Def - Fire Protection and Control v3.0 - Sept 2019 PDF

Fire Protection and Control
Standard
Global Operations
September 2019
This document is for Vopak internal use only and should not be distributed outside Vopak.
Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

Property of Vopak – Confidential 1 © Vopak 2019
Document Title Fire Protection and Control
Document Number 02.006904
Document Type Standard
Status Endorsed by FRM
Date September 2019
Version 3.0
Project Name Vopak Standards
Owner Royal Vopak – Global Operations
Confidentiality and Distribution
Vopak Operational Excellence Standards contain confidential information regarding Vopak and its
relevant subsidiaries and have been prepared with a view to inform and instruct Vopak employees. For
that reason none of these standards - whether in original or copies, including but not limited to any
medium including paper or electronic formats like file copies, word documents, pdf files, on electronic
storage devices or by email - is to be shown, given or loaned to any third party, including external
companies and persons not directly employed by Vopak. No exceptions are permitted without the written
authorization of the Director Corporate Operational Excellence.
This document has only been made available to Vopak employees who have agreed to return it to Vopak
immediately upon first request, together with any copies and any other information that was provided.
Persons who are not employed by Vopak and who have nevertheless received this document must be
aware that it is likely they have received it in breach of a confidentiality obligation. Such persons may
not rely on, use, duplicate or disclose any information contained in this document and should forthwith
return it, together with any copies if any, to Vopak.
This copy is not controlled, for the latest revision check on Vopak MyDocs.
September 2019 3.0 Major review & revision involving SMEs from all divisions
June 2016 2.1 Small update of section 5.2.2
May 2013 2.0 Endorsed by Global Operations Leadership Team
Date: Version: Description:

TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
1 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 Scope and application 5
1.2 Codes and standards 6
1.3 Roles and responsibilities 6
1.4 Abbreviations 7
2 FIRE PREVENTION 8
2.1 Control of Flammable Atmospheres 8
2.2 Control of Ignitions Sources 8
2.2.1 Static Electricity 8
2.2.2 Mechanical, Electrical and Instrumentation Systems 8
2.2.3 Hot Work 9
2.2.4 Flare Stack Fall Out 9
2.2.5 Ignition From External Sources 9
2.2.6 Pyrophoric Scale 9
2.2.7 Lightning 10
3 FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES 11
4 DESIGN OF FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 12

4.1 Survey Flammability of Products 12
4.2 Credible Fire Scenarios 13
4.2.1 Tank Fires 14
4.2.2 Non-Tank Fires 15
4.3 Layout and Secondary Containment 15
4.3.1 Separation Distances 16
4.3.2 Secondary Containment 16
4.4 Heat Radiation Contours 17
4.5 Worst Case Scenario – Design Events 18
4.6 Final Fire Protection and Control Design 18
4.6.1 On Site Firefighting Personnel 18
4.6.2 Offsite Provision 19
5 FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL REQUIREMENTS 20

5.1 Firewater Requirements 20
5.1.1 Firewater Supply 20
5.1.2 Storage Tank 22
5.1.3 Road and Rail Loading Bays 24
5.1.4 Pumps, pump pits, manifolds and other process equipment 24
5.1.5 Hydrants and Monitors 24
5.1.6 Other Equipment 25
5.2 Foam Requirements 25
5.2.1 Foam Supply 25
5.2.2 Storage Tanks 26
5.2.3 Road and Rail Loading Bays 27
5.2.4 Small Pool Fires (tank pits, manifolds, pump pits) 28
5.2.5 Foam Monitors 28
5.3 Jetties 28

5.4 Offices and Buildings 29
5.5 Structures 30
5.6 Portable Equipment 30
5.7 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems 31
5.7.1 Fire and Gas/Liquid Detection 31
5.7.2 Fire Alarm Systems 31
5.7.3 Emergency Shutdown Systems 32
6 PERFORMANCE, INSPECTION, TESTING AND MAINTENANCE 33
7 EXISTING TERMINALS 35
APPENDIX A – RELEVANT CODES AND STANDARDS 36
APPENDIX B – REFERENCE TABLES 37
APPENDIX C – SITE RESPONSE ORGANISATION 39
APPENDIX D – TYPICAL DOCUMENTATION OF RESULTS 40

1 Introduction
1.1 Scope and application

This document is one in a series of guidelines and standards within the framework of the Vopak
Operational Excellence program. Implementation and compliance with these guidelines and standards
is part of the process of achieving Vopak’s ambitions for Operational Excellence.
This standard is intended primarily to assist terminals in the establishment of fire protection and control
measures in order to reduce risks associated with fires. It shall be used in combination with the
applicable national/international codes and local regulations. It is not a replacement of those codes but
provides guidance where the codes present choices or create dilemmas.
This standard applies to all Vopak terminals - existing and new to be built. Existing terminals shall
complete the gap analysis with version 3.0 of this standard and prepare a temporary waiver plan and
include the sustaining capex in the 3 Year Maintenance Plan. For new acquisitions/mergers, a gap
analysis shall also be completed after possession of the terminal and a temporary waiver plan and
sustaining CAPEX projects shall be included in the 3 Year Maintenance Plan. Based on a documented
risk assessment the terminal shall restrict/terminate, if required, the uncontrolled high risk operations.
The document focuses on fire prevention, control and mitigation; however, in a fire situation other
impacts also have to be considered. For example:
- Generation of large quantities of smoke and potentially toxic combustion products, particularly
for fires involving large quantities of chemicals;
- Extinguishing fires involving chemicals which may react with water;
- Handling large amount of (polluted) firewater and foam.
Although not part of the scope of this standard, people need to be aware of the fact that foam systems
can also be used to control toxic spills. This scenario shall also be considered for the design of a foam
system at the terminal, though this will not be mentioned throughout this standard for every individual
case.
The scope of this document excludes specific provisions for:

- Mitigation of explosions;
- Static electricity risks;
- Pressurized and liquefied gas storage facilities (for this, reference is made to API 2510: Design
and Construction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations (LPG) and API 2510a: Fire-
Protection Considerations for the Design and Operation of Liqueﬁed Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Storage Facilities).
Nearly all fires start small but grow large, and many serious fires could have been prevented by simple
ignition prevention precautions. Whilst using this document please remember that at all times our key
responsibility and objective shall be to prevent all fires by controlling the possible ignition sources and
flammable materials on the terminals. A proper Permit to Work procedure, controlling among others hot
work activities, also plays an important role in fire prevention.
Where relevant there is also reference to other Vopak codes and standards and a list of common
references is included at the end of the document.

1.2 Codes and standards
Fire prevention and protection is heavily regulated by a mix of international, national and local codes.
Vopak prescribes the following sequence of priority for fire protection and control codes and standards:
1. National Regulation
2. Local Fire Brigade Regulations
3. Vopak Standards
4. NFPA/ISGOTT
5. EI 19
All Vopak Terminals shall as a minimum adhere to the first 3 points. In those cases where the Vopak
Way Standard is stricter than local legislation, the Vopak Way Standard shall be followed.
For terminal operations (land side) this standard is based on National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) codes as being the most accepted and applied fire protection and control standard worldwide.
In specific cases references will be made to EI 19 as this reference ensures a more justified and
optimised design of the fire protection and control systems. For jetties and berths, the International
Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT) is the basis.
It is normally not acceptable to use requirements from different fire protection and control codes like EI
19 and NFPA next to each other. However, there are specific known issues in the existing codes, such
as application rate of cooling water, where some codes do not specify correctly or other codes provide
better justified solutions. For these specific issues, this standard provides the possibility and rationale
to use guidance from different codes in the relevant section.
Most countries have local fire protection and control requirements based on either NFPA codes, or EI
19 code in combination with NFPA codes. The Dutch PGS29 is a typical example of such a hybrid code
that uses sections from both NFPA and EI 19.
NFPA is much wider and better structured (for most design cases) due to their vast experience and
extensive testing programs. For example, EI 19 does not provide enough details on the design of other
associated fire protection equipment such as pumping stations. For this, the designer needs to rely on
the NFPA standards.
EI 19 is specifically designed for tank storage and has for some areas, especially on tank cooling rates,
better structured recommendations where NFPA only indicates general cooling rates.
In appendix A and B, a list of relevant NFPA codes and a list of countries with their most relevant specific
national standards can be found. The latest edition of these standards shall always be used. The
editions mentioned in these appendices are the active versions at the time of writing this standard.
References to paragraphs are based on these editions and can be different in later editions.
1.3 Roles and responsibilities

Determining the fire protection and control requirements are best executed by a team of staff
representing different disciplines such as design & engineering, operations, SHE specialists and
professional fire responders. The exact composition of the team will need to be determined by the type
of review and the scope of work

1.4 Abbreviations
API American Petroleum Institute
CCR Central Control Room
EFR External Floating Roof
EI Energy Institute
ESD Emergency Safety Shutdown
GHS Globally Harmonised System
IBC Intermediate Bulk Container
IFR Internal Floating Roof
ISGOTT International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
PFOS Perfluorooctane Sulfonate
PFOA Perfluorooctanoic Acid
PFP Passive Fire Protection
PGS Publicatiereeks Gevaarlijke Stoffen
QRA Quantitative Risk Analysis
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
VPM Vopak Project Management

2 Fire Prevention
The primary objective is to prevent fires, or if a fire does occur, to protect personnel, the environment,
the assets and Vopak’s reputation without endangering the lives of emergency response personnel.
Fire prevention focusses on control of flammable atmospheres and control of ignition sources.
2.1 Control of Flammable Atmospheres

The international codes are not conclusive on the use of nitrogen blanketing when storing flammable
products.
Inside tanks it is possible to have a flammable atmosphere. Vopak focusses on control of ignition
sources as well as control of flammable atmospheres, in order to eliminate as many contributing factors
to fire as possible.
Vopak defines the following approach as the most appropriate response:

- N2 blanketing: if required by local regulations or firefighting requirements, or if required by
product/customer (product quality reasons);
- Prevent static electricity (main potential ignition source within a tank) from occurring: competent
and trained people, adequate infrastructural design; proper procedures (e.g. max pump speeds
for startup, filtering requirements, no splash loading);
- Grounding and bonding, proper system maintenance and regular testing of systems to prevent
static electricity, relaxation time before sampling and gauging.
Vopak does not allow nitrogen blanketing as an alternative for fire extinguishing. Even if nitrogen
blanketing is installed, Vopak still requires foam equipment to be installed for fire extinguishing.
2.2 Control of Ignitions Sources
2.2.1 Static Electricity

Discharge of static charge built up during tank terminal operations can cause ignition of vapors.
The Vopak Static Electricity standard provides the basis to prevent ignition sources and provides
guidance on measures to reduce the risk associated with electrostatic discharge.
Reference is also made to the Vopak standards on Internal Floating Roof Selection, Product Movement
Management, and Vapor Handling.
2.2.2 Mechanical, Electrical and Instrumentation Systems

Mechanical, electrical and instrumentation systems shall be suitable and certified for use in the relevant
hazardous area classification and regularly inspected to ensure that their integrity is maintained.
Reference is made to the Vopak standards on Hazardous Area Classification and Electrical
Maintenance.

