" by "ho]a" but would seem to ind icate that ""hen Ignatius'
mind >t an. on a lohannine phr .... thi. often trigger> other Joh.nnin.
word. or con«pt", j ust t he so" of thing we m ight imagine from on.
The war I&"atiu. p.o.irs "the gosr<l" with "the rroph""" a nd th e way he
refers to elements from the "ory of Je.u. a. being "in" the 1><"1"1, sug-
gest that h e i, not just a pr<cur=r of bIer Uri,han usage, but. wit-
ne .. to the early ..,odation< ofthi. word with t he book. now k nown
a. g<»pel._ ". Thi. textual consciou<ne .. forn" p.n of the bockground
for hi, use of conc,,!,ts. word" and phra .. , which he has in common
with t he Founh Go'I"k and ilioWl that it i. by no mean, improb.ble
that one of the "go>r<l" document< '" referenc."j i, John,
•M Moch . , 00... ,I>< "",J · lo ... • in lohn , ,17, A,,, ",}, Rom 6, ... ", '''''' (;.01
},17, Eph " "" Hm 'J9.
m Th< .;ngul." "11"'1"" . ..... oIi,n m<d to 01...,,, ...... at ... "",n won.. th~,
"" "",nil " " ' " ')' (A"~;& ~ Apcicw [ "_I O",k; H Sy"""[' Fp. Apo". I, I " ~;",
DW_ 10.1, 100.1, 1
LH ; '_'_1 , U,I.1 ) .
a. .. _0,,, lhrophil"~ A.
A.,o/. '_1" I"n.. ",. ' .g.. AoI¥. Iou •.
go.p<1s which occurs in later writer> who uS«! Papia' wor~ .uch a.
Justin, lr~n aeu ., the author of the A/uraror;an Fragmcnt, a.ment,
Origin, a nd Victorinu. of Pe/tau. The material recorded in H;". <cd
3.24. ' -16 ",em. to provide a mining link.
All of thi. would mean not only thot the .. gO'pel. were known
to the elder in the "ery early)''''''' of the .. cond century, but th.t
they were already held in high esteem, lhey were already credited to
apootle. or to followe" of apostle. (anticipating Justin). Elfon. were
al>o l><ing made to provide accounts of their origin> .nd to deal. at
lea st .ummarily, with oom. of the difficulties posed by having mul-
tiple a uthori .. ti,'e .«ounts of Je.us' word. a nd deed. which did not
alway. entirely m.tch each other. lkea .... it i. nearly cert.in thot the
elder w1>o passeJ this i nformat ion on to P'pi •• i. hi. "elder John: this
would mean that whoe""r "John" wa. to whom t he Founh Go.)'<1 ",a.
l><ing attributed, he wa> not lohn the elder,
The most extended interaction with the th ..i. whkh ! have ...,n 110
far in ~:ngli.h'" i. that of Richard !\auckham in hi, recent boo~ "'u,
a"d 'he E,...~,;,"" ..... ,., Bauckham acknowledge. t hat -a good co.."
ha , been made for the proro.al, but also uy. that he doub" if it ca n
he .ustained. '" He offers no rea son. "'hy the ...., .. nnot l>< .ustained,
but instead offers.ix "qualifi.. tion' of it, The fir" two qualification.
h,,'e to do with the faet thot in 3_24. ' -13 Eu",bius i. not quoting his
source ,'erbatim but giving a paraph....." a nd in at least one ""tion
(3 ,24.8-10) break. in with hi. own comments, which may "ill reA«t
something of t he .ubstance of the source, but contain OCIticeably hi.
own thought>, The« roin1S I affirmed in the original e.say, '" and they
do not aff«t the a rgument that th e source [usebiu. i. o.ing a nd para-
phra.ing i. Popia ..
The third of B>uckham'. qualification. h •• to do with E.... bius' ....
of "",,; ("t hey .. y") in the cour>< ofhi. reroning on what the lIOur«
.ays, B>""kh.m .dmowledg« that EusebiWi i. IWrking with a wrinen
SOU"" in 3. 14.~-7 when .aying -a ",",ord hold. (mu'X<l J..it-ro<;), but
he .. Y" it i. not de .. that the 0"" of ""at in 1.2-1.7 and 11 , in appar-
ently referring back to this source, can indeeJ refer to a ",~inen source.
~ 11>< ,,«n' """'..,. No,d, 100', wh.,h "","'n, . ~ "gthr "' ply. h.. rom< 'n'"
mr h...."" ""r""" .... klr too 10k '" I>< '''f'''"<lro to 1><",_
~ Bauckh.om >006, '''--<37.
- Bauckh.om >006, 4".
~ &<. ' . ~ .. 'lOR t""", >'>,_ ....., ,...
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l", UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 289
who"" aim cle.rly was to gi ... information about the origin' of eKh
of these go,,,,,lo, did 110 in order, and the information [usebiu, quote.
about Matthew .nd Mark in 3,39.1 ~ -16 (which <Ire .... that Mark dOd
not gi,'e thing. in order but that M.tthew did) would ~t well after the
information he <0 brieAy , umm.n.<,> in 3.24.6 before the information
on John in 3.24.7.
The moot .ubstantial difficulty Sauckh.m cbim' to ~nd with the
identi~c.tion of the two ""urce. Ita. to do with t he problem of "",de,
in the go.""b, ! .hall de.1 ""ith it in more depth becau .. it will also
give tbe reader. hetter idea of the nature of the evidence for identify-
ing [u .. biu' soure< on the origin of John', Goo",,1 a. P.pia •.
Sauckh.m ,ecogniz.. th.t both Papia, in 3.39, 1~ .nd Eu .. biu'
source in 3 , 14.~- J3 share concern fOf "order:'''' but believ,," th.t the
solutkm each ..,me< give. to th e problem i, d ifferent, ",'en that they
a,. "quit< incon.istent: .nd th .. this i, then ""rong ""dence again"·
identifying the >ourc... '" He claim. t hen that "in order to ..... the
attribution to Papia. we h,,'e to .pecubte about wft.t the ><lure< it .. lf
.. id .nd how Eusebim ha, . lterM it:'" Thi' unfonun. tely gi,'" the
reader. d i<torted imp,."io n .bout the actual argument and it .. lf
relies on Sauckham', own theorie. (which are by no meam devo id of
.""culation!) . bout ""h.t Papi .. "must he inferred" to h",'e >aid about
John,
The d ifference betw""n the two accoun ... a. relate. to order, i.,
according to B.uckham. a. follow"
lfte ..,Iutioon to the difference in o,der b<tw«n tbe Co.p<l, thot Papl"
mu" be ",ferr«! to h ..'e oifer«!" thot John'. Co.",,1 00.. follow. (0<-
",:t <h,ooological o,der, "hile tho other Gospel< (ot least Mar\; .00
Matth",,) 00 nO!. In Hi>r, ro:l. 3.2 ~ .~ - 1l the ",Iution is qui" diffe",nt.
1he foor Go'peh are ",con<iled without an aJmi".,n thot .ny of them
i. _ "in order: lohn i. .. O! to h.v< confiD«l him«lfto filhng in the
g.p I<ft b)' til< Syoopti" " the beginning of th,i, ,",coun" of 1<",. min-
ht')'. 'Iftey narrated only "'hot hoppeD«l aft<! Jolin the Bap"" "'... put
in pri",n, ~'h" .., lohn n.noted "h..it oc(urred before loon the Ilapti"
" .. put in pri",,,. EusebiU! is "idently ~'hol l r content with this ..,Iutioo
to til< whole i" ... of d,ff""",,,, in order bet...,.n the Goo""I.,,n
What Pap"" >aid .!>ou, Mark in j,39.1~ was ,hat Mark ",t things
down as he (Pet .. ) remembered t hem; he did not make "an ordered
arrangement" (m:.",,,~,,),,, and did not put things "in order" «,;<,.,j
but wrote a, Peter remembered, tailoring his ,pet'<hes to hi. hear-
en' need, (U'"u:J (Hi«. eaL 3.39,1~). Papias, or rather, the elder
he is quoting, ",ems to be responding to ..,mo criticism from .ome-
where a!>out Mark', lack of 'order" h"~'<;) and Bauckham believn
the comparison is being m.de to lohn , Thi. may be so, but we may
only think this from inference or -'peculation: for no,,'her< in tbe
account which Euiebius rel.te. in J , 39,1~-16 i. lohn mentioned, In
fact, this _,ion d~ say that one go.pel writer did make an "ordered
arrangement " «J~v""~"-'o) and that writer i. Matthew, not lohn. II
is, I belie,,", quite true that in the t",dition from th. elder repeated by
Papi. . .l1 th e gospel. are being con.idered with respect to t he que. -
tion of literary arrangement (f';~L,,), but this mean. not only Mark and
lohn, Matthew'. G<>.pel would apparently be preferred to Mark'. in
term. of "orderly arrangement." The unnam.d ..,urce Eu .. bim lU<. in
3.24,~- lJ de1initely foeu ... on John'. pre.. rvation of the beginnings
of Jesus' ministry-omitted from the oth er gospel accounts-and not
on the chronological 'order" of even" in the rest of the gO'p<1 story
(though, a. B.auckham obsen'e., i.. ues of chronology might ha>'e been
ment ioned in ponion. of the account> Eu ..bius omits). But the i><""
of an aut hor'. r"~':; or the lack of it cannot be "stricted to matte" of
chronology''' ], can refer to ",.riou. matter< having to do with liter-
arr . kill in compo. ition, hen the omi .. ion of imponant m.terial i.
a matter of "order." .. Quintillian indicate. in a quote mentioned by
Bauckha", hirn ..lf if an author'. "order" i. f.ulty, he might "re!"'at
m.ny thing., omit many thing • ."'"
But el""",here in hi. book, B.auckh.m acXnov.ledges ..,rnething
different .!>out what m.y be inferred about P.pia" vi<w of John'.
·order." B.auckham h.. argued, corr«tlr, ! think, that the author of
the Murar.".;an Fragment is d<'p<'ndent at poin" on Papi.s' account of
". lh;, " he ... ",,,,k),.m (100<1, 103, ''') >10"" th< ooun 0;""'<>-'; .. , t.< "<n •.
t .....
"'0> ,t.< .",b O,-""",,,ro::;U,"to I'"t ;nlo prop<rlr oro.,,"; foo-m" wt.<" ,<1",;"& to
P• .,.., """ ;f"''''' of "', own wo« '" Hi". <rrl J,"-' "' ",,,,k),.m lOO<S, ' " .
•~ s.., ,.t-, ,,<w.rt-sr< .. '''''', "he ","", t .... m~ .. <10<, ""';" ,t.< 6", pi""
,<I.... mong h; ""' .... , '0 <h~.t "'00 (though ;, mol ,,,,Iud< <II but ~"''')'
,~ ()o;m ...... ,
from « ""'dol
,.,w.,.,
...."S'""",. ",I>< "'" of oro.,nng • ..n., of "',.." '"'" ...., .., ;,',- (."').
a..r"'" 7, p"fK< J, <it"; by B.ud<h.. m, """,,, ,..",,;.
CHAkLES •• H l LL
'he gospelo, particularly on what Papi.s mmt have .. id abou, John '"
After ci'ing a veroion of I lohn U - 3, 'he author of 'he Mum,orra"
Fmgm'"' ..y. of lohn. "TIm. h, prof" .., him",lf not only an e)"wi,·
ne .. and h .. "r bu, also a wri"r of all 'he mirad" of our I-"rd in
ord<r." B.uckham writ",
'Ihat John ,,"" nOl only . n ,)', - . nd "rwitll<>< but . 1", I<rot< "all tl\<
mir>ek> of the Lord in oNer" (p<, o,Ji"",,) <omspond. to P.pi ....
• ""ftion that Mark "n';tl\<, I><. ,d th.l<>rd 00' accompanred h,m.OO
did not w,it< in order (,....;)" ~'ha t J...... id.oo did. IIK. u.., John,
unlike M.rk, ~.. , . n ,),...-ttn", he ~.. , . bJ. '0 writ< "in ord,,: Mo,,,,,'er,
tl>< oNer that the ~tu "'tori . n Caoon ,-.Iid.,,,, III thi, ~'.y i, th .. of ,h.
Lord', mirocl... referring to to. mo<t o!n;o,," " " y in .... hkh the Go,!",1
of loon .W"''' to in';" on chronological ord<" in >pe<ifying the fir"
two ·sign' .. th. fir" .00 ",,00<1 of. S<quenc< (2, II, ~, lo4) ,,_ Such.
"",,,,,,nt ;, th, kind of claim ~" hal" alrudy coocluded th .. Pap",
probably m. de . bout tl>< Gospel of lohn.m
BaucHam th ... acknowl<dgeo tha, Papi ... (or hi. elder'.) referene.
'0 Mark'. "order" cone.m s the very thing he denies tha, it concern,
wo.n critiquing m y proro ..1 to Odentify Eu",biu' source in j_24.~- J3
a, Papia,. In 'he Mum.oria" Fmg .. ,", (echoing Papi.. ), lohn'. writing
"all the mirades of the Lord in ord,," moot lik<ly ren""., .. Bauckham
,aY', John'. ordering of I«u.' fim two "sign. in ><'quences in lohn
2,1 1 .nd 4, ~. Here i. wh •• Eusebi ... "Y' in 3.24.7-8,11-12;
Afier tl>< th,« =pel, ",hKh had '-n p,ev:iou~y ""riflen had . Irudy
'-n dimibut<d to . 11, . nd ev<" '0 h,m><lf, tOry ..y (.,.-.6') that h<
".I<omed tl><m .00 ' ''tlft«i to tl><i, truth, but thot th<r< was th.",·
for< only locking '0
tl>< Scripture (or writing) the accoont cOIl( .. ning
things ~'hich hod '-n done by Ch,;" .. fi." (.. pi";"" iv "";''''';) .00
. , the I><ginning (""; ,,,,' ",,~~v) of tl>< prod.m. tion. (8) lh< re<ord
(0 ~ .. certainly tm" .. (Afi .. """" commen" of h" o"n, E....bi",
r<tum. '0 ,he acwunt. ] (1) Now tl><y sa)' ("'-'~') thot on ""count of
'0
tl><.., thing~ the 'ro"l. lolln ".., .<honed h.nd do~'ll (."",,~,<,,)
in th. Gospe l occo,ding to him",lf tbe ,im. pa...,d ov<r in ,".nee b)'
tl>< fint """ng.Ii", . oo the thmg, ""hich h.d '-n don. by the S"iou,
. t thi, t"ne (,ha, ,~ thing' before the in\p,isoll"",nt of 'he B' pt .. t), .00
that I>< .ignified this ,,-ben , . ying · ,hi. beginning of ",.r",l. (tu~'~v
~p>;l\v _,. w""~) did J..... (john 2,11 1.,00 to.n by call,ng to miOO
,~ 1h;, 'nh" "n"'nc<" ' .1'_11 ;, "',,"' .. ;nu;=' >p«<h .. 'M <On"n" of
""" """p,)·.-'h;' d",rly "f"" ' M "odn b.<k '0 th< '0'''''''' "'4.6--7. ",,,,k)um
";,,, '"' poWb~"y ,ho,'M ""''''' only <on"""d ol oJ.. m"""';n '_14.6_7. onJ
th<n "",,' h" r<j<rt .... olIn. "1"".;[........ ol " ....... , ",""0<, . . Pop""~ Oft Ih;,
,,,'ric';o,,. "", 'M <onl<"t ol '_".11 (r<lor;ng " tMy 00 to ~"'t M h.d ;nlrod",'"
".",b;u' "'" -""y ..,:
u,
.. ' .' '-'_7), of
...1 to ~",.;, ; wri't<" """""_
and 'h< Ond;r<ct d;.. .. ,'" alii; ... t h;, ""t<_
CHAkLES •. H l LL
4 . CO"CLUsto~
Was lohn -,he Gno"ics' .pecial G<r'p<I-' How do .. did the onhodox
come to con.ign ing this gospel to the fla me. a. condemned literature'
From eyen our ,'err limited >ludy her<, we would have to uy: no'
"err do ...
Contra,)' to wh., ha. heen the prevailing paradigm for t he study
of Johannine community history, ,here i. every re.son to belie\"< t h.,
from Yery early on Joh n was quit< "alued by t ho .. church .. (on>.id-
ered l ren aeu, predeceuo", in S)'Tia, A.ia Minor, A( h.i., Rome, G.ul,
.nd in Egyp" John r.,her quickly became clo .. ly .ssociated with the
"gre.' church- and "I" widely regarded a< one of its written a uthori -
,i .. , .. i. eviden, in Ari"ides, Fl'. Apo",,, Justin and Cel>us. It migh'
e\"<n with good r<uon be dul>bed -,he orthodox gO.p<I" even in the
period before Iren.eus, Not th., it was 'he mo" u..d gO'pel among
'he orthodox-from our p ..",nt "ate of knowledge th at honor would
h.w '0 go to M.tt hew. But while John .hared wi,h Matthew and other
gosp<1s it> role of providing the ch urcll<. with .uthorit.,i,'e accou nts
of leo",' life on e.nlt, his m iraculo", 'igns, .nd hi. teaching, for u><
in preaching, ca'echizing, and li'urgy, Joh n a lso played a spedal rol<.
Yes, i, provided some of the be,,-lo"ed storie. aoo " t lesu", the turn ing
of the w.ter into wine, the encounter> wit h Nicodemu •• nd with the
woman at t l>< well, the bread of life d iscour .. , tl>< rai.ing of Lauros,
"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS~"l', UC"nION 1N THO GkOAT CHUkCH 29~
Ih< encounter with Thoma. after the r.. urr«tKm (and more). But
t>ey<>nd thi, and in • w.y unp.... lleleJ by any other g015pel it dari-
fi«l orthodox OHistology for <hureM< in the line of lrenaew' pr«l<-
c"""n. Th"" more th.n .n)' other gospel it wa. u..,ful in apologetic
contexts with le",~ and with pagan. for instruction about Ih< pre-ex-
i"ent d eity of the Word, hi. f<UOI.-.hip with the Father, hi> p,rt in
the cre.tion o("all thing''- Mor< than any other gospel it was used in
polemical wntexts with p>.gam and with Chri"ian doc.,i", of ,'ariou,
kind. for imtruction about th< Word', becoming flesh, hi. partak-
ing of <.rthly food and drink, hi, .uffering in the flesh .nd hi. rising
in the flesh. hs usefuln<u in thi< orthodox undertaking i. mirrored
in the Gnostic cont<xt in Ihe attemp" to ",ilene<' John', witne» to
th< Word's becoming fl"'h and suffering in the flesh «.g., Trim. Pmt,
47.13-19, Act> of loIi" 101,8-9).
From a time very early in the ,"",ond c<ntury it i. dear th.t mot ..ialo
which appe.r uniquely or .Imost uniquely in the Fourth Gospel were
in Wi< among the mainstream or "apo>tolic" chu«h ... tho", . ..odoted
with Ignatio< and hi ••dJr....... , and elde", of t he gene"'tion pr«:M-
ing !'api.., It i. not quit< de" ;mt when we can ..y with certainty thot
the .. e>idence. owe their existence to wrinen material. or to what "'e
call the Grupel of fohn. But t he app.rent awarene .. of written &<><1"'1.
in Ignatiu,", the dear referen<<< to gO'p<l writing. in Ari"ide .. and t he
definite knowledge of named. written g<»p<l. in P'pia., if he i. indeed
Eu .. biu' source in Hi", meL 3 . 24.~-13. all .p<ak for a very <.rly influ-
ence of the go.pel it.. lf, prep.ring Ihe ...... y for its u'" in Rome in ..,r-
vic", of worship in Ju<tin'. d.y, In any ca ... Ih< Fourth GO'pel soon
became a mainstay among the onhodox. A•• uch it might be read
by any who could oblain • copy, who we,. inl<r<>tM in finding oul
. bout Olristianity for friendly pufPO'<' (Ari>1ides), unfriendly pur-
po ... (Cel.",), or <imply for purro"" of curiosity (T ryphox Aristide'
and Justin', .-...:ommendatiom to the <mI"'ror). In this ",n"" little h.,
changM from then till now.
• .." '''''''''I! f'-'!!-'"': 'II>< w,;rr," '""P« .". Hockm .. hJ and I).A.
