CUESTIONARIO TALLER 1 MATERIALES DE INGENIERIA

Valeria Pardo Correa

5800964

1. Indicar cinco propiedades de los metales en general

R/:

• Except for mercury that is liquid, all others are solid.

• All have shine (metallic).

• They are malleable and ductile, that is, thin sheets and wires can be formed from

them. Gold, silver and copper are the most ductile and malleable.

• They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

• They are good conductors of heat and electricity. Its molecules are monoatomic. That

is, its molecules are formed by a single atom (Al, Cu, Ca, Mg, Au).

2. Explicar que es la metalurgia y la siderurgia. En qué se diferencian

R/:

Iron and Steel Industry (Siderurgia)

Iron and steel industry is the set of techniques used to treat iron and its alloys. This

mineral (iron) is present in the earth in the form of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates,

silicates and sulphides.

Metallurgy (Metalurgia)

Metallurgy is the technique of extracting and transforming metals from minerals. In

addition, it is the science that studies the field of alloys, which deals with the quality
 control of processes and studies ways of acting against the corrosion of metallic and

non-metallic minerals.

Difference of steel and metallurgy.

Metallurgy is the extraction and transformation of metals from minerals, and the steel

industry refers to the transformation of iron into its different alloys.

3. ¿Qué diferencia a los metales férricos de los no férricos, explique?

R/:

Ferrous metal.

All metals that contain any amount of iron in its basic form are considered ferrous metal.

The only ferrous metal element in the periodic table is iron. Many metals, such as steel,

have an iron percentage, which means that it is a ferrous metal. Examples are stainless

steel, carbon steel and wrought iron.

Non-ferrous metals.

Non-ferrous metals are the opposite do not contain iron. Alloy metals that are free of

iron are also considered non-ferrous. All metals in the periodic table with the exception

of iron are non-ferrous. Examples are aluminum, zinc, copper, lead.

4. Enumerar al menos 5 metales férricos y 5 no férricos PUNTO A EXPONER

R/:

Ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals

1. The steel 1. Copper (and its alloys)

2. Pure iron 2. Aluminum

3. Sweet iron 3. Tin

4. Stainless steel. 4. Lead

5. Galvanized steel 5. Nickel

5. Enumerar las características más importantes del cobre e indicar para que se utiliza en

la industria. Enumerar mínimo 5 ejemplos.

R/:

 Noble, but less than gold and silver, it is an excellent conductor of heat and

electricity.

 The amount of metal used by a soecito is used todo as an indicator of its degree

of industrialization and is considered to be the material of progress and

development.

 Copper is a transition metal of a characteristic reddish color and bright hues.

 It is malleable, ductile and a good driver. Together with the plant and gold, they

make up the so-called «Copper Family«

 It has two stable isotopes (CU-63 and CU-65), but in total, a total of 28 isotopes

of the mentioned element are known.

Copper use

Copper is one of the most used metals. This is due, in part, to its great ability to

conduct electricity, which allows it to be used in the manufacture of electronic and

electrical parts and in the production of cables. Its alloys with other metals are also

very useful, with the currencies of many countries being the most popular example

of their use.

Examples

1. Construction: In construction, copper is used for the manufacture of thermal

systems, wiring, water and gas pipes.

 2. Technology: In the area of telecommunications, it is the most used metal for

increasing the effectiveness of transmission in electronic devices.

3. Transport: In the transport the presence of copper turns out to be indispensable.

Motors, electrical systems, ship electronics, automobiles

4. Agriculture: In agriculture, it is used to compensate for the lack of this element in

the earth.

5. Coins: Copper is used since ancient times to make coins.

6. Completar las siguientes frases:

 Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

 The mixture of copper and tin produces bronze.

 Tinplate is produced using iron sheet coated by sheet

 Sort the following materials in order from highest to loess hardness and indicate their

hardness value: cast iron, iron and steel.

R/: Pure iron has a hardness that ranges between 4 and 5.

7. Explicar qué es un producto siderúrgico y cuáles son los más importantes.

R/:

Steel products

They are products that are obtained by the reduction of iron oxides in blast furnaces, in

which minerals, fuels, fluxes and air are introduced. Depending on the carbon content of

the iron alloy we find three types:

-Fundición: They are iron-carbon alloys with contents between 1.7 to 6.7% carbon.
 -Iron: this name is given by extra mild steels with 0.05 to 0.15% carbon.