2.2.3 Hot Work
Generally, hot work is not permitted on tanks that are not empty, clean and gas free.
In cases hot work cannot be avoided, a proper risk assessment shall be performed to process an MoC.
API 2009 can be used as a reference for hot work on an active tank.
Reference is made to the Vopak Standard on Fundamentals+ on Safety – Permit to Work for further
details on requirements for hot work.
2.2.4 Flare Stack Fall Out

Regular inspections on flare stacks shall be carried out to check for build-up of deposits that could form
incandescent particles in the event of flare start up. For new sites flare positioning shall take account of
the possible travel of incandescent particles towards tanks. Regular checks, particularly on intermittently
used flares from both Vopak and neighbouring sites, shall be carried out to remove carbon deposits.
2.2.5 Ignition From External Sources

There have been cases where an ignition source outside the bund (for example by cars) has ignited
vapors from a major leak. The only practical method of preventing such incidents is to ensure that the
gas cloud is detected and shut down actions are initiated. Potentially large leaks should be detected
before they ignite by process signals such as level alarms including independent “hi-hi” level alarms.
Gas detection systems shall be used in tank pits where gaseous products are stored and in other
vulnerable areas where gaseous products are handled, like manifolds, pump pits, loading bays and
jetties. Gas detection or hydrocarbon detection systems should also be used in bunds containing
flammable product tanks or in vulnerable areas like manifolds, pump pits, loading bays and jetties where
flammable products are handled. Consideration should also be given to fitting this equipment in tank
pits or bunds where the tanks contain products that are handled above its flash point, or in vulnerable
areas like manifolds, pump pits, loading bays and jetties where products above their flashpoint are
handled and where spillage of this product could generate a fire hazard. For those areas where gas
detection systems are not required by legislation or according to this standard, a risk assessment shall
be carried out in order to define whether gas detection systems are required.
2.2.6 Pyrophoric Scale

For tanks with an internal floating roof which are used to store sulphur containing products, auto ignition
of pyrophoric scale is possible.
Pyrophoric scale can form in tanks containing sulphur compounds such as iron sulphide. If exposed to
air it can auto ignite due to oxidation. Pyrophoric ignition is a problem during tank cleaning when large
quantities have accumulated and are exposed to air when the tank is emptied.
Following measures shall be taken when using floating roofs:

- With good rim seal systems there should not be sufficient build up on the tank wall to cause a
problem. Further reference is made to the Vopak standard on internal floating roof selection;
- During normal operations, the tank’s floating roof should not be landed on its legs with tank
emptying continuing as this would result in scale being exposed to air underneath the roof.
During tank cleaning, any potentially pyrophoric scale shall be kept wet. Further reference is made to
the Vopak standard on Tank Cleaning.

2.2.7 Lightning
In regions of high electrical storm frequency, terminals shall have lightning warning systems installed in
order to track storms and lightning strikes at an early stage and shut down operations before any severe
storm arrives at a facility. This might not prevent ignition but may reduce probability of process upsets.
Immediately after an electrical storm has passed through, a “walk around” inspection shall be carried
out and fully documented, preferably viewing all tank roofs, to check for damage and/or ignition in any
area. It is worthwhile remembering that the energy levels involved mean that a lightning strike can
actually severely damage and ignite what appears to be a perfectly good seal on a floating roof tank.
Further reference is made to API RP 545 “Lightning Protection for Above Ground Storage Tanks”.

3 Fire Protection and Control Strategies
Three strategies can be considered in the event of a fire at a terminal: offensive, defensive and passive.
The strategy that will be applied depends on actual circumstances and will be decided on a case by
case basis by the person in charge based on the actual situation.
The three different firefighting strategies will be briefly described below.
1. Offensive strategy:
The offensive strategy is a pro-active attack with the aim to extinguish the fire.
- Small fires - An offensive strategy shall be adopted for small fires to prevent escalation;
- Large Fires - An offensive strategy should only be adopted when adequate resources are
available within a realistic time frame to give a reasonable probability of safely extinguishing
the fire, and if there is a reliable plan in place to prevent re-ignition.
An offensive strategy can be used when:

- Life is in danger due to highly toxic or toxic products of combustion;
- There is a likelihood of significant escalation;
- There is a high risk of significant environmental damage inside or even outside the terminal
boundaries.
Historically most fire management techniques have been based on the use of offensive techniques;
however, there is a growing recognition that a defensive strategy of controlled burn down philosophy is
also acceptable under some conditions. These conditions are for instance:
- Fire is controlled and no escalation is to be expected;
- Effect on environment is minimal.
2. Defensive strategy:
A defensive strategy can protect personnel and assets and allows the fire to burn out. This can be the
starting point of response plans towards large fires and will be maintained unless a change to an
offensive strategy has a reasonable likelihood of success.
A controlled burn down philosophy is an operational strategy where the application of firefighting media
such as water or foam is restricted or avoided to minimize damage to public health and to the
environment. This strategy is often used to avoid water pollution by the runoff of contaminated firewater,
but can also reduce air pollution due to better combustion and more efficient dispersion of gaseous
pollutants. However, it can also have adverse effects such as allowing or increasing the formation of
toxic combustion products. In considering this strategy, the safety and protection of people shall always
take precedence over any environmental considerations.
It shall be considered that some regulatory regimes do not permit a controlled burn
strategy to be employed.
3. Passive strategy:
A passive strategy involves no firefighting activity, the area is evacuated and the fire is allowed to burn
out. This strategy can be adopted:
- When an attempt to extinguish would put personnel into life threatening situations;
- When there is an imminent risk of large scale equipment failure;
- When consequences of facility/equipment “burn down” are well understood and accepted.
Equipment and tank cooling for heat affected areas has to be included to prevent a domino
effect.
Firefighting infrastructure shall always be designed for an offensive strategy, as this requires the most
extensive infrastructure and as all three strategies can be covered with this layout. For defining the
firefighting infrastructure, only standard scenarios will be considered and no escalation scenarios.

4 Design of Fire Protection and Control Systems
For all terminals, the following steps shall be taken in operation and design of fire protection and control
systems:
1) Survey of handled products (current and future) on flammability and reactivity/stability (see section
4.1).
2) Define tank types and assess credible fire scenarios for all locations (section 4.2).
3) Establish heat radiation contours and optimise lay-out accordingly (section 4.4).
4) After all credible scenarios for all identified locations have been assessed, the worst case fire
scenario (section 4.5 and 4.6) shall be selected to establish:
a) Required firewater cooling capacity (section 5.1)
b) Required foam capacity (section 5.2)
c) Required fire protection and control infrastructure (section 5.4 – 5.7)
d) Required site fire response organization (Appendix C – Site Response Organisation)
5) Documentation of results (Appendix D – Typical Documentation of Results).
6) Define initial terminal layout, which is based on separation distances in line with applicable fire
protection and control codes, e.g. NFPA 30 or EI 19 (section 4.3). For existing terminals where
separation distances cannot meet the current requirements of local/national legislation, NFPA 30
or EI19, a risk assessment shall be performed with clear demonstration how to prevent escalation.
Terminals can seek support from their Divisions and Global SMEs in performing this risk
assessment.
Not all terminals operate 24 hours per day and the fire scenario planning shall indicate how fire
scenarios are managed during both working and non-working hours. By determining the required
firefighting infrastructure, layout, manning levels and level of terminal automation the terminal can define
the fire scenarios comprehensively. For example, if manning levels go down, the amount of fixed
equipment, need for automated detection and speed of fire response need to be balanced against those
changes.
The following sections provide more details on the (iterative) design process.
4.1 Survey Flammability of Products

As a starting point for the fire protection and control design, the flammability of current and future
products shall be assessed.
The classification of flammables is based on the flash point of a flammable liquid. The classification of
flammables shall be based on NFPA. For reference, the limits according to the "Globally Harmonized
System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)" are indicated in Table 1.

Class Hazard NFPA Criteria Hazard GHS flammability GHS criteria
NFPA statement statement GHS category1
NFPA
IA Flash point < 1 Flash point <
22.8°C and initial 23°C and initial
boiling point < boiling point ≤
37.8°C 35°C
IB Flammable Flash point < 2 Flash point <
liquid 22.8°C and initial 23°C and initial
boiling point ≥ boiling point >
37.8°C 35°C
IC Flash point: ≥ Flammable liquid
22.8°C and <
Flash point: ≥
37.8°C
3 23°C and ≤
II Flash point ≥
60°C
37.8°C and <
60°C
IIIA Combustible Flash point ≥ 60°C 4 Flash point >
liquid and < 93°C 60°C and ≤
93°C
IIIB Flash point ≥ 93°C Not applicable Not classified Flash point >
93°C
Table 1: - Criteria for flammable liquids according to NFPA 30 and GHS.
Note that the flash points versus category criteria differ per codes and standards.
Class III products stored or handled at temperatures less than 10°C below their flash
point (or at temperatures above flash point) are also considered “flammable liquids”.
For deviations on this approach, follow Vopak standard – Fundamentals+ on Safety.
All locations on a terminal with a fire risk shall be identified:

- Flammables handling areas: tanks, tank bunds, pump areas, manifold areas, pipe racks,
loading areas for rail/road cars, jetties, import and export pipelines;
- Other fire risk areas: electrical/switchgear facilities, control rooms, offices and substations.
4.2 Credible Fire Scenarios

Credible fire scenarios shall be identified based on tank design and other structures at the terminal. The
firefighting strategy of the terminal shall at a minimum cover the required fire protection and control
systems of the worst credible fire scenario for both current and future products.
It is required to check the credible fire scenarios against local legislation and fire
brigades requirements and select the most stringent one for the design.
Terminals shall have detailed and up to date firefighting plans in place. These plans shall clearly
stipulate how to respond to and act in case of credible fire scenarios. See also the Vopak Standard on
Emergency Planning.
The scenarios are divided into tank fire scenarios and non-tank fire scenarios which are described in
the next section.
1 The criteria for flashpoint and boiling point between NFPA and GHS differ max 2.8°C.