A)",.n<k,. L. "II><
' ug"", ..I.. Combri<lyc Combo-KIll' Un""~')' Pn ... 100 ••
lI.orn.<ro. L W" 1""" "'."l",
,n_,,,.
Combridtl" Combri<lll' Un;"""r p",~ 1967.
1I.o",kh.m, Il, · P.pio' and Pol)'... ' " on ,'" Origin ol ,'" >ourth Go>p<~. }ooornaJ of
llorolozKoI "..diN N,,,, """ '" ( 1... '), l4_M.
CHAkLES •• H l LL
--I'''"'.''' ,....,."'.,....,"'~ n", ""'pro '" ,'Y''''''''''' }'''i'''''''" G"OO " rid,
Mj,h.' End"", ... 1000.
11.""", C X. 'II>< Go>pd
Nul" .. , .. c"'. T,-",
"""'"'''f- '" JcI>"W,,<mim",
I'h~.a. l r"""
,_"od",,,o,,
A_ ,.,,"
'ohn ••".. ~
Com ...
' 1 ~71.
_'a"."/
&"" , W., R,,"'gW.bigk<;'."" """"ri;", 01"",. "'ri>l,.'.",. r .... g<nc Moh,
SO<b<d .. 19".
__ on_, Hx1""'
"nd Ii"", ,.
.
rh'wldrhla, lOll.
Earl..." C/o"'';".'''' RA. K"I\ ,00 G. K,o.kl. ,d."
"".""C<. P.F., "x, P""bY'''' &" '''nOu', PoIyL,,1' "'" Sm)''''' und 0., _ f ,n
,~: ffl"""" Sol .. ,.mi,· lio"."'''i<.
A"",,;. oro,., '-I-, L R"""ro·Poo<.
0<1., "'.1Ug<>
0. Compo~d~ Publ"... """ Comr""dlanum. ' 9<JO, '7>_;>(11.
lk~i"",";. A·I., '110< "'Jing> of
I"''' ;" , ... Wn'h_K' I."" Marl,..of ' "I'rI<""." '"
No,""n T"l<m<n'.m ". 1.<;.Im, 8,-ill. , 061.
__ .,'" ao.p<1 of 1."",;n Ih< A~i< .., Ih<no An 0..",,,,,,: r..j«t_, ,h"",zn
,IN N .... r,,,...,., .nd ,... A/,<>,'oIK F.,"',,- A.F . C"!!"'Y onJ eM. '!'",k"l, ,d..,
o.fon!, o.r..-d Un~' ''~lf 1-'r<,., 100' . o -M.
&>IT". M. 0rifI"" GM, .. cd><, ,.,rod""",", I<x', "it",... , ,,"a.._ " ""',~
, vob. Sou,,,,, , h,,'''<n.'' E11. "6. "', ' '''- 1>" P.. ;~ Cuf, ,%,_,olli.
H«nl. A .. H'N'<'i,'.' ".a 'M ""'""_ "'.,," 'n 1M ,,,,.-.I c.""?,, Com",.,"""
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- -II" ""ism> of '8"";.' of Antioch: 1"",,,.1
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of fuk>"",~oJ 'Ii,..., " (1006),
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"TH£OUHOI>OX GOS ~ "l', UC"n'ON 1N THO OkOAT CHVkCH 299
PoK<1. I.-M., '''"l~" <I< ..mp<oo '"' "h,ng;)' <I< I",n ,u IJ ' ,0<.1<, ,,~," ' '''n",,'
......
la rom ... ",,"", p..""''f"<
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..., >c'",,,,, m;g;'''''' ,. (1000), 113·,,,-
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'0 ''''''''.', Cambridg<o c.moooy Unj""""r p""'.
''>4J.
__ ~ G>m""."","" ,10. Go<J'fi ""om,", '0 St_ 1010", ,,±;«d.n.! ,ompktN by R.~ .
M"",, N.w Yooi" """k, '968.
Schm;dc Co, G<,p'''''''' "'" .. iI "iM" I"",,'" """ .....
Un' ......hungm." u'r<il!' H i _h~ m •.
A'f"""""""
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Scho<dd, W .R, '_Ii",
of A"';"" .. Com .... ,.", on ,'" ,-",,,, of Ignali.' of
~"Ii,d. Philo&lpIo,", f""", ~ , .., .
SU, ,,u,,,,, 0 .. 'lIN ""'offrom ""orh«" """,;.
~ '"~'. M .rl,.,
hoof- T,,' T.-..ii'"",,
r",-'/)1'<, Prow""""', 'Ihrologi,,1 J>rofti<. N"""m 1'.>t,,,,,,,nwm "' r pi<"",n" 66.
' ~kkn ' "rill. 19"_
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M;n""'p<N i" f""",., 1001. "_'6,
'79_'Il_
'mith, ).D. I'.. "Go;., ,00 ,0. Con'ro"""y 0"'-' ,0. Joh<n_ CO"" ,,",,: ""'-U_ d i,_
" "WOO, , .., V";"""'y, 1979.
.
S"" ~ r. CU, P,W • ...1 , ... """I""I' of "';p'.'" CiO.'''''' T«,"ioJ'" ;. ,'" P•
'pi"'" ."J Um'''"l'o,"", lit""'"",, C.mbriods<' C.mb.-;dg< V";"""'y P""~
, ,.
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I-'r< ... I .. "
T ,,,·<tC C. ~ 51...!, of Igna".' .f.. ","'" '" S)'rio • ...1 "'"', St"",,", in ,I>< Rotolo ...J
>~ 'Ir a u ''',"n''y 19, ..... i>!"", N_'"
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79-'''.
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"' .... " "",,x, P'n~ £tud<, ~"g"',;n ... """', , .. ,_
W.«<o. hr .. ">.in< gno~i"'1>< _md "" , "',"n r",ng<[;um: ll""lorifr fo' J" "'"_
",,",,,,"11,,,,, """'.""ji II (19'7_ .."), "--OJ_
Wh""'". I.. "II>< V..... of 100;,,,,, 1',ad"oo in th, b"bH<h"", n' of G... k
J-'hilooopfi " " T.. " '" ,0. A~ of Mi"1_.h",,: I'di""K G",k.M '",Ii" ),,,,,,
CHAkLES •• H l LL
Po/,<" r"' ••, IIw r .....', _lhi'J A""""I """}<n"" "" b/"ori<tJ f'n>bk"",
U.i""i? ofT"""". &_, """".om '''7, J.N. G"nL aI .. N,w y ",,, AMS, ' ' ' ',
6,_.,.
W olff. R L . ...,I>< Apology of Ari,,";",_A il<_mm;""",,,,' N."",," 1~.J
R.. in< JO (1'31).1"-147.
THE D1A TESSARON AND THE SECOND-CENTURY
RECEPT ION OF THE GOSPEL OF JOHN
Nkhol... Pernn
Wheaton College
For some time now it ha. r..en widely a.. umed that in the earlbt d«-
ad .. ofi .. reception the Go.!"'l of John remainM strictly the domain
of heterodo, forms of Chri<tianity. According to thi. line of think ing,
it wa, not until Irenaeu' heyday to....ard, t he end of the ...:ond cen-
tury that the Fourth Goo!",I, overcoming the hurdle of proto-orthodox
.uspiciom, made any .ubstantive inroad. into the -great church"-
all t his largely due to Irenaeus himself, It i., I ""pe<t, litt le coinci-
dence that t oo", who have .ubs",ib<d to thi. recon>truction h.." also
gr.mted only limited 'igni~can« to Tati.n's four-fold gO'rel harmony,
the Dia/maron, Il.ecau.., Tati,n', harmony (ca, 173 CEI incorporated
John aJong<iJe t he Synoptk Go.pd. ami pre<:eJed IrenaeWl' ",~it ing<
by roughly a decade, it i. impo"ible to grant much evidentiary ....eight
to the Dia'",aron without.he diminish ing the waterdled .igni~ .. n«
normally attached to the bishop of Lyo",,', endorsement of John, One
may r.. [OIgi ... n for wondenng whether it i. merely out of defer-
ence to the dominant paradigm, which I h .." Jmt outlined, th .. the
D,a/waro"'s U>e of John h.. be<n regarded .. somehow suoodiary to
the moment of Irenoeu>.' explained by Tatian', lo~ into her«y (con-
stituting him .. the exception who prove. the rule of proto-orthodo,
aver>ion to John),' or .imply ignored,'
n
, S«, ' , ~, H....... tn<. )<, ..00 Colp<pp<' t .... tn. A va"""'" of thi'
'n,%,'" , .. , .... !ho, '1'","n', h"mooill'oo of ,he ~'rad'''on' ' m olO«l_"
.,'" 'n '[""n', ,),<,-, 10 ......... of, .." ••,ho,jjr "" p<n""'''n t'l>. ""
u.mbk " ", JO-", , oJ .<1<'<><n >004. 66--611. , h"" "ll"'" d><wh<", (p,rrin 1003)
!ho, ' h" ~ m ply m',uOOn.und, "" .. ' u" of ..oo.n' )< ... ", h"rnsonill".,,,. wh",h
P'"uppo><d , ,,br, I"," p'«mp<'" ,br ."'bori'y of the ... ,'" t",~ .. .1",. in ,br
. _ OfT.".n , M,,,,",I ''''' , 00-.1.
, "''''' ,.,.; Jt~J.lI, N6-=; ",,",<I, " " . " " &o,m m., "1 .
, SchnK"n,""s 1%0; ",nob"' ' '1; "o/f" ,_
l',",n ',,,,,Iy Ikrt'nslr ""n,_d in wiI<, (' OtIO,
7."'","'in '''''' ""I" 1006.
"_"'1.~ I oi "hKh i, qu'" •
de!",,,.« lrom Sand", (1... ', '1) ",ho in <onn<ct .... ,,'th 'r..... n', ""'"" .. ,',, ~
"lh', " oJ""", ,br "'yon'ng of orthodo.....'P" .. ,.... of ,br 'ourth Goord-'
NtCHOlA' ".UtN
Th~ task of "''''''ing ,ogerl><r four go.pel> in'o on~ unifi.,J and chrono-
logically oNered ""coun' i. a difficul, one by any standard. It doe.n·,
requir~ mu<:h imagination '0 realize t h., anyone ,hought fully setting
.bout .uch an undertaking would face a number of in'erpreri,-e deci-
.ions which would on 'he one . ide impinge on t l>< organization and
empha",. of 'he h.rmony'. final form, and on 'he other .ide presup-
PO'" certain judgments regarding t he go.pel>, along wi,h a willingne ..
to discriminate among ,hem, Whe", fini,ude require. 'hot one and only
one go.pel .pe.k at a gi""n Ju ru:,ure or in c.... whe r~ 'wo or mor~
go.pels .ppear '0 gi"" conflk'ing accounts, lik~ William Styron'. char-
a.. er Soph ie, the Iiarmoni .. mwrt <00.- for one beloy'" and ag.inst
.not her. The b •• i, for .uch , bokes may not alway. be en'irely paten, '0
later read~". But ""I><re one go.pel is chosen .. 'he expense of .nother.
it i, sometimes pos.ible '0 di",em implici' eval uati"" judgments on 'he
p,rt of tm, harmoni", Thi., I would argue, i. ju" the cas.<" >eve",1
point> when "'''' con.id .. 'he ~uenc~ of 'he Dia/e=ro" .nd the role
of 'h ~ Fourth Go.pel within tha, ~uence.
Unfonunately, W~ poss.". no ext.nt m.nuscripts of Tatian '. fame<!
text,' De.p ite its immen .. popularity in the Syrian church (indeed,
p..<isely on accou nt of its popularity), the go.pel harmony w. . .y.-
tem.tically eradicated in the fifih contury so a. to .. mow any compe-
tition with the """p.r.ted gospel." that have come down to u. in the
Old Syriac (OS', OS'). We do, however. have a ya" .,,..y of .. xtual
wi tnesses, .panning conturi .. and va .. geognophical distance •. Sinc~
the .. Di...... ronic witn ..... betray the impre .. ofth. now-loot g""pel
harmony in differing degr"" ... nd since there are ..,metime. con.ider-
able d iffe' ..Ke. betw""n the .. witne...", it be.rs stating 'hat "'hen we
..~ contemplating t he original wording of the Diat<,,-aron, ,,'e are-a.
is ",metime. the cu< of ' ext criticism-dealing in the r~alm of , he
highly pro,i.ional,
When it come. to r<comtructing the original sequ<nc~ of the fir"
major g"'pel harmony, w< or< on ..,m<what firmer ground. Largely
retracing the pat h laid by the fou rth-century Comm'"t"'y of Ephraem,
th< nin<t""nth-c~nt ury giant Theodor Zahn ""'. ab le to "" down a
sequenco he con.idere<! likely,' When .hortly ther<.fier the Arabic
Harmony cam. to be published. it only seryed to confirm Zahn',
hypothe.i.ed sequence, and ",i th wry linl< ~xcertion.· llet",,,,,n t he
Arabic Harmony and Ephraem. the sequenco of the so-called Ea.t<m
f.m ily of Diate".ronic witn<.",. come> to light ",i th "'iking darity,
While this ""Iuenco Ji .. gr"", at points with th< sequence of COOH
Fuldemis, the <"liest La,in wit ne .. and the chief repr...,n .. ti,'< (along
perh.p. with the Tuscan Harmony) of the 50-called We"<m fam ily,
",I>ola .. g<nerally pr..ume that th< .hared sequ<n« of the Arabic
Harmony and Ephra.m reft""" the ""Iu.nce of Tat i.n him"'lf.' In
• 11><,«<n' ,_"oo of KoI,un·>',onun (100II) , .... 1'.... " .... , no( in foct ' h<
," ,00. of "'" """"""'", .. ""';"""8" rt ""'Y 0., ",-w" ""' .. ,dying"" ,I<vd of
wpt.rnm """"d, trod;,,,,,, ''''', 'f .pplK<! m"1y ' " .. "rly<huoch M,""J', would
.. n<kx ,0. 1"'''''''' ro<pU> " mm ''''''"' and m'non. MOT<O'..... ,0. ,"!hOT <"",'a1~'
.... ""'" wrongly", my v~" t'" d""",,"",, 0.""") , th., "'"
T.. ","·. b.-.. k bOn> Itom<.
0.-.,...... w,;t(," ,ft"
, lph,.. m" c-.. ,""'')' fioo. ;,. "'~ ""''''''''' ;" ''''' """tth -«",u,), Am>< nw.
monu"";",,, ' ",nwtion> of """h .."" p. bi;>i><d ; n t.,6- wh<th<, '" _ ",mook
I t .. t • .,~) .. " th< fin< ' " .. ;" "P"" '"' pot,n'w of u~ng Eph, .. m·,,,,';'-' to "OOfi_
~"'" 'M onk, of ,0. """""''''''. z.h" ( 1..1) .. " 'M "," to t.)' "'" ,d<t.ul";
,,,on"'"""'" I."",
of,", n
~hh, K«>nlin8 to ."", .. It .... 111), . .... y"",""".
>< u" "Sud ... .. u ... ,......,<1.·
• Pt . .. ~I ..... , IS.
, 50, <.g., P<1,,,,," (t .... 1m who I0I0 ... e.G "", u(! ("H).
NtCHOlA' ".UtN
• ldoi' I"';.
• 'Ihi' .. ,k.,-Iy ,t.< on both
0.0 . . ,,,,,,no!
. 00 ;n!<mol gNU"'", Aph,.t..,
(I.""",,,,,,,,t,,,,,
1.101 ,it" lohn U .. ,t.< ,wt of ' u" Go>pd of ,." '''' ..... :
oo..bd"~l ,t.<!);a'""""". A, fD< ">lu.o) ""'''''''', imporum MWldI< Hutch (Hi<l<
from U,,,,,,hl), M icld~ High """',,'00 ...tin ""',c<,
'!"'" fD< ,t.< "'''''",n b m il]c
,I>< M.b<.< """""'Y , r<! eph,,,,m 0=0" john u .. T" .. n'. "'~in ~ poi"' '' "oil,
"'h~~ "" "" ofeo.k. Fut<i<m', Iqin' >rilh l ui<, U_4, i"
ron"n"I, "hKh b<g;m ..-.h lohn u. bot"r> ''''I
'.f""'"''
,<x,
ot u,,, poi"' , I><
(ubi< of
of FokI<rui,
"', b<m ""'p<,a] wiu" "" , .. hn l Mt , lJ_".
t tJ_t to.
• A~'mltr , "",i""d by , I>< A".." .Jo",. l",,;, 1.. >6, ,tJ) jo>d!!,' ,ho, 'r"i.n
mOO! ~' "h , hi. """,
" ,,'Om not 00 to "'6!!'~ ' hot , I>< in"~"'n of John U ---< ot ,t.< t..ginning .... '
...,,, 0< 1<" . n orlo;'""r cho;o,," if '0 " r. ·WdI, wI><" ,..., m;gh' I>< "'''' pu, ",.
The .haping forc. of the Fourth G"'pel i. fu rther oorne out on con-
sideri ng the way in which Tatian arrange> subseque nt perkopae_ Zah n
ha. already made this point on the . urmi .. that Tatian h as arranged
hi. chronolog)- according to the ord<r of the loh.nnine Passovers. "
Generally spealing, when Tatian comiden the synoptic materi.l, he
pr<fers to fo llow the order of Matthew .gain " Mark a nd lu~." On
comparing Tati.n', reordering of Markon and lukon material. it i.
dear that Tatia n i. more int<rested in preserving the order of t he
former." But of all the ev. ngeli.", the one whose order is lea" di,-
rupted i. none other than lohn." Thi. la" point .houJd not he over-
pressed . ince one would expec' fewer di .. gr~rnen" to "'ttle in t he
ca~ of John, Howev"r, inter.stingly, among t he few ploc .. wher< lohn
and Matthew ar< in conflict. Tat;'n ca n he found g;"ing preference to
the former by relocating the latter,
An in.tan« of this can he gleaned from th e witne" of the Arabic
H.rmony .nd CoJex Fulden,i., wh.r< t he Calling of the Four Dis<ipl..
(M att 4o,S-21I/Mark U6-20) i. mo'-«! to a point . hortly hefore t he
deKription of the early Galilean m in i" ,!, (M.n 4.12- ,6/1M.rx U 7)."
While the ded.ion to t.."'po'" the pericope agai nst their Matthean
order i, rather mystifying at first glance. it appears that Tati.n i. actu-
ally .')'ing to ",,,,,Ive. conflict hetween M. tthew and John_ Matthew
W, 1>., .< '" r<oro. wju, ''''!oct,h.. ,'" ,uilio< of Ih< ".,,"'.,,"" , 00 ,'" 0.-.".
lu"",,!! ""'" no K>ng<' , ",n' "",• • j " .. fu '00 ".I ' rai . . d, """"rio" '" ".,.,
o..n obi;, ·""" '" Ih< .'!"iIK ....< of th' , mo¥< . whOl< t m'gn' 'n ""'" " n" 'U"
,,;u, wik. I"", n=I '" "'..-,,< of th'nking of .. . IT"o.nl .. ""'ng out to'n"'P""
"" if"""hl Goopd" I'''''''. "I)." Ih< """ " "". '" m... ' guard _pn" 'h< oppm;"
<m>< .. h~ h f<U. to >« ,h.o.t rb«m<nt of m",n.l i. '""'1"""'"'"_ SimiWlr. z.hn
t""t.16t, H<," to'", D O_ lJl, tn,'''" N'g<' 2(100. 71.