-Steels: they are alloys with less than 2% carbon. Of malleable character, they temper

well because their carbon content exceeds 0.25%. By increasing the percentage of

carbon, certain properties such as tensile strength, elastic limit and hardness improve.

However decreases ductility, resilience and elongation of breakage.

Commercial forms of iron and steel:

The main forms are profiled bar and iron, which are considered as processed products.

-Profiled iron: inside them are the angular noes, the channels, the T and the double T.

-Sheets: stands out as a raw material and as a construction material for its high quality

finish. It can be obtained in coils, smooth sheets and strapping. (Tapes).

8. Esquema simple con el proceso que sigue el hierro hasta convertirse en acero.

R/:

Illustration 1: Blast Furnace

9. ¿Qué es el bronce?
 R/: Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, of physical appearance reddish yellow;

Tenacious and loud. Copper constitutes its base, while tin can appear in a variable

proportion between 3 and 20%.

10. ¿Qué es el acero?

R/: Steel is a metal that is derived from the alloy between iron and carbon. It is

characterized by its resistance and because it can be hot worked, that is only in a liquid

state. Once it hardens, its handling is almost impossible. The two elements that make up

steel (iron and carbon) are found in nature, so it is positive when producing it on a large

scale.

11. ¿Qué metales elementos se utilizan para fabricar acero inoxidable?

R/: Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing by definirían a minimum of

10.5% of chrome. Some types of stainless steel contain also other alloying elements. The

main ones are the nickel and molybdenum. It is a type of steel resisten to corrosion, the

chromium it contains has great affinity for oxigenó and reacts with it forming a layer

passivator that prevents corrosion of iron contained in the alloy.

12. ¿Qué es el latón?

R/: Copper and zinc alloy of gold-like color, flexible and very resistant to corrosion.

With the proportions of zinc and copper a varied range of brass with different properties

can be created. Despite this distinction, some types of brass are called bronzes.

13. ¿Qué características mecánicas presentan las fundiciones?

R/: - They are easier to machine than steels.

- Parts of different size and complexity can be manufactured.

 - Since the smelters have melting temperatures clearly lower than those of steels, no

expensive equipment or furnaces are needed in their manufacture, so the necessary

facilities are simpler and cheaper.

- They absorb mechanical vibrations and act as self-lubricants.

- They are resistant to thermal shock, corrosion and have good wear resistance and are

relatively hard.

- And on the other hand, being foundry alloys with very high carbon content are, in

general, very fragile, so they cannot be formed by forging, rolling or extrusion, but the

castings are formed directly by molding, being able to manufacture castings of very

different sizes and complexity.

14. ¿Cómo se denomina la mezcla formada por dos o más metales? PUNTO A EXPONER

R/: Alloy is known as the combination of two or more metallic elements, to constitute a

new material that has the properties of its ingredients.

Alloys are usually considered as mixtures, since there are no chemical reactions between

the joined elements, that is, their atoms do not intertwine or change the constitution of

their molecules.

The resulting material will always have metallic characteristics: brightness, good thermal

and electrical conduction, greater or lesser hardness, malleability and ductility, etc. This

is a usual procedure in the steel and materials industry, and is the only way to obtain

substances such as bronze or brass.

15. ¿Qué es la ganga de un mineral?

R/: The bargain is a rock that is discarded when extracting the ore from a certain mineral

deposit, because it lacks economic value or its exploitation is too expensive. It is possible

that a mineral that is considered bargain in a field is of interest in another, or that the
 improvement in extractive techniques or industrial uses makes the processing of

materials previously considered bargain profetales.

The profitability of a mine depends on its richness in the expected metal as well as the

way it is presented. If the ore and the bargain are mixed, and the physical and chemical

processes of separation and preparation are too expensive, the ore may not be profitable.

16. ¿Cuál es el metal más utilizado por el hombre? Sopórtelo con 5 ejemplos

R/: The uses of metals depend primarily on their characteristic properties, such as

resistance, hardness, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity and then on their

ability to perform certain chemical functions. Almost all metals are economically

important, but only about twenty of them are absolutely essential. Of these, the five most

used are iron, aluminum, copper, manganese and zinc. According to the United States

Geological Service.

-Copper is the key to electricity generativos and distribution, as it is an excellent

conductor of this energy. Its main characteristics are electrical conductivity, ductility and

malleability. Thanks to the high electrical conductivity, copper is today the most used

metal to conduct electricity. Other options, such as silver or gold, are much more

expensive. Therefore, copper is also used in household appliances, computers, telephone

devices, wiring, etc.