4.2.1 Tank Fires
The Vopak standard will not require fire protection systems to be laid out for full bund fires unless
otherwise required by applicable local codes and standards. A full bund fire is a fire which results after
ignition following a large loss of containment covering all or most of the surface area of a bund. Reason
for not considering full bund fires as a credible scenario is that they are extremely rare events and the
result of catastrophic failure of primary containment in a bund area. Cooling of tanks engulfed in a full
bund fire would introduce significant additional issues to be addressed such as effects of pumping large
volumes of cooling water into a bund which could already be near full with liquid, effects of pumping
large volumes of water into a hydrocarbon fire and establishing cooling rates required to maintain tank
integrity for tanks which are exposed for prolonged periods to direct flame impingement. Full bund fire
would result in a large number of adjacent tanks to be cooled, significantly increasing the required
cooling water flow rate to be provided and volumes of run-off water to be managed. Catastrophic tank
failure as an initiating event is likely to result in a non-contained spill and uncontrolled fire scenario.
Initiating event causing tank failure is likely to cause damage to firefighting systems. Hence for this
reason this scenario is not considered unless required by legislation. Furthermore, the probability of
causing a tank pit fire can be significantly reduced if appropriate measures are in place to prevent the
tank fire or extinguish the tank fire at the incipient/early stage.
Where a full bund fire scenario is mandatory according to local legislation, the total volume of foam
agent on site shall be based on the surface of the largest tank pit and the required application rate
considering high expansion foam and compressed air.
Starting point is a single fire event and a worst case credible scenario based on tank geometry and
product to be stored:
- Rim seal fire scenario shall apply to the following:
 EFR tank; if equipped with fire detection in the rim seal area for early fire detection.
 Free vented geodesic dome tank with IFR including foam dam; if equipped with fire
detection in the rim seal area and if the IFR is: steel double deck, steel pontoon or full liquid
surface contact metallic sandwich panel2, conforming to appendix H, 'Internal Floating
Roofs' requirements as per API 650.
 Free vented fixed roof (air scoops) with IFR including foam dam; if equipped with fire
detection in the rim seal area and if the IFR is: steel double deck, steel pontoon or full liquid
surface contact metallic sandwich panel, conforming to appendix H, 'Internal Floating
Roofs' requirements as per API 650.
- Full surface fire scenario shall apply to:
 All other cases or tank geometries as well as all other types of IFRs, not mentioned above.
A rim seal fire is a fire in the space between the tank wall and the IFR, where product vapor can be
ignited, as this is the only place where product vapors as well as oxygen are present for specific IFR
designs.
A full surface fire is a fire, where the full tank surface can burn, in contrast with a rim seal fire.
Tank shells are designed to fold inwards under full surface fire conditions. Extinguishing attempts that
also cool the shell of the tank on fire can cause hot and cool zones and may lead to shell distortions,
possible product overflow, and even catastrophic tank failure.
Therefore, the shell of the tank that is on fire shall not be cooled, especially when this
tank shell has been exposed to radiant heat for a prolonged period of time.
In most cases, the worst case fire scenario is often (depending on type of tank selection) a full surface
tank fire where the tank on fire has the largest heat radiation impact on adjacent tanks that as a result
require cooling at some stage. Firewater supply, firewater ring main sizing and firewater pump selection
shall thus be based on this scenario.
2 Refer to Vopak Standard on Selection of Internal Floating Roofs for by Vopak allowed types.

A multi-tank fire is a fire involving more than one tank usually as a result of failing to cool a tank (or
tanks) adjacent to a single tank fire. The approach taken in this standard is to ensure suitable and robust
systems are in place to allow effective and rapid cooling of adjacent tanks from a single tank fire to
prevent escalation. When multi-tank fires do occur it would be most likely after prolonged exposure at
which point evacuation of the terminal will have taken place and/or additional firefighting services
available to help provide additional firefighting resources.
For tanks containing product with a significant amount of free water, boil over is a scenario which shall
be considered. Boil over is the phenomenon, where the water vaporizes into steam, causing a volume
increase due to expansion, resulting in expelling the oil on top of the water upward and out of the tank.
This is especially a risk for crude oil tanks, which, in general, contain a significant amount of free water.
4.2.2 Non-Tank Fires

Besides tank fires there are fire scenarios, which originate from manifold and pump areas, road/rail
loading areas, process units (e.g., vapor handling), jetties and product pipelines (e.g. around motorized
valves). Specific equipment might be required to cater for these scenarios.
Typical scenarios which shall be assessed are:

- Uncontained pool fires;
- External fires (e.g. ship fire, road vehicle fire);
- Spray or jet fires from failed pipelines or flanges;
- Fires in pump room;
- Fires in a manifold area;
- Fires at a truck or rail loading bay;
- Pool fires in a tank pit;
- Pool fires at a jetty;
- Fires at neighboring locations;
- Fires in office buildings, warehouses, workshops etc.
For electrical/switchgear facilities and substations the following scenarios shall be addressed:
- Electrical fires (computing facilities, motor control centers (MCC));
- Spill pool fires (if oil-filled equipment is used).
It is required to check if non-tank fires also influence the worst case scenario.
4.3 Layout and Secondary Containment

Separation distances and secondary containment have the goal to prevent escalation of fires. In the
next sections more detail is provided. A summary of the tank distances can be found in the
Repeatable Formula BB0 document appendix B. This document is available in MyDocs.

4.3.1 Separation Distances
For equipment spacing and layout the following objectives apply:
- Prevention of flames from a full surface tank fire from impinging on an adjacent tank, building,
equipment or structure(if a full surface tank fire is a realistic case; see section 4.2.1 of this
standard);
- Prevention of high radiant heat levels affecting an adjacent tank, building, equipment or
structure such that escalation could occur after long exposure and no active fire protection;
- Ensuring that access and means of escape for firefighting operations are adequate.
Location and spacing of equipment relative to tanks, buildings, site boundaries and other equipment is
established within two primary standards (NFPA 30 and EI 19) and can be influenced by local codes
and regulations.
The following equipment minimum safety distances are required; if no local requirements are available:
- NFPA30 Section 22.4.1 shall be applied when locating above ground storage tanks with respect
to property lines, public ways and important buildings;
- The distance between the shell of any tank and the toe of the interior of the dike wall shall not
be less than 1.5m (5 ft.) (Ref.: NFPA30 Section 22.11.2.5 (3));
- To permit access, the outside base of the dike at ground level shall be no closer than 3 m (10
ft.) to any property line that is or can be built upon (Ref.: NFPA30 Section 22.11.3.3 &
22.11.2.3);
- Rail or road loading facilities shall be separated from above ground tanks, warehouses, other
buildings or the nearest line of adjoining property that can be built upon by a distance of at
least 7.6 m for Class I liquids and for Class II and Class III liquids handled at temperatures at
or above their flash points and at least 4.6 m for Class II and Class III liquids handled at
temperatures below their flash points (NFPA30 Section 28.4.1);
- Liquid-processing equipment, such as pumps and manifolds, shall not be located closer than
7.6 m to property lines where the adjoining property is or can be built upon or to the nearest
important building on the same property (NFPA30 Section 17.4.6).
Where existing terminals are unable to meet the required separation distances but conform to local and
national legislation, a risk assessment shall be completed with clear demonstration how escalation is
prevented.
4.3.2 Secondary Containment

Secondary containment is one element of the containment systems that shall be in place at a terminal.
Primary containment measures, i.e. tanks and pipelines, have the highest priority in recognition of their
importance in preventing accidents. Secondary containment measures are important in preventing the
loss of primary containment escalating into a major accident.
Bund design and capacity shall be as per Vopak Secondary Containment and Fire Water Management
standard, unless otherwise required by local legislation.
As per the Vopak standard on Secondary Containment; bund and bund drainage capacity philosophy
shall take into consideration the quantity and flow rate of firewater and foam solution that may be applied
during a prolonged fire incident. Any bund drains or channels to remote containment basins shall have
“fire traps” to prevent flame spread. These can be relatively simple devices consisting of a water filled
trap preventing continuous contact between liquid surface and air.
Intermediate subdividing walls (intermediate bunding) around tanks are used to minimize the size of a
pool which results from the loss of primary containment for volumes less than one full tank. For example:
tank overfills or pipe leaks. Hence, they can be considered where a smaller pool significantly reduces
the hazard ranges from a spillage. Intermediate bund walls shall be at least 450 mm high, as per NFPA
30, section 22.11.2.6.2.

Intermediate walls greatly increase the problems of rain water drainage hold up and release, particularly
where impermeable bunds are installed. They could lead to areas being flooded or drainage valves left
permanently open. Flooding can cause insulation and equipment damage, restrict access and can be
hazardous where there is a risk of freezing.
Where very toxic (according to GHS) or highly flammable products (GHS Category 1) are stored,
intermediate bunding should be installed in line with NFPA. Else, Vopak policy is not to install
intermediate bunding, unless required by local legislation. Alternatively drainage channels in between
tanks could be considered as indicated by NFPA 30 in section 22.11.2.6.
Intermediate bunding results in a decrease of surface to apply foam. For large tank pits this is a
considerable cost reduction and should be considered.
Where intermediate dikes are typically applied for tank pits storing chemical products, intermediate
open drain channels are used as an alternative for tank pits storing oil products. Open drain channels
shall be avoided in tank pits storing chemicals, due to the risk of reactivity between products, Both
solutions serve the same purpose.
4.4 Heat Radiation Contours

Compliance with applicable codes & standards, or applying the safety distance limits as calculated
during the fire consequence modelling will enable the positioning of people and equipment outside
dangerous radiant heat contours or determine current ‘at risk’ situations where mitigating measures are
required.
The starting point to ultimately determine the fire protection requirements is modelling heat radiation
contours for any credible fire scenario. To determine the heat radiation contours the PHAST software
program or equivalent shall be used. For tank top fire, horizontal radiation contours shall be used for
equipment protection.
In the “VPM Selection Stage”, heat radiation contours need to be derived to develop a realistic plot
arrangement (plot plan). In the “VPM Definition Stage”, a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) could
be required as per the Vopak standard “Major Hazard Risk Assessment” in the development of the final
plot plan.
Accepted heat radiation limits and consequences are:

- Up to 1 - 1.5 kW/m2 : sunburn;
- Up to 3 kW/m2 : gives people the opportunity to escape safely;
- 8 - 12 kW/m2 and above : fire escalation if long exposure and no protection.
The heat radiation contours for people exposure shall be measured in the zone between 0 and 2 m
from ground level.
Studies have proven that firefighting personnel, equipped with special protective (aluminized) clothing,
can safely operate in areas with a heat radiation up to 6.3 kW/m 2 for a period up to 5 minutes. With
ordinary fire brigade clothing, activities within the 4.6 kW/m 2 zone can be performed for up to 3 minutes.
Based on the above limits, the Vopak requirements are:

- Manned offices, buildings and control room shall be outside the 3 kW/m2 heat radiation zone.
For existing terminals where manned buildings are located within the 3 kW/m 2 heat radiation
zone a risk assessment shall be performed to demonstrate escape measures are in place and
effective;
- Equipment and utilities positioning: preferably outside the 10 kW/m 2 zone based on EI 19
guidance since NFPA does not provide clear requirements (3);
3EI 19 indicates 8 - 12 kW/m2; marginal difference between the two, hence Vopak will use the average,
being 10 kW/m2.