" s., a'",",,"'" 'n '.ohn ... t. "._,6t. f"rtWir ",m mar,,,d .. folio..-" T",,"
""" ,,'n< s.h< ... vom G,ns <1<, ..r,nll;,"'n W;,wmuil I"., ,,,, g<uOgl " " '" una
< ig< n ll~" ,,1b.t,rnt>ndlKh ;", .,"," j<nun<I ",n v",,,,h ,..., ,-",,,0.;'""II .a.,,
,"" " , ng<'''n macht. h.o.up''''hI''h . u, lob.on"" g<""""'''' Z";Kh<n <l<m "''' n
"oil .!r'I!<n P. ... nK" <1<, T,uk I"" ",Ii"~ ,in< rwri_jihrig< w;rt .. mu;t. _ ohI
", n Anf"'S'l"'nkt. ai, ""h d.. a.. G"nndrik <1<, "'.... I"''' b-LL.-kn<k P. ... <m<I
a~ d., 'w<;" I"',;n drei un#~ '" Ab><hn;u< th,OI<nclm .."", <1<, ! ~ ubh","n una
"" T,mpd ... ih< <m<I d., , ur ili<" I'<.t< f~~n<kn 'I<"",h< ""' .... m~ ,bo mil rin<m
Wort "" 5>n", <hr<><><>iog;,<h< , ..,""',. Iw "'u, 100"'''''" (l6t 1_
" I.H. 'hi , .... ,,-,., t.doir 1036. "0_
" Acr",d;ng to I_H. H~' (, ..... >O-Jt), u" . i, I"rt ~u l,-, ~' ""' ... .0.1, in th< mOd_
<II< ",,"," of Luk< (.. "_10), "h"" a,Wc.",,", ,d., ... , ,,, " .. u,<w . n<! M.rt or<
""'"""robk.
" I.H. lhU (t .... , JO_Jt) ."'" ,hot "" n"mh<, of JHIoc,,",". of 100" ;, .rou, k.lf
.... , of M.tth<,.. or M.rt.
~ lb, .,.. .. g< i,,,,,,,,,«1 On ~r h, ,,,,,-
NICHOLA' ".UIN
ha. J..,;u. beginning hi. Galil~an ministry aft" John 'h~ Bapli,~r i.
am",ed (Man 4,11); 'his in turn i. foliowNi by t il< calling of t il< four
fi.ll<rmen (Matt ' ,18-22). Meanwhile, lohn .hO\..~ Jesus b<ginning hi.
G"il~an mini"'y INfo" Joh n '. arr~" (John 3;2}-26; 4.1-3) , By mov-
ing the call of 'he four di.ciples '0 a roin' prior to lohn'. impri..,n-
m~n', Tatian .... m. to have made hi. fa,·o ri,. Synoptic Gosp<1 bow ou'
'0 lohn in 'h~ in"r~" of chronological accuracy,"
Ano'h~r conflict bet ,,·..,n John and 'h~ .ynop, k trodi,ion occu"
in connKtion with 'he Anointing a' Be'hany. Matt~ and Marx
agr"" th., ,hi. anoin'ing (M . rk 14.3-9/1Man 16.6-13) follows I~.u'
Triumphal Ent ry in'o J~ru .. lem (Mark 11:1-IOIIM.tt 1U-9). lohn,
however, m.k ... 'h~ anoin'ing (John 12 .1-81 take place before ,h.
Triumphal Ent ry (John 12012-19) . Perhaps wi,h add Ni induc~men'
from John', chronological marke" (Joh n ILI,Il), Tati.n follo",~ ,h.
founh ev.ng~li" (anoin'ing then ~ntry) again" the combinNi t.. t i-
mony of ,h. fi",
and ~ond " .. ngelis .. (~n'ry ,hen anoin'ing), Ag.in.
'h~ .)'Ttop'ic malerial give. righ' of way to t il< lohannin. ,~xt , When
forced to choose be,w,,",n John on t be on •• ide and M.tthew and Marx
on 'he oth er, Tatian opt> for the form~r,
In Matthew, 'h ~ Healing of til< I.~p<r (8.1-4 ) foUows on the h""l.
of t il< Sermon on 'he Mount (M.tthew ~-n Y'" for "'m~ r~a..,n
' h e DiMe»nron slip. righ' 0\'" ,hi. p<ricop< '0 t il< Healing of 'he
Centurion', Servan' (Man 8 , ~-13) , Tatian ,hen rein",n. 'he Healing
of tbe I.ep<r be'",,,,,n ,h. Healing of 'he Syro-Phonedan Woman (Matt
I ~;21-28I/Mark 7,1~- >0) and Jesu' He.lings on til< Mountain (Matt
I ~;29- 31 I," Mark h.. the parallel "ory of 'he lep<r much earlier in
Je.u' ministry (Mark ';40-4~), and had Tatian Il<re been irnpre...J by
Mark', ord~r, he would haw . u r~ly in",nNi it bet""""n I<>u' Praying
in a Solitary Place (Mark U~-39) and the Heal ing of 'he Paral)'tic
(Marx 2,1-12)," !.ike Mar", Luk~ abo has the Healing of the Paral)'tic
(I.uk< ~.17-16) immediately following t il< Healing of the Lep'r (l uke
~.12-16). Bu, ev~n though Luk~'. ord~r i. corroborated by Mar", 'he
M "'i,
" "'"'T b< t .... John <om< do"", to .... n ng w;'" ,'"
",-tu, fin' Gmp<1..lU,
..-uWd" ,nT"'" fi, '1"'''' ..-,U ..-,'" ,'" w?, ,"uKh', p«O;lm .... roo- "" 'f""'oOC
.... nE<~ ....
" ',m qu'", • ..-"" th>" c<"'gori<s"" ""'''''T- 000 "(pro<<>-)oc,hodo"r" , ... ' n",h_
"",am. At th< .."", 'im<," ~ do", ,'" ~ , .. , , "UK" .... ;n"'n«I."'h=", ;"S,"
,I>< nt< "" nrommuOUCOt .... ;mrl;,, ~ .,,·,n 'f ""o. ""gori<s w"" ,'" "" qui'"
"" ... I uo. 'h< 'm", h<" ond througho", fo< "" ..., of ron<;,;o".
Springing from S. turninWl ' oo Mordon. too .. ,,"'.r< .. lied Encwit...
(.. If-mnnolled) pInched .~.in" n",nage . ,. Some of th"", ,«ko"ed
.mon~ them hOl-e also i"noouced . bsti""",, from .n"".1 food. th ..
pro"ing the"""I,'", ung"teful to God, ~'ho rormed . 1I thmg., lh<y deny,
too, the .. I""t"'n of him woo "'.. , fi,,, ([e,,«I. It is but lately, howev",
th .. thi, orm",n has heen "we"ted . mong tMm. A «n. in rn.n n. n>«l
T.II. n fi .. t m"oo",,«1 the bl .. phemy. He " .... . M.r<r of j .. tin'" . nd ..
long .. he continued wilh him he ..p......J no "",h vi<w~ but . fi .. hIS
m. rtyrdom he "'p.roted from the o,ur<h, .nd, exdled .nd pulfe-d up b)'
Ihe thought of being . le>che" as if he ,,~ .. ,up<rior to other>. he mm·
pos<d his 0"''' !",<uliar tn>< of doctri,... He inyented • 'Y'lem ot "rt. in
invi.ible A""n>. Iii« the follower< of V.lentinu>. ""hde, like Marcion . nd
>atmninu., he ded.r«l that morri. ge "'.. , nothing el« th. n mrrup<ion
. nd fOlnic.lIOn . But hi, dem. 1of Adam '. ..1'-'"00 ...... n orin",n d...
entir<iy to him«lf,"
While rumor would circula'e .mong I" .. church f"hen th.t Tatian
wa. the found .. of Enc .. t i.m (Ew;,t,iu., Hj". «d. 4.19.6), tl>< bishop
of l)'On. make< no .IKh d,im. I""ead, .ccording to lrenaeu., the
.uthor of the Diar,""a,o~ joinM tl>< Enc .. tit . . . nd .ubsequently won
them over to his belief in Adam', perdition, Although Tati.n i ••• id
to haye .harod, while h e ""'" .ll aehod to the Enc"'t ite comm unity, an
interest in invi.ible A<OIl. with the V.lentini.n,.nd neg"ive yiew> on
m.rriage with Morcion.nd s..tuminuo, Iren.eu. emph"; • .,. t h.t the
doctrine regarding Ad.m originated with Tat i.n himself, The bi.hop',
account "",m. to .ugge" th" ·this bl.. phemy· w" the pr..cipi"ting
caus" of confiict with the church at Rome. the un,ali.factory ",>olu-
tion of which cillminated in Tati.n', "'p • .-.tion at Klme point a~er
the dealh of hi, mentor, lustin Mart)T ( t 163-168 CE). According to
Euselliu., Totian'. break with the Rom.n church occurred .bout 172 C E,
a dale which .dmirably~" the evid~nc"."
To b.- .ure, it i, quite l'O"ible and indeed probable that Irenaeu'
r~mark. are linted with ""'ggeration-proto-orthodox critici,m of t he
l.p,.,J was ",Idom understated. At the ..me time, there must b.- ,.,me
.ubotanee to the bishop'. word •• for it is de" th .t Tatia" and t he
church do part way' and th.t in a time when the Roman church wa,
relati""ly tolerant." It i, at any rate not unlikely that t he .uthor of
the Diate'mro~ b.-came incre .. ingly 'ympathetic with the ""rr ""'''
~ ... ,do , _ ,
M s," 1'.1"
tJ}_ ' '"'' >«
,..." J.I_,
''''_t<" quo« "" p. ''"'.
Among too... whom Tatian would hav~ had in lhe for~ront of
hi. mind wor. the Mareion it.., .... the Mardonit.. saw it, the go. -
r<1. were far from harmonious; in f.et, they fiatl y contradkted one
another." Sharing Tatian', a.. umption that the goop<l.' t ruthfuln ....
der<nded on their con>onance, but p>ning way. with the "'.. y"an'.
eon,ietion that the four-fold gosr<b were historically , .mneil.bl., the
Mardonite. saw the disagr""m~n1> among t he g<»p<l ••• deci."..,ly
undermining their u..,fuln ... for faith .nd p ractice. Not mLKh later
than the middl. of the ",,",ond century, when justin '«hureh was u.ing
a plurality of "Memoirs" and ~tardon was .ingling out the Third
Go'r<1 and only the Third Go'r<1 a, a uthori .. tiv~, Mareionit.. must
h,,'e ",arched intently for goopel difficulti .. 00.' to provide grist for
th.ir polemical mill,," With this sam. debate .howing no 'ign> of
cooling in his tim~, T .tian would have simply conceived hi. project as
part and p.. c~1 of this con,'e"ation, that i., a •• mea n. of r~uti ng t he
hugely.ucees.ful Mard"nit .., So, fi'en if t he ... »yrian e.... ntually Glme
to .hare Mard"n', negat"" ,;~,,~ on marriage, thi, doe. not nec~.ar
ily mean that he .. ,.. himself a, h"'ing j,..,n influenced by the P"ntk
.hipbuilder (Irenaeus only .. y. that Tatian', ,;ow wa. "like [that of]
Mard"n"); much I. .. doe. it imply that T.tion', ,;ow"f "' ''pt ur ..
,,-a, .o moh"w posit,,'ely .hoped by the Mardoni .. m"vem.nt , On t he
contrary, like justin (hi. ment"r) before him and RhoJ"n (hi, >tudent)
after him, Tatian, in comp<»ing the Djdte,,~ro~, appea" to be joining
a larger effort to head off Mardon', eritici.m of the four-fold go'pel ,
While it hardly bea" stating . ince, a, i> well known, Mardon had
already deci.ively rejected john, Tatian could hardly h,,'e acquired hi>
fondn . .. for john from Mardon,
" A fin< mmpl' of u... I.." Mm',,,''', b;'ing cr.''''un con boo found in th,
Di.!ot...- of A..""'"""' l4,
1.7 (",n ""n So .... &1",")"," ' ''''',
MEL A,a---,"" ro ,;",T'!i,-", ... i o.u" ...; o.u" i.iyoo..o", ;;e... ", i"""
~.
A", ~ ... i ,,;."'" X,,,,,;,, '''''Yr''''''''''''' '" ",.;" , "" ~_'k
MH, no •. Oll' "",i",mL
M,s-, 11>< !"'f<k d'''&'''', ""'" "Y "'" thing. ~'h"" "'",,, ,"","" ,h'ns- All
of from "hieh 'PP''' f~~'i<,.
A,L [10 'h<)' p""",h "'" Chri" , nJ '",n anothn Ch ,i ~ ' " " 'n 'h', '''I''''
l"""Y th., tI><y d'''g='
M,S-' No. ,.,hn tI><y """".die' ,,,,,h "'h,,,
• " ..,""... "oo. n' . AI"II<~ ..... Iy pick<d up "" '"' (i,«k 1"""1",,, f..- ".,'ng
""" 'nroru'''<oc~, ,nd ,","", " .g.o"'~ hi' pro<o_orthodo.. f,,,, "" '''moe< "",
",6"
NtCHOlA' ".UtN
~ G;"," <h< lars" .rgum<nt ol " "... h." to'", t ",iI ~.'" "P"" ,1>0 I""';biUtr
,h.t ,....... , i, "",f"",J'''lI ,..., ,.,.. , ol ",","h""' ,,;u, u,,,,,, of h', mon .. , ......
[010, ,,,.
M " mol<. no "'"'" to """o.k, "'t"m;"u, .. a" ad"", .. , [oo I"""" ,.,,' ;,
no ...... n« ,ho<..., ""d "" 'ourth Go>p<I."', ... m I""~ ok tiu, ' hi' d i.. ; p~ ol
,,.
.\\, ... ndn "''''' """ ."''' th< 'ex' exi",d_ S« "',un to". ''''
. nd c.E. H;II lOOI,
" ,... """ ~ Ad,_ Iu>n. '_11 .7. Il-uTW. (t ... , t"'l ,,,. u,;, ""r<d pri'~"g ol
John .. f"",;t,k ground> [oo I;nk;"~ 1""00"' "" ol ""'" ,..;u, V"","'un,,.
A more likely explanation for Tatian ', u .. of lohn Ii.. do ... r to
h.nd in Iwtin Mart)'T, While .arli.r inv<"igotion of lu"in ha. indeed
emph""izM the 'I"'logi"', reticence to use the Fourth Go'pel, mo ..
rKent scholarship. while not nee...... ily denying this retOcence. i. at
Ie." calling its .igni~cance into question. It is.! belie...e, now be<:om-
ing inc .... ingly d.ar that lu"in did use the four now-canonical go,-
r<1. and .peaks of normative Chri .. ianity a. habitually wing the >arne
four." Moreov<r. if Tati.n >at at lu"in', fefl. and if lu"in kne,.. and
UsM lohn .ut horitat;'..,ly. then it make. most sense to ,uJ>PO"" that
Tati.n'. attachment to t he Fourth Go.I"'! came not through heterodox
influence but by way ofl""in." When Tat i.n defK" from the proto-
orthodox ranb after the death of hi. ma"er, he take> hi. high view of
lohn wit h him.
Thi' explanation i. con~ rmed in light of Chari", Hill'. illuminating
di>cu"ion of Tati.n·, Or,,'i~ old GMff~', Here Hill remind, us that
Totian quot", .ut horitat;"ely from t he Fourth Go'r<1 at mo .. than a
handful of plac .. (Om', 4.1-2 [_ Joh n 4,14 [. Om', ~,I [_ John lol l ,
0,,,,, 13,1-2 [- Iohn 1A.~[.Ora'. 19.4 [- Iohn UJ)."ltcan be main-
tained that Tatian', u", of lohn found its imretu. in hi, heretical turn
if and only if the Orali~ """" ,ub"'quent to that 'urn. The .... id.nce
seem, to indicate otherw;"'. There are two factor> in p.rticular ,hat
I"'in' in this direction. Fir". "" W.L Peter",n l"'in1< ou'. Tatian',
al"'logy "",m. to ha ...e been written f.irly dooe to the time of his
com'emon (cf. Om'. 3~ . 2 ). that i•• probably at >om. I"'int in the late
I ~)o, » Secondly... Hill remark •• 'he wording of Orali~ 19 would lead
u. to beli""e ,hat lu"in ",a. in fact still alive at the time of the docu-
ment'. WTiting. " Th. bulk of evidence then lead. us, along ""ith a fairly
'0
.i",bl. cont ingent of scholan, locate the Oralio fairly early in Tat ian',
car..,r, and ,herefore, well before hi, bre.k from the great church, Thi.
mean. that Toti.n had already-long before the Di""",,,on wa. prob-
ably even conc~",d-authori ta'i"'ly citM lohn in a proto-otthodox
" lb, ' 'llum<n' ofs"" ,,,,, 1003;. pm","lo,~ 1'".... ;,..,
" On ,I>< ..,'k!< ... roo I".bn" ;nfl",,,,,, on T,,;'" "" lomp< 1003. 2"'_201; ona
"""' 1003, 116_ Ill.
" (c>' t' ul >OD4, 1" .
" s., C.E. "ill >004.1'>'. wl><,,", <." P"...." ..... "" ' N . On ,I>< d.ohng of
h '","". ron"" ..... "" P",,,,,n >00'5. " ...
~ (Co. tlUl >004 , 1"".
'" NICHOLA' ".U'N
conto"'" Again, 'his lead> u. to ,uppo'" 'hot Tation inherit"" hi. high
view from Justin', community.t some point in the ll{\o.
1hi. "ill leave. unresolved the qUe>' ion . s to why Tatian i. more
forthr ight in hi. use of the Fourth Go,!",k at lea.. comparNl to Justin.
I h.,-. arguro .bo,..
th.t in T.tion', ern John occupied. '~" t among
eqwls' statu •. This d"". not .. em to h .... been the co", with Ta,i.n',
teacher. How is Tati.n', more direct and more explicit u.., of John
to be expl.in.,a> I think w< can b<gin by recalling th.t the p<rioo in
which Tat"'-" ,,-rote hi. gO'r<' har mony i ••1", • time in which we
det"" • cm.in defen.ive ro"ure in '<'g.rd. to ,h. Fourth Go're1
In this connKtion. we might think of t he M"mrorian Fragmcnt or
Irenoeu' remark •. I quo« them ooth bElow,
lb. {""rth of Ih. Go<)'<'Is i. that of Joon, on< of "'" di><ipl ... To hi,
fello~- di.dpko . oJ biohopo, "Oo had '-n urging him '0 "ri1<, he said,
"F .. , wilh me from tooa, '0 'hr« da,~ . oJ ~-h" ,,;U be ,,,,-.,.1«1 '0
,,,,h on< lei u. tell i, '0 one . no,h,,· In ,h... m. night i, was ,,,,...1«1
'0 A"d",.., on. of rho 'I""u.., ,hat lohn ,hould ~-,i1< do,,"n.J1 'hing:;
in hi< own nam< "hilt .11 at ,hem IDouId "";.,. i" And", 'hough
various . lem, n" may be "ught in ,h. indi"idu. 1 boo", oirh. Goop<l~
n".. "hel... rhi< make< no d,ff"etle< '0 ,h. f. llh of bel.".... , .in« by
,he on. ",,,,,.ign Spiri' h. ". '-n dedar«l all rhing:; in.J1,h. Goop<k
cooc,mrng ,h. ""'ivII,, concerning ,he p"';on, conwning ,h. 1<""-
"<1ion, <onceming lif. ,,;,h his diuipl.. , . oJ co",,,ning hIS ,wofold
. , .."
<omlllg
And ,her<fol< rho Gosp<ls . r< in >ecord ~-irh aU ,be .. 'hing>. among
"hich Christ l<5u. i. ",-,ed, Fo, 'hOI acco,d'l\& 10 Jolin rebte. Hi. o,igi-
n.J, .ff"",U>I, and gIoriotu &."" .. 'ion from ,h. forh", 'hu. decla ' ing,
"In ,be beginning was lh< Word, . nd ,h. Word ,,-.. wi,h God, and ,I><
Word ~'.. God: Aloo, ".JI ,hlll&' "el< mad. b, Hlln, . oo wi,hou, Him
was oo'hing mod<." I'<l, ,hi. r<:,,,,,n, too, .. ,har Goop<1 full of all ",nfi-
d.ne., for l uch;, Hi. p< "',", ~
Judging by ,he langu. g. of bo, h "Xl' ("All thing. in alJ the CO.p<I'
and ·,h . , G<»p<1 i. fuJI of all mnfidm«" [iralko added)), it appe.rs
,har som. eith .. from within or withou, ,h. church ha"" bet>n 1",,-
"Iin~ charg.. again .. John', credibili,y, It can hardly be • coinciden«
,h., about the .. m" ,im. Celsu., as d,ed by Orig.n, i. mOcing hi.