In electronics.

Electronics rely heavily on electricity to function. We use many electronic products such

as TV, mobiles, computers, refrigerators, etc. in daily life. These electronic devices use

metals in the body for different purposes. But one of the key objectives is to facilitate

the transfer of electricity. Since metals are good conductors, metals such as copper and

lead are widely used.

 In the construction.

Metals such as iron and steel are widely used in building and residential constructions.

Their strength and ability to withstand heavy weights make them preferred in

construction. They are commonly used in reinforced concrete roofs, pillars, foundations,

fences, etc.

In the kitchen.

The utensils are made of metals such as steel, aluminum and copper. Stoves, ovens,

bowls, spoons, knives used in the kitchen are made of metal.

In jewelry.

Metals such as gold, silver, platinum, copper are widely used in jewelry. These metals

are symbolize financial status and therefore of high price.

In machinery and cars.

Many machines and cars are made of metals extensively. Metals that can withstand high

temperatures and pressures during work are preferred. The commonly used metal is iron,

steel, aluminum, etc.

17. ¿Qué es un material compuesto? De 5 ejemplos de materiales compuestos más utilizados

en la industria.

R/: Are those materials that are formed by the union of two or more materials to achieve

the combination of properties that is not possible to obtain in the original materials.

These compounds can be selected to achieve unusual combinations of stiffness, strength,

weight, high temperature performance, corrosion resistance, hardness or conductivity.

Examples

1. Nacre.
 It is a hard white organic-inorganic substance with iridescent reflections, which forms

the inner shell of many mollusks, such as mother of pearl.

2. Adobe.

This is the name of uncooked bricks, that is, fillings for construction, made of clay and

sand or other mud masses, mixed with straw and dried in the sun.

3. Concrete.

Also called "concrete", it is the composite material most used at the same time in

construction, it is a joint of various substances: cement, sand, gravel or gravel and water.

4. Asphalt concrete.

Very used in the paving of roads or highways, asphalt concrete consists of a mixture of

asphalt and mineral aggregates of diverse nature, to obtain a uniform and bituminous

paste that, when applied hot, hardens and waterproofs, constituting an ideal material for

the works Urban public.

5. Bone.

Constituted in the interior of the superior animals by a bone matrix reinforced by

collagen fibers, a protein that confers its natural resistance, thanks to the calcium from

which its structure is mineralized.

18. ¿Qué es un material cerámico? De 5 ejemplos de materiales cerámicos más utilizados en

la industria.
R/: Ceramic materials are non-metallic inorganic materials, consisting of metallic and

non-metallic elements linked primarily by ionic and / or covalent bonds. The chemical

compositions of ceramic materials vary considerably, from simple compounds to

mixtures of many complex linked phases.

The properties of ceramic materials also vary gratel due to differences in the bonds. In

general, ceramic materials are typically hard and fragile with low toughness and

ductility. Ceramic materials usually behave as good electrical and thermal insulators due

to the absence of conductive electrons, they usually have relatively high melting

temperatures and also a relatively high stability in most of the more aggressive media

due to the stability of their strong links. Due to these properties, ceramic materials are

indispensable for many of the engineering designs.

Examples

The ceramic materials used for engineering applications can be classified into two

groups: traditional ceramic materials and ceramic materials for specific engineering use.

Normally traditional ceramic: materials consist of three basic components: clay, silica

(flint) and feldspar.

Examples of traditional ceramics are:

- The bricks.

-Tiles used in construction industries.

- Electrical porcelains for use in the electrical industry.

Engineering ceramics: on the other hand, are typically made up of pure or almost pure

compounds such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon carbide (SiC), and silicon nitride

(Si3N4). Examples of application of engineering ceramics in cutting-edge technology

are:
 - Silicon carbide in the high temperature areas of the gas engine turbine.

- The aluminum oxide at the base of the support for the integrated circuits of the chips

in a thermal conduction module.

19. Indicar si es verdadero o falso las siguientes afirmaciones y justificar su respuesta:

 Metals are very plastic. True, since they can be deformed by applying pressure.

 All metals conduct electricity except mercury. False, because even if it is liquid,

it also drives electricity.

 All metals are attracted to magnets. False, because there are metals that are not

attracted to a magnet, for example copper.