- All equipment, utilities, tanks etc. within the 10 kW/m2 zone shall be protected by fixed cooling
systems / deluge systems;
- Firefighting equipment and tie-in locations, which require manual operation, shall be located
outside the 3 kW/m2 heat radiation zone or shall be protected from heat radiation or safely
reachable without the need of crossing the 3 kW/m 2 zone;
The 3 kW/m2 heat radiation contour shall not exceed the site boundaries in case of neighbouring
residential areas and/or public roads. If the radiation exceeds 3 kW/m 2, a QRA is required to assess the
impact and mitigation requirements.
4.5 Worst Case Scenario – Design Events

Out of all selected credible fire scenarios, the worst case fire scenario (current and future products, if
already known) shall be identified to establish:
- The largest firewater and pump capacities;
- The largest foam capacity or other extinguishing medium;
- The largest amount of fire protection and control equipment (e.g. mobile monitors, firefighting
vehicle, etc.);
- The largest amount of fire fighters/personnel required to safely and effectively manage the
emergency.
The worst case fire scenarios are the basis for design of the fire protection and control systems and the
fire response organization.
4.6 Final Fire Protection and Control Design

The design of the fire protection and control system shall be based on the worst credible fire scenario,
see section 4.5. However the final fire protection and control design shall be aligned with the local public
fire brigade to:
- Prevent investing in equipment which for various reasons will not be used (on site provisions);
- Incorporate the effect on mutual aid, which could reduce the need for on-site fire protection and
control systems (off site provisions).
4.6.1 On Site Firefighting Personnel

When defining the required firefighting measures at a terminal, not only the hardware shall be
considered but also the staffing and requirements of the firefighting crew (Vopak personnel which acts
as first responders in case of an emergency).
Firefighting infra requirements shall be based on the requirements as defined for the different fire
scenarios at the terminal. Requirements for mobile equipment shall be based on agreements with
neighboring companies or communal or public fire brigades as well.
For the onsite firefighting crew, the following requirements need to be defined as a minimum:
- the minimum number of firefighters required for the worst case scenario and the required roles;
- the required training of the firefighters;
- the required competencies of the firefighters;
- the frequency and type of firefighting drills to be performed.
Furthermore, all onsite firefighting measures and plans shall be aligned with the local firefighting
authorities.
For further details on the firefighting crew and required competencies, please refer to the Vopak
Standard Emergency Planning.

4.6.2 Offsite Provision
Offsite provisions can be provided by public fire brigades or through mutual aid schemes and
agreements using equipment from a combination of local companies.
In highly industrialised areas, the public (professional) firefighters are often taking a leading role in
managing and running mutual aid equipment in the form of industry funded joint firefighting systems.
These provide a level of equipment and professionalism which usually cannot be provided by any
individual company alone.
Alternatively, mutual aid consortiums involve the local firefighting organisations and other companies
storing, producing, or handling hazardous chemicals or large quantities of oil to allow sharing of
equipment and resources when an incident occurs. To be properly effective, such
consortiums/agreements shall be formalised and the circumstances where equipment and resources
can be shared shall be established in a written agreement.
Where no off-site provisions are available, the terminal shall consider if additional equipment or
resources should be provided.
Where the terminal relies on external parties for firefighting it is essential that these third parties are
aware of the specific requirements at the terminal. The emergency response to firefighting scenarios
shall be included in the terminal ERP and drills with the port and neighbors for mutual aid shall be
arranged on a regular basis. The civil firefighters and other third parties, who will play a role in the
firefighting at the terminal, shall have skills and competencies for industrial/liquid/hazardous fires, which
also need to be proven during drills or by training records.

5 Fire Protection and Control Requirements
The fire protection and control systems shall be designed to deliver the firewater capacity (including
foam generation) for the worst credible fire scenario. The firewater capacity shall be calculated for fire
extinguishing as well as to cool heat affected installations at the same time.
The firewater capacity shall provide sufficient redundancy/overcapacity for future upgrades of the site.
The following fixed system shall be considered, based on defined fire scenarios:
- Fixed foam system for tanks with remote control from the central control room (CCR) plus
manually operated locally;
- Fixed cooling systems for tanks and other equipment within the 10 kW/m2 heat radiation contour
with remote control from CCR plus manually operated locally;
- Fixed foam/cooling system in pump pits with remote control from the central control room (CCR)
plus manually operated locally;
- Fixed foam/cooling system on pump truck or rail loading bays;
- Fixed foam/cooling system for jetty top side.
The next sections provide more details on these requirements.
5.1 Firewater Requirements
5.1.1 Firewater Supply

International codes such as NFPA require a certain amount of time for continuous firewater supplies in
the maximum design case. The capacity can be built from a combination of water stored on site, water
which can be re-supplied by pipeline during the event, or water extracted from external sources (river,
sea, or underground).
The Vopak policy shall be:

- All terminals licensed to store flammable products shall have an unlimited water supply.
Unlimited water supply can be arranged in various ways ranging from fixed connections
extracting from rivers and/or sea or through mutual aid agreements with neighbours/local fire
brigade. Diesel storage for diesel driven firefighting pumps shall be designed for this scenario;
- Deviation from this requirement can be obtained through a waiver process including risk
assessment and approval, if unlimited supply is physically not possible.
In case the unlimited firewater source is muddy, brackish or salt water, it is recommended to fill the
system with fresh water. It is also recommended to have sufficient volume in a fresh water tank(s) to
pressurize, flush, test and refill the firewater distribution system, protect the pipeline system against
fouling or corrosion, and to fight small fires. Muddy, brackish or salt water shall only be used to fight
large fires.
Minimum design requirements of the firewater supply shall be:

- A firewater ring main shall transport and distribute the firewater supply. The ring main shall be
designed to allow the maximum demand of water flow from each direction. At least two
directions for each credible fire scenario are required;
- The firewater ring main should be installed underground to protect against frost and mechanical
damage with fixed connections to tank cooling system. If above ground, winterization
procedures shall be in place for terminals located in areas where ambient temperature can lead
to freezing;
- The ring main shall be equipped with sectional block valves with post indicator valves to allow
for continuous operation during maintenance shutdown and/or mechanical failures or
alternatively sensors shall be installed to verify the valve status or a robust Standard Operating
Procedure with demonstrable verification of valve positions shall be in place;
- Underground firewater ring main: the material of construction shall be either GRP (Glass fiber
Reinforced Plastic – different types are acceptable, depending on classification of the material),
cement lined cast iron, cement lined ductile iron, or high density polyethylene (HDPE). GRP is

vulnerable to stresses due to misalignment and should therefore not be used where settlement
is expected (e.g., reclaimed land). For new installations, carbon steel is not allowed as per
NFPA 24, table 10.1.1.1. For existing installations, carbon steel can stay in use till end of
lifetime;
- Use of HDPE is not recommended at locations with historical pollution in view of the limited
resistance to chemicals. In addition, GRP is not compatible with possible styrene
contaminations;
- Above ground firewater ring mains shall not be made of GRP, as this is vulnerable to
mechanical damage;
- The firewater ring main system shall be kept under standby pressure by 2 jockey pumps (one
redundant). If the pressure in the firewater system drops below a fixed setting, a low-pressure
cut-in shall start the first fire pump and give an alarm to a permanently manned CCR;
- Above ground fire mains shall not cross drainage ditches into which flammable liquids may be
discharged, else the firewater mains shall be fireproofed;
- The firewater distribution ring main lines shall be located outside the bund walls;
- The firewater main system shall be painted red (See Painting Standard) when above ground;
- Standardized hose connections shall be provided at the jetty for fire boats to pump water into
the terminal firewater system for those locations where a fire boat is available.
Vopak minimum performance requirements for firewater hydraulics are:

- Firewater system shall be designed for a minimum system pressure rating of 10 barg (150 psig),
as per NFPA 24 Section 10.1.2, and a maximum of 16 barg (General Industry Practice and also
pipe class for most fire protection systems);
- Standby pressure should be 10 barg (150 psig); this is not an NFPA requirement but a General
Industry Practice; a lower standby pressure can be allowed subject to detailed evaluation of the
following items:
1) adequate operating window shall be available for allowing the main fire pumps to cut in
at a pre-set pressure during an emergency demand;
2) surge in the fire ring main needs to be evaluated with measures in place to ensure safety
of the pipeline;
3) positive pressure in fire ring main is necessary to prevent air ingress which could
potentially result in serious incidents;
4) under no circumstances, the operating pressure of fire ring main shall be lower than 2
barg;
- A minimum of 7 barg (105 psig) shall be guaranteed for the worst credible fire scenario at the
hydraulically most unfavorable location of the firewater distribution network when extracting
water from the network. This is not an NFPA requirement but a General Industry Practice. The
most unfavorable location shall be a hydrant or drencher take off point, not the top of the tank
spray nozzle.
Firewater pump requirements are:

- Quantity of firewater pumps shall be according the n+1 principle (1 spare) to allow for
maintenance or pump failure while maintaining the required supply. N+1 can also be met by
using neighbor’s firewater pump, but in this case, a documented system shall be in place
concerning this agreement and concerning the maintenance protocol for these pumps;
- The firewater pumps shall be capable of providing the water required to fight the worst credible
fire scenario;
- The firewater pump stations shall be in a protected area or at least 15.3 meters from the nearest
fire risk (section 4.13.1.2.1 of NFPA 20). Protection may be by fire walls, building or other
construction as appropriate in line with NFPA 20;
- In some cases fire pumps may need to be located at an appropriate distance (greater than 15.3
m) for survivability purposes and this distance will depend on the results of fire risk assessment
including assessment of radiant heat from nearby potential fire sources, potential vapor cloud
explosion overpressure and vapor dispersion extent;
- Firewater pumps shall continue to operate in the absence of main electrical power. This can be
achieved by using diesel driven pumps or by having a diesel generator backup power supply
enabling the pumps to run. These shall be located such that the likelihood of the power supply
to the fire pumps being interrupted is minimized;

- Diesel driven firewater pumps are preferred over electrical type ones as continuation of
operation is more reliable in case of a fire as the power might be interrupted. The power source
location shall also be assessed during the design phase of any new installation;
- It is not allowed to position firefighting pumps at an operational jetty location. Where this is the
case in an existing terminal, the fire pumps shall be protected against damage from any fire at
the jetty itself;
- It shall be possible to start the firewater pumps locally at the pumps or at a remote location, e.g.
CCR. In addition, the firewater pumps shall start automatic on fire system pressure drop or fire
alarm activation;
- If river/lake/sea water is used, pump inlet suction screens shall be provided which can be
cleaned while the pump is in service;
- Horizontal split-case fire pumps shall take suction from a water supply under positive head (tank
or reservoir). These pumps are not designed to take water from a supply below ground (well,
harbour, lake, water stream, open swamp, etc.);
- Vertical turbine pumps shall be applied where water sources are located below ground (such
as drilled wells, lakes, harbours, stream, and other subsurface sources);
- It is not recommended to use other types of firewater pumps;
- Suction pipe shall be properly designed to avoid air leaks and air pockets, either of which can
seriously affect the operation of the pump and protected against (mechanical) damage.
If the firewater system is also used to provide service water, the system shall be designed in such way
that the minimum required amount of firewater for the worst case scenario shall always be available.
Jockey pumps shall be designed based on the additional service water requirements so that the
minimum pressure in the fire ring main shall always be maintained. Furthermore it shall be proven by
risk assessment that the risk of backflow from product into the firewater system is adequately controlled,
if the fire system is connected to product pipelines. As per NFPA 24, section 8.7, hoses and hydrants
shall not be used for purposes other than fire-related services.
5.1.2 Storage Tank

Requirements for tank cooling depend upon product classification in line with NFPA requirements.
Cooling water on tanks shall be applied to cool tanks in the heat affected zones (adjacent
to the tank on fire).
Cooling water application on tanks is not designed to extinguish fires. This shall be done by means of
foam application, see section 5.2 for more details.
NFPA does not list specific requirements for tank cooling but only mentions that cooling shall be
adequate; therefore cooling rates shall be based on EI 19. EI 19 states that "Lessons learned from
incidents include many cases where water has been over-applied for cooling adjacent tanks, leading to
bund flooding, carry-over of product to other areas and excessive discharge of contaminated water
offsite" and "Rates higher than 2 l/min/m 2 do not provide a proportional increase in protection."
Tank cooling rates shall therefore be 2 l/min/m 2 (EI 19 based), unless higher rates are required by local
legislation/authorities.
The basic requirements for applying cooling water to storage tanks are:
- Even distribution of water shall be guaranteed. Vopak strongly recommends the application of
fixed permanent cooling systems such as cooling rings to achieve an even distribution of water.
Uneven cooling can cause the tank to deform and even collapse;
- Wind stiffeners can form an obstruction to even water distribution. Extra spray nozzles below
stiffeners shall be installed if even distribution of cooling water is disturbed by the wind
stiffeners.

For existing terminals, as an alternative for fixed permanent cooling systems on tanks, fixed fire monitors
may be employed provided graphical demonstration of covering the complete surface area of shell and
roof of neighboring tanks.
Requirements for tank cooling depend upon multiple factors. Vopak's policy on tank cooling is:
- Fixed cooling systems for tanks which can receive radiant heat above 10 kW/m 2 or more
stringent when required by local codes and standards;
- Where the radiant heat level is lower than 10 kW/m 2, no fixed cooling systems are required;
- If the shell is fitted with cooling systems then the tank roof shall also be equipped with a cooling
water system. The roofs are normally less resistant to radiant heat since they are not in full
contact with the stored product. The product can accumulate lots of radiant energy, preserving
the steel containment for the tank shell.
Requirements where tank cooling is required:

- Tank cooling rings shall be applied for cooling of shell and roof. A central drenching point is not
allowed for tank roof cooling as this may lead to uneven water distribution over the tank roof.
Other systems are not permitted (e.g. no central spray nozzles with firewater running down from
the roof alongside the tank walls or single ring header at the top of the tank wall (rim dome
principle));
- Fixed cooling (deluge systems) systems shall have the ability to be activated manually locally
and remotely controlled (from CCR);
- External heat detection combined with automated activation of the cooling system shall not be
installed on tanks;
- Deluge valves shall be housed in a sheltered area for physical protection and winterizing
protection shall be installed in areas where ambient temperature can lead to freezing;
- For larger tanks (typically > Ø40m) the cooling rings should be segmented into 2 or 4 sections
to enable only cooling of the parts actually subjected to the heat radiation. This also reduces
cooling water supply rates, cooling water supply line sizing, and limits firewater runoff in the
bund;
- In case of non-segmented cooling, Vopak prefers to install a single riser supplied via a single
deluge valve to supply firewater to the fixed tank cooling systems;
- Tank cooling systems and fixed connections: material of construction shall be galvanized
carbon steel (e.g. threaded) or GRE. Carbon steel is not permitted because of corrosion and
scale potentially blocking sprinklers, types of glassfiber reinforced plastics, other than GRE, are
not allowed as these will burn/melt when getting exposed to fire;
- Tank roof cooling for geodesic dome roofs might be required based on heat radiation contours;
- Bunds shall be equipped with emergency pump out facilities. These shall minimally consist of
a pipeline of an appropriate diameter based on the bund size and rain/firewater to be expected
and shall be routed to a remote safe area where a pump can be readily connected without the
need to put persons in danger. For more details, see the Vopak standard Secondary
Containment and Management of Firewater.
When GRE is considered for tank cooling systems or fixed connections, the following criteria shall be
taken into account for deciding whether GRE can be used, subject to local authority approval.

Situation Use of GRE allowed?
No direct exposure during a fire scenario GRE piping allowed
Continuous water filled piping GRE piping allowed
Normally dry piping, which can be filled with GRE piping allowed
water within 5 minutes in case of a fire scenario
Normally dry piping, which can only be filled Only protected GRE piping allowed (eg piping
with water by the fire brigade with sufficient coating, protection, cooling);
proof by documentation or field testing (following
a certified method) needs to be available that
the dry piping can withstand exposure to a fire
for at least 30 minutes.
Other scenarios (eg piping filled with water by Tests need to prove that, for applicable
Vopak fire brigade) scenarios, the dry GRE piping can withstand the
fire exposure for the time needed to fill the
piping with water.
Table 2: Criteria for the use of GRE piping for tank cooling systems or fixed connections.
5.1.3 Road and Rail Loading Bays

Based on product classification, fixed water deluge systems or foam flooding systems (see section
5.2.3) shall be provided for rail and road loading bays handling flammable products. Unless it can be
demonstrated by risk assessment that alternative arrangements can provide suitable and sufficient
protection. Sizing shall be based on a pool fire scenario.
Loading areas shall be designed such that spilled product does not pool beneath road or rail cars in the
loading area.
Centralized loading bays shall be equipped with water deluge systems, unless it can be demonstrated
by risk assessment that alternative arrangements can provide suitable and sufficient protection. For
single loading positions fixed monitors may be considered.
Mobile monitors shall not be used for permanent infrastructure. Mobile monitors can be considered for
temporary loading facilities only.
Cooling rates shall be applied per NFPA 13.
5.1.4 Pumps, pump pits, manifolds and other process equipment

Typical cooling water rate for pump pits and manifolds handling flammable liquids, is 4 l/min/m 2, based
on the plot area of the containment pit.
For a stand-alone pump, compressor or other process equipment, 10 l/min/m2 shall be used, based on
the horizontal area extending 0.6 m from the periphery of the pump and driver.
The application rates mentioned are as per EI 19, Appendix D.
5.1.5 Hydrants and Monitors

Fire monitors are only intended to fight:
- local pool fires;
- fires in pump rooms;
- fires at jetties;
- fires in process units (e.g., vapor handling units).
The number of hydrants to be installed shall be based on a risk assessment and calculated based on
NFPA 14. Fixed hydrants shall be installed at regulated intervals of maximum 60 meters throughout the

site. In critical areas such as pump platforms and manifolds, hydrants or monitors shall be provided to
enable fire attack under all wind conditions.
Tank bunds, pump pits, manifold areas and process unit areas shall be provided with fixed or mobile
firefighting equipment (in accordance with NFPA 24) and shall be accessible for deployment by the local
fire brigade. See also the Vopak standard on Secondary Containment and Fire Water Management for
details of general bund requirements.
If due to established heat radiation contours it is not possible to control the monitor by a person, a
remotely controlled monitor shall be installed, e.g. at jetties.
Fire monitors are in most cases not intended for tank cooling, as they typically cannot
provide sufficient capacity and might cause uneven tank cooling with potential
catastrophic tank failure. See section Error! Reference source not found. for further details.
Portable monitors are intended to provide water cooling screens or to apply foam to spills at locations
where no fixed system needs to be installed, see also section 5.2.4.
5.1.6 Other Equipment

In practical terms any equipment which is exposed to heat radiation at 10 kW/m2 or more for a prolonged
period shall be cooled. This can be achieved by using mobile equipment (water monitors) if it can be
demonstrated by risk assessment that this can provide suitable and sufficient protection.
Any equipment other than storage tanks, which may be exposed to more than 32 kW/m 2 radiant heat,
or when damage could lead to incident escalation or significant loss of operational capability shall be
provided with fixed cooling water systems.
Fixed cooling water systems shall be designed in accordance with recognized codes of practice, for
example NFPA 13 and 15.
5.2 Foam Requirements