H S,,, bibbog .. ph, prorid<d by C-"_ ,, ; ~ 200<. N'J_ 5<, al", " ""' ",OJ. "
• M","'''''•• ,'''gm''', ~"" 0--11." ,.. nolo,," by "''''1!'' 0'''. ""_>07) w,th
~'gh' mod'.,cot"",_
~ ["' ..... ~ M,., "" ...., ,_,1.1 (' ''"~'' A"" "'>II,
complaints in reg,,,,h '0 Chr;",ians who a", repeatedly .. vi.ing ' heir
gospel.
Afier ,hi, he saY' Ih>! some beli"Y<"" os 'hough from. drinking 0001,
go '" far a. '0 OPI""< ,hem ..I,'", . 0<1 . It", 'he ",!gi..1 IeXl of th" go •.
p<I, thr"" or four or "" ...I,i"... over, and ' hey ,h.ng" ill ,lura<!<' '0
enablt th"m to deny dillkul,o.. in f",e of uili<i,m. -
\\lhile ,her" ar< dilferen, way' 10 unJer".nJ Ce"u" word. (for exam -
ple, a. referring 10 fa" and loose copying p ",-"kes among Chri"ian.),
I ,ake il Ihal Ih. famed opponen' of Chri"iani'y i. referring 10 'he
plurali'y of now-canonical IP're" ("'plaining why h" "Y' ,h .. Ihey
h ..,,, been made o,-.r ·,hree or four lim".) ," Hi . "i,id,m. which
roughly da'e. '0 Ihe ,ime of , he Dime=ron'. compo>ilion, concern.
Ih. disc"'pand .. between 'h" go'rel accou n", il was a "ilid.m which
naturally could have been par1ially, m.ybe ""',,n largely, aver1ed by 'he
church', dropping Ihe FoUr1h Go'rei. A .. uming ,hal ,h .. e kind. of
argumen .. agai"" Oui"ianily and il> prized Iex1> were already in 'h"
air before Ihe 170., we now haY< an imponan' backdrop for T.tian'.
proj<cl. In Ihi. ca.." it would be mi"aken 10 'hink of ,he Dialwaron
a. having been created in a ,-.cuum, ra,her, i, wu composed, a' lea"
in pari, 10 confir m in Ihe face of gain .. yers "",h ,he appropriatene ..
of muhiple gO're" and Ihe appropriatene .. of John il><lf. A, such,
Talian', harmony i, more ,han a 'Y", h",i. of ' he go>re" for 'he curi-
ou, and rerplexed, i, i, a n apok>gia for four-fold go'rel and, Iherefor"
100, for Ihe Founh Go<pei it",lf.
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JOHN AND HIS GOSPEL IN THE MIRROR OF IRENAEUS OF
LYONS, PERSPECTIVES OF RECENT RESEARCH
Bernhard Mu'schl ..
hangelische Hochschule Ludwig.burg
, S« N"""","" , ... Ic..r .. Po"i,"""" Bins ...... '0'}' (""'I"i of ", .. ,!><wi;
. nJ My",h.,r ,004.< Ic..r"' J"",m,,"", ), ", .. ""h on ","""'" . 00 "" k< _A<1~
"f'«ioIy ,,", Goop<l of Lu"', ~ "ill ~' .", ;n g , "...".,.w .oo '"' <1<",..,., '" ... , n
'"""'iV' .... ;"'0 ,I>< '.'''1'' .... of I """ and th, fi gu<' of,,", d',,;pI< p" ". '00, of
ooon<.' .. ooy on ,,,...,," , , r<! ,I>< Goop<l of",,, .. " hKh ... , bem "",<I)' ,,,,,,plrtrly
oqk<taJ '" ,hO, "g"'1.
, 1'0<, I",;d . 00 prom"",", t,,"""nt .... l.< .. ~ , _ '-<><w<"Kh ,." , . 00 CWo,
, ,,,_ A ""'" hO.wry of mOO<m """"h " 100,,0 .. My",h." >004.0. 0_1,
, ,'"". bo-Nf """"''Y.... ",",,,ILL<, >006. ""_" "_
320
It w'"' observed a1 ... dy long ago ,ha' the church fa t her' of the "",ond
century know. more details about the founh evangelist ,h.n he doe.
abo u, the oth .. three .' To show th is concretely, Iren.eu. m<ntion.
M.tthew 16 times by nam<, Mark 7 tim es •• nd Luke 31 times (alto-
geth .. ~). while he m<ntion. John alon< about 6() tim ..,' Pet .. i.
m<ntioned almo" a. often (46 times), and a mong the New Test.ment
au,ho" only P.ul. naturaUy, i. named mor< often than John by
l .. na<uo (.pproxi m.tely 120 times),' For Irenaem. fohn i. t he dj><:ip" -
lu, Domini par <xcdl<nc<, ,h. di><:iple of the Lord. AU combination. of
Domjnw .nd djmpulu, .re, in fact. exdmively reservM for John!'
Cert.in oth .. r<markable ob""""tiom can ~ maJe. too,' The most
common form of t he formula, "di.dpl< of the Lord: in Greek is,
'1,00"\'1], " ,oil KariO\) ~,,11.],~<; and in m.ny case. lrena<uo continu ...
with ~Ij"i (or inquir, aU, memj"";,, aic,"" dixi,,,/, <ip~n') , " Eleven
explicit quotation. from 'he Founh Gospel. 2 John and Revelation, ar<
'hu ••imilarly, . lthough not ,"",otypically, introducM, How,,'er, th<
fommla Ji,dpul", Domini was not in,'ented by lrenoeu" he prob.bly
took it 0""
from his tr.dition< in A,i. Minor" or-in the c•• e of Aav,
Ha<r, 3,I.I-Rom<.
lhe formula, ;, toil K upio~ ~"l1.]t~:;, i. not. in f.ct, found in the
Founh Co.p<1 (nor in other .,.n. of the New Testa ment ), (Irena.u.,
for hi. p.rt, doe. not use th< fohannine exp .."ion, -d isciple whom
J"u. loved: which app<. " five time. in t he Founh Go.pel.)" It ;.,
ho",,,'«. fairly <'"'y to.« how the formula "I.'
d ...'eloped out of th<
• Kr.rt 1.. ', 6'io -.k, mt< b<hoI, .. "" K'''""n>'''''-, D.mp<niw u><n 1%5,7, orin
~'''' rhaIi ol""n<nUc""r K;rr""",",,.·
• """ to", H -.om ,""'n "",ng<i;""n
ai, von .1m Ubriun d",c·
"0#"" ..<In.oo 'f'",.,ik,.. ",,;6
• M",,,""', >006, 301, "mu..rly M" ..."." lOO4 .. 696. "'ynd<" ""'.1 ,"", "-
'''. '"', " ,."', "" Il<yoom 19", ',10.
, M",,,""', ""'"' "'I. cf. Il<ynd<" 19"'. "". ". 83, m. "" R'l'n<kn
I"'", '0.
• ,,,,,,,,,.~ Ad, . ..." . 1.' .' (,,,"',), Ll6.J; L'." ' ." ." ' .' '-'; ' .n ,., .• , ' .1 Ll
(,_" ,.,,,,, '.16-', '.16.1 (""' 'n ~ ..d of ~mini), ,."-, (a,,,,';; On ~ ..d of '''"
K"""",), "'''.1', '."'."
, .,.. '6). S. . '""cr""''''
'.!s."
«I""", of I!ou,.,,.u, Doutt"'," .. aI. 1%'-1901.
H"'.
' .lId, '-'J .J; '-''-'' f,. ,'." . (. -t>; ... , ,«1
f"" romf'"'''''' ,...., . .. , M ....hl<' lOO4 .. 16" . 00 On J. .. ~ ..... ., 1"'_17'-
• M",.. hl<, ><JO<a. 164- 166.
" btl.. , pm.byrm .. ;n '''''''''''~ .... . ' - . '."-}; '."'." BU; '" .oIrc"l' . 00
M, H ~m<r ~ .. ;n Ad• . ..." . U .. ,
" fob" l UJ; , ..," XU, "")0; ~ ... ..,"t.l .nd DKhuJn iM ' ' ' ' . ,61 (_ C 6 1).
IO"~ AN" "IS GO."." IN T " . M!kWk 0" IkfNA£V. OF "rONS 321
" "OW",""", ,.7' . " ._ ~..., , """'" <_~. ;, u>«l only onc<. In ,.,.,n "016.
" (;, '''"'' ~'''' "'" "'-"'''''' (Act' .. I).
" . . ; '" '''''''' .... "'" """"" ow..,,'"' ~'"";.. i ;, ....""",,"'" ......""'"
U" '"
''''' •...,.,;... ..,&.,rn; (r,p;... f<S-' ,,<>1m<, _ f<g-' Koo"",.oo "'u""h H_ ~.
1034)'_1<) fu n. ,00 "obi"",!"", • ,"".B_1' lmdnruonn . 00 P,uI"", ;n E..... u~
Hi". ...-I J .J'H).
~"a&." ", ... i """'''' "'" ..... "'" (.".". pol. lHI_
" ,,",,<hI<, 2ro1~ 1.... _
• Qu<owdmod"m ''''"' ' , ...."., .. 'P'"''
( I"''''''''' ... .t.. "'''''. 4.9_1 1M'" 130511).
1'0< ,.., pho ..... ~"' ; . 0« Mu, ..h)",:>oo<.. 161" ''-
- U ...; i~i ro~,;;&.; a",,,,, '''"........ l"' .... "~ ~.t._ '-'_ H I w;,h f<g- u-
10'0--10 I"""," u,. H'~ . ",[ '-1.4); '/,>< ,oJ ,. <wi .. "",'on ","m1o.&', ad "",,m
II «no<oa. Ad._ '-'_ <.2"_11 ).
John l3,n and/or 21020," and show a ded,i..., and unique d o""n ...
be,we<n John and the Lord. Th iJI imJ>lie, agoin thot, for Irenaeus, Joh n
i. "'M" disciple. and corre'pondingly Ch ri" i. hi. ",eacher" (Johanni,
magi"". ;' wti 'IO>Ci",""u SLoo<Jml.o.;)." Thi. iJI 'he only t ime Chri" is
explicitly called ' M 'each .. of ..... ngle disciple.
MoreO\·er. John iJI ""metime. called an apo"le, eitMr ' ogether
with o,hers" or alone." AI'hough Paul i. normally "'he apo>!le" for
lrenaeuo." the 'e rm i. not restricted exclu.i...,ly '0 Paul, u nlike di><:ip" -
lu, Domini i. for lohn. John belong. '0 'he group of 'hose "who haw
"""n the Lord:" a nd t her~ore iJI one of t he eyewi'ne"", of Jem •. " Bu,
,hi. i. of cour>< ,,,If-''''ident for "'he d isciple of the Lord: woo "leaned
upon Hi. breast:
Two fu rther detail. from lrenae .... however, can no' be haoed on
'he Grupel of John or 'he New Te"amen'. (I) John wa •• Iive "un,il
the ,ime of (,he emperor) Trojan"" (who reigned from lanuary 28,
98 eEl," and lIwd in Ephesus, the capital of A.ia Minor, a. lrenaeu.
a""," ""'eraJ t imes." According to Manin Hengel, 'he lohannine ".-
,imoni.. ooout EphesWi are old .. than .n}~hing reponed of 'he geo-
graJ>l>ical prown.nee of 'he o,her go.pel>." (2) In 'he Roman Bath
of Ephesu •• loh n once met urin,hu.-and ned ha"ily, b<-<ause he
.-.
M' •
~"'"'_ .. ...
. •,•
'". _ " " '"- ''''''• u"'"
~ , n" " . , . .. ___ '",
-" '" o La",,,"
""'l""I.
(john 1 "'!(IX M.. "hl<, >00-\ .. " ' - " ..,, Mul,,"" '004b. 7Il'-""" M",,,,h!., lOO6.
" '''' .... ~ Ad,_ """ . L'.l .... h ~ . gr_ Uo,6 ("p;ph>" ;U ~ P• • _ ''''".7);
"
" I"",,,u, Ady. """_ ' .J.< ..-"h ['II- g<. " ,"-1-1 (" u .... " ~ Hi., . ,wl . _"_61_
1«...... " .... 'h', 'n<i<l<nl. "hOclo >«m , kg<ndory,"'k to ""~""" to p~
"""'" '" ''''''1' d''''"8U'''''' from "" ..""'" oHmym , h'm"'f.
" ""lKhk, '''''0. "';'''''"''''I' " ",,,!.I<,!OOIb. 1"-
~ I'i<, ''''''0 ",,,.,0« ,,-.I a..rl<. "_ Ibll ho" ,«<n,l, ,ri<d '0 >1<","1' "" "f"'"
brt": m<ntion<d .. "" ["""h _ of M,y",,, """",,, ..-;th PoIymp ("""oK,
''''''. 11'}_I ",; Hil >006. 7_", "" I",,,",,,~
Ad• . '-_
'-'1_'") __ h 0 hll"""'''' hoJ ""'n upl""'y ,kn ~<l
'-'1_", d_ L,._Jl, 1. IS_' "
by Adolf von H...... (" " .
""lIOS).nd Hon. ,,,,;,,,,,. von <Amf""""""'" (''';'. "6n"-,). H""""". 0 'horough
"_,.. """",,,," of '''''" • h)'po<"'~ ' ,ouId kad to >Om< my '",m~ ing o'''<>ricol
'''wt~ s« my OortIKom;ng .. u<l)' Oft P4.rp • ."j ""Ii<f-
" I""'" u, A'y. """_ U H ,,;,h f'l!. g<_ ,", ,_, (E • ..rn"~ H;,J . wi. "" .1) .
~ I"",,,u, Ad• . loon. ' .H";u, f'lI- g<. , ,19_"
i""_."
,,;,h f.-z, g<. ,.,1_' H'~ . ""l "'0. 'I,
1""_.',
'*.n..,.
Hi" . wI. '. IH), '-'H
(Eu..rn"~ lIi"_ wI. 1-"'_6r,
fr_ "",. I""""'.', IIHI....-L ",._'61_
~ "=xu, Ad._ """_ '-'D ,,;u, ['S- g'- u ---< I"""";u,, Hi" . ..-d. '_"-J~
'.J"'.
p<....,n.1 conto" with lohn." a. well a"o "Ii"en." to Polyc",p."" Ap.rt
from t he .. people ""ho belong to a "rou nger genera,;on of ""itne"".,"
lrenoem ",Ii.. in a g. ne ral manner on "the church of Eph.. u." H a
"true witne" of tbe tradition of the apo"le • .-'" Possibly - the church of
Ephesu' i. more or Ie .. equ".. lent to the anonymous "pr.. byter .. ·"
Of cour><. lrenaem did not himself know John and the apostl ••
(Irena.",' older generation of witn.....n)." but they were known by
the "pre.byte ....- Polycarp. a nd Papi... all of "'hom lrenaeu. knew.
Thu., t he ch.in of ""itne"",. bet w""n Irena.", . nd the Lord i••hort,"
Moreover, this is the only co .. of a concrete linbge between a church
rather and a N.w T"'tament author,
The connection to th. church of Eph . .... may also be more .ign ifi-
cant th.n IrenaeWl di",los<., a. the b ishop grew up in the Ephe.u.
region and cam. from th ere to Lyono," [ph ..... ",-a. not ju" the hom.
of Iren""u •• but also the city ""here John-and before him Paul-h.d
lived and ""orke-J . Therefore Irenaeu' rhetorical aim oeem. dea" With
a con nection to the church of Ephesu •• he incre..... h is own impor-
tonee .nd '1f.n~'1hens hi. own position."
W h ile lren.eu. mention. t he older Parias and the younger -li.-
tene" to Polycarp" only once, it ...,m. tha, Polycarp. the b ishop of
Smyrna ....... in fact h i. main source .bout the O lTistian po"'" In hi.
letter to Flod nm. lrenae", styles himself a. a diKipl. of the second
generation after loh n'
~T'" ... , ... '" ,;" ''''';W", """',0.-, ''''"...... Ao . . ... , . '.J().' ";,h f~ &,.
"""_J() (> " .. b;.~
M'h " ,,,,,,,;,,_
H"' . "d. ,.I,' ).
'",,_u'. A d. . ...... H ' ..
a';,";;, IV. >,19_"
Oth~ . (~u ><b ; " ,
""'. «d. ' .14.61,
" ' H ;. ""'... in...,,,,, ,"'""'' ' ...
.,61,; '0'" '''' .... '''''''''''- ",.,.,roo_
],,"'""u, Ad• . ... , . '-'A wjth ~ . ~'- "1-4 IE._ "" Hi". ",I J .1H).
- "1"" p"" "r'''''- m ""of"""" ,..... ;" <""""ch".,.;th loon. bo, mo« ,,,".
,_.t).hm<> a/tog<..., ;n ,.. ""'• • of ''''......
~ S« p",U"'''' " I.''', '0'_'07; "'"i.
, _ , <l; "'I'rom ""', L'lO; 101». "'; R<yOOm t.".,..
" ''''OMU' "" " ,.,." 100" nin< hm< ~ but ,I« "'p"',h- only fou, hm< ~ ,...
",.,,,,I\k, ' ....0, '07067 (...... " J, ' • • fo< th< 'l""tk< 1_ . fo< Johnt .
~ 'or, g.. plu..... me "" M.... hkr 100<0, _ ; io< ,I« whol< """ton. 0« ;b"'"
704-7'"
u Mu,,,,I\k, ' .... 0, 7110 " ' ,a J<" S<h ... ~ " , .. .!a. ""nnigb . ", V,rlMooung<n
""h ",,",," '_iltm "., ~ n ..""ig<. OOg"",,'och .. " . la£« .... dOm~ lX h
Iq, • ...!.t,_ "'" "","L "
Mu,,,,hk, 2004b. 7" .
",,,'n< d., wKh' ;g'"
M
For "hile 1 "-u Sldl a 00r 1 kn,w rou (,c Florin .. ) ;n lo"'~ r A... in
PoIy'''p', hoo .. ~'h.n you ~"'I< a man of rlllx in the royal hall and
,,>d,",'OOdng '0 ",nd "..,11
",ith him, I rem.mb<r the ev.n" of 'hoo<
cUr> mol< d".. ly ,lun Ihose which harren.,] "",.mly, for "luI "'.., learn
as ,hIlJre" grows up ~,ith 'he ",ul and is uni,"" 10 it, so 'hat I <an '1'<'"
",en of 111< pla« in ~'hkh Ih< ble.....:! PoIycarp .. ' and di>ru'.,]' how
he can", ;n and ",,11 00',the ,haroc,.r of hi, lif<, the app<1ran« of
hi, body, III • .1;0(011'''' ",hich h< made 10 Ih< _I<, how b< r'l"'rtM
hi, mt",,,,,,,,, with loon aOO with ,h. othm ...ho had o«n th. lo<J,
how he """,mherM 111m word" .nd ,,-h.i.1 ~'''. the things concerning
Ih< Lord ",hKh he hod he"J from ,h.m, aOO aboUI 'h<ir rnir.d ... and
ahou, ,h.ir t.,.,h;ng, , oJ 00"- PoIy<arp had r«<i"M lII<m from the <y<"-
~i1"""'" of ,h. we,d of life, and I<poned all 'h;ng. in 'g ... m<n, with
Ih< S([;ptur",. ~
~ fr_ fl.., 'n Eo.ro,U>, Hi>!,,,<I. '_"','_6, t .-.n~_, lili t •. , • • .., . ... _
• ".rt"!! 1001. <1 ,
~ .. "" '"" '"""",,, ""'"'''''''''''''"''' 00; ...". w ,'. ,'r, '-100-, (Eo""',,., Hi"_ <cd
' _"',6).
326
stori .. ," They probably r.rn.mt..rM much t..fter and mo,.., pred"'ly
than young.r f>«Iple do in our mMia-overblown t im .....