 Foundry is a ferric alloy that contains less than two percent of carbon. False,

since the foundry contains between 2 and 5% carbon.

 Steels are more ductile and malleable than foundries, because they have less

carbon in its composition. True, because the higher the carbon content, the

greater the hardness and the lower ductility and malleability.

20. ¿De qué material se fabrican los grandes barcos y que se hace con ellos cuando ya no

sirven para navegar?

R/: Most of the materials used in the construction of large ships is steel and foundry.

When they are unusable, the disposable parts are scrapped and the metals are recovered

and the rest is recovered as raw materials. This operation is very expensive and risky for

workers, and very interesting for companies that are dedicated to it, because then they

sell metals again as raw materials.

21. ¿Qué es la mena y la ganga?

R/: Ore (Mena).

 It is a mineral from which an element can be extracted, a metal generally, because it

contains it in sufficient quantity to be used. Thus, it is said that a mineral is ore of a metal

when by mining it is possible to extract that mineral from a deposit and then by

metallurgy to obtain the metal of that mineral.

The bargain.

It is a rock that is discarded when extracting the ore from a certain mineral deposit,

because it lacks economic value or its exploitation is too expensive. It is possible that a

mineral that is considered bargain in a field is of interest in another, or that the

improvement in extractive techniques or industrial uses makes the processing of

materials previously considered bargain profitable.

22. Citar y explicar varias técnicas para separar la mena de la ganga.

R/: Iron is a metal and as such is not found in the pure state in nature but is part of

numerous minerals. There are many minerals that contain iron. For a mineral to be used

to obtain metallic iron, it must meet two conditions:

 It must be a very abundant mineral

 It must have a high concentration of pure iron

The most commonly used minerals are two oxides, hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite

(Fe304), limonite, which is an iron hydroxide of the formula (FeO · OH nH2O) and iron

siderite or carbonate (FeCO3).

Once these rocks have been extracted as they are in nature, they must be subjected to

numerous processes in order to obtain the iron they have in their structure.

The first stage of this process consists in the extraction in the mines of the different iron-

containing minerals. In them the mineral, which we will call ore, is part of the rocks,
 which in addition to the ore they contain no useful components called bargains. Both

parts must be separated, for which two methods can usually be used:

 Imantation: in the first place the rock is crushed and it is passed through a

magnetic field those products that contain iron will be separated from the other

rocks.

 Deparation by density: once crushed, the rock is submerged in water. Having the

ore different density than the bargain, it separates from the iron ore.

Regardless of the method used, once the iron ore is separated, it is subjected to a process

by which a kind of mineral agglomerate called pellets is formed. These are transported

to the steel plant where they will be processed in the blast furnace.

23. Defina las siguientes propiedades:

 Hardness (Dureza): ability of a solid substance to resist deformation or abrasion of

its surface. Several interpretations are applied to the term depending on its use

 Tenacity (Tenacidad): It is the total deformation energy that is capable of absorbing

or accumulating a material before reaching breakage under impact conditions, due to

accumulation of dislocations. It is mainly due to the degree of cohesion between

molecules.

 Plasticity (Plasticidad): It is a characteristic mechanical behavior of certain

amellasteis materials consisting of the ability to permanently and irreversibly deform

when subjected to stresses above their elastic range, that is, above their elastic limit.

 Malleability (Maleabilidad): It is a property of the material that allows its

decomposition or deformation and extends into thin sheets, without the material
 breaking, as is the case of aluminum that can be converted into aluminum foil and,

can be used for different purposes, gold, copper, tin, among others.

 Ductility (Ductilidad): It is a property that some materials have, such as metal alloys

or asphaltic materials, which, under the acto of a force, can be deformed in a

sustainable way without breaking, allowing wires or threads to be obtained from said

material.

 Fragility (Fragilidad): It is the ability of a material to fracture due to its low or no

permanent deformation. On the contrary, ductile or stubborn materials break after

undergoing marked deformations, usually of plastic type.

 Thermal conductivity (Conductividad térmica): The ability of a substance to

transfer the kinetic energy of its molecules to adjacent ones or to substances with

which it is in contact.

 Electric conductivity (Conductividad eléctrica): It is the measure of the ability of

a material or substance to set the electriz current through it. The conductivity depends

on the atomic and molecular structure of the material.

 Dilatation (Dilatación): Increase in length, volume or some other metric dimension

that a physical body suffers due to the increase in temperature by any means.