All foam system designs shall be based on NFPA 11. Foam is applied for fire extinguishing. The required
foam volume capacity shall be based on the worst credible fire scenario. The foam solution volume shall
be determined for each scenario and by calculations based on the application rate and multiplied by
the duration. Reference is made to NFPA 11 for further guidance.
The foam type and foam expansion rate shall be based on the type of products stored. Where foam
containers IBC have been opened, where the manufacturer recommends or where local/national
legislation requires, the foam’s performance (e.g., applicability and stability) shall be tested at regular
intervals by a recognized authority/body. Foam application and the storage of foam stocks shall be in
accordance with the supplier’s specification.
5.2.1 Foam Supply

Foam system requirements:
- Minimum foam stock requirement depends on the situation and stored products, in line with
NFPA 11, based on the worst case scenario. Replenishment of the used foam quantity shall be
within 24 hours. After an incident, when the foam stock has been depleted, no operation of
flammables shall take place till the foam stock has been replenished;
- Foam shall be PFOS free foam because of environmental concerns. Foams containing short
chain C6 or less PFOA are still permitted to be used for the extinguishing of hydrocarbon fires.
Where stocks of PFOA containing foam are stored, the terminal shall have a life cycle policy
for the storage, testing, pollution control and disposal of the foam. Additional local
environmental requirements may be applicable;

- Type of foam shall be selected based on the compatibility with the stored products;
- Foam solution (pre-mix of foam concentrate and water) can be either 1% - 3% (for
hydrocarbons) or 3% - 6% (for chemicals) depending upon stored products;
- Higher foam mix concentrations may be required for special chemicals. The foam supplier shall
be consulted in all cases;
- There are multiple options for foam supply systems:
 One centralized foam system;
 Multiple smaller systems depending upon plot plan arrangement;
 Mobile foam supply;
- Typically for larger terminals multiple smaller systems are more beneficial;
- Foam storage shall be via either bladder tank(s), concentrate tank(s) with pump(s) or
intermediate bulk containers (IBCs);
- Foam tie-in location for tanks to dry pipe tank system shall be outside the 3 kW/m 2 contour or,
where not possible, shall be protected from heat radiation;
- Terminals shall have on site foam provisions for spill fires, typically up to 50m 2 surface area,
unless additional requirements are specified in local regulations;
- If portable or mobile response to spill fires cannot be guaranteed within 15 minutes, fixed
systems shall be provided;
- Intermediate bunding may result in a decrease of surface to apply foam and as such decrease
the amount of foam to be purchased and stored. For large tank pits this is a considerable cost
reduction and should be considered.
Foam type Foam system design

Protein and Minimum application rate 6.5 l/min/m2 * 15 minutes (foam solution)
fluoroprotein
AFFF, FFFP, and Minimum application rate 4.1 l/min/m2 * 15 minutes (foam solution)
alcohol-resistant
AFFF or FFFP
Table 3: Foam system design capacity for fixed foam application on non-bunded areas.
Type of foam Minimum Minimum discharge time Minimum discharge time

discharge outlet application rate class I hydrocarbon class II hydrocarbon
Low-level foam 4.1 l/min/m 2 30 minutes 20 minutes
discharge outlet
Foam monitors 6.5 l/min/m2 30 minutes 20 minutes
Table 4: Foam system design capacity for fixed foam application on bunded areas.
5.2.2 Storage Tanks

Foam systems shall be installed on tanks which store class I and II products according to NFPA, i.e.
products with flash point lower than 60°C.
Installation of foam system may be deferred on tanks which are used for class III products initially in the
same tank pit; however, all hot works on the tank shall be completed to install the foam system at a
later stage when the tank is switched to store class I or II products.
Different tank types (see section 4.2.1 of this standard and section 5 of the Vopak “Tank Design
Standard”) require different foam application rates and fittings on the tank, and, if applicable, on the
internal floating roof.
The design of the foam application and the number of foam chambers shall be based on NFPA 11,
chapter 5. Specialist support is required for the detailed design of these systems. Minimum application
rates, according to NFPA11, for storage tanks are mentioned in Table 5.

Credible scenario Product type Foam system design
(details section
4.2.1)
Full surface Class I Minimum application rate 4.1 l/min/m2 * 55 minutes (foam
solution)4
Class II Minimum application rate 4.1 l/min/m2 * 30 minutes (foam
solution)
Rim seal Foam dams on floating roof
Application rate 12.2 l/min/m2 * 20 minutes (foam solution)
(Surface area based on area between tank wall and foam
dam).
Table 5: Foam system design capacity for storage tanks per credible scenario.
For more information on application rates, see NFPA 11.
The foam system installation requirements are:

- Wall mounted foam generators in tanks are preferred because of better maintainability and
testing requirements;
- The installation of foam generators on the roof is not allowed because there is a high chance
that they will be blown away during an explosion;
- Mounting foam generators on top of a floating roof and the use of subsurface foam generators
is not permitted;
- In case of an internal floating roof, the foam generators shall direct the foam into the dam area;
- The foam generators shall be positioned as high as possible on the tank shell to optimize the
effective volume of the tank;
- In contrary to the NFPA 11 requirements, for tanks with larger diameters, which require more
than one foam generator, two supply lines plus ring main header feeding the foam generators
shall be considered as this is more cost effective (and also technically accepted) than individual
risers per foam generator. This alternative may not be permitted in certain areas where the
NFPA shall be followed as code (selected states in the USA for example);
- Fire detection in the rim seal area can be linear heat detection (two wire digital type) or infrared
detection. Manual activation of foam systems is always the standard. Tank foam systems shall
be at a minimum locally activated manually. In addition, remote activation from a central control
room can be considered;
- Vopak does not recommend automatic activation in view of false alarm risks. Where automatic
activation is required by local legislation, a reliable system with e.g. double signals shall be
installed.
5.2.3 Road and Rail Loading Bays

Based on product classification, fixed water deluge systems (see section 5.1.3) or foam flooding
systems shall be provided for rail and road loading bays handling flammable products, unless it can be
proven by risk assessment that this is not necessary. The design shall be according to NFPA 16. Sizing
shall be based on a pool fire scenario.
Centralized loading bays shall be equipped with fixed foam deluge systems, while for single loading
positions fixed monitors should be considered.
Mobile foam monitors shall only be used for temporary infrastructure.
Loading areas shall be designed in such a way, that spilled product does not pool beneath road or rail
cars in that area.
4 For polair products the application rate could be higher. Please contact foam supplier.

Minimum application rates, according to NFPA11, for loading racks handling hydrocarbons are
mentioned in Table 6.
Foam type Foam system design
Protein and Minimum application rate 6.5 l/min/m2 * 15 minutes (foam solution)
fluoroprotein
AFFF, FFFP, and Minimum application rate 4.1 l/min/m2 * 15 minutes (foam solution)
alcohol-resistant
AFFF or FFFP
Table 6: Foam system design for loading bays.
5.2.4 Small Pool Fires (tank pits, manifolds, pump pits)

Most of the spills start with a small leak. Vopak’s philosophy is to control it at early stage before
escalation and therefore a pool of 50 m 2 is considered as a credible pool size, given the installed
control measures. Typical foam application rates for small pool fires of up to 50 m2 is 5 l/min/m2, as
per EI 19, Appendix D and EN-13565-2, 2018, chapter 4.1.2 based on portable nozzles with hoses.
5.2.5 Foam Monitors

The main purposes for foam monitors shall be:
- To abate small bund fires;
- To abate pump pit fires;
- To abate manifold fires;
- To cover spills to prevent fires.
The number and sizes of monitors to be installed shall be based on risk assessment and calculated
based on NFPA 11. Foam monitors can be both fixed and mobile systems. If mobile foam trailers with
deck monitors are used, these shall be positioned at strategic locations.
In critical areas such as pump platforms and manifolds, hydrants or monitors shall be provided to enable
fire attack under all wind conditions; this will normally imply two monitors at least and in some
circumstances 4 monitors to enable a safe approach.
Local IBC's adjacent to locally installed monitors are not preferred. The disadvantage of foam IBC
containers is the lack of flexibility due to poor mobility.
Tank bunds, pump pits and manifold areas shall be provided with fixed or mobile foam firefighting
equipment (in accordance with NFPA 11 & 24), sized on the governing scenario, and shall be accessible
for deployment by the local fire brigade. Foam monitors outside tank bunds are not intended to fight
tank fires, but to fight pool fires inside the tank bund. For pool fires inside the tank bund, a typical pool
surface area of 50 m2 is considered. See also the Vopak Standard on Secondary Containment and Fire
Water Management for details of general bund requirements.
5.3 Jetties
For fire protection and control of jetties, Vopak follows the International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers
and Terminals guidance (ISGOTT). Chapter 19 provides more details on requirements for fire protection
at jetties, which among others depend on the maximum ship sizes which can moor at the jetty. Apart
from ISGOTT requirements, requirements as per local legislation need to be implemented as well.
Terminals shall have as a minimum ship fires included in their scenarios, approved by local authorities.
Firefighting infrastructure at the jetty shall as a minimum consist of a firewater system, a fixed water
mist, a foam system, and foam and water monitors. The system is designed to protect Vopak’s marine
facilities. It is not primarily intended to extinguish ship fires as the ships shall have primarily their own

firefighting system, based on the principles of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
(SOLAS). Where requested, additional firefighting support from Vopak systems or connection to the
Ship to Shore Fire Connection can be provided.
Within port limits the local authority or port control may provide firefighting capabilities or may impose
fire safety requirements upon individual locations. In some cases jetties are shared with others. Mutual
aid provisions may also be in place.
It is often difficult to space fire hydrants evenly on a jetty or berth due to the location of other obstructing
equipment but in general these should be at intervals of no more than 45 meters on the operational part
of the jetty and not more than 90 meters on the jetty approach. Hydrants and monitors shall be protected
against mechanical damage. In addition, consideration should be given to winterization requirements.
The number and capacity of monitors depends on the local berth conditions. Monitors shall be fixed and
may be manually or remotely operated, but in all cases the monitor shall be capable of operation under
all expected fire conditions.
The monitors shall be capable of supplying both foam or water to the fire locations taking into account
a.o. ships free board and tidal conditions. Consideration should therefore be given to elevated monitors.
A fire boat tie-in shall be provided to supply firewater into the terminal firewater system through the jetty
for those locations where a fire boat is available. Capacity and size of the connection for the fire boat
shall be determined by available fire boat capacity in consultation with local authorities. Pump-in points
shall be located away from the operational part of the jetty and shall be easily accessible for fire boats
and tugs. Mooring capabilities shall be provided at the location. The location of these tie-in points shall
be highlighted by appropriate signage.
All jetties shall be equipped with an International Ship to Shore Fire Connection complete with nuts,
bolts and gaskets (joint). These can be connected to a berthing ship supplying firewater into the ships
active fire protection system where required. One 63 mm hose connection shall be provided for every
57 m3/hr of required pumping capacity. The location of the coupling shall be identified during the ship
shore safety checklist process.
Reference is made to table 19.1 of ISGOTT version 5 for minimum provisions at various types of jetties.
Reference is also made to section 5 of the Vopak Jetty Layout and Protection standard.
5.4 Offices and Buildings