For my . ..."ment of the >ouree. in g.neral, and e.p«:i.lly con-
cerning I'olyc. rp, two different yet related circum".n... are of ba.ic
importance, (I) A modem e\'a!uation of the I'olycarp-lren.eu. tr.di-
tion d epend, to a high dogr"" on thecoinddent.1 tran.mi"ion of texts,
Had we not r",eived the fragment of the letter to Florinus tran,mit-
ted in Eusebiu' E«u,;a,t;<al H;,lory. we wouW not know any det.il •
• bout th e mean •• nd the inten.ity of the tr. mfer of tr.dition>, Thu"
in o>ing that fragmen t , we ""'pe<t and interpret .n ancient oource-
and are far from an arg"m€mum .... ,iumio, (2) lren •• u. refers to
th e argum€nl"m tradilion;, in conte ... that can be very d ifferent
from each other. But each time he replie> to a concrete conflict in hi.
timeo He i. challenged by and sh.pe. theology in conflict ('1/"ol<>g;<
;n Auseinand",,,zung')," He d"". not argue for the oak< of arguing
(I'arl pour I'arr), In other worok lhe bishop n""". an . ctual reallOn for
appealing to hi. traditions concerning the past, He i. not a historian.
but. bi.bop who i. obliged to respond to the actual challeng.. of hi.
community and church, to the theological debates of hi. time"
lherefore it i. deor that ",e gain insight into the historical tradition.
about/ohn rather incidentolly t han .y<tem.tically. let alone completely.
Had Iren.eu. been inclined to fill up. fabr icate, or forge tradition •• he
would h,,'e done it more <lfecti,'ely and with "better" resul", >Om.
gap. could h,,'e been doo<d e •• ily, more OO"iou.ly, and more con-
vincingly. But this would have been . di ... rvice to his aim" in I.yon.
a. ",en a. in Rome or A.ia Minor. Although certain modern ",hola"
have di.puted lrenaeo>' reli.bility." he wa. not accu>ed of lying in
his time-and he would not h,,', ri'kM that for any rea""n, lrenaeu.
probably knew some details about John and hi. gospel, which we do
W M.""h)" ,.",... '''. A elm ..,,,npi< i, "'c<nUy gi"'" lor T,.f<llOOl!.". ""'"
.... "'I>«, ,I>< N"" 1'" ,..,,", Kholu prof. "m~ lU""""n Uuly ". t __ f .......'l'
'7. , ... ~ " """ """,I><n b<oond<" "oo....k&l><n f~~bn' ... " hot ",,'n v"" 'm
louf d<r 1m" ""hrloch miOhtL 1),00., 1\.1 ,.f:
dol! Uch d~ btihhmE"n ,""" d~ ,"'"
M. rueh, im g,ring>"'" ,·... ndrn, • . ,",,.;,,hm ,;"d ,>okumml< "0., """,h< d<r
""" 'hm b<ri<hl<I<" VoopnS' , u&inglkh. "" ~'mm<" m" ","'" Ikrich''" ......
kk'"~, D«a~, "o,,,,'n. ,">01'"."I><i"' dn U<d.n". d.B """h,,,;.kn,k "";g";,,,
""" Mm"o,n Ub<r Im"'hnt< '" un.... nd<"" W,;,. ,,,,l~,, w<ro.. ronn<n, nkh'
obw<gig.'
~ Mub"h).. >00-II>, " '. .. "h ''th ' " ...",1< ""mph
" M.,,.hJ,, >006, '_'~7.
~ E.g. """, '966, ... , · 'A uffU liung <l<r .",,,.", '-'m'\"ly '''''''t 100'. " .. "
IO"~ AN" " IS GO.P." IN T". M!kWk 0" Ikf NA£V. OF "rONS 327
not and cannol know 'oday for ",,'eral r<HOn •. An inte.. sting detail is
Iha' he pr~n" th e Ephe.ian John a. -talking,- but Paul •• ·wri'ing.""
1 h .... el>eWhere . nalyzed Ihe trustwonhineu of lren.eu' h istorical
Iradition •• boUI lohn and h i> go.",,1 in more delail." .nd as for as I
can ''''. the bishop deli,'en reliab le and Iru<,worthy inform. ,ion.
2,1. Ihe Fourth Go".') a, Parr of 'h< Corpus Johanneum and ,h.
Q"",jon of it, Aulho,-,h;p
As we h.ve • ..,n. Ihe aUlhor of Ihe Fourth Go.",,1 re<:eh'es . u thori .. -
lion from oolh .ides of hi. Go.",,1. a. i, we",: from the Lord, upo n
whose breast he once leane<!, .nd from Polycarp, who later .poke '0
• young Irenaeu. ooout John'. , ime in Ephesuo, Thus John i. , in •
historical """""el i,'e, in a frame." and i. at the .. me lime pari of.
ch.in oftran.mi"ion that le. d. from 'he Lord via Joh n and Pol)'co'l'
lolrenae ....
There is no question in hen.eu' mind Ihat Ihe Co.",,1 "according
10 John· ( KA1 A InA~~Il~ ) i. wrinen by Joh n,'" The j""ripljo of t he
Fou rth Go.",,1 a nd the =",,1 i1Self ""ong in.. p.. ably logether .ince
Ihe moment of p ublic.,ion." M>rIin Hengel Iherefore con. the Go.""l
inscriplion. "fN''' of I)" Go,~J, d' origj"ally drcuJ""d.""
" ""'"",,,,200<>,'U ",rooch .. .ut ... h ,,.. ..... ... '"'" ' ph<' i" i"h<n Johon"">-
goo, ;m G<Un ••" '" p,.Iu._I.. , .",,,hI..m~h ',..<1<",,' uod "~ht '"h,..;b,n<l' "".-
IbM!., '60: """at 'p«<t..",j, " "'ht "h",OI><",j.-
" ""'"hln lroIt.. "'_71J, , "g ;n bri<1 ;bOl., '38_'00 (no>. 11_1').
~ "",,,",,,, lroIo, , .. _
~ I"",,, " , Ad. . """'_ '_1 1.1; J .I I.'; ""'"hIn 1IXI<5, "'_''"', "J_179 .
• H,nv l ,_, " , I«nut I• .,. JJ, "'os" 1OOJ, '" "" .00 ", ",,,Ill<, _ ,
HI .
" H,nv l ''''. ""'" I: -l',~ <1<. w,ok..- ll<"8" ><ro, <S_«i, "p«WIy p. ...
328
According '0 Ir.n.eu., 'he .. me John wro" not only 'he Go'rel,
but also 'he book ofRe,'ela,ion. Thi. wa. "no, long ago, bu, almo .. in
our gene ... t ion, neo, the end of the rule of Domi,i.n."" Furthermore,
John comp<Me<l l Joh n and 2 John, which Iren .. u. con. ide" •• one
letter «p;"om);" bu, this i. how he occasionally deals wi,h I and 2
Co';nthi.n., '00," lrenaeu. neitm,r men,ion. nor use. the Yery short
.nd pri,,,,. epi"le 3 lohn" In .ny ca"" i, i• • bsolu tely dear for
Irenaem th.,-unlike the curren' consen,u." -all ,he .. writing •• re
work> of one and , m, .ame .u,ho" John," "t l>< di.dple of 'he Lord:
who "leaned upon Hi. b.....:
Matth.", also i.. U<d a written Gospel .mon~ the Hebrews III th.ir o~."
dlal"", ~'hil< P<1<r and Paul "ere preaching .. Rome,.nd I.ying ' Il<
fou ndation. of ' he Chur<h, Afier thm departure, M.rk. ,I>< di.dpl< .nd
in"rp'''''' of Pe"r, did .1", hand d""TI '0 u. in wri'ing ~'ha, had !><en
preO{hed by p.",,_ luX. al"" ,o. comp. nioon of Paul. r«orded in • book
the Go.pel p.. ached b), him, Afi.rw"d>, John, the di.dple of 'he I.ord.
"'00 .1", had leaned upon Hi, b.... t, did h,rns<lf publish a Gosrel dur-
ing hi. ,,,lderK'" Ephesu. in Asia. (tr.n~" ANF)
~ th.& """ . ",,..,.u.;. """"" j..,.;<tq. o.u;, o,.-&. ",1 riI> """"" "".a~
.""" , ,iJ"" '''' .."..,"''''' Up""" It"' ... _~ M,_ """ . , ."'., "d," f~ S'. 16.' _6
"' EuO<bjuo. 11i"_ wI. ' .' .6); "_,,,hi<, ,ootb, '"I. A<ronI;n! '0 """""" "",",<h,
R' .... "' .... and Jobn m ,.,. ..,it,," by""' , "0 1M .. n>< ••"lwo-. S«, <-8., hq t .. "
'''. <24.
M t"' ... _~ M,,_ IN". '_t6.', ,_t6.", M"",hI<, >006. "'_"'. ""_"7.
" '" '" ,p;u." q.- ,,' oJ Con",""" It""",,u, ~oh_ ......_ '_11.1); .,.."hI<,
1001, '"', .00.
-
~ Mu,,,hI<, ><JO-Io. 6t--6" Mot"hIe, _ . 71ll.
o S«. <.g., Mot","'" _ . m_""
741_742, Po!o.oo-nf . nO H,d;d '007, ' 710_
'" "'~e..; «vuo<o""' !rut ,,~,c.; igoo,~", ,i> f·""niJ"ov '" .~'!' ,~<;
A"'«:;, Not only t hrough ' he explication "in A,ia," which i. not func-
tional from an A.i.n ",,"p,,:tlv., but also for ..,,-era! other ,.asono it
i. conui,.. ble to think th at the Ewmg<ijen"oliz originally come< from
Rome." It "",m. to be a Ii" from a hb,.ry, probably from an archi""
of t he Rom.n community." The Ii" wa. developed be'ween 110 and
J3~ C~~ .. 11 i. the officially acceptod information a!>ou, 'he forma-
tion of tho four go>"..ls, at Ie." in tbe church", of Caul. Rom. and
A.ia Minor," and it ren", .. an oW opinion of the chronological order,
which >1an. with tbe Cos"..1 of M.ttbew." Thu. tbe EvangtUe"noUo
;. I",n. eu' "literarhi"or;'ch. Ba.i.orklinmg" at tho beginning of t be
third book of Aa ...."u, II~em", which it self l>egin. with ",ript ure-
ba..d .,gumen... "
lhe order of the go>"..l. in t be E""nseUe""o)j= i. the canonical one,
M.tthew-M.rk-luke-John, Thi' i. >!rildng, be.."", lrenaeu. normally
use. 'he order M.nh<w- Luke-~1ark-J"hn." Ikllh orde" begin with
an apootolic au,hor (M.tth.w) and .nd with another one (lohn), t be
canon of ' he four go."..I. the .. fore h.. an apo<1olic frame or concl",io,
lh ;. goe. well with th. f.ct that most of lbe pre-Con".ntine papyri of
the go,,,..ls belong 10 .ither lohn (l~) or Malthew (ll)," The S"'p<l,
'0
that were tracod back di,dple. of th o apo,,]e." stand in the middle,
a. 'oday. John, in hi. ~nal position, i. an apostle a. ,,'ell •• a disciple,
bu, not a disciple of an apostle. He i. "th. disciple of t he lord." In
Aav. han 3.11.8. t he unique order lohn ·luke-M.nhew-Mark con-
form. to Ihe .ymbol. in Rev 4.7,"
~ "".,,,hI<r 10040..
,u lh"""'",, ' 991, L2_>O, ""';1, ,,,,_,6,, .""',, ..... _ ,
~ lh",,""'" ''''. «0• ." .,"n< 'bib h",I><u",d", '-' ~ , ,u, .xm "Urn,,,",,"
G<m< i nd<m~'.:·
~ lh"""'",, ''''. "-1.
~ "",,,hI<, 200-10. 161; ""'" ..... 2"",", 7«0, ", ",,,,",,, lOO6.",.
" "",,,hi<, 2«Mi, 66,"" for tl>< pr<d ....,."" roo- "'" rri"""l' '" '"" """I'd of
.'I,,""'" from "''1' ...Iy "", >« ",""", , ..,;, !'<Wi""
" "",,,hi<, 200-10. 170; "",,,hi<, 2«Mi,"'.
" I"",,,", Ad• . Iwuo-. 3.' .1_ 1'-'; 1.11-'; ' .6.L Camp<"ho""," >003. 1100,."
·'"nO., gdio"fill't< "'ih<nfolg,', "",,,,,",, 200-10.117' 'g<I""fill''' ""l><n fo>Jg< bo,
I,,,,,",, ".,,,""r 1006, M_,"" "P',w.lly PI" 66, 71_".
"" "",,,hi<,
"",,,hi<, 200-10. '''.
2«Mi, J4_ ".
~ "",,,hI<, 2«Mi. 67. n. 1H-16<.
In the >am< p .... ge (Ad,', han 3. 11.7 - 9), lren.<u • ...,h<m<ntly a nd
<Iaborately defend. the four-gospel anon." He defend. itag. in" ..",.-
eral attempt. at manipulation or .buse by .pecific group,," h •• ho",.
that tM harmon)- of the n umMr of Jour gospel. conform. to t M uni-
,-er>aJ harmony in nature and >alvifi c hi"ory," and h. attacks ""eral
groups who do not .gr"" with the four go.pels,- The word .."angr-
liu", denot .. a .ingle go spel as ",.n a. t he canon of four go>pels ," For
"th. Go.pel" i. ginn "under four aspe<", but bound tog",her by one
Spirit ", .. riX;~_v rQ .tHlyyfAOOV, i_vi 0< nv,~~"', <>~vq;c.,.<YQY .'-'
Thi> i> a n impre»ive "'ay to d.al wi th th. "problem " that four d iffer -
ent grupel. were p ......J down."
bishop rel.,N! probably more in .. n.. ly ,,, the Fourth Go'rel than
10 the Go'rel of Matthew or to 'he Corpu, PauUnum.· Wi,hin ,he
Co'pu, 'o',ann,um. ' he gosrel gets citro by far ,he moot ." The great-
e" part of the reference. to 'he Fourth Go'rel are found in Ad",Nu,
I,ae",.., J-'.where Irenaeus d iscu.",. scrip' ural pro.of,"" ReIaIN! 10
the leng,h of the "Titing •• 'he Fourth Gospel i. given a greater th.n
",'erage reception;' just .head of Luke'. Go'rel.
Compared with .uthOr> before and shortly a~er him. Irenaem refe ..
to the G"'re' of lohn more o~en ,han o, he ... induding O ement of
Alexandria," In ab<olute ~gure •• lrenaeu' writing. contain many
more reference. to 'he Fourth Gosrel (3M) ,h an ,ho", of e.rlier
au,hor> combinN! ( 138). among them Ignatiu •• Jmtin. T.tian. Melito,
A' hen.go .... Theophiluo, Ptolemaeus and He..deon." Even .U , he
(pres<rvN!) autho rs of Ibe «<ond «nlmy ,ogether (including po.st-
Irenaean ones) contain fewer referenc,," to 'he Fourth Go'rel (298)
than lren.eu .... Individually, Irenaeu. rde .. '0
, he Fourth Go.pel at
lea" ten times more o~en than any o,hn au,hor before him." Thi.
concern, <>reci.llr 'he referenc .. to ,he prologue." anJ it give •• Iready
a dear hint of Irenaeu ' theological direction. We will. h owe\"er. fir"
take. do"" look at how l renaeu' reference. are distribu led within
the Fourth Gospel. .nd then at the na'ure of hi. references.
More th.n one-third of 'he reference. are made to the prologue
(lohn 1.1-18), Almost h.lf of the reference. concern the re" of the
fir" half of the gO're'. John 1'19- !l , ~. And only "'ery fi~h reference
is 10 John 1}.1-2 1,n," Thu. the prologue «em. 10 be \"ery important
for lrena.u>. in contr." to the «<ond half of the gO'rel , Especially
" H 6'!i. of II>< ,<x, of ,,,. fuurth Goop<l i> ,,"'ITa! or oIl00.d 10. s," M",,,hi<,,
>004.0. "'-llo6.
~ " , .., of"", rn",,,,<>- M",,,hI<, 1004.<; 71_71, H I_'''.
~ I"",,," , Ad• . 100.,. _ I (J7 ,,"' ...m), _ 1 (ll). book '(7'0). _ . (" 1.
bool, (}OJ, >t;a. 0'). M",ochk, 1001 •• 7L ,.". .""',, d<t.iW <1< .. ,;1";0.. >« ;b;J .•
1lO-", '''_191. '''' . . .I><IT>< ••" ;1, .... 1).• .
" ""nfM<> ,,,. "n,h ""'""" ;. ,I>< U" ol'w<Dly'i>u, ..,,",.. hl« 2,...., ,6,
• 11.1% of"" 'oo .. N"f "",,,na<", ,.. """"' .. " .....,.;" 0. ...... M",,,1ll«
1001.0.101.
• "",,,",,,, 1001 • • "0. '''' ,I>< ,..,·1 """''" 1""'00 '" N,8'" lOOO.
• joN"n"" ubi< lboi. ,.,_,...
,.»,.,. ""_
• "",,,",,,, 1001~ "1.
~ "",,,hI« 1001~
~ "",,,",,,, 1001~ "1.
"0--,,I.
M s<, M",,,hk< 2001., m. for ,,"" "um"'" .00 ibMl, "3-106, fo.- ""'"
"'''"'.
m
chapt ... 6, 9, 10, J3 and 16 are under-rep''''''n'''.t ",hile chapt." 18
a nd 11 are extremely under-rep'....,"tod ... Of the prologue. «pedally
the ve, .... Joh n U-3, 14 and 18 are prominent," If one tok ... dose,
look at the I .. nae.n lext, eyen more "[.,,nee. can be fou nd, most of
thorn. how,,'.r, being mer< ol1u.' o= " Noneth ele.s, predominantly
they tend to lead in 1M sa me direction_ Lt I This moan. that thor. i.
more Johan nin. language .nd theology in Iren •• u. than h.. ~n
previously 00..",,«1, '" lohannin. language do<. nol . imply rervade
l .. no.u' tho>ugh", It i. i,,,,,1f tbe language of lre" ..,u' theology. '"
(I) How .ho uld scrip'ure and tradition be related. and whkh on~ ha.
priority' Wh.t constit ute. a scripture! How many g""p<l • • nd
which on.,. 'hould be includ.d in scriptur.! And what i. 'he "a-
lu. of th e Old T.".rnen, booksl
(2) What i. the ""ationship between God. creation and redemp-
tion' h Ibere con'inuity in the .. Ivation history! h the ..me God
r<>pon,ibl. for antion and .. lvation, or i. th". a d~rniurge who
is oppo..J to 'h ~ tru. God!
- Qo<i ,on'. \'.k,,; .... ~ . fo.m~ ..., ",",,,hi<, 1006. .., " " • . ,I>< V""'m'n"",
.« 'LoUlly '" <IT.,..," . ihU """ d~,"I" (b,"" " ,, M>....,. J .l 1.1); "' ",,,hl« 1006.
,,.,..",.
,~ M",«hi<, 1006, 19'"J.
'" ' ''""'''', Ady. ..... ' 1""4 ' ; Mu, ..hJ" >006. , ....
'"
(3) Did the mediator hem",,, fl"'h, or wa, he in any w.y "'pawed
from maner1 How do God and mankind (orne togother in the
redeem .. Chr;"?
(4 ) I< there. ""I,.. ' ;on of the fle.h (salu. <ami,)' lh •• n,wer to this
question i. <loul)" related to Q u;stology and co.mology.
Almost ... ctly one third of lrena<u' r~eren(... to the Fourth Go.""l
occur in !look 3 of AJ\~NU' ,,",,,,<>,'"
Ther~ore it mok", '''''1 ge>o<l
..,n~ to focus on that imronant OOok,'" which i. aJ.., r<rh.ps the
1><" structured of t he five books'" In .00'" A.,IV<NU' ha,,,,,, 3 i. 0
"[ohonnin. book."'"
Questions of ,,:'iptu.. ond tradition 0 . . tr.ote<! as 0 maU., of prin-
ciple in the fi,,,
~'"' chapt.n of book 1. 1L) Th. subseq uent chapters
d<>1 with the one true GxI woo is the maker of heaven and e.rth ' "
The >Kond large pa" of the third book dis.:u."". Christolo&)', one
and the ... me le.u. Christ, t "'" man and t "'" God for our .. Iv.tion, '"
Finally, Iren.eu. """, .gain the contra" between the church-her
prea<hing and belief-and the hewko.' "
I, i. impo .. ible '0 exam ine an or e\"en mo.t of the reference. to
the Founh G><pel in this .... y. Therefore, let YO t.ke • look at the
lhe greale" concent ... ion of .1I",ion. 10 and quotation. from the
Go'rel of John iJI found in AJ"",.,u, on",.."