 Contraction (Contracción): To a contraction or a function of a metric space itself

that shortens distances.

 Dielectric (Dieléctrico): Material with low electrical conductivity; that is, an

insulator, which has the property of forming electric dipoles inside it under the action

of an electric field.
  Ferromagnetism (Ferromagnetismo): It is a physical phenomenon in which

magnetic ordering of all the magnetic moments of a sample occurs, in the same

direction and direction. A ferromagnetic material is one that can have

ferromagnetism.

24. ¿Qué es una aleación? PUNTO A EXPONER

R/: the combination of two or more metallic elements, to constitute a new material that

has the properties of its ingredients.

Alloys are usually considered as mixtures, since there are no chemical reactions between

the joined elements, that is, their atoms do not intertwine or change the constitution of

their molecules.

In general, different metallic materials are combined in the alloys, although one can also

be combined with a metallic one with a non-metallic one, to alter its properties.

25. Haga una clasificación de los metales ferrosos según su porcentaje de carbono

R/: The percentage of carbon dissolved in the steel conditions its properties. Thus, the

higher the percentage of carbon dissolved in the steel, it has more hardness and more

tensile strength.

With this in miné it is possible to classify steels into:

Steel Name % Carbon

Extra Soft 0.1 – 0.2

Soft 0.2 – 0.3

Semi Soft 0.3 – 0.4

 Semi-hard 0.4 – 0.5

Lasted 0.5 – 0.6

Extra hard 0.6 – 0.7

26. ¿Qué son los aceros aleados? Cite algunos elementos de aleación empleados en los

aceros, indicando las características que proporciona a la aleación.

R/: Alloyed steel is that constituted by steel with the addition of several elements that

serve to improve its special physical, mechanical or chemical properties.

These alloys achieve different results depending on the presence or absence of other

metals: the addition of manganese gives it greater resistance to impact, tungsten, allows

it to withstand higher temperatures. Alloyed steels also allow greater amplitude in the

heat treatment process.

The effects of the alloy are:

 Greater strength and hardness

 Greater impact resistance

 Greater wear resistance

 Increased corrosion resistance

 Higher resistance to high temperatures

 Temper Penetration (Increase in the depth at which steel can be hardened)

In alloy with:

 Aluminum: it is used as a deoxidant in the manufacture of many steels.

  Boron: increases the surface hardening capacity, providing a hard coating and

improving hardenability.

 Cobalt: decreases hardenability. Improves hot hardness. It is used in quick tool

steels.

 Chrome: is one of the most used in the manufacture of alloy steels. It is used in

construction steels, tools and stainless steels. Since it increases the hardness and

tensile strength and toughness of steels, it improves hardenability, increases wear

resistance, stainless steel.

 Tin: is the element used to cover thin sheets to form the tin.

 Manganese: added to neutralize the negative influence of sulfur and oxygen, acts

as a deoxidant. Without manganese, steels could not be laminated or forged.

27. Completar la tabla siguiendo el ejemplo.

METAL MINERAL PROPERTIES ALLOY OBJECTS

Tin Casiterita Soft, shiny, stainless Tin Reserve cans
Cooper Tin Hard and resistant than other alloys Bronze Tools,coins
Cinc Zn Crystaline,insoluble, malleable Cooper,nickel silver Welds, coatings
Barometers,
Mercury Cinnabar Heavy, low, melting point Amalgam thermometers
Abrasive, sandblasting,
Aluminum Bauxita Soft, heat and electricity Light alloys cement
REFERENCIAS

 Avner, S.H.; "Introducción a la Metalurgia Física". McGraw-Hill, 1988. Recuperado

de: http://metalestecnoiel.blogspot.com/2011/06/tecnicas-de-conformacion.html

 Díaz Francisco (2016), ESTUDIOS DE BACHILLERATO IES.EDUARDO

BLANCO. Calameo. Recuperado de:

https://es.calameo.com/books/004603993a64d14eec488

 . Fernández González, T.; "Metalurgia de Aceros y Fundiciones", Departamento de

Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Málaga, 1988. Recuperado de :

https://www.edu.xunta.es/espazoAbalar/sites/espazoAbalar/files/datos/1464947174/contido

/428_clasificacin_de_los_aceros.html

 Metales y aleaciones. Presentación en línea URL disponible

en: http://www.slideshare.net/andypili/metales-y-aleaciones. Fecha de acceso 12 de

marzo del 2013.