Buildings, which are meant for long term presence of people, like offices, control rooms, maintenance
rooms and laboratories, shall be located outside the heat radiation and blast zones. If this is not
possible, adequate protection measures shall be in place to protect the people inside the building and
allow for safe evacuation in case of an emergency. In case of evacuation, a safe location shall be
available from where the emergency or fire can be controlled.
The utility area needs to reserve ample space for, and access to, firefighting systems and equipment
as applicable including firewater tanks, foam storage & concentrate pumps, firewater pumps, firewater
trucks, etc.
Blast proof buildings shall be required for gas storage if the building is within the risk zone, unless local
authorities require otherwise.
Where possible fire detectors should be of a type which give an early warning of fire (incipient fire
detection) and which do not need the room to be full of smoke before an alarm is raised.
Fire equipment cabinets containing fire hoses, axe, blankets, nozzles and fittings shall be provided in
areas where there would be a significant time delay in obtaining these items from the fire truck. It is
common to have one fixed cabinet per two or three hydrants.

Control rooms shall be fitted with smoke detectors and equipped with fire extinguishers suitable for use
on electrical equipment (carbon dioxide or dry powder). In selecting extinguishers considerations shall
be given to the risk of carbon dioxide in small enclosed areas and the difficulty of cleaning dry powder
extinguishing media out of computer and control systems.
Electrical/switchgear facilities and substations shall be fitted with smoke detectors and equipped with
fire extinguishers suitable for use on electrical equipment (carbon dioxide or dry powder). Large
electrical rooms can be fitted with fixed gaseous extinguishing systems initiated manually or by a voting
detector system (usually a two out of two system). Consideration shall also be given to spill/pool fires
where oil-filled equipment is used. For new terminals, oil filled transformers shall not be allowed inside
the buildings with other equipment. In case of existing terminals where oil type transformers are inside
the building, fire extinguishers shall be provided to react to pool fire in addition to electrical fire.
Any staff that may be expected to use a fire extinguisher, for example control room operators, shall be
trained correctly, focusing their attention on extinguishing electrical and computer equipment fires.
Halon systems are no longer permitted. Carbon dioxide can be used provided sufficient care is taken
to prevent asphyxiation of persons who may be within the room, clean safe extinguishing gases such
as FM200 are preferred for these installations. Other “clean agent” extinguishing media may be used
when more suitable or better results are expected.
5.5 Structures
One method by which the radiant heat effect on steel structures can be reduced is by the use of passive
fire protection or insulation. Passive fire protection (PFP) is defined as any system (usually coating,
cladding or insulation) that does not require manual activation to protect against heat radiation.
PFP is not recommended on tanks. The issues of additional weight on the tank and roof, the difficulties
of steel inspection after application and the cost of installation make this impracticable for most
atmospheric tanks at Vopak facilities.
Applications that could be considered include protection of specific critical items of equipment (e.g.
valves and actuators) and critical metal structures such as loading racks or pipe rack supports. A
common industry practice is to apply fire proofing in these cases up to 9 meters height maximum. The
application of PFP shall only be considered when pool fire scenarios near the structure are realistic
scenarios.
Depending upon product classification, fireproofing of steel structures is required for truck and train
loading racks, selected pipe racks (risk based e.g. when pipes run over a pump room, manifold, through
tank pits) etc.
PFP in the form of fire rated enclosures shall be provided for control rooms, accommodation, offices
and safety critical equipment rooms e.g., UPS.
Reference is made to API 2218 "Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing
Plants" for further guidance and details.
5.6 Portable Equipment

Portable and wheeled extinguishers shall be provided near hose connections, marine/truck/train loading
facilities, and at access points to the jetty, such that an extinguisher is available without travelling more
than 15 meters.
Fire extinguisher locations shall be marked and identified with bright colours. Fire extinguishers shall
be protected against weather influences but shall remain easily accessible in case of an emergency.
The top of the lifting handle shall be at or below 1 meter in height.

Water extinguishers are generally not appropriate and therefore not acceptable for the type of products
handled by Vopak.
Carbon dioxide extinguishers shall only be provided for fires in switch rooms or substations.
Consideration shall be given to install fire boxes in line with local legislation/requirements.
Dry powder type extinguishers are very effective on small liquid fires and can be provided both in
handheld and wheeled versions.
5.7 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
5.7.1 Fire and Gas/Liquid Detection

Fire, gas and smoke detector coverage shall be provided in all areas, appropriate to identified hazards
and risks. The following minimum coverage is applicable:
- Tanks with floating roof (either external or internal) storing flammable products shall be fitted
with a linear heat detector (two wire digital type) and/or infrared detection;
- Linear heat detection systems should be provided with an end of line test arrangement outside
the bund wall;
- In case automatic activation of foam systems is required by local authorities, double detection
systems with different detection methods shall be installed. The system shall activate if both
detection systems trigger an alarm;
- At the bund drain sump for tanks storing flammable products and/or other products stored
above their flash point, infrared absorption type point vapor detection or hydrocarbon detection
shall be provided;
- At locations where liquefied gases are handled, consideration shall be given to providing
automatic fire detection at road and rail loading bays, where detection by manual means is not
preferred since this is likely to cause unnecessary delays. The preferred method is flame
detection but the correct type shall be based on the products handled.
For further instructions on gas detection systems, see section 2.2.5 of this standard.
5.7.2 Fire Alarm Systems

Each terminal shall be equipped with a fire alarm system with manual push button activation locally. In
addition, automatic heat and smoke detectors shall be provided.
For large terminals there can be a staged activation where the control room is first alerted to investigate
before a full site alarm is raised. On smaller terminals a single stage alarm is recommended. The fire
alarm system shall have a central panel indicating the location of the device that has activated the
alarm.
Terminals, where the control room is not continuously manned or the terminal is not in operation 24/7,
shall make alternative arrangements to monitor the alarm system from elsewhere.
The fire alarm network system shall be configured in a ring network configuration to allow
communications from both directions. All control panels shall be capable of operating independently
even if the network connection is lost.
Most of the fire alarming systems consist of fire detectors which are “addressable devices” where the
system can identify exactly which detector has been activated. Fire alarm systems and communication
capability rapidly advance. There is a preference for addressable systems with self-checking electronics
and connecting cables which maintain the highest degree of integrity under a cable fault condition. The
fire alarm system shall be a dedicated system (specific requirements are often set by local authorities).

A site panel indicating the drench, foam and water curtain systems shall be installed next to the fire
alarm system control panel. The fire alarm system shall monitor:
- Fire pumps and all associated equipment;
- The status of all automatic deluge valves and equipment associated with the fire protection
systems;
- The status of all detectors;
- The pressure in the main firewater line.
The fire alarm system shall not be directly interfaced to the process control systems. (e.g., DCS).
Manual fire alarm push buttons shall be installed both at valve manifold stations and near hydrant-
monitors.
In case of automated systems each deluge/foam valve shall be equipped with a pressure switch to
indicate when the system is activated.
Smoke detection and fire alarm push button shall be provided in each substation enclosure.
5.7.3 Emergency Shutdown Systems

Emergency shutdown is the first line of defense to prevent further release of products in a fire event.
ESD provisions shall be provided at each access point to tank bunds, to jetties, to rail/road car loading
areas and be controlled and supervised from the control room.

6 Performance, Inspection, Testing and Maintenance
Fire protection and detection are “Safety critical systems”. This means there shall be focus on
performance, inspection, testing and maintenance. At a minimum, the requirements from NFPA 25 shall
be followed. For maintenance and inspection reference is also made to the Vopak Standard on
Maintenance and Inspection of Safety Critical Equipment.
The following list shows examples of factors causing firefighting system blockage or deterioration:
- Pipe scale or corrosion products (blocking smaller areas like sprinkler heads);
- Scaling produced by microbiological corrosion (blocking smaller areas like sprinkler heads or
reducing available cross area of smaller piping);
- Mud or sludge introduced into the system if surface water is used (blocking smaller areas like
sprinkler heads or reducing available cross area of smaller piping);
- Marine organism growth in the firewater inlet screens or inside the piping (reducing available
cross area of the piping or causing pump malfunctioning due to suction obstruction);
- Corrosion of drench pipes (wet chlorides, open to atmosphere);
- Corrosion of main ring due to intermittent sea water exposure;
- Corrosion of piping due to microbiological induced corrosion;
- External corrosion of underground firewater piping.
Implementation into design and operations means the following steps shall be followed:
- Selection of material for the system (eg use of galvanized carbon steel for dry piping);
- Setting performance standards to define exactly what measurable performance criteria the fire
protection system shall fulfill;
- Develop component specifications suitable to meet the performance criteria. Performance
criteria shall be set and tested to ensure operation and flow requirements of the system can be
met. Normally this requires measurement of flow rates and pressures at extreme ends of the
fire system installation under the worst case credible scenario conditions (eg tracking pump
performance curves, testing minimum pressure at the farthest point, visual testing of sprinkler
nozzles);
- Develop relevant test, inspection and maintenance procedures through which on-going
performance of the system can be assured;
- Implement and keep records of the test, inspection and maintenance program.
The terminal shall have an inspection and testing procedure for:

- Detection systems;
- Water based systems (pumps, ring main, cooling systems and monitors);
- Foam systems and foam concentrate.
The inspection and testing procedure shall include:

1. Defined inspection and test intervals;
2. Precisely defined and documented inspection and testing methods;
3. Specific acceptable values of inspection and test parameters;
4. Documentation to record results;
5. Review procedures.