3,11,1-6. Iren.eu •• how>
in 3.9.1-3.1 1.6 that .11 four gO.p<l wri.e .. confe .. and wi ln"" one
and Ihe >arne GoJ, •• do Mo"" and the prophet.'" Bee.u.., t bere i.
no poosibili.y for "'pa",'ion bet",""n .",.tion .nd incarn.tion. it i.
Ih. one God who made evel)1hing through hi. Word (John 1:3), And
Ihi. iJI ""actly the ... me Word who ·wa. made Ile>h. and d,,'elt . mong
u." (John I, I~), Lll Irena"". empha.ize. John U4. and in.;'" ""plieilly
Ihot •.. conlin~ to the opinion of non. oflhe hewi.. wu Ihe Word of
GoJ made n.. h."'" Thi. means that John 1, l .j functions a. a ,h;biJ.,I,,/,
in ChriJItology! Here Ihe whole theologicol challenge for [renaeu. and
hi. lime i. eith er won or lost.'''
[n bridging Ihe g.p bet",..,en the crealor and that GoJ wh ..... Word
",-a. made fle.h, lren .."" employ. Ihe figure of John the Bapt i'" The
latter i. "more than . proph et" be<3"se he not only announced t he
Word of GoJ becoming Ile>h but al.., -saw Him "'hell He came, and
poin'."j Him ou', and p<"uaci."j m.ny 10 beli",'e on Him. so ,hal
he d id himself hold t he place of bolh prophel .nd 'po"'e (, ... n.I .•
ANF)."'l> [renaeu. Ihu. pro,' .. ,hal the cre.'or and the one who",
Word wa. made n.. h are 'he .. me.
According 10 our >«:tion. Ch""t ,ook m.tt« from the earlh to m.ke
wi ne ou' of water in Con. (John 2), and he took "the 100\'''' which t he
e.rlh had produc."j" 10 sali.fy the gather."j multitude (John 6), bo,h
are al", Ihe elemen" of the Lord'. SUPp<L' ''' John US show, ,hal
Fa,her .nd Son belong in><par.bly together .nd that t he v;.ible son
",.'" " ",,,hi<, '..,.,..110: "n, ;",h"", ru""l! "'" b<d;nll';m ~""' n I"'nk,n
.u<"
0., ''' ...... I~ ...,.dih;gl.<". J~" .. ....,rum b<dmll' oowohl d~ M"st.,hk<;, ab
0.. H,;"hl.,hk<;, ,;n",hbdkruk. "".H",,", 0.. ",,;to."
.a h,.x"", A.y. ...... '.11 ." M",,,,hi<, ,..,..., 11', M",,,,hi<,. lOOO, ,,,_m .
•~ 10m .. "" Ad• . 100",. ' .11." Mol","'" '0040, >11_'11; MulKhi<, 1006, n1_
,, ~
· d~daro. to an th ~ h th ~r who i. invi,ibie" .. he did, ~.g., to Nathana~1
and Pet ..m
lh~ main que<tion. of thi. panicularly loh.nnin~ ""'tion or" (a)
Is thore one .ingle God, or i. th ..e a distinct ion bet",,,,,n God and a
distinct maker! (b) What i, th~ Wentity of the maker! (c) What role
doe. matt .. tak~ in the whole proceu of ",h .. t ion' And abo,-e all , (d)
Who i, Christ . nd how i. he connect...J to the.., question.! The greater
th""logical are .. (/od) are thus th""iogy, creation/co,mology, "'t~ri
ology, and Chri<tology. S.>1~riology is d"..,ly connect...J with anthro-
pology, pneumatology, ecd e.iology, and eschatology in other parts of
Irenaeu' work, n.... main t heological fie ld. (/"'-'; can be .ketch...J
with the h~lp of a triangl"
Ihrology
,n t,."... " ~ A.t.. Iwo. •. J.lt .6; "'"'"hIn lOJ.l>, 111, ",",,,hi<, '0<>1, 1)""'.
, ~ S« ""'"hIn 'ilO4>.l60.
,~ M",,,Mo,"""', '60.
IO"~ AN" "IS GO."." IN T" . M!kWk 0" 'kfNA£V' OF "rONS 337
oA"",,',,"_~(W, 1-3)
(w, l~ . 18)
(1) The bishop of Lyon< tak .. 'he Gnostic challenge of hi> time •• •
th«ologic.1 one, which me.no that i, 1""'"
both an exegetical and
•• ),,1<matic <hallenge. He r'''l'''noh to it in a unique way with
'he .id of t he Fourth Go'p<l. <>p«ially wi,h its prologue, lohn
lol-JB.
(2) Within 'he lohannine Corpus, the Fourth Go.p<l h«om ....... n'i.l
for hi. r"'l"'n~ '0 the ch.ll<ng<, although in term. of bare num-
be", lrenaeu. refers to t he other three N<w Testament Corpora
(Synoptic '''''1'''1,. Paul, lux.-Ac"l more.
(3) The "theological triangle of Irena<us" i•• Joh onnin< one with
Chri"ology in its cenler. It corr"l"'nd. exactly with the "contro-
ve"y triangl~" with the V. lentinian< (who stand pan pro 1010 for
the Gno>tic.),
(4) lren.ern' ex.,; .. i. of the prologue foc,""" on Christology (co n-
nec'e.! with t he theme of the unity of God), Therefor<, henaern
refers mo.dy to John lol-3,U,!8, In the ..me vein. he inlerpret.
John lol3 ~xclrnively from . Christologk.1 I"'int of view, '"
(') Ver"". such.s lohn 1,3 .nd 1,14 h.,-< the ch.racler of . ,hibholeth
for accurate (i ,e" biblic. l) t heology or a litmu. 1<>1 for heretics.' "
If theologic. 1 "atemenU taken from th~ F"urth Goop<l are t he
"""df. " foundation of Irenaeu' th.",loglcal K<ents, <>p«i.lly
- M.,,,hI<, 2"""', 161 , · n.. wlli<rt, "~'" !IT<.,,k' ,\0" 1.-."., ;ot 01",
,ug!<.,h ,", ." , ;~;"", •• n<! I<""nd!"o .",h , ;ru, "~ ,~""" G<riH' &.
1oho""''I'roios>-
' ~ Mu, ,, hI<, >004 .. _ '" alkn ,." 11m"''''" ,"", ' '''O'""&,,,,,,;><n<k
An'''''''':
'" ],,"x"', M • . """ . '.16.1; , .... " ' .2'-', 1.>1.7, ' .'-" M.. "hI<, >004., 26',
M",,,hI<, '006, ].(1,_)(1(\, " . ..." , " '-0".
- Mu,,,hl<, ,.,..... ,61.
concerning c .. ation, incarnation and >al,'atKm, it i. the Founh
GO.p<1 that function. a. the 'heolag;cal Mckbo"e of the bi.hop, ,..
(6) B.nus< ),.,naeu. himself c.me from A.i. Minor to Gaul, he
underline. hi. Johannine foundation impre ..;".ly for historical
reason •.
(7) If lrenaem provides hi. readers with genuine and ob,'iously old
traditions aoout the Founh Go.p<1. and if verse. of that gO.p<l
guide the th<ologicai deb ... wit h hi. oppo nent,,'" then tho
bi.hop of Lyoru can be >aid to practke loh.nnine t!>eolo];),. In
other words, He i. a loIt~""i", theologian, '"
(8) Significant .. asons for t his thesi. a. . . . p<ci.lly th e follow-
ing' (i) tho appellation -the dis.:ipie of the Lord" for lohn: (ii)
the use of lohannine key ... ntenee •• uch a. lohn U or [,14 a.
theologkal shibboleth. or dogmatic guOld -rail.; (iii) th e foun-
dational me.ning of Joh.nnine words and st .. ements for incar-
national Christolo];)': and (iv) the u", of an unrivalled network of
Johannine te .... '" None of th ... four item. h .. strong parallel.
in other aut ho .. of the ,,",ond century.'"
(9) Although Iren.eu. , e"ricted him.<lf to ".pplied" exegesi.'" .nd
did not write a full or ",'en selective commentary on the Go.pel
of John, he i. not only a Johannine theologian, but e.... n more:
Irenoeus of Lyons i. the Johannine theologian until Origen.
ik<au .. lrenoeus should alway. be read while keeping hi. oppo-
nent> in mind.''' h< in litct proceed. with a-pardon the anach-
roni.m--method of correl .. ion" (Paul Tillich),
(10) In ret'-"'pe<:t, Iren •• u. became 'he exegete. 'Y'tem.tic t!>eolo-
gi.n •• nd in .. rpreter of the Founh Gwpel forthe wholecentury,''''
and the Goop<1 of loh n ",,,'ed as th e foun d .tion and theological
backoon. in hi. con"O'o'e<>y against the Gnostic<,
,- t,."""., . n, h~.n<! ""'rioIosl' m m, jnlr P.w i"" "hi!< hi' ,,,., ,.-..Ii_
"om", bo><cl "",,'ly "" ,I>< """pd. ",,!h<... "'"
of l"i«. M.'KhI<. _ . >6 •.
, ~ ", ",,,,hi<, '006, 51'" - ",I, ",,,,,, ..... d"'><n VmE"'g m;' .lo" ~"""i>< h<n
H"," ,roro.,"'"!I: do" ",..;,-,j ...... h, 01, ' "' HilIi, '" '"'" 8,o6<n L~" johon_
n<;och ",pl;,,,,,,.
,~ c[ ,I>< ,;,10 of ""Khin 100.... ,,,,,,, ...b ; . / w " - l~ .
,~ "',,,,,hI<,""", 26/1_169.
, ~ ", ",,,,hi<, ""'"" 16", · 1IJ~k '""" .... , ."' .... "'''"'. '" .;oo .no-,.;,,- ;./wo .
..... "'" " T',"m"-,'rudn 0&, ... ",,,,"00_fo' In,,.. • ..u"o ""'OT '"" ",,',,"
Jo.m""<1<'" <1"".1,_,. ..".1, fo' ,..........-
'" V.n Rom!")' t"'7, lOIi_I"', "' utochk-r " '0.... >6J.
, ~ ", ",,,,hi<, """"- 266.
,. """,hi<, 2006, ,,.,
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IO"~ AN" " IS GO.".l IN T " . M!kWk 0" 'kf NA£V' OF l rONS 343
. "',
Ori<n",i;.m 14' I , .. ,_ ...... idi. 'iii,
- - '·"'......i" ......
,-<",,,,, ' mp<''''';" o."",,,,,,~,
R""""u. A.. L """ ',,k," " .I" «I., I""" ... L,,,.,, """'" In..........,. '0 ,'0/"
Sou,,,,, ,h""'"",. '00.'_'. "'_'B. 1'0_111 , 26'_>6<, ,OJ_2'O<, Pori, C<TI,
,.M_,..."
R",bt ,hJ. E and P. 'IKh .... igB. 51,ltn,,' .nd \ ' , - . 1 " 'm Jo/w""""",.,m.m,
v;" joko.""", ... 'P''''""'''''''''/< ".f"'''' ,I,"".jn;.J ok. """" T",."",b
... ..., u'"""""",," ..U,"''''''' ... Sdonfi'"m, Noyum T""-m< "'.m " Om',
A,,';'I•• ' ". G". ,;"S'", v""""ho«k " R"I'""hl ' ,,"L
1',,,,,,, "{;,.6""",: """',
F. .. in F,.w;" "',,' """""'"" ,om 100. Gd>.'h'"l,
I- A,u,m, H,_I, u k,";n and H. ""'h"""''S' ,, .,;. __ lbro1ogi< '""ru;",;pI,,,... . ,
N,.ki,,"'"· Viul'" N, ,"""",,,,, V,<log, 1001, 13-";.
lborn,"", c._I-. Un- aut;< "" aug<'H' Lulm ~, Hi,,,,n'" An Paol."""".,
W,.""",,,,,)\].,,,,U n,,,,,,,h.ng<n , urn N,,,," T,,,,,,,,,,,
jIi,l'IDjngo" ' .\\00'
(PM Si<b<dl. '''"I.
"''' RomI"Y. 1.., • A"h",,,,,", ",OJ.,,, I"" ,!""" " ,,, u",' .nd Syria<: 1.. - .
of Q",,~ i. 1,""'10
and 0,-"",.1
Cion""'" J .'"1''''.'''''''
A G>l1<-d"", of Ii>",p,
J, Frl>Iun.o".nd L " '" R""'I"Y, ,d.., 1',..M . b,8""" C ''''c< " J.<g",,,, P«t,,~
'''"'. '03_'''-
JOHANNINE ECHOES IN EARl.Y MO~TANISM
• 11>< ""'''''''"'pof,1><!!sf"""" b",""," d " p"kd br II..", t ..." " " abc l,bb",,>«
' 007, "_"-
, lh<.-. m .<>,,,.1 ,011<" .... oi ""'<c<. '" ~""" .. '.n" <k W>rioIk "'" Alond
,..-.. (.),., 10" i"lI"'); &n<I IT.," ""<TIlly Ik'"" , ....
• A mojo< ,oil" .... ..-.! ""''l''<'''''' of '"""pO"" .." pubH>h<d t .., by w~_
I..... ',:.bbn .. ,_ .... , t,., d'"",,,y" Ph", .. of,", •• , oi I'<pouu,..., 1_"", and
Lomp< '008_
, lhi< i<.oo.y g<"".uy 's=d ' go",,, ,I>< ,nk.-m""'n of Er~K" "; ", woo ... Urn<'
,),., ..adt""_
)OHANS'Nf . CHO£< 's "HlY "ONTA~· IS ..
.• a_''''6,'''
.,
L,.,
.
p.w..n ""'. " , "H" "",, ,om " 'I.... "'" d<m Z""'ngb<f",O, <1<" Mon·
' ... amo .... ;""""""",,1>< H..... ;. . u ","",n , .. ..-"d ... " W«I<,;n ,,;"" f..du.·
'010&<. """" ;n <l<m '"~"',",n .. f <1<, l'ropb«;', ..-ai<,;n """ <1 ,0.1><" .,.1",,"11"".
"""" .. <lor "'m<,nd<=fa>.u"l! • priori "' ..... ,s< ~.Ug< und Mot,,,, "knn<" ....-
"",' Imy ;.. I~ ,I. Ind=!, Ih" ,. who"l>< mly ""''''' of F.pIph...'u. ;n ""-'. ".'_J olIO
d",1y .,.,,~ S« olIO M't)on<" 100' .
~ Fox' ....... ' .S« oIlO"' ..... _Sym ' ....7.
" AWl< dlim. ,.... lu.mw ond hi>..,..,Y"""" "'""" "",""I ,i>< mlr """,,,","
proph<t •• fl<, Lu< ....'. "';'" on "" proo;>h<t A~un<l<, of AOOnut<~hao (d. Au", '''J.
JI J). 1""'""'"", (1001. 111_ IlJ) poIn" '0 ,'" , u '1""~ng """ .... 'n ,I>< pr<·C"",un·
tI" ....... '·M_,"" po/<m." of "'r <uIt~ .b<,,"'om, '"'r ."",1.«1 M"" ... "", oot
b<c ... " Il><y b<1.",·", rt to b< 'l""""'~~ . bu, b<c,u" 10 lh<,. ...... . Ior-m of Chri>,._
,n"r ""plml by on ",OI ,,,rit ;nt<nt 0" I'' ''''''''ng ,i>< <h=h.
" AWl< ''''. ' ' '.
" s<, K,'" "", " '. lISJ.
". TUk 1l> ~Hl.<.N S"'M
This Ii.'ing ,,..di.ion of prophecy in Asi. Minor i. by ",me king
funh .. (onn",',"" to the pr.5<n« in the .. me fOgion of Johann;n.
, ... di,ion •. Thu. Alist.ir >.ewan-Syke. cI.im.that -the roots of A,i.n
Christi.n Prop"""y lie in the tr.Ji,ion of the Fourth Gospel: and ,h.t
"Mon'ani,m . imply was a branch of t he ... me tree a. Melito of S.rdi.
and the Ep,"u)" apo"oIo,"",: Hence Monton;,m had, . t Ie"" at an
early "age in Phrygi • • much in common with other Asian prophecy,
and its appeal to earlier A,i.n prophecy, including the af'O"tle John,
w., nol without ,."",n." AI.., D.vid E. Au"", find. that an the major
f.a,ur.,. of early Montan;'m. including the b<h.vior u>oci ... d with
~on ' rance, are d.ri ...d from .arly aHi,,;'n;')", not Ie ... from
Johann;n. ,,..dition., "Mont.ni.m i. particularly do .. ly a...,.i...d
with , "" Go.p<l of John and th~ AJ'OC"lyp .. of John, their empha-
,i, on the Paradete wa. drawn fTOm the former. and their preoccu-
pation with tl>< New Jeru>alem., _wa. gleanM from tl>< lattn" lhe
New Prophecy attach«! it .. lf to J<sWI' promi.. for the future in the
GO.p<1 of John that the SpiritlParadete would -teach .. _all t hing'" and
"guide ... into all trut h" (John 14,26; 16,13)." It i. thi. Paradel< they
referred to a, the One who .peak. t hrough the new prophet •. Hence
th e Montoni .. , h.d • legitimate >ource for t heir claim in the Go'pel
of John and aut l><ntication both for the prophetic mode .. the w'r in
which the Spirit .pe.k> and th e newne .. of its content a. an advance-
ment in t ruth, The .. major points in their view "fthe Spirit were both
critically countered b ut not n« .... rilr lab<leJ a. heretical br their
opponenu-eyen if that h.ppeneJ increasingly, "
M.nr comment.tors have mad. similar s"'""ping ... temen" about
the Johannine dependence and rh<torical pre .. nc~ in Mont.ni.m
from its wry beginning, a.. uming that 'he Montoni ... spoke in the
name of the Parad<te and t hus dependeJ on John', Rewl.tion for
their <><:hatology and th~ particular term inology of the Paradete pa.-
.ag.. in John's Go.pel for accrMitation of t l><ir proph<tic activitr. The
o ,..,raU im.ge has therefore been that the New Prophecy movement
wa. " .. ped in Johannine language and id • •• ."
One pos;! ibl. m arker of. Johannine «ho i, the u>< of the fint per-
>on q.;, <i~ 1 in Klme of the e.rly and mo" likely origin. 1 prophetic
oracle •. Do they have a n)' affinity to .imilar .aying. in the Gospel o f
Joh nl Thi' form of .peeeh .hould not be mi".ken ... many no doubt
enjoyed doing at the time. to imply that the propheto daim«l to be t be
penon who .pole in or through them nor that aU the three di,in. per-
oon. were heard to .peak in a n und iff"eren tillted war. The .'" form i.
in f.et common in P"""..ed 'I"""h. and conform. to th e typ< Do" id
E. Aune ha. de.ignated ·orad .. of .. If-commend.tion" wh".., func-
tion it is. a • • preface to a lo ng.. prophetic .pe«h. to legit im.te t he
prophetic .poke.pe....,n a. a reliab le source of divi"" r",..,I.tion. hen
if it i. unu.u.1 that t he in'piled .p«<:h i•• ttributed to God. it i, not
unknown (d. Rev 108; 21 ;~-8), "
M.E. Boring h •• in a seri•• of articl .. punued ",'idenee of the im pact
prophetic orad .. a nd act ivity have had on t he portraral of Je"" in t he
gO.p<l •• and his artide on the Goopel of John ha. in~uenc«l "ud ie. o n
Montani,m. even if he h im",lf doe. not make the conn«tion" Boring
find. that the portrayal 00 ..", .nd the Paradele in the Grupel oOoh n
be... witne .. to prophetic acti" it y in the Johannine community. proo-
ably being regarded •• a m.nifestation of the pr...,nce of the Par. d ete
in their midst, Thi. pr...,nce wa. identified . . . 'I"""h chari.m. with
" Sa. i ~" Kurt AJ.nd. " ho ;" ha ;ntl u<nlw t..,;o . rt"" . in !o;rly ll'"",01 ...n n.
,wm , I),." "n", Z" "m""nlwn8 <1<, ~ m" 00 Mo"'"m ....d.rn I'.t>d<,.
"""."S '" j< ... ojf,n>icl>lli<h. A". ih, ".m""n 8'n, drutlich d., , ;nuinr" ...ho·
I~"",n """,d l"ngrn ... ""'.,;, ... " n. ""'" ",bnn! ~nd. U., "".,hu"S ,urn
Ioh"""""ngrlium ... '" 01,,;" ",Oon donn .......... do .. Moo' .......h 01. "",okk,
",,,.,",,,, . \\'0 "' """ Qu<Drn d., Auf..... J"i "u.oklrt. g<Kh;ldrrt " i,d, ,.;nl "d.
do. joh.n"''''''ngd,um ,".,rt und . uf""",,"';Khr, . ",mdn ,.,"'kgrgntl,n- Ipp.
Ilt_m), ",.I "' 't""''' j ml >'A. 'rir ~ -"", Mon'anam" , "I<, •."" ;oo.n nriK hrn
_ " " 00 ll<gnl"'- Aland find, fu rth<, "'rport ;n IlIudou (1''') ..-hu odd" . ... ' hr
.ok ... in <",ty ""'t<" .oo.. , hr Goop<i ofjOOn A)';nS' 'n" " , S<h"" ill'"~' ".,,,, m'
do , trW;' op>I= """"huns dr. """6' Iiu "" ,u ,tlli"" oondrm, .u. ;oo.nn.><v'"-
Soii"", i ~ .. '" >!..un M ..", von kt",,;,,",n 1I<w'8ung<n ;n A"'Pro"" Il'nornmr"
""nlrn, d.t. .. " <l<m Abrndl.oo =w<hliS ~· ..__ l n .... ' M,.",n;.m, ~' hrn ; , ~~. d",
,hoi ,Or apoc.t,1"K <v<"" """,," l.,.- thr ""1 proph«. d;a not ' m piK<, <><1\.0.
loiogy Ore'ITO< I". ;mport<n' ""'" ;f w" col.>lroph<. "" to ,,,ho' oiog.,oJ ",",oJ.
IA~nd ,....." ' t3l.
" Aunr t ... " '''. AI", K..I\ ("") poin" to , ho "f"'Col)1"" '0'''''' f", 'hi> f",m
of P"'!'hoti' '")'mg.
M ""'"'I! ""'. A ill>< (1""', ,40-,") )", • cr".,oJ ...,,,.... n' of ""'mg', ",.1"",
Ih< Sy""!"" Gooprl•.
TUk1l> ~Hl.<.N S"'M
which "an identi~.ble group" wa. endowed. Thereby a chain of revela-
tion i, e"ablished in >ome . imilarit)" ' 0 that in R""el.,ion U-3 but
with one link I"" ,ince there i. no mediating angel. The Spirit and
prophet together are con«h·ed of as one functioning entity.
AIi"air Stewart-Sykes ad,.. nc« Boring'. propo ..1 ,,'en further to
.ay that the portra)..1 of I«u. u an enthu,iastic prophet in the Fourth
GOipel, may perhaps iIIu"'a" the prophetic proctice of the author
of the go'reL" He also mentio", that the . pocalyp .. certai nly i, the
product of a vi,ion.ry prophet who>< u<e of the "I" form. OO"'",,,r,
i. restricted to »yings of Christ in the vi,ion •. With some caution h •
• uggest< th .t the "I" form in the>< co ... marx' .peech.. of a Chri"ian
prophet 'reaking under t he in'piration of the Paradete--much in the
.. m. wa)" a. it hapren. in the introductory formula employed by the
New Prophet>. He conclud .., "Th u. th e Johannine community, it<elf
familiar with t he actlviti .. of prophet> (and fal.., prophets according to
, lohn 4,,) would r<cogni.., the depiction of an enth""ia .. ic prophet
in the Fourth Gool"" re.dily enough,"lL Thi' is unfortuna .. ly building
a conclusion by laying on. hyp"thesi. on top of another. Gh'en the
scarcity of «Iurce m.teri.1. .uch a ri.1oy procedure i. under"andable
but the r«ult i. ,ubject to a high degr« of uncerta inty.
AI«I Christine Tre",ett find. Boring', propow "lUgse"i",e" and
exploi.. it in more general and caut iou, term" "If the New Prophecy
>om a re",h-.l of propheti.m which had been known in A,ia Minor
Christianity and which had it",1f coloured the p"rtrayal of the
Johannine Parad<te. t hen we do not ha,.., to look far for explanation
of why the work of the Thr.., and the activity of the Paradete .hould
have become linked." She then add. that "in Rome . uch an ao>ocia -
tion rna)" well h..'e be.n Ie .. 00"';0"" and debate ensued,"" The addi-
tion is part of her ongoing argumentation with Ronald E_ Heine and
his alternative interpretation of early Phrygian Montani , m relative to
Montani.m in Rome, Heine', po.ition i. that "the Paraclete passages
were not ....,d b)" the Montanis" in the .arli • ., known debate betw""n
h;. >1-"'""' xu ad "",,,;ito ... ""'",h "Y' u..." 1oIow.. of ~ton , ... ", ><TI' ,. M..., 11o
• ,oIJ<Ctoo of "". from , '" _~ h Goopt' to ...... "'"" tht promi"" p.,-« k" .. ..
1""'" 'n ,'" ..-.nj" """"m<nI, """''''r ioorth-"n'u'l' ""'''' of ugn ,no.n<, ..
tl« IMtu" or 'M""" "',"""" • _ ";" """ .. 0..''''''''"'...I«" ,'" do.logut
form ;, u>td '" <It""""" tt.< <non of Moc<.on'.m, t" ,h;. 'n' ,'" .',"'"un'" "1<,, '"
domi .... ' ..yOnS' from tht ""'pt' oftohn .",h .. )OOn tC>JO ond ,a_ t t . ,'" 'Mk'"
)OHANS'Nf .CHO£< 's "HlY "ON T A~' IS ..
Howewr, beyond this we know only vaguely how they were inter-
preted and used al.o in t l\< ca.., of Prociu,. A comment in P",udo-
Tertulli.n distinguishes between the followers of Produ, and tho
followe .. of Ae.chinu. -both belon ging to the New Prophe'Y'
/loth group' are ,oid to .gree that, while the .posll'" h ad t he Holy
Spirit, the New Prophets h>d the Por.dete who rewaled more in
MontanUi th an Christ revealed in the go.pel. Since thi., together
with a men tion in HippoIytu' Reful~lio, i, the first explicit "ate-
lIIent that the Monta n"ts referred to t he ><lure< of their prophedeo
a, the Paraclete, Ron.ld E. Heine draws the concl u,ion that thi, i,
how, where and ,,'hen t he Montani" d.im to the Paroele", h.d it>
begin ning. He t herefore lIIaintain, that t he app<al to the Par.d"'e
p ....g<> in John', Go.pel belo ng. to a di>tinctively Roman do ... '-
opment with in the Montani .. lIIoWlllent which in turn inA uenced
the North-Afric.n br.nch, in casu Tertullian. Hence the earliest and
mo<>t abund.nt 'pp<.,..",e of refe rence. to the Parade .. i. in the
Mont.ni" writing> of Tertullian where .. the .,..rliest ..,urc.. about
the Phrygian prophets do not mentio n .ny Montani .. 'pp<.1 to the
Pa,..dete. and tho .. p .....ges tha t do. Heine d«m. to be .uspect or
I.te. In Rome the q ue>tio n of contest.tion was wheth er there cou ld
be prophet. after the time of the apostl ... The Ne,,- Prophe<:y in
Rome t herefore had to justify its - n ewne ..: t hat i,. t he validity of
post -a postolic proph ecy. They fou nd t he . u ppon they n",ded in the
p ....g . . . bo ut the P.radete in fohn', GO.p<l. In the Phrygian con-
text. ho"-,,,-er. the church.t large h. d not and d id not deny the po>-
.ibility of proph etic gift •• nd activity. There the arg ument concerned
the e<:"atic or m.n tic nature of the New Prophecy and also whether
the Montanist proph ecy was fal><.
Ron.ld E. Heine'. interpretat ion i. a p .. i..,wort hy attempt at a
contextual interpret.tion of the New Prophe<:y, branchin g it out into
two d h -",,,, "'pre"ion" Ph rygia/A.i. Minor and ROllle t<>sether
wit h Carth.gelNonh Africa. Hi, ob .. rv.t ion th.t there i, none or
o n ly >carce men tion of the Pondete in the early Phrygian materi.1
i. u nden iable and h e i. not alone in commenting on thi,. Thi" how-
",-er, al", applies to the early Rom.n m.terial. Hi. argulllentation
therefore depend, on hi, re-construction of an ... umed Montani ..
.t.o... "'" .. ,i>< Ioorth "'"'"'Y r«¥ to"",>'«1,"" Mo'''......"d ,i>< Go.p<I oi )OOn'
"""""" . ,t.< ""'" prom;"""' w'l"'" ~ "'" """ )00" 000 <0"''',,"' • .ur. ,u,h'nt-
TUk1l> ~Hl.<.N S"'M
coun,er-m"egy '0 a certain line of cri'ique in Rome and on an
exdush-e a.sociation of bo,h l renaeu, and T enullian wi,h Rome-
denouncing their conn"'tions with A.i. Minor and knowledge .bout
the .ituation 'here,
One migh' in f.ct equally well assume that the Mon'.n i". in Rome
came under this kind of allack from G.iu. pr"'i",ly b<-<:au .. they
t .. dition.Jly u.. d the Go.pd of Joh n and the Book of Revelation or
Johannine tradition, to .upport 'heir prophetic acti" ity. There _m.
to be hardly .ny doubt that the founding New Propheu in Ph rygi.
h.d eschatological expectation<, however imminent, an d th.t they
en tenained idea. about Jerusalem attached to the Phrygian town.
<>f Pepouz> and Tymion, Whether leru>alem w .. the n.me alre.dy
giwn to Pepouz.a," or whether they expected t he he.venly Jerusalem
to deocend on the mountain betw""n Pepouz.a .nd Tymion, d"".
rep .... nt a .ignificant difference, Both option" however, might
im ply the Book of Revelation a•• fr.me of .. ferenee even if the
latter i. a monger ",ho than the former. In one of the authentic
orad", .>signed t<> Maximilla, .he declar""" A~er me ,here will n<>
lon ger be a prophet( ... ), bu, the end," Thi. may .imply indicate
th.t the .. first prophets Ii,-ed in. context where expectations of an
im minen' end were alive .nd perhaps common without any par-
ticular influence of the Book of R",-el.tion, How",'er, in a famous
orade attributed to Priscilla, an echo of Re,'eiation i. e.. ily heard,
when <he "y" "H"'ing .... umM the form of a woman, Christ ca me
to me in a bright robe .nd put wisdom in me, and rewaled to me
that this place i. holy, and that it i. here that Jeru .... lem will descend
from hea,-en,"" Furthermore, the ",,;:ent a rcheological dis<o,-ery
of the .i,es of Pepouza and (tentati,-ely) T)-mion, a ppears to have
strengthenM 'he eschatological connota,ions to R",' 11, "Believing
t hat (acco rding to • literalistic interpretation of Rev 21, 1-2,9-10) the
New Jerusalem would be able to be .. en descending out o f hea,-en
(d, Rev 3,8) from (nor on) '. gre .. high mountain' (Re>' 2UO),
Montanus found ,uch a mountain in hi. own native region, "" It
M 1ha;, t ,,", P"";o" '" T", .. " (,...s, '00) .. ho "1\"<> ,Iw '"' 1";""''--'- ",",,,,.,,, ;,
,I.< mom"" '" " , " .. km;n ,I.< ~n"
to Ph U",,""''';n R", " ..,I.<. , tun R...· >t .
" Q>oot<d from ' ';n< ,_ 'n , ....... , '0 ,J., .... "'""', ...... " '''t~, aut .... _
,~,.,. .. , "",n't,- ""n 'I"'''M>nN, , n<! th>t T",uo; .. ...,. ... "",,,, know" '< md
..... ...,., of,,,", , nO ;""",.;"1\ I'<POU'"
~ "~."'" 2007, " ' _II ', ''f'<, .. Uyp, "6. Aft", J;>roV<nng ,,,", .... ofP<po>u.o
and Tpn"'" (..., .. obo.-.) ,I.< pmk .... "",,] ",.>ill,;o", ,,,,,
mod< h;m ' ''''''lI' h"
'LK-.I '''''''I"''' ~
'. " -.I "" ' ''''' ,M> »OW ',,","""'I ... "!S ""->9 '... ,'''''''.I. "
'>9"'" '''''''J "
'><jl>' (, "'" liu,,,,,,,) 1"""'1",'''''''' , .... _,"" ..",>!_Hnod", '~"'"Ii.., .... " "'I ""'' ''
" " ... ,UO)~ "'G' '''''''''''1'100 ''''~" " ' "' ~",,w", 'G .. ""''''''l , >i.." OU 'II -ru""
.'.l~Jed JO uOl"unfuo, ~41 .'n~ ,.,moo ue\,.,. U\ »JnSy ' I"R"
.'.l~Jed .41 J. qloll -.woll ul AluO 1"'"lX><n "'I 01 .w~, 0,", "4 " "41
uo.w 0, u. ~ ., "'! IOU Plno,!" ,n,m", UO\'.,. U\ . ,.po"d .41 JO UO\'
-,n"lP JO VOl .41 OS '~l.p",od f""'\wrud .41 'Ill'" 'PUjW .w'" ul
p<>1,,!""'' ' "'! Inq IOU PIM' p.' U"'~Jd>J .b.HjdOJd ""'N .41 4"'''''' All
_AI'" JO ~Sm' u.p pn, ~41 '.ulp.P Uj A""4JOJJ 411"1 S([""'O~ (u'l'V )
',u401 JO Q<~qdw •• 41 01 ,np .'.j""d .41 4'1'" p<>lOpO"~ u""'l
~A~ 4 PlnoM W'll"4drud)o SUPI •• JqU\ AU" . , ."", uOI~>J 0 '~JoulI\I
' I'V ,noq~ ".PI 01 ,,,,.,., 11~.""1. '~,u'P)A. J"!n>\uod JO ~'~I ul
-.l!U\ lIJM ,,,'W",, • .1
""'10.1 JO A"'IJ"" ~ mOJJ ~U) pU"" lonbo JO .,~ .... J A"OW JO pU.jq ,
'''''IAOJd f[ -- 1'8'1' -uvd "ul' 0< ~JOW U~~_'j 'q P"I'on.."" SU)",! IOU
JI"-'W punoJ I puo 'UOPO'\ldwj Aq " jUO "IJew. 'I 10q ~jq\<ro<I ' .. Jno)
JO "1 SUlP'.J-oq"" JO _",opo", "!'Il. " . -l!UJAJ\lo(.l-JI'" p"w .... (." '1"'9
PJ('l ~4' wo [. ) 'P"'''' >ll.4doJd "04'" .. nu ",uo~ JO .mSy puo ''I'
"I'~J "YJ-l0IS 4'\ 4101 .'.I,"J'd f""' lWOJJ ~q, u""'1"'1 uosJ-lodwo> JOJ
P"u OU . u""'I ~"o4 Plno." . ' .4' "'1""'410 .,uI' W\"p "jU"'UOf~ SU I
_puOO,.JJo, " , ,,,OOdn'.JJ ' ]10'1' ' 1'1' ""-"IJ.1 0, SUjpJo»V -.'''I'''''d
"4 11noq. tl'9 1 "401 SUjpn pUI '"40J JO j""ro~ . '1' ul m'.J JO ,SuJA"
~wO< o" jo>dd, AlI""J\P pm ';>04"" (~ 'fnt 't- t'll'8t -uvd) ."nos
AI". " nlm4JjJ" " '1' ".J .'" 0, "U\OO J"4lJnJ ~4' 'UO\"n:>' IP P"ll"'.p
, U[ ,,-..~ q d01d .41 01 Influ)u .,w ..", '~41 ~S"nSu. j ';>04'" AI.,.J.
-qll.P • • S.nSu~1 ~,.p..,"d" 'n"' .4' '"'I'" ,~q, 'W\"p .4' 'jn"~ JO ""
_,.w (l"!U.,UOj\l Alql"OO) .'" uo t -> "'~ "1''' -" !H ul ,,00., ,5nlq .. n]
0, S"IJJ~J.J ul -.S""SU"I 'I'l l om PIP "'''I'''w. q' '''4 1 '"4 1 . uol,"",pu l
,»JIP <>tI '\ ~J~4' u~4-" u,.'.--<lJn,J l"'s JO .. n pu. <uo\l\'od ,,\U.luol\l
SU)10JJjw " S]u.uOOdo .41 .(Q p>m ••S."od 1"'11'1' '1 "41 pu. '\W.IOO
"41 "., dJ.,U\ ~ q. JO A2.'OJl< ~ uo r<"~ '! potll.W J~H -'''l
'l"'''''.'
"41 UI 051' .IOJ .A\'~WlOJ " p.... jd I""~ ',u40J ' "41 ".\'U\ ,,,,.,..,.1
."\"IJ4:O 'SUO\, .." .. qo ' ,.U\'H '3 Pl~uoll JO 'w"" SupJ.". ' 114"1
'u4oJ '1"00 • • 4 ' 0, p",nql"l' A'4 1 4'14-" UO\'"j'·'lolll """'lJoJd ~41
Aq p<>,u.n u u\ OJ.'" ".4doJd '''''N uofol.u4 d ' 'I' ' "4' 0IJ~U~'" lo,folol
-0'"4 "" '4' JOJ 'P~w..:[ u"' .. ~, SUPUlAUO" '"'II .w.... 'JoJ.J~41
m W"NV.LNOW A1"n N' '-'OH~J .NISNVHOI
TUk1l> ~Hl.<.N S"'M
and proph"'i.m ",a, token for gran,ed. and the Mian debat< <entered
in" .. d on form. function and criteria for testing the proph.d~, or
the .pirits. so a. to discredit ,hem. Trev"'t conclud.. that Montonus,
Priscilla and Maxirnilla were proph.t> and funct ioned as Paracl",ic
figure •. How",·er. wh.n ,he proc.,ro. to de><ribe t""ir teaching. refer-
ence. to the Go.pel of John or other Johannin. writing. are .ignifi-
cantly abs<nt."
Trevett tri .. to (ompen .. te for thi •• ilence with a nother drcum-
,-ention or generalization, The New Prophets a ppealed to source,
which en">aged a new order , uch a, the on. th.), them",I,-.. e"ab-
lished-including a public, ministeri.1 and ",metim •• pri."ly activity
of women. Tr"""'t mention. four ,uch source" John', Gospel which
looked to the P.raclet< a, the source of "all truth"; apocalyptic writing.
,,-hich were radically critical of th";r own . ge of compromise; Galatia n.
3,28 (only in lat<r >ource.); a nd Joel 228-29 (.. also quotM in Acts
2,16-21 ). " This Ii" i. intere"ing in that it may h.lp demonstrate how
,-.riom p"'».geslsourc<> contribut< in , .. riOWI way •. How.v.r, Trevett
i. not abk to conereti" the w< of John', Goopel much beyond h.r
conj<ctur. that "the 'truth' into which the promised Paraclete would
lead (a. the proph et. saw it) was .urely not constnined so a. to fit
into c. tholic mod .. of male prie>!ly activity and lay (and female) inac -
tivity·"-whkh of cour", hermeneutically is nothing but 'p""ulation
e""n if it rellect. t he actual panidpation of women in som. Montani ..
min;'t ri ••. It i. only the Joel dtation which may be .. id «plidtl)' to
, uprort women', prophecy .. part of the e",hatological Kenario. A.
far .. ! can see, the Paraclete pa ... ge •• nd the promi .. of funher
advancem.nt in truth .impl)' warr.nted no,-elt),-without going into
concmization. or detoil •. A. a r«eption of the Go.pel of John th is i.
compelling but also remarkably limited, and it doe, not .uppon tho
image of a mo""ment imm<rsed in loha nnine tradition>.
Since the SOUT<<O Ie"", so much in darkne .. , it is difficult to con-
clude anything definit ively. How.""r, whereas Christ ine Tr",,,," tend,
to ove"tat< he, ca.., into conj<ctures. Ronald E. Heine tum, . ilence
into denial. A middle ground _m. to be th .. incident> and rolemic
pre><,ved in antogoni.tic source. both in Rome and A.ia Minor ma)-
be taken to indica .. that writing. or rat her tradition. a"ign.d to tho
~ Cf. Culp"W" t ....... " . . . oo« tl>< Ep;" '" onJ Apocolyp>< ... « ..«pi"! .long
,,;th ,I>< ..."" Go>p<I., ,I>< ~"" . of, .. 'f'<"'~. mmoc<l of ,I>< ,l.k, <nJ tl>< ,w
""" m'noJ<,j ,nd'o<';mj",,,?· ,,"h ,,{"'<=<.,o th< 'f'<"tk.- 'h" ..... ",<I ,~",.. .t.«l
Or th< ,oJ of"" ",on<! « nt"'1' (Culp<f'p" , .... JJt_31I·
• tn ",&", to ,,,,,,"n .... h'n ' h ', IT"", of m'nd, t 1'«1<,. 'n 'h" ""y, to 'I",. of ""
,.,1><, '"'"
Goop<I of /<>hn ,I>< I'oorth GOIpd_<l<.pl< ,.. ti'lo of,h, roIum<.
" S<,G,,,,,," ''''.
" "ok. , .....
TUk1l> ~Hl.<.N S"'M
~ 0"_ , .... Tr",,".-. (1_ 61) ""'in in, ..", ;n T",uD;an " i• ., d i"""" ~. h<t .... h"
v<mor. of,,,, PropI=y bor< much ",lnoo '" ,"" "' .... " hI;"",__
M En h;, I.. ' postK np " hKh;. indo>&d ", ,'" ~"d "'1"'" of),i. , ., I """" on
T,~"EIWo ... ,"'. pulb o.d from M, p" ..... """hon, "hK), "'" , n ,arl." doo,_
., l:.bb<,,,,,, '''7, """'", T_1n« >00,. 6'--66, "utk, '006, ,,..16_
~ O"_,i''',o.born '''''.
)OHANSINf .CHO£< IS "HlY "ON T A~' IS ..
" AI..oo I..... 1>0. !k;og ronc",,..j ",.n "'g<1 of d<",lopm<nl, I>< po;nll 10 T,,·
lull,.". d<todun<nI from II>< QI";g;n'" " rl",~ ""'WOn proph<cy ;n lhat P<pou.za and
<>p«Ulm' of Ih< "'w )" u""m on timplr no< mmI"-'i ,-'''''. 'I"""'"""
(100'. no. 1"-_56) d • • ", "'" ;n AdYtmuot .11=-_.. ' .2'" {probobir from _ CE)
1,,, .. 1,," ",1m'" II>< -dlr ~-h"'" Ih< ,!,old, """" hod " ..: and oloo lhot II>< only
' .... , f' 'I!m<n1 from ),;, '" ",>to'; ""r ;ndK"" lhat .. ">=r«d ,''' nlliHly of ~_ .
....... proph«y <on«m;"!l , l>< ""p<nd;n ~ judgm". - (T. bb",,,,, """. 1"1 .
• D"nn (100<) hok.. ,hot .. of 'I, ,," Uw i , ~,""ton;~ .....lu m do,," __ 111 Ct,
"'" lhol, <>«pI Ut ll>< <. " of .... ""polo ... Ibn< ;, no ........ rit"n oft" lO6 1hat 00..
not ""ploy ,"""I<riol'" Monl ... ;" ;ndK",,,,,.
~ T.bbn"" 1007. "'.
TUk 1l> ~Hl.<.N S"'M
more d istinctly, or i! becom .. dear ,h a' the orade has a fu nc1ion
in relation to an exegetical or hermeneutical reAection, In D< fuga
in I""ew1;o". 9, probably from the l'ear 109, Tenullian cite, two
oracle. within the same context. The .. i. nothing in the orad ••
th omsel .... thot indicate. a lohannine re..,nance. They are concerned
with martyrdom and are olien read a. evidence that followers of the
New Prophecy were enco uraged not just to .uffer but to ... k martyr-
dom." Tert ulli. n doe< not n ame the prophet ,,'ho uttered them, b ut
mallY interprete .. attribute them to Montanll> him ..lf," It ha. al""
b<-en claimed t hat t he content at Ie .. , of one of t hem indicat", th at
they wore uttered by women an d probably aJ.., primarily addre...ed
to women." However, Tert ullian mal' equally well ",fer to th em
a. aut hen tic th()lJgh contemporary ",,'elation. of t he Paradele bl'
one of the 1o<al prophet( .... ). active in Carthage, . . . ugge>ted bl'
William Tabbem..,." He .1.., .how. how Tertu lli.n a year later, in
D< anima n.~, again quote. part of one of the tW<l orad.., th is time
probably from memory. In D< anima the oracle i. ott ributed to the
Poe,dete, not the ·Spirit" .. before, wh ich may .imply mean ,h.t
th ere to hi. mind i. no d istinction between the t ",o term" they mal'
be used interch ange.bly." Thi. i. all th e more likely .ince, in D, fuga
in p",uurion. 9, t he t wo oracle. conclude a h ermeneutical exerci""
concerning the .tat u, of "the comm.nd to nee from city to city"-
implicitly refer ring to Matt lo,B .. put of the Galilean commiMion
of th. Twelve. Tertulli.n .rgue. that in th e t eaching of the .po011e.
th em""I,'" th i. comm.nd was not rene"ed, . nd it also g"'" ap inst
th eir example a. they n ..'er ned. Thi. i. explicitly applied t o Pau l . n d
al.., to loh n, who h.. already b<-en implied •• the o n e who wrote
hi. letters to the ch urches in confinement on an i.l.nd bec. u,,", he
confe ..,d and did not ny. He taught t hat we must lay down our live.
for one'. breth ren (loh n 1~,J3), In his R..'elation he ha. h eard t he
doom of th e f.. rful, and in hi. lette" t he exhortation i. accordingly
th at "t h." i. no fear in lov., but perfect love ca'" out fe." for feor
~ eo< 'hi> di""""", >« T.b..""... 1007, 101_'60. """,nlr, .... roo'"'' "'" >1<.
'lui" 's«
.... Moo,,"'," ,nooo'wd ""Un"'r ..... )·'OOm.
T.bbr""" 100', LOJn " .
~ /<n"," 1..0, t"'.
" 1iobbornr<>OO7, ltJ_1l4.
~ 1_"",,>OO1, ltJ_1,..
)OHANSINf . CHO£< IS "HlY "ONTA~· IS ..
lbe Lord hl",,,,lf h", aJd ..... d ea<h "",e. For when he "Y""I ha"e
" m m.ny things which I ,,'QUId .. y to YOIl, but)'ou c.nnot!>Nr th<m
yet, ""hen the Holy Spirit has Will<, he wiU Ie. d you tnto .. , truth " (ef
John 16,12-13), he .. ",rt •• ufficiently ind<eo.l that the Spir~ "i ll inform
fully of thlllS' ,,-hl<h can both be wn,idereo:l to be new, in that th<y have
never b«n m><l< known befol< •• oJ "'metirn.. burden",rne, in that
th<y had not b«n n,.d. known for that ,~ry ... son (Mon. 2.2).
He then .dd. that th is is not. carte blanche for .nyth ing new .nd bur-
den""n,. to be "",r iM to the Pa",dete, .nd Ii ... the criteria by which
an ad .... ,.."i..., 'pi,i'u • • ho uld l>ecomo .pparent. The I'aradete, hav-
ing h.d many things to teach fully conferred uron him by the lord,
ro.itively pro,'", him .. lf by be.ring ""imony to Christ himself, that
he i •• uch a. we believe. together with tbe ",hole order of God t be
crealor. He will glorify Christ (ef. lohn 16, 14) and caus< thing. to be
remembered .oout him. and when he has .. ught tho .. things .bout
the primit ,,~ rule of f.ith, he will re\'",,1 many thing. b<longing to t he
di<cipline. Finally TenulJian, returning to John 16,12-13, repe'" that
TUk1l> ~Hl.<.N S"tM
th"", revelat ions 'come from no other Chri:" than him who uid t hat
he had also many other thing. which the Paradete would teach fully,
and t hat when the", wtchings (.uch as monogamy) are burdensome,
they 'are no I." burdensome to the p ... ",nt (recipients) than they were
to t hose who at that time could not ret endure them: " La1er in Mon,
14.7, he add. that "anyone can bear them now, .inee he who &i"eo
power to bear them i. pre",nt." Howe,..r, when it com .. to the con-
duct actWllly prescribed by the Pa,.. lete, he d .... w•• Im"'t exdwi,-ely
on oth<f apo>tolk writing ••• uch a. Paul'. 1 Corinthian>.
The hermeneutical p.. tern i. "tremely dear and it con>1antly
repea,. it",lf the pa ... ge. about the Paradete in lohn 16 and al..,
John 14 are of crucial importance in that they repre..,nt a .pringboard
for I.unching. new .nd burdensome discipline for mature Chri<tians.
The concretization of t hi. di.dpline d oe. not challenge the fundamen-
tal ruk of faith. It is somet imes .uppon eJ by a host of other textual
"f<renc« but-not .urpri.ingly given the i>sues involv«i-hardly
ewr from the GOIlpel of John. Ind""d, the content of the oracles show.
that the P.... d ete .poke on d i.puted issues of conduct, he i. the "deter-
miner of di>cipline." Theologically, this .upports the idea that the New
Prophecy provideJ an extension of Tenulli.n '. in i.iol theme of dhine
economy_ Beyond the rule of f.ith "'hkh i. perfect and complete . nd
which decl.re. t he onene .. of GOO and the saving work of Christ, there
i. >cope for novelty bKause t he grace of GOO continue< to .dvance
until t he , .."yend."
Tertullian'. u'" of Joh.nn ine writings thus . upporu the pro~le
we h.w ><'<n throughout_ He m.y be theologically more elabo",te
and a,h-.nceJ, the eschatology i. I... in focus but references to the
Paradete are abundant_ H is interest in John i. prim.rily rel.teJ to
the crucial and . Imo>! repetitiow .01< the p • .,d",e plaY' both in hi.
hemleneutk •• nd hi. under>tanding of d ivine economy and progres-
.i", ... ,-.I.,ion. In order to . upport Tenull i.n'. mo .. 1 strictne .. , the
Paradet. wa. imponant as the d"'<fminer of discipline through pro-
phetic oracles. but for fu nh <f defen~ of th e strict moral conduct the
orade. sought to impo><, other New Testament writing. were in .ctual
f.ct more imponant and .uitable,
In condu.ion, the Johannine .aying. by Jesu. about Holy Spiritj
Paradele were important to the .. If-und<f". nding of the New
AI",d. K.. • ... """' ... g<n ,"m."on,..i",," , • ..d '"' fnihchri" l~ hcn "",o.'o!og"':
Kir"".,..,a."h'I~"' ,.•,...."" AI" K'ne",. """'''''',.,., .nJ "",10.",",", ,...,,,'"",
""" "nv«.I"~nf. GOl",Ioh, Mohn '960, '''''_, ....
A u .... , ,'-"., Prot..." i. ""rly C/'ri""'.iI,.".j '"' A",,"n' "'... i""" ...... world,
u ......... p;d>. M",h.' "",cl... n~ ' ''''.
', ....
"""'~ T.ll., 'I'",.I);.n, A 1f,,,_. 1 .".j lit"• ., "..'y, o.[",d, Cl""ndon
,-
CulI"Pp<r, R. A., JeIo ... '"' So. of iloro.-., 'Io<Ii/< of . ~NI. M'"",.poIioc fort "" ~
do 1.o000ll<, P" L<> "'""" ... Ihi"oi,,"" .... o....i''''''' ,.. ,,, ,,«~ Ioli"" ',noq"",
Coik<"'n" f nbu'g<nw " , f riOOu'R' u,,,iri< 01< I'.ni...-.;I<; p .. ne '-<""".
,.n.
......... , U.U_ 'I',n..n",. , 1'" holy ClI.,," "Ih<", London, &,,",1«18", """.
G,ahom. W.A .. ,..,..... ,10< ..-rill,. woo-", a..1 A</,«h of "'il""" in ,10< If''',,? of
lWipm. Co"""iO&k Combridll' Uni 'wil)' p",,,, , . . ,.
TUk1l> ~H l.< . N S"'M
' 0' . 1tL. POgo"' ,..I O"W"'",- "'",nnW l Ob",y. So" f ,,,,,,',a,, H,,!,,, & Ro .. ,
,~
H """. R.E. . ..,"" RoI< of ,I.< Goop<l of ,oo" '" "'" Mon "'"'~ COO' '''''''''y: 5«0..1
U","".6(''''I. ,-,..
__ "n.. Goop<1 of loon " Ml "'" M""""'~ l><bo" '"
E. l ...... S"""", aI., 1.<,,'<'" P«'<n, , ..... "_'00.
Rom<: St"'''' P.""'",, n,
__ 1'" "",",•• i" o<ock,.m T"""",,,'•. P.",~", Mo""S'.ph s,,,',. !4. Moron ,
Go., ""''''' U.''''''''y P", ... ,.,'Ib.
__ "M"",," " , M.......... : 'II<, A"""" B;!w ""'O'"""?,, ,,01. 4, Go"". Coy. N.L
1>ouI>k.i.)· '''2, '''_''011.
r",",.,. , Prop/>«,. A,Ia",,,,oo" " ""'. ,.".
Hill, D., N""
J<""", A., God', 5<If·c-fok"' Do.ti<''''' Earl)' a",,,,,,",,,
W""" . , "",,,,·Uk. "'y., W'~ m ' ..". ""'" K"",,- 1...s.
.ad 'm- Ub<m""" of
"'"Ii, H, -1M .,j,k,,,,hI,,,'" Proph<!" " M d;., ',"' ~,h" n g oJ" M onWti'm.~ ·
11oroicrU<'" z.,""k"ft " I''''j. 0.""",.,.,""""" ,. 1M "'''' r,."
" ._1lL
C.... p<, P" "'om p •• 1 '" ,',1.. ",,,,· """""'~
M. ''''w....... ,.. . •"."..poI',
,, ~ 'ort,,,~ 1003.
M"'i-mon, "Mon"'''',,,,, '-I!""'' '''" !'.at.. ", .",,' Proph«y:
A., """'1"'"'''''
A
10 "'ond U"" ", C1oml,," 'H'''';'~' A. " u i''''''' and
P. l...",..""n, N'_
'"ppio""'"" '0 V'8;1", 0" ...""" '6, lri<k " Drill. 100' , "'_1( 1 .
o.born , "- l"'"U"'". FiN' 1~" of 1M "'''', Gomboog<' Combridg< U.,,.,,,,,y
P"". ,..,.
P,ul" •. H., "I);., 1Iak"'""3 d<, M",,,,,"""'", m, d., Hm uOb' idu"8 ok, K anon~ '
";gol'",CIo"",."",,, ( mOl, "-51.
St< ....t -S)'.. ,. A" "n.. A,;.. eon" " of ,I.< ~ '''' /'roph<'l' . nd of "1",,"1a
Apootolo<om: ";gol'" cion" ..."" " ( 1"7),416 ... ",.
__ "']1>0 o.'g'"01 c:o...km""' .... of A,"", MonU";",,: loonul of £<"" '.,,~01
H'''"" 50 I '''').
T. bb."",. W., -""""
,_»-
. ", '.Kripfi"'" ,"d T""""",,,,, f;P'I"rh __ "".,," lU.","Ii"l
I.. """'". cf '''''''''"'''', P"'n"~ M"""!!,,ph ",~, '6, M",,,", GL ""w
U"""'''y ""'" I.. '.
__ f ·...' Pr"/'h«r.ad p"IM,d ""'...... ,< I;'"..""""", ,..J Imp.rial """'""" I.
M ... ,""",". "'ppkmm .. '0 " '8'1"" Clu; .. '''',, "', "'_ ., B,on,
100'.
-
Tobb<rn«. W . • OJ P. ump<. P'fO"'••"J T,.,,,,,, '1M ",,,,,,,,?,.m A~oI
f:xploo-.",," of . !.o>, A ... .,.,Cit, •
..J •• ''"1'<"''1 "".". /krl,", <k "''''Y''',
V,*,~ F.E.. " Ih< UK ofSc'lf<"'" '" "'" Mon "'";~ eon,,,,,,,,,y: SI..a;. r""g<l'",',
T"" " M U"'''''''~"nS' " '"' <><><h"'h" dn "',h""I~"'n ""''''., 103. ",,1;",
A b.km ~_V'rl.og, 1961, ' ''_''".
INDICES
"'''''''''., H.
n n"
2.'.J"o'"
'64n"""_",,, '"', ,,,., 50.
lI.m. II. 94n ','''.' " n,". ''', "'''''""'' A.>" "'06. 174.7, '''''"53,
"'n".
lI",d' r. I.M.G.
'1On1J
"n"
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",o..-n. R>. 'n '. , ... '_Jn6. ' 0 ' •
........"""
mu<l.T.u.
LW. "'>n6'.17In'''' "'n".15_ ' 6.'1- ", 00" , 7.
-I. 10,
""n" 7.'"-"_19, 'nJ}. , ..... , "n".
....""u. c' K. 6., '. "n". lJ< , "_'""'. ' ,"n, _6. "nn7_1, 10.",
"'n<S."" n2
.... "'kh.om,R. 107. 19n"'. ;>OOn'l7.
n o". ""'.J'-". "nnJ6-J7,
13nn<6-47. ""''''.''.
" nn ,7_,-". _ _ 70. ""''',
".71_",
lO'no"_", ' 36. ,&60 ,6(1. 2'7_"~
'""nn,6,_ '&I, ' "", ,"""n'67_'"" ",7<. ".7, " ' n" , 1J}. 1J}o6. '14.
"". 19OJnn' 7<. ,,"-
7Q- " ' , ' " ,'" "" ' "2n'~ ""n'
19', ,.'""'''_1,., "', "'n'" ",own, ' .G. ". "n'
.... ,'''. W. 'J4. ' J4nlO. "'n<S. 16J. Brown. l '.G. '""", "n71
16""J. 2&ln36, ' 65. '36. 1&60157, ",0,,",«. W . ' n ' O
""n1 Bro., N. ,16, ,,
"'<lin" Aro.;, oJa-.;, fU, Kop<;KO.
G",,"i,,'" " h, '~" ....
"Och ",]. " .•.
Bucki<y.I . 7.,.
"n"
",.dry_ "'un-.r. G. On'" ""'0, 6on_ll , ', 'nl'.
""It... nn, "-
"'" "", P.f. """'" 10' .I 0.'. JlJn }) " '''''.Hn'', "016, ". "nn,
II«O'!..G. ,59n60 ,,~ ""n", m, "', '''. '''.''.
",oo,.!. ,,,,;, loOn}). ""'''. 115.17 ll.
",m.roni, A.I, 1 38, ,,,,,,,., ' ' ' ' " ' , "uootCf.c' "'Jo'
' ' '.''. ' ''. , ,,,,.; ,. ' M, '", "u",hmonn. G. '''''n''
""8'" K. "n " lIu,,;<,,,, " .'.' " '... '-'
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""hg<. H.·G . Mn"
""n"!",o. " .', ......
1IihI""l"" K. 11ln "
Caim~ H.
Corn"'. M. ,..."",
"""
Cornp<nh..u><n. H. "'. 1<7n ',
"" "",,. G. 6lin60
",nghom,U·I· """'~ )O' n'.
"On-l, '''.J},
1lIKk. c. u","" ' " ' , ' " . ' ' '
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c..hon, S.c.
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"02', 56on,"_". J7n" . 530,,36_17,
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G<mOJ.. H .Y_ ,"' n l
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IJ~. "On"
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H"". ,. ,;>On, >610 .. 71_,... 161""' , 161, >67n'>6,
Ho&, ~_ 'SO, 1",,"'"
'6OnIi'. "161.'. ""''', ''''. , ,._ 160,
[&lo oM-v KQI,k •• W._". J"n"
Iloim< •• M. ' . '" " . 6 .". 26'''''·....7, KoJ'on·homm. N . JIlJ '"
J l 'n15 KOc!n<'. U. 31', ,,
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