More specific, following requirements shall be incorporated at a minimum:
- Water distribution and ring main systems: NFPA 24, chapter 14 (2019 Edition)
- Firewater pumps: NFPA 20, chapter 14 (2019 Edition)
- Foam system: NFPA 11, chapter 11 (2016 Edition) and
NFPA 12 (2018 Edition)
- Water spray systems: NFPA 15, chapter 10 and 11 (2017 Edition)
- Portable extinguishers: NFPA 10, chapter 7 and 8 (2018 Edition)
- Clean agent systems: NFPA 2001, chapter 7 (2018 Edition)
- Fire alarms: NFPA 72, chapter 14 (2019 Edition)

7 Existing Terminals
Existing terminals might not always be designed in line with the requirements as stated in this standard,
as insights and requirements have developed over the years.
As the firefighting system of a terminal is of the highest importance to ensure that solid and sufficient
mitigating measures are in place to control any incident and avoid escalation, continuous upgrades to
the firefighting system at existing terminals to the latest standard is required.
Taking this into account, the following approach shall be followed for existing terminals:
1) Each terminal shall carry out a gap analysis with revision 3.0 of this standard;
2) Based on the gap analysis, each terminal shall make a plan to address the gaps with a
sustaining capex budget request to the division in order to close the gaps;
3) Based on the gap analysis, each terminal shall ensure that temporary waivers are in place
for the period before the complete realization of the plan;
4) When carrying out the gap analysis, all statements in this standard with "shall" must be read
as compulsory requirements.
Above mentioned requirements for existing terminals deviate from and supersede the approach in
revision 2.1 of this standard as well as the Assure guidance.

Appendix A – Relevant Codes and Standards
NFPA 1 Fire Prevention Code, 2018 Edition

NFPA 10 Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2018 Edition
NFPA 11 Low Medium and High Expansion Foam System, 2016 Edition
NFPA 13 Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2019 Edition
NFPA 14 Installation of Standpipe and Hose System, 2019 Edition
NFPA 15 Water-Spray Fixed Systems, 2017 Edition
NFPA 16 Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems, 2019 Edition
NFPA 20 Installation of Stationary Pumps, 2019 Edition
NFPA 24 Installation of Private Fire Service Main, 2019 Edition
NFPA 25 Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire protection
systems, 2017 Edition
NFPA 30 Flammable and combustible liquids code, 2018 Edition
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code, 2017 Edition
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code, 2019 Edition
NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, 2018 Edition
API 2009 Safe Welding, Cutting, and Hot Work Practices in the Petroleum
and Petrochemical Industries, 2007 Edition
EI 19 Model Code of Safe Practice – Fire Precautions at Petroleum Refineries
and Bulk Storage Installations, 2012 Edition
Table 7: Overview of relevant codes and standards.
Note:
- The codes and standards are regularly updated. The most recent versions shall always be
applied in the fire protection and control design process.
- NFPA codes are available (free of charge in view mode) on the internet – www.nfpa.org.

Appendix B – Reference tables
This appendix contains a tabulated overview of the most common application rates, separation
distances and locations related to heat radiation zones, as mentioned throughout this standard. These
tables are not meant to give a complete overview but only include the most common values, applicable
for Vopak terminals. Always consult the respective code or standard, as referred to in this document as
well, for further guidance or if the value you are looking for is not included in one of these tables.
Medium Application scenario Application rate Source

Cooling water Tank cooling 2 l/min/m2 EI 19
Cooling water Pump pit & manifold cooling 4 l/min/m2 EI 19
Cooling water Stand-alone pump, 10 l/min/m2 EI 19
compressor or other process
equipment
Protein and Fixed foam application on 6.5 l/min/m2 NFPA 11
fluoroprotein foam non-bunded areas or loading (for minimum 15 minutes)
bays
AFFF, FFFP, and Fixed foam application on 4.1 l/min/m2 NFPA 11
alcohol-resistant non-bunded areas or loading (for minimum 15 minutes)
AFFF or FFFP bays
Foam Low level foam discharge 4.1 l/min/m2 NFPA 11
outlet for bunded areas (for minimum 30 minutes
– class I hydrocarbon)
Foam Low level foam discharge 4.1 l/min/m2 NFPA 11
outlet for bunded areas (for minimum 20 minutes
– class II hydrocarbon)
Foam Foam monitors for bunded 6.5 l/min/m2 NFPA 11
areas (for minimum 30 minutes
– class I hydrocarbon)
Foam Foam monitors for bunded 6.5 l/min/m2 NFPA 11
areas (for minimum 20 minutes
– class II hydrocarbon)
Foam Tank full surface scenario – 4.1 l/min/m2 NFPA 11
class I hydrocarbon (for minimum 55 minutes)
Foam Tank full surface scenario – 4.1 l/min/m2 NFPA 11
class II hydrocarbon (for minimum 30 minutes)
Foam Tank rim seal fire scenario 12 l/min/m2 NFPA 11
(for minimum 20 minutes)
Foam Small pool fires (up to 50 m2) 5 l/min/m2 EI 19
Table 8: Overview of typical cooling water and foam application rates for different applications.

Distance description Separation distance Source
Tank shell to interior of tank pit dike wall 1.5 meter minimum NFPA 30
Outside base of the dike at ground level to any 3.0 meter minimum NFPA 30
property line that can be built upon
Rail or road loading facilities to above ground tanks, 7.6 meter minimum NFPA 30
warehouses, other buildings or adjoining property (for handling of class I product or
class II or III at or above
flashpoint)
Rail or road loading facilities to above ground tanks, 4.6 meter minimum NFPA 30
warehouses, other buildings or adjoining property (for handling of class II or III if
below flashpoint)
Liquid processing equipment (like manifolds) to 7.6 meter minimum NFPA 30
property lines or nearest important building
Firewater pump to nearest fire risk 15.3 meter minimum (or in NFPA 20
protected area)
Table 9: Overview of minimum separation distances.
Terminal unit description Location description Source

Manned offices, buildings and control room Outside 3 kW/m2 zone 1 EI 19
Equipment and utilities (Preferably) outside 10 kW/m 2 zone EI 19
Equipment, tanks, utilities, etc If located within 10 kW/m2 zone, to be EI 19
protected by fixed cooling systems 2
Firefighting equipment and tie-in locations which Outside 3 kW/m2 zone 1 EI 19
require manual operation
Neighboring residential areas or public roads Outside 3 kW/m2 zone 1 EI 19
Table 10: Overview of location of equipment and buildings, based on heat radiation circles.
Note 1: Indirectly derived from EI 19, based on the presence and exposure of people.
Note 2: Indirectly derived from EI19, where a range of 8-12 kW/m2 exposure is given; Vopak has
taken the average value in this range.

Appendix C – Site Response Organisation
For each credible fire scenario an initial fire response task analysis should be developed.
A fire response task analysis typically addresses:

- Alarming: how does alarming take place, when, by whom or what and to whom;
- How does the mobilisation and fire attack of people (operators, internal and/or external fire
responders) and (mobile) fire equipment take place;
- What people will be called, what equipment will be used;
- How will the people be alarmed and how will they arrive at the scene;
- How long does it take for people to arrive at the scene and how long does it take to actually
start attacking the fire;
- Where will people approach the fire and which equipment will they use;
- Who is operational in charge;
- Description of the role of operators, site fire responders and/or external firefighters.
If external assistance is used (e.g. mutual aid):

- When will the assistance be used, based on what agreement, who initiates.
- Are there enough firefighters available within 15 minutes after the first alarm.
Execution of a credible fire scenario analysis associated with new designs shall be planned and
executed at an early project stage.
The study shall be reviewed on a regular basis (typically every 3 years), but also when there are
significant changes to the site, products stored, fire response capability and following major incidents.

Appendix D – Typical Documentation of Results
Typical set up of a fire scenario analysis report:
1. Introduction, description of basic assumptions;

2. Description of credible fire scenarios includes:
a. Scenario description;
b. Scenario consequences (radiation plots on layout);
c. Escalation time estimates;
d. Existing fire protection measures;
e. Required fire protection measures;
f. Fire response (fire attack plotted on layout);
g. Fire response strategy;
h. Resources required (other than fire responders);
i. Resources required (fire responders).
3. Selection of worst case fire scenarios;
4. Description of fire protection and control equipment (monitors, hydrants, firewater main, pumps,
cooling systems, foam systems, etc.);
5. Description of fire response organisation on site and local (personnel, alarming, training,
communications, maintenance).
The information shall be transferred to practical Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) for each identified
incident.


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Fire Protection and Control

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

Confidentiality and Distribution

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

3 FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES 11

4 DESIGN OF FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 12

5 FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL REQUIREMENTS 20

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

6 PERFORMANCE, INSPECTION, TESTING AND MAINTENANCE 33

APPENDIX A – RELEVANT CODES AND STANDARDS 36

APPENDIX B – REFERENCE TABLES 37

APPENDIX C – SITE RESPONSE ORGANISATION 39

APPENDIX D – TYPICAL DOCUMENTATION OF RESULTS 40

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

1.1 Scope and application

The scope of this document excludes specific provisions for:

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

1.3 Roles and responsibilities

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

2.1 Control of Flammable Atmospheres

Vopak defines the following approach as the most appropriate response:

2.2 Control of Ignitions Sources

2.2.1 Static Electricity

2.2.2 Mechanical, Electrical and Instrumentation Systems

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

2.2.4 Flare Stack Fall Out

2.2.5 Ignition From External Sources

2.2.6 Pyrophoric Scale

Following measures shall be taken when using floating roofs:

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

The three different firefighting strategies will be briefly described below.

An offensive strategy can be used when:

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

4.1 Survey Flammability of Products

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

All locations on a terminal with a fire risk shall be identified:

4.2 Credible Fire Scenarios

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

4.2.2 Non-Tank Fires

Typical scenarios which shall be assessed are:

4.3 Layout and Secondary Containment

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

4.3.2 Secondary Containment

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

4.4 Heat Radiation Contours

Accepted heat radiation limits and consequences are:

Based on the above limits, the Vopak requirements are:

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

4.5 Worst Case Scenario – Design Events

4.6 Final Fire Protection and Control Design

4.6.1 On Site Firefighting Personnel

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

The next sections provide more details on these requirements.

5.1 Firewater Requirements

5.1.1 Firewater Supply

The Vopak policy shall be:

Minimum design requirements of the firewater supply shall be:

Fire Protection and Control I Version 3.0 I September 2019

Vopak minimum performance requirements for firewater hydraulics are: